rambomenaa كبير مهندسين


عدد المساهمات : 2041 التقييم : 3379 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012 العمر : 44 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير الصيانة بشركة تصنيع ورق الجامعة : حلوان
 | موضوع: كتاب Principles of Welding Processes, Physics, Chemistry, and Metallurgy الجمعة 08 فبراير 2013, 1:56 pm | |
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معى اليوم احبتى فى الله PRINCIPLES OF WELDING Processes, Physics, Chemistry, and Metallurgy
CONTENTS PREFACE xix I THE PROCESS AND PROCESSES OF WELDING 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROCESS OF WELDING 1.1 What Is Welding? / 3 1.2 The Evolution of Welding as a Process / 6 1.3 The Nature of an Ideal Weld: Achieving Continuity / 7 1.4 Impediments to Making Ideal Welds in the Real World / 10 1.5 What It Takes to Make a Real Weld / 12 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding / 14 1.7 Summary / 15 References and Suggested Reading / 15 2 CLASSIFYING WELDING PROCESSES 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Why Classify Processes? / 17 Mechanisms for Obtaining Material Continuity / 18 The Roles of Temperature and Pressure / 21 Alternative Bases for Classification / 23 2.4.1 Fusion Versus Nonfusion / 23 2.4.2 Pressure Versus Nonpressure / 25 2.4.3 Energy Source for Welding / 25 2.4.4 Interface Relationships and Classification by Energy Transfer Processes / 27 2.4.5 Other Bases for Classification and Subclassification / 28 2.5 Allied Processes / 35 2.6 The AWS Classification Scheme / 37 2.7 Summary / 39 References and Suggested Reading / 39 3 FUSION WELDING PROCESSES 40 3.1 General Description of Fusion Welding Processes / 40 3.2 Chemical Fusion Welding Processes / 41 3.2.1 Oxyfuel Gas Welding / 41 3.2.2 Aluminothermic Welding / 46 3.3 Electric Arc Welding Processes / 49 3.3.1 Nonconsumable Electrode Arc Welding Processes / 50 3.3.1.1 Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding / 51 3.3.1.2 Plasma Arc Welding / 55 3.3.1.3 Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt Welding 1' 57 3.3.2 Consumable Electrode Arc Welding Processes / 60 3.3.2.1 Gas-Metal Arc Welding / 60 3.3.2.2 Shielded-Metal Arc Welding / 64 3.3.2.3 Flux-Cored Arc Welding / 66 3.3.2.4 Submerged Arc Welding / 68 3.3.2.5 Electrogas Welding / 69 3.3.2.6 Electroslag Welding / 70 3.4 Resistance Welding Processes / 71 3.4.1 Resistance Spot, Resistance Seam, and Projection Welding / 71 3.4.2 Flash, Upset, and Percussion Welding / 74 3.5 High-Intensity Radiant Energy or High-Density Beam Welding Processes / 77 3.5.1 High-Energy-Density (Laser and Electron) Beam Welding Processes / 80 3.5.2 Focused IR and Imaged Arc Welding / 86 3.5.3 Microwave Welding / 88 References and Suggested Reading / 93 4 NONFUSION WELDING PROCESSES 94 4.1 General Description of Nonfusion Welding Processes / 94 4.2 Pressure (Nonfusion) Welding Processes / 97 4.2.1 Cold Welding Processes / 98 4.2.2 Hot Pressure Welding / 99 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 Forge Welding / 101 Pressure Gas Welding / 100 4.2.3 Roll Welding / 102 4.2.4 Explosion Welding / 103 4.3 Friction Welding Processes / 105 4.3.1 Radial and Orbital Welding / 107 4.3.2 Direct-Drive Versus Inertia-Drive (Friction) Welding / 107 4.3.3 Angular and Linear Reciprocating (Friction) Welding / 108 4.3.4 Ultrasonic (Friction) Welding / 109 4.3.5 Friction Stir Welding / 112 4.3.6 Friction Surfacing / 113 4.4 Diffusion Joining Processes / 113 4.4.1 Diffusion Welding / 114 4.4.1.1 Conventional Diffusion Welding / 118 4.4.1.2 Deformation Diffusion Welding / 118 4.4.1.3 Resistance Diffusion Welding / 118 4.4.1.4 Continuous Seam Diffusion Welding / 118 4.4.2 Diffusion Brazing / 119 4.4.3 Combined Forming and Diffusion Welding / 119 4.5 Solid-state Deposition Welding Processes / 120 4.6 Inspection and Repair of Nonfusion Welds / 120 4.7 Summary / 123 References and Suggested Reading / 123 IJ THE PHYSICS OF WELDING 5 ENERGY FOR WELDING 5.1 Introduction to the Physics of Welding / 127 5.2 Sources of Energy for Welding / 127 127 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Source Energy, Transferred Power, Energy Density, and Energy Distribution / 128 5.3.1 Energy Available at a Source (Energy Level or Capacity / 128 5.3.2 Transferred Power / 130 5.3.3 Source Intensity or Energy Density / 130 5.3.4 Energy Distribution / 131 Energy Input to a Weld / 132 Causes of Loss During Energy Transfer From Source to Work / 134 Transfer Efficiency of Processes / 134 Effects of Deposited Energy: Good and Bad / 138 5.7.1 Desirable Melting, Fluxing, or Softening / 139 5.7.2 Adverse Effects of Heat in and Around the Weld / 141 Effects of Energy Density and Distribution / 