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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Thermodynamics - An Engineering Approach الأحد 10 فبراير 2013, 10:51 pm | |
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أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Thermodynamics - An Engineering Approach 9th Edition Yunus A. Cengei Michael A. Boles Mehmet Kanoglu
و المحتوى كما يلي :
B R I E F C O N T E N T S Chapter O N E INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 Chapter T W O ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 Chapter T H R E E PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 109 Chapter F O U R ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 161 Chapter F I V E MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 211 Chapter S I X THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 271 Chapter S E V E N ENTROPY 323 Chapter E I G H T EXERGY 413 Chapter N I N E GAS POWER CYCLES 475 Chapter T E N VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES 543 Chapter E L E V E N REFRIGERATION CYCLES 597 Chapter T W E L V E THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS 643 Chapter T H I R T E E N GAS MIXTURES 675 Chapter F O U R T E E N GAS–VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING 711 Chapter F I F T E E N CHEMICAL REACTIONS 747 Chapter S I X T E E N CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 791 Chapter S E V E N T E E N COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 823 Chapter E I G H T E E N ( W E B Chapter ) RENEWABLE ENERGYix BRIEF CONTENTS A P P E N D I X 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 881 A P P E N D I X 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 931C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Chapter O N E INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1–1 Thermodynamics and Energy 2 Application Areas of Thermodynamics 3 1–2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 3 Some SI and English Units 6 Dimensional Homogeneity 8 Unity Conversion Ratios 9 1–3 Systems and Control Volumes 10 1–4 Properties of a System 12 Continuum 12 1–5 Density and Specific Gravity 13 1–6 State and Equilibrium 14 The State Postulate 14 1–7 Processes and Cycles 15 The Steady-Flow Process 16 1–8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 17 Temperature Scales 17 The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 20 1–9 Pressure 21 Variation of Pressure with Depth 23 1–10 Pressure Measurement Devices 26 The Barometer 26 The Manometer 29 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 32 1–11 Problem-Solving Technique 33 Step 1: Problem Statement 33 Step 2: Schematic 33 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 34 Step 4: Physical Laws 34 Step 5: Properties 34 Step 6: Calculations 34 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 34 Engineering Software Packages 35 Equation Solvers 36 A Remark on Significant Digits 37 Summary 38 References and Suggested Readings 39 Problems 39 Chapter T W O ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 2–1 Introduction 52 2–2 Forms of Energy 53 Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy 55 More on Nuclear Energy 56 Mechanical Energy 58 2–3 Energy Transfer by Heat 60 Historical Background on Heat 61 2–4 Energy Transfer by Work 62 Electrical Work 65 2–5 Mechanical Forms of Work 66 Shaft Work 66 Spring Work 67 Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars 67 Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film 68 Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body 68 Nonmechanical Forms of Work 70 2–6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 70 Energy Balance 71 Energy Change of a System, ?Esystem 72 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout 73 2–7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies 78 Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices 82 2–8 Energy and Environment 85 Ozone and Smog 86 Acid Rain 87 The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change 88 Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 91 Summary 96 References and Suggested Readings 97 Problems 97 Chapter T H R E E PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 109 3–1 Pure Substance 110 3–2 Phases of a Pure Substance 110xi CONTENTS 3–3 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances 111 Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid 112 Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor 112 Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure 113 Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence 114 3–4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes 116 1 The T-v Diagram 116 2 The P-v Diagram 118 Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase 118 3 The P-T Diagram 120 The P-v-T Surface 121 3–5 Property Tables 122 Enthalpy—A Combination Property 122 1a Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 123 1b Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture 125 2 Superheated Vapor 128 3 Compressed Liquid 129 Reference State and Reference Values 130 3–6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 133 Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 135 3–7 Compressibility Factor—A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior 136 3–8 Other Equations of State 139 van der Waals Equation of State 140 Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State 140 Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State 141 Virial Equation of State 142 Topic of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium 144 Summary 148 References and Suggested Readings 149 Problems 149 Chapter F O U R ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 161 4–1 Moving Boundary Work 162 Polytropic Process 166 4–2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 167 4–3 Specific Heats 172 4–4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 174 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases 176 4–5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids 181 Internal Energy Changes 182 Enthalpy Changes 182 Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems 185 Summary 192 References and Suggested Readings 193 Problems 194 Chapter F I V E MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 211 5–1 Conservation of Mass 212 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 212 Conservation of Mass Principle 214 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 216 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 216 5–2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid 219 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid 220 Energy Transport by Mass 221 5–3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems 222 5–4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices 225 1 Nozzles and Diffusers 226 2 Turbines and Compressors 229 3 Throttling Valves 232 4a Mixing Chambers 233 4b Heat Exchangers 235 5 Pipe and Duct Flow 237 5–5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes 239 Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation 244 Summary 247 References And Suggested Readings 248 Problems 248 Chapter S I X THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 271 6–1 Introduction to the Second Law 272 6–2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs 273 6–3 Heat Engines 274 Thermal Efficiency 275 Can We Save Q out? 277 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–Planck Statement 279xii THERMODYNAMICS 6–4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 279 Coefficient of Performance 280 Heat Pumps 281 Performance of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 282 The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement 284 Equivalence of the Two Statements 285 6–5 Perpetual-Motion Machines 286 6–6 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 288 Irreversibilities 289 Internally and Externally Reversible Processes 290 6–7 The Carnot Cycle 291 The Reversed Carnot Cycle 293 6–8 The Carnot Principles 293 6–9 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 295 6–10 The Carnot Heat Engine 297 The Quality of Energy 298 Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life 299 6–11 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump 300 Topic of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators 303 Summary 307 References and Suggested Readings 308 Problems 308 Chapter S E V E N ENTROPY 323 7–1 Entropy 324 A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes 327 7–2 The Increase of Entropy Principle 328 Some Remarks About Entropy 330 7–3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances 331 7–4 Isentropic Processes 334 7–5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy 336 7–6 What is Entropy? 