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| كتاب CNC Machining Handbook | |
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كاتب الموضوع | رسالة |
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rambomenaa كبير مهندسين
عدد المساهمات : 2041 التقييم : 3379 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012 العمر : 47 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير الصيانة بشركة تصنيع ورق الجامعة : حلوان
| موضوع: كتاب CNC Machining Handbook الأربعاء 31 أكتوبر 2012, 8:32 am | |
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تذكير بمساهمة فاتح الموضوع : أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب CNC Machining Handbook Building, Programming, and Implementation Alan Overby
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface ix Part I The Physical Architecture 1 CNC Machines 3 Common CNC Applications 5 2 Guide Systems 23 Round Rail 26 Profile Rail 27 V-Style Roller 29 Hybrid Roller Guides 32 3 Transmission Systems 33 Screw and Nut 35 Lead Screw and Nut 38 Ball Screws 41 Rotating Nut 42 Rack and Pinion 42 Reducers 46 Timing Belt and Pulleys 47 Constructing a Pulley-Reduction Unit 49 4 Motors 55 Stepper Motors 57 Servo Motors 61 Stepper versus Servo: Pros and Cons 63 Encoders 64 Part II The CNC Controller 5 Controller Hardware 69 Enclosure 71 Breakout Board 72 Drives 75 Power Supply 76 Adjunct Devices for Controller Hardware 78 Pendant 79 Wiring 83 Vvi Contents 6 Control Software 85 Mach3 Control Software 87 Enhanced Machine Controller, Version 2 (EMC2) 88 A Foreword on Computer Operating Systems and Applications 89 G-Code Editors 90 G-Code 90 Part III Application Software 7 The Cartesian Coordinate System 127 The Table or Mill Topology 130 Lathe/Rotary Topology 131 8 CAD and Graphics 133 Raster to Vector Conversion Utilities 137 Difference between 2D and 3D 138 Listing of CAD Vendors 138 Graphics Programs 140 9 CAM Software 141 Understanding and Using CAM 144 Generalized Milling Options 151 CAD and CAM Combination Software 155 Part IV Building or Buying a CNC Machine 10 Choosing a Ready-Made CNC System 159 Router/Plasma Table 166 Mills and Lathes 167 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 168 Vendor Listing 168 11 Building Your Own CNC Plasma Table 171 Part V Appendices A Project Implementation and Examples 187 Examples of Items that Can Be Produced on a CNC Router 189 Unlimited Possibilities 218 Programming Examples 219 B Programming Examples in G-Code 225 Example 1 228 Example 2 229Contents VII C Engineering Process of Selecting a Ball Screw 231 D NEMA Motor Mounting Templates 247 Index 251 ex Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables. msamm A ^swssr?* Absolute distance mode (G90), 112-113, 113f Absolute IJ mode, 97 Accented fonts, 197-198,198f Acme screws, 38 teeth per inch (TPI), 41 ADA (American Disabilities Act), 21 ADA signage, 192-194 ADA restroom sign, 193f ADA sign, 194f Adjunct devices for controller hardware, 78-79 Adobe Illustrator, 140 Aftermarket engraving spindle, 10, llf Alpha-numeric ASCII-based machine-command, 90-93, 92t-93t Alternating current (AC) motors, 62 Aluminum, 12,18-19 American Disabilities Act, 21. See also ADA signage Angle bracket (with lead screw nut), 180f Angular contact bearings, 35 Antares, 21 Antibacklash nut, 38, 39f, 40f Arc at feed rate (G02, G03), 96-99, 96f ArtCAM (by DelCAM), 155 Assembly with carriage traveler plate, 180f ATC. See Automatic tool changer AutoCAD, 138-139 AutoCAD-LT (light), 138-139 AutoEditNC, 90 Automatic tool changer, 5,10 Q mmmm B and B Plasma (company), 166, 166f Background texture, 197,197f Backlash, 38 Backlit acrylic LED sign, 201,202f Ball nose, 20 Ball screw(s), 41^12 selection. See Precision rolled ball screws product overview Ball screw life, 237 Bearing removal tool, 8 Belt reduction unit, 51 f Belt tensioning tool, 52f Bevel-edge lettering, 195-196,196f BHCS. See Button head cap screws Bipolar series wiring, 58 BOB. See Breakout board Braille lettering, 21,193-194 Breakout board, 72-75. See also under Controller hardware Button head cap screws, 178 X&m&i C S^SR^ CAD and graphics, 135 graphics programs 2512 5 2 I n d e x CAD and graphics (continued) Adobe Illustrator, 140 GIMP, 140 Rhino, 140 SolidWorks, 140 pixilation, 137f raster to vector conversion utilities, 137-138 stick font text, 136,136f TrueType text, 136,136f 2D and 3D, difference between, 138 vendors, listing of, 138 AutoCAD, 138-139 AutoCAD-LT, 138-139 free CAD, 139 low-cost CAD, 139 QCAD, 139-140 TurboCAD, 139 CAM software, 143,156 CAD and CAM combination software ArtCAM (by DelCAM), 155 CAM-Only Software, 156 FreeMill, 156 MasterCAM, 156 SheetCAM (by Stable Design), 156 Vectric Software, 155 VisualMill, 156 milling options, generalized climb milling, 152-153 conventional milling, 152-153 finish profiling, 153-154 lead in position, 154 lead out position, 154 nesting, 