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| موضوع: كتاب Rockwell Hardness Measurement of Metallic Materials الخميس 13 ديسمبر 2012, 7:51 pm | |
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Rockwell Hardness Measurement of Metallic Materials
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List of Figures ix List of Tables xii Introduction Rockwell Hardness Test Significance of the test Rockwell indentation test principle Rockwell hardness scales Rockwell hardness number Test method standards Test Procedure Choosing the appropriate Rockwell scale Test surface preparation Rockwell hardness testing machine Hardness measurement Reference Test Block Standards Primary reference test blocks Secondary reference test blocks Use of reference test block standards Verifications of Rockwell Hardness Machines Direct verification Indirect verification Correcting measurement biases Monitoring Test Machine Performance Reproducibility Daily verification Reducing Measurement Differences and Errors Reduce machine component operating errors Verify machine measurement performance Measurement locations Traceability, Error, and Uncertainty Traceability Measurement error Uncertainty Status of Rockwell Hardness Standardization in the Year United States International Bibliography Annex A: Applied Force Effect Annex B: Rockwell Hardness Testing Cycle Effect B Effect of force application rate B Effect of dwell times Annex C: Use of NIST Rockwell C Scale SRM Test Blocks C Recommendations for use C Calculation of certified values for arbitrary locations Table of Contents List of Figures Figure : Plots of force vs time (a) and indenter-depth vs time (b) for an HRC test illustrating the testing cycle parts and the difference in indenter depth measurements h Figure : Force vs time plot (Figure A) and indenter-depth vs time plot (Figure B) demonstrating the effect of an increase in the preliminary-force for a Rockwell HRA test Figure : Force vs time plot (Figure A) and indenter-depth vs time plot (Figure B) demonstrating the effect of an increase in the total-force for a Rockwell HRA test Figure : Diagram of cross-sectional view of spheroconical diamond indenter tip Figure : Eight steps of the Rockwell test cycle Figure : Four examples of the hardness profile across the test surface of HRC test blocks, illustrating how the non-uniformity in hardness can vary within a block and differs from block to block Each line represents a hardness change of HRC Light to dark areas represent hard to soft areas Figure : Hardness profile across the test surface of a NIST test block The NIST calibration measurements are indicated by the solid circles, and the locations of the certified values for untested locations are indicated by the open circles Figure : Alternate pattern for repeatability measurements Figure : Illustration of the three bias points corrected by a linear fit correction curve Figure : Illustration of reproducibility data taken over ten days Figure : NIST Rockwell hardness standardizing machine Table of Contents Figure : General trend of the difference between NIST and US industry Rockwell C scales The line represents the approximate increase in the HRC scale as determined by NIST (for hardness levels as indicated on the bottom axis) with respect to the HRC scale used by US industry prior to development of the NIST scale Figure : Results of international comparison of HRC scale The heavy line indicates the NIST data Figure A: Change in the Rockwell hardness value due to a change in the preliminary force for diamond indenter scales (Figure A) and selected ball scales (Figure B) Figure A: Change in the Rockwell hardness value due to a change in the total force for diamond indenter scales (Figure A) and selected ball scales (Figure B) Figure A: The possible offset in Rockwell hardness measurement values that could be obtained for the diamond indenter scales by varying the applied preliminary forces and total forces within the ASTM tolerances (Figure A) and the ISO tolerances (Figure B) Figure B: Force and indenter depth oscillations that can occur when the force application rate is too fast Figure B: Change in apparent HRC hardness due to changes in the additional force application rate (indenter velocity) Figure B: Expanded view of the material creep and recovery during the dwell times of a Rockwell hardness test Figure B: Relationship between the preliminary force dwell time and the HRC measurement value for steel test blocks at three hardness levels Figure B: Relationship between the total force dwell time and the HRC measurement value for steel test blocks at three hardness levels Figure B: Relationship between the total force dwell time and the HRB measurement value for brass test blocks at three hardness levels Table of Contents Figure B Relationship between the recovery dwell time and the HRC measurement value for steel test blocks at three hardness levels Figure C Test block surface illustrating the locations (letters A through K) of certified hardness values given in Table C Figure C Test surface of the Rockwell hardness SRMs indicating the location and sequence of certification indentations List of Tables Table : Rockwell hardness scales with the corresponding indenter type, applied forces and typical applications Table : Ranges of Rockwell scales given in ISO standards Table A: Specified test forces with tolerances Table C: Hypothetical certified hardness values for the average of six specific test block locations as illustrated in Figure C Table C: Hypothetical certified hardness values for specific test block locations The x - y coordinate system is such that location x = , y = is at the block center (NIST indentation ), and oriented with the NIST logo at the bottom of the block as illustrated in Figure C Table C: Hypothetical semivariogram coefficients that describe test block nonuniformity and repeatability Table C: Hypothetical NIST hardness readings for specific test block locations Table C: Matrix Γ Table C: Inverse matrix Γ- with elements gij Table C: Sources of uncertainty for the certified average HRC hardness value with hypothetical values to be used in the examples Table C: The coordinates for the locations used in the calculations of Example
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