142 Summary / 144 References and Suggested Reading / 146 6 THE FLOW OF HEAT IN WELDS 147 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 General Description of the Flow of Heat in Welds / 147 Weld Joint Configurations / 148 6.2.1 Types of Weld Joints / 148 6.2.2 General Weld Design Guidelines / 152 6.2.3 Size of a Weld and Amount of Welding / 154 The Welding Thermal Cycle / 154 The Generalized Equation of Heat Flow / 158 Analysis of Heat Flow During Welding / 161 6.5.1 Rosenthal's Simplified Approach / 162 6.5.2 Modifications to Rosenthal's Solutions / 165 6.5.3 Dimensionless Weld Depth Versus Dimensionless Operating Parameter / 167 Effect of Welding Parameters on Heat Distribution / 168 Prediction of Weld Zones and Weld Cooling Rates / 172 6.7.1 Zones in Fusion-Welded Materials / 172 6.7.2 Simplified Equations for Approximating Welding Conditions / 173 6.7.2.1 Peak Temperatures / 174 6.7.2.2 Width of the Heat-Affected Zone / 174 6.7.2.3 Solidification Rate / 174 6.7.2.4 Cooling Rates / 1756.8 Weld Simulation and Simulators / 176 6.9 Summary / 178 References and Suggested Reading / 178 7 THERMALLY INDUCED DISTORTION AND RESIDUAL STRESSES DURING WELDING 181 7.1 Origin of Thermal Stresses / 181 7.2 Distortion Versus Residual Stresses / 183 7.2.1 Causes of Residual Stresses in Weldments / 185 7.2.1.1 Residual Stresses From Mismatch / 186 7.2.1.2 Residual Stresses From Nonuniform, Nonelastic Strains / 189 7.2.2 Causes of Distortion in Weldments / 190 7.3 Typical Residual Stresses in Weldments / 191 7.4 Effects of Distortion / 194 7.5 Effects of Residual Stresses / 196 7.6 Measurement of Residual Stresses in Weldments / 197 7.6.1 Stress-Relaxation Techniques / 199 7.6.1.1 A Sectioning Technique Using Electric-Resistance Strain Gauges / 199 7.6.1.2 The Rosenthal-Norton Section Technique / 201 7.6.1.3 The Mathar-Soete Hole Drilling Technique / 202 7.6.1.4 The Gunnert Drilling Technique / 202 7.6.2 The X-ray Diffraction Technique / 204 7.7 Residual Stress Reduction and Distortion Control / 206 7.7.1 The Interplay Between Residual Stresses and Distortion / 206 7.7.2 Prevention Versus Remediation / 206 7.7.3 Controlling or Removing Residual Stresses / 207 7.7.4 Controlling or Removing Distortion / 208 7.8 Numerical Methods for Estimating Residual Stresses / 210 7.9 Summary / 211 References and Suggested Reading / 214 8 THE PHYSICS OF WELDING ENERGY OR POWER SOURCES 8.1 Electricity for Welding / 216 8.2 The Physics of an Electric Arc and Arc Welding / 223 8.2.1 The Physics of an Electric Arc / 2238.2.1.1 The Welding Arc / 224 8.2.1.2 The Arc Plasma / 224 8.2.1.3 Arc Temperature / 224 8.2.1.4 Arc Radiation / 226 8.2.1.5 Arc Electrical Features / 226 8.2.1.6 Effect of Magnetic Fields on Arcs / 228 8.2.2 Volt-Ampere Characteristics for Welding / 231 8.2.2.1 Constant-Current Power Sources / 232 8.2.2.2 Constant-Voltage Power Sources / 232 8.2.2.3 Combined Characteristic Sources / 234 8.3 The Physics of a Plasma / 234 8.4 The Physics of Resistance (or Joule) Heating and Resistance Welding / 237 8.4.1 Joule Heating / 237 8.4.2 The Resistance Welding Cycle / 239 8.4.3 Resistance Welding Power Supplies / 239 8.5 The Physics of Electron Beams / 243 8.5.1 Electron-Beam Generation / 245 8.5.2 Electron-Beam Control / 248 8.5.3 Role of Vacuum in EB Welding / 252 8.5.4 Electron-Beam-Material Interactions / 253 8.6 The Physics of Laser Beams / 256 8.6.1 Laser Light / 256 8.6.2 Laser Generation / 256 8.6.2.1 Nd:YAG Lasers / 258 8.6.2.2 CO, Lasers / 259 8.6.3 Laser-Beam Control / 259 8.6.4 Laser-Beam-Material Interactions / 260 8.6.5 Benefits of Laser-Beam and Electron-Beam Welding / 263 8.7 The Physics of a Combustion Flame / 265 8.7.1 Fuel Gas Combustion or Heat of Combustion / 265 8.7.2 Flame Temperature / 265 8.7.3 Flame Propagation Rate or Combustion Velocity / 266 8.7.4 Combustion Intensity / 266 8.8 The Physics of Converting Mechanical Work to Heat / 266 8.9 Summary / 268 References and Suggested Reading J 269 رابط التحميل :
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عدد المساهمات : 17572 التقييم : 31536 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
 | موضوع: رد: كتاب Principles of Welding Processes, Physics, Chemistry, and Metallurgy الجمعة 08 فبراير 2013, 2:16 pm | |
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rambomenaa كبير مهندسين


عدد المساهمات : 2041 التقييم : 3379 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012 العمر : 44 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير الصيانة بشركة تصنيع ورق الجامعة : حلوان
 | موضوع: رد: كتاب Principles of Welding Processes, Physics, Chemistry, and Metallurgy الجمعة 08 فبراير 2013, 2:19 pm | |
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