154-155 part tabbing, 154 ramped entry cut, 154 step-down, 153 step-over, 153 uses of, 144-146 area clearance, 147 CAM machining parameters, 146 cuts, decorative types of, 148 drilling function, 148-149 incised carving, 150-151 inlay function, 149 profiling, 146-147,145f, 146f 3D carving, 150-151 Campaign buttons, 201 Carriage(s), 28 assembly, 31, 32f with 43/4-in riser tubing, 177f Cartesian coordinate system definition, 129-130,129f lathe/rotary topology, 131-132,131f, 132f table or mill topology, 130-131,131f C-channel, 19 Ceramic-style bearings, 8 Clamp-on mechanism, 37 Clam-shell method, 184 Climb milling, 152-153 Closed bearing style, 27 CNC engraving machine, 193 plasma table, 15 offered by B and B Plasma, 166f CNC machines construction materials (router/plasma) aluminum, 18-19 joining materials together, 19 wood composites, 18 engraver, 5 hold-down methods double-sided tape, 12 dual Z, 15-16 fat mat, 12 limit and homing switches, 16 mechanical probing, 13 optical probing, 13 plasma cutters, 14-15 probing, 13 rotary A axis, 13-14 T track grid work, 12 vacuum, 12 lathes, 18 mills accuracy versus repeatability, 17-18 resolution, 11 router, 5 router head, 6-8 spindle head, 8-11 tooling, 19-21, 21-22 CNC plasma table, 173,175f complete leg bottom, 174fI n d e x 2 5 3 completed table, 183f, 184f gantry end caps, 177,177f leg members, 175f leg replacement, 175f leg-leveling system, 173,174f materials assembled for, 174f table assembly, 184 X-axis members, 175f Z-axis assembly, 181f, 182f CNC router, items produced on accented fonts, 197-198,198f ADA signage, 192-194 ADA restroom sign, 193f ADA sign, 194f backlit acrylic LED sign, 201, 202f bevel-edge lettering, 195-196,196f engraving using engraving stock, 205, 206f filled-shallow engraving, 197 furniture, 189 shop cabinetry, 189f monument sign, 189,190f musical instrument. See Solid-body electric guitar oversized projects, 200, 201f panel with removed lettering, 204-205, 205f programming examples, 219-223 pulley blocks, 198-199,199f, 200f raised/recessed-lettering effects, 196, 196f relay cover removal job, 216-218, 218f, 220f stud-mounted lettering and logos, 214-216, 215f, 216f textured background effect, 197,197f 3D routing, 202-204, 203f tools and templates, 189 dovetail jig, 190f, 191f DT joint cut, 192f fret wire bending tool, 193f V carving, 194-195,195f Coating, ball screw, 234 Compression loads, 242 Computer operating systems and applications, 89 Concentric bushing, 30, 30f Conical tooling, 20f, 21f Construction materials. See under CNC machines Control software computer operating systems and applications, 89 enhanced machine controller, version 2 (EMC2), 88-89 feed rate (F), 123 G code, 90-93,92t-93t GOO (rapid linear motion), 93-95 G01 (linear motion at feed rate), 95-96 G02 and G03 (arc at feed rate), 96-99 G04 (dwell), 99 G10 (coordinate system data tool and work offset tables), 99-100 G12 and G13 (clockwise/ counterclockwise circular pocket), 100 G15 and G16 (exit and enter polar mode), 100 G17, G18, and G19 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G20 and G21 (length units), 101 G28 and G30 (return to home), 101 G28.1 (reference axes), 101-102 G31 (straight probe), 102-103 G40, G41, and G42 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G43, G44, and G49 (tool length offsets), 104 G50 and G51 (scale factors), 104 G52 (temporary coordinate system offset), 105 G53 (move in absolute coordinates), 105 G54 to G59 and G59 P (select work offset coordinate system), 105 G61 and G64 (path control mode), 106 G68 and G69 (coordinate system rotation), 106 G73 canned cycle (High-Speed Peck Drill), 106-107 G80 (modal motion cancellation), 107 G81 cycle, 109 G81 to G89 (canned cycles), 108-109, llOf G82 cycle (for drilling), 1102 5 4 I n d e x Control software (continued) G83 cycle (peck drilling), 110 G85 cycle (for boring or reaming), 111, lllf G86 cycle (for boring), 112 G88 cycle (for boring), 112 G89 cycle (for boring), 112 G90 and G91 (distance mode), 112-113 G92, G92.1, G92.2, and G92.3 - G92 Offsets, 113-114 G93, G94, and G95 (path control mode set), 114-115 G98 and G99 (canned cycle return level), 115-116 G-Code editors, 90 M codes, 116,116t MO, Ml, M2, and M30 (program stopping and ending), 116-117 M3, M4, and M5 (spindle control), 117 M47 (rerun from first line), 118 M48 and M49 (override control), 118 M6 (tool change), 117-118 M7, M8, and M9 (coolant control), 118 M98 (subroutine call), 118-119 M99 (return from subroutine), 119 M998 (tool change position), 121 Mach3 Control Software, 87-88 modal groups, 122,122t select tool (T), 123 self-reversing tapping cycles, 119-121,120t-121t spindle speed (S), 123 user-defined M codes, 122 Controller hardware adjunct devices, 78-79 spindle-speed controller, 79 breakout board, 72-75 dual-port BOB with spindle-speed controller, 79f dual port from sound logic, 75f five