337 Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life 340 7–7 The T ds Relations 341 7–8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids 343 7–9 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases 346 Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis) 347 Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis) 347 Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases 349 Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis) 349 Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis) 350 Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume 350 7–10 Reversible Steady-Flow Work 354 Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work When the Process Is Reversible 356 7–11 Minimizing the Compressor Work 357 Multistage Compression with Intercooling 358 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices 361 Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines 361 Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps 363 Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles 365 7–13 Entropy Balance 367 Entropy Change of a System, ?Ssystem 368 Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout 368 1 Heat Transfer 368 2 Mass Flow 369 Entropy Generation, Sgen 370 Closed Systems 371 Control Volumes 372 Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process 378 Topic of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air 380 Summary 389 References and Suggested Readings 390 Problems 390 Chapter E I G H T EXERGY 413 8–1 Exergy: Work Potential of Energy 414 Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy 415 8–2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility 417 8–3 Second-Law Efficiency 422 8–4 Exergy Change of a System 425 Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy 425 Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy 428 8–5 Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass 430 Exergy Transfer by Heat, Q 431 Exergy Transfer by Work, W 432 Exergy Transfer by Mass, m 432 8–6 The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction 433 Exergy Destruction 434 8–7 Exergy Balance: Closed Systems 435xiii CONTENTS 8–8 Exergy Balance: Control Volumes 446 Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 447 Reversible Work 447 Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices 448 Topic of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life 454 Summary 458 References and Suggested Readings 459 Problems 460 Chapter N I N E GAS POWER CYCLES 475 9–1 Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles 476 9–2 The Carnot Cycle and its Value in Engineering 478 9–3 Air-Standard Assumptions 480 9–4 An Overview of Reciprocating Engines 481 9–5 Otto Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines 482 9–6 Diesel Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines 489 9–7 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 493 9–8 Brayton Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines 497 Development of Gas Turbines 499 Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones 502 9–9 The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration 504 9–10 The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration 506 9–11 Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles 510 Modifications to Turbojet Engines 514 9–12 Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles 516 Topic of Special Interest: Saving Fuel and Money by Driving Sensibly 519 Summary 526 References and Suggested Readings 527 Problems 528 Chapter T E N VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES 543 10–1 The Carnot Vapor Cycle 544 10–2 Rankine Cycle: the Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles 545 Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle 545 10–3 Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles From Idealized Ones 548 10–4 How Can we Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle? 551 Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) 551 Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg) 552 Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg) 552 10–5 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle 555 10–6 The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle 559 Open Feedwater Heaters 559 Closed Feedwater Heaters 561 10–7 Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles 567 10–8 Cogeneration 569 10–9 Combined Gas–Vapor Power Cycles 574 Topic of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles 577 Summary 579 References and Suggested Readings 579 Problems 580 Chapter E L E V E N REFRIGERATION CYCLES 597 11–1 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 598 11–2 The Reversed Carnot Cycle 599 11–3 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 600 11–4 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 603 11–5 Second-Law Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 605 11–6 Selecting the Right Refrigerant 609 11–7 Heat Pump Systems 611 11–8 Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 613 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 613 Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems 615 Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor 617 Liquefaction of Gases 618 11–9 Gas Refrigeration Cycles 619 11–10 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 622xiv THERMODYNAMICS Topic of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration Systems 626 Summary 628 References and Suggested Readings 628 Problems 629 Chapter T W E L V E THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS 643 12–1 A Little Math—Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations 644 Partial Differentials 645 Partial Differential Relations 647 12–2 The Maxwell Relations 649 12–3 The Clapeyron Equation 650 12–4 General Relations for du, dh, ds, cv, and cp 653 Internal Energy Changes 654 Enthalpy Changes 654 Entropy Changes 655 Specific Heats cv and cp 656 12–5 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 660 12–6 The ?h, ?u, and ?s of Real Gases 662 Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases 662 Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases 664 Entropy Changes of Real Gases 664 Summary 667 References and Suggested Readings 668 Problems 668 Chapter T H I R T E E N GAS MIXTURES 675 13–1 Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions 676 13–2 P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases 677 Ideal-Gas Mixtures 678 Real-Gas Mixtures 679 13–3 Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases 682 Ideal-Gas Mixtures 683 Real-Gas Mixtures 687 Topic of Special Interest: Chemical Potential and the Separation Work of Mixtures 690 Summary 700 References and Suggested Readings 701 Problems 702 Chapter F O U R T E E N GAS–VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING 711 14–1 Dry and Atmospheric Air 712 14–2 Specific and Relative Humidity of air 713 14–3 Dew-Point Temperature 715 14–4 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 717 14–5 The Psychrometric Chart 720 14–6 Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning 721 14–7 Air-Conditioning Processes 723 Simple Heating and Cooling (? = constant) 724 Heating with Humidification 725 Cooling with Dehumidification 727 Evaporative Cooling 728 Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams 730 Wet Cooling Towers 732 Summary 734 References and Suggested Readings 736 Problems 736 Chapter F I F T E E N CHEMICAL REACTIONS 747 15–1 Fuels and Combustion 748 15–2 Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes 752 15–3 Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion 758 15–4 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 762 Steady-Flow Systems 762 Closed Systems 763 15–5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 767 15–6 Entropy Change of Reacting Systems 769 15–7 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 771 Topic of Special Interest: Fuel Cells 776 Summary 778 References and Suggested Readings 779 Problems 779 Chapter S I X T E E N CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 791 16–1 Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium 792xv CONTENTS 16–2 The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures 794 16–3 Some Remarks about the K P of Ideal-Gas Mixtures 798 16–4 Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions 802 16–5 Variation of K P with Temperature 804 16–6 Phase Equilibrium 806 Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component System 806 The Phase Rule 807 Phase Equilibrium for a Multicomponent System 808 Summary 813 References and Suggested Readings 814 Problems 815 Chapter S E V E N T E E N COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 823 17–1 Stagnation Properties 824 17–2 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 827 17–3 One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 829 Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area 831 Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases 833 17–4 Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles 836 Converging Nozzles 836 Converging–Diverging Nozzles 840 17–5 Shock Waves and Expansion Waves 844 Normal Shocks 844 Oblique Shocks 850 Prandtl–Meyer Expansion Waves 854 17–6 Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow) 858 Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow 864 Choked Rayleigh Flow 865 17–7 Steam Nozzles 867 Summary 870 References and Suggested Readings 872 Problems 872 Chapter E I G H T E E N (W E B Chapter ) RENEWABLE ENERGY 18–1 Introduction 18-2 Solar Energy Solar Radiation Flat-Plate Solar Collector Concentrating Solar Collector Linear Concentrating Solar Power Collector Solar-Power-Tower Plant Solar Pond Photovoltaic Cell Passive Solar Applications Solar Heat Gain through Windows 18–3 Wind Energy Wind Turbine Types and Power Performance Curve Wind Power Potential Wind Power Density Wind Turbine Efficiency Betz Limit for Wind Turbine Efficiency 18–4 Hydropower Analysis of Hydroelectric Power Plant Turbine Types 18–5 Geothermal Energy Geothermal Power Production 18–6 Biomass Energy Biomass Resources Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel Biomass Products Electricity and Heat Production by Biomass Solid Municipality Waste Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems A P P E N D I X O N E PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 881 Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properties 882 Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases 883 Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods 886 Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table 888 Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table 890 Table A–6 Superheated water 892 Table A–7 Compressed liquid water 896 Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor 897 Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water 898 Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water 899 Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table 900 Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table 902 Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a 903xvi THERMODYNAMICS Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a 905 Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart 906 Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 907 Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air 908 Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 910 Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 912 Table A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO 2 914 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO 916 Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2 918 Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H 2O 919 Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O 921 Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH 921 Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm 922 Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons 923 Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant K p 924 Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart 925 Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart 926 Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure 927 Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4 928 Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4 929 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4 930 A P P E N D I X T W O PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 931 Table A–1E Molar mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properties 932 Table A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases 933 Table A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods 936 Table A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table 938 Table A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table 940 Table A–6E Superheated water 942 Table A–7E Compressed liquid water 946 Table A–8E Saturated ice–water vapor 947 Figure A–9E T-s diagram for water 948 Figure A–10E Mollier diagram for water 949 Table A–11E Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table 950 Table A–12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table 951 Table A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a 952 Figure A–14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a 954 Table A–16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 955 Table A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air 956 Table A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N 2 958 Table A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O 2 960 Table A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO 2 962 Table A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO 964 Table A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2 966 Table A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H 2O 967 Table A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°F, 1 atm 969 Table A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons 970 Figure A–31E Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure 971 INDEX 973 NOMENCLATURE 981 CONVERSION FACTORS 983
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Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
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