axis multipurpose, 74f four-axis BOB from PMDX, 74f functions of, 72 drives, 75-76 enclosure, 71-72, 72f wiring, 73f pendant, 79-81 micro switches, 81-83 Z touch-off tool, 83 power supply, 76-78, 77f, 78f wiring, 83 Controller software, 163 console, 10 Conventional milling, 152-153 Conversational programming, 88 Coolant control, 118 CorelTrace, 137 Critical nut speed, 238 Critical speed, 242 Current spikes, 7 Cut relay in tray socket, 219f Cuts, decorative types of, 148 Cutter radius compensation (G40, G41, and G42), 103-104,105 Cutter ramping, 154 Cutter step-downs, 153 Digital readout device, 65 DRO device. See Digital readout device Direct current motors, 62 DC motors. See Direct current motors Do-it-yourself (DIY), 168 Double-nut adjustable preload, 240 Double-sided masking tape, 12 Dovetail jig, 190f, 191f Drilling function, 148-149 Drives, 75-76 Driving method, 37 Dual Z, 15-16 Duality lathe, 169 m £ mmmm Eccentric bushing, 30, 30f EMC2. See Enhanced machine controller, Version 2 Emergency power off (EPO), 71,72 Encoders, 64-65, 65f assembly, 65fI n d e x 2 5 5 with dual-shaft configuration, 64f linear glass scales, 65 Enclosure, 71-72, 72f End fixity, 35-36 End journals and bearing supports, 234 End mill, 19-20, 20f Engraving, 20, 20f filled-shallow, 197 machines, 5 with stick fonts, 148f stock, 205, 206f Enhanced machine controller, Version 2 (EMC2), 88-89 EPO. See Emergency power off Epoxy-filled engraving, 198f ER25 collet system, lOf EZ-Router, 164,164f Fat mat, 12 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Feed rate, 123 FenderStratocaster, 207 Filled-shallow engraving, 197 Flanges, 48,234 Food and Drug Administration, 46 FreeMill, 156 Freeware, 139 Fret wire bending tool, 193f Furniture, 189,190f GOO (rapid linear motion), 93-95, 94f improper use ot, 94f GOl (linear motion at feed rate), 95-96, 95f G02 (arc at feed rate), 96-99, 96f G03 (arc at feed rate), 96-99, 96f G04 (dwell), 99 G10 command (coordinate system data tool and work offset tables), 99-100 G12 (clockwise/counterclockwise circular pocket), 100 G13 (clockwise/counterclockwise circular pocket), 100 G15 (exit and enter polar mode), 100 G16 (exit and enter polar mode), 100 G17 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G18 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G19 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G20 (length units), 101 G21 (length units), 101 G28 command (return to home), 101, 102f G28.1 (reference axes), 101-102 G30 (return to home), 101 G31 (straight probe), 102-103 G40 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G41 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G42 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G43 (tool length offsets), 104 G44 (tool length offsets), 104 G49 (tool length offsets), 104 G50 (scale factors), 104 G51 (scale factors), 104 G52 ^temporary coordinate system offset), 105 G53 (in absolute coordinates), 105 G54 to G59 (select work offset coordinate system), 105 G59 P (select work offset coordinate system), 105 G61 (path control mode), 106 G64 (path control mode), 106 G68 (coordinate system rotation), 106 G69 (coordinate system rotation), 106 G73 canned cycle (high-speed peck drill), 106-107,107f G80 (modal motion cancellation), 107 G81 canned cycle drilling, 109, llOf G81 to G89 (canned cycles), 108-109, llOf G82 cycle (for drilling), 110 G83 (canned cycle peck drilling), 107f, 110, lllf G85 (for boring/reaming canned cycle), 111, lllf G86 cycle (for boring), 1122 5 6 I n d e x G88 cycle (for boring), 112 G89 cycle (for boring), 112 G90 (absolute distance mode), 112-113, 113f G91 (incremental distance mode), 112-113,113f, 114 G92, G92.1, G92.2, and G92.3 - G92 (offsets), 113-114 G93 (path control mode set), 114-115 G94 (path control mode set), 114-115 G95 (path control mode set), 114-115 G98 (canned cycle return level), 115-116 G99 (canned cycle return level), 115-116 Gantry end caps, 177,177f Gas metal arc welding, 19 Gas tungsten arc welding, 19 G-code commands, 10 G-code controlled system, 162 G-code editors, 90 G-code file processing, 16 G-code programming editor. See Programming examples in G code Geared reducers, 46 GIMP, 140 GMAW. See Gas metal arc welding Graphics programs. See under CAD and graphics GTAW. See Gas tungsten arc welding Guide systems. See Linear guide systems MKSHK H mmtmg Half-moon profile rollers, 31 Hall-effect sensor, 62 Handy touch-off tool, 82f Hardware abstraction layer, 88 Hardware enclosure cabinets, 72f HDU foam. See High-density urethane foam HerSaf, 151 v-bit cutters, 19 High-density urethane foam, 196, 200 Hold-down methods. See under CNC machines Hole drilling, 149 Holes, 178 Homing switches, 16 Horsepower actual, 7 theoretical, 6 Hybrid roller guides, 32, 32f Incised carving, 150-151 Incremental distance mode (G91), 108f, 112-113,113f Induction motor, 6, 7 Inlay function, 149 In-rush current, 7 K2-CNC (company), 166 I Lathes, 18,166-168 Lathe topology, 131-132,131f, 132f Lead screw, 11,18 assembly, 39f nuts, 38—41 Lead values, 36-37, 38t Leg-leveling system, 173,174f Life expectancy for precision ball screw assemblies, 244 Linear glass scales, 65 Linear guide systems, 25 hybrid roller guides, 32, 32f profile rail, 27-29, 28f round rail, 26-27, 26f continuous support, 27 from Danaher Motion, 26f end mounting, 27 V-style roller, 29-32 Linear motion at feed rate (G01), 95-96, 95f Linux operating system, 89 Load locking spring, 234 Lube holes, 234 Lubrication, 28 Luthier shops, 206 M codes, 116,116t user-defined, 122I n d e x 2 5 7 MO, Ml, M2, and M30 (program stopping and ending), 116-117 MOO and M01 commands, 99 M3 (spindle control), 117 M4 (spindle control), 117 M47 (rerun from first line), 118 M48 (override control), 118 M49 (override control), 118 M5 (spindle control), 117 M6 (tool change), 117-118,118f M7 (coolant control), 118 M8 (coolant control), 118 M9 (coolant control), 118 M98 (subroutine call), 118-119 M99 (return from subroutine), 119 M998 (tool change position), 121 Mach3 control software, 13, 87-88,163, 164,166 Machine service life, 237 Machine torch, 184 Magnetic switches, 17,17f, 82, 82f MasterCAM, 156 MDA precision, 168 MDF. See Medium density fiberboard Mechanical probing, 13 Medium density fiberboard, 18,197 Metal inert gas, 19 Micro switches, 16,16f, 81-83, 81f Microsoft Windows, 89 Microstepping drives, 75, 76f MIG. See Metal inert gas Mills, 17-18,166-168 Mill topology, 130-131,131f Modal groups, 122,122t Monument sign, 189,190f Motor(s) encoders, 64-65, 65f power, 163 servo motors, 61-63 advantages of, 64 stepper motors, 57-61, 64f advantages of, 63 specifications for, 60t Motor-assembly pivot, 177f Mounted reduction unit, 178 Mounting blocks, 27 MPG from Nidec Nemicon, 81f Multistage reduction unit, 53 National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 57 NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), 57 NEMA 23 motors, 58f, 178 NEMA 34 motors, 58f NEMA / 34-stepper motor, 49, 50f NEMA motor mounting templates NEMA 17 footprint, 249f NEMA 23 footprint, 250f NEMA 34 footprint, 250f Nested vector artwork, 217f Nesting, 154-155 Nidec Nemicon Corporation, 81, 81 f Nut lead screw and, 38^11 loading, 241 mounting, 37, 241 rotating, 42 0 ^smkess^ Offset spur gear reduction, 46^7,47f Online calculator, 49,183 Optical probing, 13 Override control, 118 xsKtm* P mmmt^ Pacific bearing, 32 Part tabbing, 154 Particle image velocimetry, 62-63 PD. See Pitch diameter Peck drilling, 107f, 110 Pendant. See under Controller hardware Permissible compression loading, 238 Permissible rotational speed, 238 PID. See Proportional integral derivative Pinion gear, 11,43,44, 45 Pinion transmission system, 42,46 Pitch, 42-43,47 diameter, 43,44,45 PIV (particle image velocimetry), 62-63 Pixelation, 137,137f Planetary gear reduction, 46 Plasma cutters, 14-15 Plasma table, 164-166,165f, 166f2 5 8 I n d e x Plate-bearing hole, 183 Port, definition of, 72 Power supply, 76-78, 77f, 78f Precision rolled ball screws product overview, 234 acceptable speed, 243 accuracy, 239 ball screw assembly selection, 235 example, 236 bearing support reference drawings (end fixity), 242 compression load, 246 design formulas, 237-239 length for designated ball screws, 246 for screws, 243 life expectancy for precision ball screw assemblies, 244 for precision plus preloaded ball screw assemblies, 245 lubrication guidelines, 241 preload types, 240 Pressure angle (PA), 42 Probes, 13 Profile rail, 27-29, 28f Profiling, 146-147,145f, 146f, 153-154 Programming examples, 219-223 in G code, 227-230 Proportional integral derivative (PID), 62 Pulley blocks, 198-199,199f, 200f Pulley reducers. 49-53 QCAD, 139-140 Rack, 11 and pinion combination, 42-46 Rack transmission system, 42,46 Radial ball bearing, 36 Radius format command, 97 Rail assembly, 31 Raised/recessed-lettering effects, 196, 196f Ramped entry cut, 154 Rapid linear motion (GOO), 93-95, 94f improper use of, 94f Ready-made CN system, 161-164 do-it-yourself (DIY), 168 lathes, 166-168 mills, 166-168 plasma table, 164-166,165f router, 164-166 vendor listing, 168-169 Reducer mechanism, 11 Reducers, 44. See also under Transmission systems Relay cover removal job, 216-218, 218f, 220f Relay holding tray, 218f Remote pendant controller from Texas Micro, 80f Rest machining, 146 Rhino, 140 Rotary A axis, 13-14 Rotary encoder, 65f Rotary topology, 131-132,131f, 132f Rotating nut, 42 Round rail. See under Guide systems Roufer, 5,164-166 head, 6-8, 7f RTA motion control systems, 75 Screw, 11 lead, 37-38 lead value of, 42 and nut. See under Transmission systems Select tool, 123 Self-reversing tapping cycles, 119-121, 120t-121t Serial-controlled spindle-speed controller card, 80f Servo motors, 61-63 advantages of, 64 closed-loop functionality, 62 tuning parameters PID (proportional integral derivative), 62 PIV (particle image velocimetry), 62-63 velocity versus acceleration, 62fI n d e x 2 5 9 Shareware, 139 SHCS. See Socket head cap screws SheetCAM (by Stable Design), 156 Shop cabinetry, 189f Shuttle Pro, 80 Signage industry, 12 Single-pole double-throw, 16 Six-wire motors, 58 Skip-lead preload, 240 Socket head cap screws, 178 Solid-body electric guitar, 206-214, 21 Of, 211f, 215f channel with installed truss rod, 211 f 3D contouring cuts, 209f 3D routing, 213f face shot of, 208f inlay markers, 214f neck headstock, 213f neck holding jig, 210f partially cut fret slots, 213f routing fret board, 212f SolidWorks, 14 Sound logic, card by, 80f SPDT. See Single-pole double-throw Spindle chuck, 21 f Spindle control, 117 Spindle drive, 8 Spindle head, 8-11 3 horsepower, 9f Spindle speed, 123 controller, 79, 80f Spoil board, 131 Stand-alone regulated power supply units, 76 Stand-off supports, 27 Start-up current, 7 Stepper motors, 57-61, 64f advantages of, 63 maximum performance, 61 power supply, 60-61 specifications for, 60t Stick font, 148,148f engraving, 206f text, 136,136f Straight-probe command, 102 Stud-mounted lettering and logos, 214-216, 215f, 216f Subroutines, 228-230 Swarf removal, 28 s^-w^ J vtmwm T track grid work, 12 Table assembly, 184 Tangential ball return, 234 Teeth per inch Acme screw, 41 Temporary coordinate system offset (G52), 105 Tension loads, 242 Texas Micro circuits, 80 THC. See Torch height controller Thin-wall gantry tubing, 176,176f Threading, 18 3D carving, 150-151 3D cutting, 138 3D routing, 202-204 TIG. See Tungsten inert gas Tiger Tek CNC, 166 Timing belt, 38,47-49,48f Timing pulleys, 47-19, 48f Tool length offsets, 104 Tooling, 19-21, 21-22 Topolbgy lathe, 131-132,131f, 132f mill, 130-131,131f rotary, 131-132,131f, 132f Torch height controller, 14,15f Tormach CNC mill, 167f Tormach tooling system, 21, 22f, 169 Torque, 238 Torroidal-style transformer, 78f Transmission systems ball screws, 41^2 lead screw and nut, 38—11 pulley-reduction unit construction, 49-52 variations on, 52-53 rack and pinion combination, 42-46, 43f reducers geared reducers, 46 offset spur gear reduction, 46-47 planetary gear reduction, 46 rotating nut, 42 screw and nut driving method, 372 6 0 I n d e x Transmission systems (continued) end fixity, 35-36 lead values, 36-37, 38t nut mounting, 37 screw lead, 37-38 timing belt, 47-49 timing pulleys, 47-49 Tray socket cut relay in, 219f uncut relay in, 219f Trucks, 28 TrueType font, 144,150,197 engraving, 206f TrueType text, 136,136f TTS. See Tormach tooling system Tungsten inert gas, 19 TurboCAD, 139 Twelve-volt relay, 218f Mllllllltlllll ^J iitlllillllllil Ubuntu, 89 Uncut relay in tray socket, 219f Unipolar motors, 58 United States Department of Agriculture, 46 Universal serial bus technology, 162 USB technology. See Universal serial bus technology USB-based microscope camera, 13 USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture User-defined M codes, 122 User input, 164 V bit engraving, 150f V carving, 194-195,195f V router bits, 194 V style cutter, 150 V style roller, 29-32 Vacuum hold-down method , 12 Variable-frequency drive, 8, 9f Vector artwork, 215f nested, 217f Vector files, 137 Vector quad, 30 Vectric software, 155 VFD. See Variable-frequency drive VisualMill, 156 — w « • WAGO connectors, 83f Wall support blocks, 27 Warp 9 Computers, 164,168 Wattage, 6 Whip, 36 critical speed, 36 Wiper kit, 234 Wiring, 83 Wood composites, 18 Wood grain pattern in MDF, 197 Woodworking router head, 7f X-axis rails, 176 Y-axis rail, 176 Z-axis assembly, 181f, 182f Z-axis back plate mounting structure of, 179 with spacer and guide, 179 Z retraction level (for canned cycle), 115f Z Touch-Off Tool, 83
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب CNC Machining Handbook رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب CNC Machining Handbook
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كاتب الموضوع | رسالة |
---|
rambomenaa كبير مهندسين
عدد المساهمات : 2041 تاريخ التسجيل : 21/01/2012
| موضوع: كتاب CNC Machining Handbook الأربعاء 31 أكتوبر 2012, 8:32 am | |
|
أخوانى فى الله أحضرت لكم كتاب CNC Machining Handbook Building, Programming, and Implementation Alan Overby
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface ix Part I The Physical Architecture 1 CNC Machines 3 Common CNC Applications 5 2 Guide Systems 23 Round Rail 26 Profile Rail 27 V-Style Roller 29 Hybrid Roller Guides 32 3 Transmission Systems 33 Screw and Nut 35 Lead Screw and Nut 38 Ball Screws 41 Rotating Nut 42 Rack and Pinion 42 Reducers 46 Timing Belt and Pulleys 47 Constructing a Pulley-Reduction Unit 49 4 Motors 55 Stepper Motors 57 Servo Motors 61 Stepper versus Servo: Pros and Cons 63 Encoders 64 Part II The CNC Controller 5 Controller Hardware 69 Enclosure 71 Breakout Board 72 Drives 75 Power Supply 76 Adjunct Devices for Controller Hardware 78 Pendant 79 Wiring 83 Vvi Contents 6 Control Software 85 Mach3 Control Software 87 Enhanced Machine Controller, Version 2 (EMC2) 88 A Foreword on Computer Operating Systems and Applications 89 G-Code Editors 90 G-Code 90 Part III Application Software 7 The Cartesian Coordinate System 127 The Table or Mill Topology 130 Lathe/Rotary Topology 131 8 CAD and Graphics 133 Raster to Vector Conversion Utilities 137 Difference between 2D and 3D 138 Listing of CAD Vendors 138 Graphics Programs 140 9 CAM Software 141 Understanding and Using CAM 144 Generalized Milling Options 151 CAD and CAM Combination Software 155 Part IV Building or Buying a CNC Machine 10 Choosing a Ready-Made CNC System 159 Router/Plasma Table 166 Mills and Lathes 167 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 168 Vendor Listing 168 11 Building Your Own CNC Plasma Table 171 Part V Appendices A Project Implementation and Examples 187 Examples of Items that Can Be Produced on a CNC Router 189 Unlimited Possibilities 218 Programming Examples 219 B Programming Examples in G-Code 225 Example 1 228 Example 2 229Contents VII C Engineering Process of Selecting a Ball Screw 231 D NEMA Motor Mounting Templates 247 Index 251 ex Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables. msamm A ^swssr?* Absolute distance mode (G90), 112-113, 113f Absolute IJ mode, 97 Accented fonts, 197-198,198f Acme screws, 38 teeth per inch (TPI), 41 ADA (American Disabilities Act), 21 ADA signage, 192-194 ADA restroom sign, 193f ADA sign, 194f Adjunct devices for controller hardware, 78-79 Adobe Illustrator, 140 Aftermarket engraving spindle, 10, llf Alpha-numeric ASCII-based machine-command, 90-93, 92t-93t Alternating current (AC) motors, 62 Aluminum, 12,18-19 American Disabilities Act, 21. See also ADA signage Angle bracket (with lead screw nut), 180f Angular contact bearings, 35 Antares, 21 Antibacklash nut, 38, 39f, 40f Arc at feed rate (G02, G03), 96-99, 96f ArtCAM (by DelCAM), 155 Assembly with carriage traveler plate, 180f ATC. See Automatic tool changer AutoCAD, 138-139 AutoCAD-LT (light), 138-139 AutoEditNC, 90 Automatic tool changer, 5,10 Q mmmm B and B Plasma (company), 166, 166f Background texture, 197,197f Backlash, 38 Backlit acrylic LED sign, 201,202f Ball nose, 20 Ball screw(s), 41^12 selection. See Precision rolled ball screws product overview Ball screw life, 237 Bearing removal tool, 8 Belt reduction unit, 51 f Belt tensioning tool, 52f Bevel-edge lettering, 195-196,196f BHCS. See Button head cap screws Bipolar series wiring, 58 BOB. See Breakout board Braille lettering, 21,193-194 Breakout board, 72-75. See also under Controller hardware Button head cap screws, 178 X&m&i C S^SR^ CAD and graphics, 135 graphics programs 2512 5 2 I n d e x CAD and graphics (continued) Adobe Illustrator, 140 GIMP, 140 Rhino, 140 SolidWorks, 140 pixilation, 137f raster to vector conversion utilities, 137-138 stick font text, 136,136f TrueType text, 136,136f 2D and 3D, difference between, 138 vendors, listing of, 138 AutoCAD, 138-139 AutoCAD-LT, 138-139 free CAD, 139 low-cost CAD, 139 QCAD, 139-140 TurboCAD, 139 CAM software, 143,156 CAD and CAM combination software ArtCAM (by DelCAM), 155 CAM-Only Software, 156 FreeMill, 156 MasterCAM, 156 SheetCAM (by Stable Design), 156 Vectric Software, 155 VisualMill, 156 milling options, generalized climb milling, 152-153 conventional milling, 152-153 finish profiling, 153-154 lead in position, 154 lead out position, 154 nesting, 154-155 part tabbing, 154 ramped entry cut, 154 step-down, 153 step-over, 153 uses of, 144-146 area clearance, 147 CAM machining parameters, 146 cuts, decorative types of, 148 drilling function, 148-149 incised carving, 150-151 inlay function, 149 profiling, 146-147,145f, 146f 3D carving, 150-151 Campaign buttons, 201 Carriage(s), 28 assembly, 31, 32f with 43/4-in riser tubing, 177f Cartesian coordinate system definition, 129-130,129f lathe/rotary topology, 131-132,131f, 132f table or mill topology, 130-131,131f C-channel, 19 Ceramic-style bearings, 8 Clamp-on mechanism, 37 Clam-shell method, 184 Climb milling, 152-153 Closed bearing style, 27 CNC engraving machine, 193 plasma table, 15 offered by B and B Plasma, 166f CNC machines construction materials (router/plasma) aluminum, 18-19 joining materials together, 19 wood composites, 18 engraver, 5 hold-down methods double-sided tape, 12 dual Z, 15-16 fat mat, 12 limit and homing switches, 16 mechanical probing, 13 optical probing, 13 plasma cutters, 14-15 probing, 13 rotary A axis, 13-14 T track grid work, 12 vacuum, 12 lathes, 18 mills accuracy versus repeatability, 17-18 resolution, 11 router, 5 router head, 6-8 spindle head, 8-11 tooling, 19-21, 21-22 CNC plasma table, 173,175f complete leg bottom, 174fI n d e x 2 5 3 completed table, 183f, 184f gantry end caps, 177,177f leg members, 175f leg replacement, 175f leg-leveling system, 173,174f materials assembled for, 174f table assembly, 184 X-axis members, 175f Z-axis assembly, 181f, 182f CNC router, items produced on accented fonts, 197-198,198f ADA signage, 192-194 ADA restroom sign, 193f ADA sign, 194f backlit acrylic LED sign, 201, 202f bevel-edge lettering, 195-196,196f engraving using engraving stock, 205, 206f filled-shallow engraving, 197 furniture, 189 shop cabinetry, 189f monument sign, 189,190f musical instrument. See Solid-body electric guitar oversized projects, 200, 201f panel with removed lettering, 204-205, 205f programming examples, 219-223 pulley blocks, 198-199,199f, 200f raised/recessed-lettering effects, 196, 196f relay cover removal job, 216-218, 218f, 220f stud-mounted lettering and logos, 214-216, 215f, 216f textured background effect, 197,197f 3D routing, 202-204, 203f tools and templates, 189 dovetail jig, 190f, 191f DT joint cut, 192f fret wire bending tool, 193f V carving, 194-195,195f Coating, ball screw, 234 Compression loads, 242 Computer operating systems and applications, 89 Concentric bushing, 30, 30f Conical tooling, 20f, 21f Construction materials. See under CNC machines Control software computer operating systems and applications, 89 enhanced machine controller, version 2 (EMC2), 88-89 feed rate (F), 123 G code, 90-93,92t-93t GOO (rapid linear motion), 93-95 G01 (linear motion at feed rate), 95-96 G02 and G03 (arc at feed rate), 96-99 G04 (dwell), 99 G10 (coordinate system data tool and work offset tables), 99-100 G12 and G13 (clockwise/ counterclockwise circular pocket), 100 G15 and G16 (exit and enter polar mode), 100 G17, G18, and G19 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G20 and G21 (length units), 101 G28 and G30 (return to home), 101 G28.1 (reference axes), 101-102 G31 (straight probe), 102-103 G40, G41, and G42 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G43, G44, and G49 (tool length offsets), 104 G50 and G51 (scale factors), 104 G52 (temporary coordinate system offset), 105 G53 (move in absolute coordinates), 105 G54 to G59 and G59 P (select work offset coordinate system), 105 G61 and G64 (path control mode), 106 G68 and G69 (coordinate system rotation), 106 G73 canned cycle (High-Speed Peck Drill), 106-107 G80 (modal motion cancellation), 107 G81 cycle, 109 G81 to G89 (canned cycles), 108-109, llOf G82 cycle (for drilling), 1102 5 4 I n d e x Control software (continued) G83 cycle (peck drilling), 110 G85 cycle (for boring or reaming), 111, lllf G86 cycle (for boring), 112 G88 cycle (for boring), 112 G89 cycle (for boring), 112 G90 and G91 (distance mode), 112-113 G92, G92.1, G92.2, and G92.3 - G92 Offsets, 113-114 G93, G94, and G95 (path control mode set), 114-115 G98 and G99 (canned cycle return level), 115-116 G-Code editors, 90 M codes, 116,116t MO, Ml, M2, and M30 (program stopping and ending), 116-117 M3, M4, and M5 (spindle control), 117 M47 (rerun from first line), 118 M48 and M49 (override control), 118 M6 (tool change), 117-118 M7, M8, and M9 (coolant control), 118 M98 (subroutine call), 118-119 M99 (return from subroutine), 119 M998 (tool change position), 121 Mach3 Control Software, 87-88 modal groups, 122,122t select tool (T), 123 self-reversing tapping cycles, 119-121,120t-121t spindle speed (S), 123 user-defined M codes, 122 Controller hardware adjunct devices, 78-79 spindle-speed controller, 79 breakout board, 72-75 dual-port BOB with spindle-speed controller, 79f dual port from sound logic, 75f five axis multipurpose, 74f four-axis BOB from PMDX, 74f functions of, 72 drives, 75-76 enclosure, 71-72, 72f wiring, 73f pendant, 79-81 micro switches, 81-83 Z touch-off tool, 83 power supply, 76-78, 77f, 78f wiring, 83 Controller software, 163 console, 10 Conventional milling, 152-153 Conversational programming, 88 Coolant control, 118 CorelTrace, 137 Critical nut speed, 238 Critical speed, 242 Current spikes, 7 Cut relay in tray socket, 219f Cuts, decorative types of, 148 Cutter radius compensation (G40, G41, and G42), 103-104,105 Cutter ramping, 154 Cutter step-downs, 153 Digital readout device, 65 DRO device. See Digital readout device Direct current motors, 62 DC motors. See Direct current motors Do-it-yourself (DIY), 168 Double-nut adjustable preload, 240 Double-sided masking tape, 12 Dovetail jig, 190f, 191f Drilling function, 148-149 Drives, 75-76 Driving method, 37 Dual Z, 15-16 Duality lathe, 169 m £ mmmm Eccentric bushing, 30, 30f EMC2. See Enhanced machine controller, Version 2 Emergency power off (EPO), 71,72 Encoders, 64-65, 65f assembly, 65fI n d e x 2 5 5 with dual-shaft configuration, 64f linear glass scales, 65 Enclosure, 71-72, 72f End fixity, 35-36 End journals and bearing supports, 234 End mill, 19-20, 20f Engraving, 20, 20f filled-shallow, 197 machines, 5 with stick fonts, 148f stock, 205, 206f Enhanced machine controller, Version 2 (EMC2), 88-89 EPO. See Emergency power off Epoxy-filled engraving, 198f ER25 collet system, lOf EZ-Router, 164,164f Fat mat, 12 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Feed rate, 123 FenderStratocaster, 207 Filled-shallow engraving, 197 Flanges, 48,234 Food and Drug Administration, 46 FreeMill, 156 Freeware, 139 Fret wire bending tool, 193f Furniture, 189,190f GOO (rapid linear motion), 93-95, 94f improper use ot, 94f GOl (linear motion at feed rate), 95-96, 95f G02 (arc at feed rate), 96-99, 96f G03 (arc at feed rate), 96-99, 96f G04 (dwell), 99 G10 command (coordinate system data tool and work offset tables), 99-100 G12 (clockwise/counterclockwise circular pocket), 100 G13 (clockwise/counterclockwise circular pocket), 100 G15 (exit and enter polar mode), 100 G16 (exit and enter polar mode), 100 G17 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G18 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G19 (plane selection), 100, lOOf, lOlf G20 (length units), 101 G21 (length units), 101 G28 command (return to home), 101, 102f G28.1 (reference axes), 101-102 G30 (return to home), 101 G31 (straight probe), 102-103 G40 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G41 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G42 (cutter radius compensation), 103-104 G43 (tool length offsets), 104 G44 (tool length offsets), 104 G49 (tool length offsets), 104 G50 (scale factors), 104 G51 (scale factors), 104 G52 ^temporary coordinate system offset), 105 G53 (in absolute coordinates), 105 G54 to G59 (select work offset coordinate system), 105 G59 P (select work offset coordinate system), 105 G61 (path control mode), 106 G64 (path control mode), 106 G68 (coordinate system rotation), 106 G69 (coordinate system rotation), 106 G73 canned cycle (high-speed peck drill), 106-107,107f G80 (modal motion cancellation), 107 G81 canned cycle drilling, 109, llOf G81 to G89 (canned cycles), 108-109, llOf G82 cycle (for drilling), 110 G83 (canned cycle peck drilling), 107f, 110, lllf G85 (for boring/reaming canned cycle), 111, lllf G86 cycle (for boring), 1122 5 6 I n d e x G88 cycle (for boring), 112 G89 cycle (for boring), 112 G90 (absolute distance mode), 112-113, 113f G91 (incremental distance mode), 112-113,113f, 114 G92, G92.1, G92.2, and G92.3 - G92 (offsets), 113-114 G93 (path control mode set), 114-115 G94 (path control mode set), 114-115 G95 (path control mode set), 114-115 G98 (canned cycle return level), 115-116 G99 (canned cycle return level), 115-116 Gantry end caps, 177,177f Gas metal arc welding, 19 Gas tungsten arc welding, 19 G-code commands, 10 G-code controlled system, 162 G-code editors, 90 G-code file processing, 16 G-code programming editor. See Programming examples in G code Geared reducers, 46 GIMP, 140 GMAW. See Gas metal arc welding Graphics programs. See under CAD and graphics GTAW. See Gas tungsten arc welding Guide systems. See Linear guide systems MKSHK H mmtmg Half-moon profile rollers, 31 Hall-effect sensor, 62 Handy touch-off tool, 82f Hardware abstraction layer, 88 Hardware enclosure cabinets, 72f HDU foam. See High-density urethane foam HerSaf, 151 v-bit cutters, 19 High-density urethane foam, 196, 200 Hold-down methods. See under CNC machines Hole drilling, 149 Holes, 178 Homing switches, 16 Horsepower actual, 7 theoretical, 6 Hybrid roller guides, 32, 32f Incised carving, 150-151 Incremental distance mode (G91), 108f, 112-113,113f Induction motor, 6, 7 Inlay function, 149 In-rush current, 7 K2-CNC (company), 166 I Lathes, 18,166-168 Lathe topology, 131-132,131f, 132f Lead screw, 11,18 assembly, 39f nuts, 38—41 Lead values, 36-37, 38t Leg-leveling system, 173,174f Life expectancy for precision ball screw assemblies, 244 Linear glass scales, 65 Linear guide systems, 25 hybrid roller guides, 32, 32f profile rail, 27-29, 28f round rail, 26-27, 26f continuous support, 27 from Danaher Motion, 26f end mounting, 27 V-style roller, 29-32 Linear motion at feed rate (G01), 95-96, 95f Linux operating system, 89 Load locking spring, 234 Lube holes, 234 Lubrication, 28 Luthier shops, 206 M codes, 116,116t user-defined, 122I n d e x 2 5 7 MO, Ml, M2, and M30 (program stopping and ending), 116-117 MOO and M01 commands, 99 M3 (spindle control), 117 M4 (spindle control), 117 M47 (rerun from first line), 118 M48 (override control), 118 M49 (override control), 118 M5 (spindle control), 117 M6 (tool change), 117-118,118f M7 (coolant control), 118 M8 (coolant control), 118 M9 (coolant control), 118 M98 (subroutine call), 118-119 M99 (return from subroutine), 119 M998 (tool change position), 121 Mach3 control software, 13, 87-88,163, 164,166 Machine service life, 237 Machine torch, 184 Magnetic switches, 17,17f, 82, 82f MasterCAM, 156 MDA precision, 168 MDF. See Medium density fiberboard Mechanical probing, 13 Medium density fiberboard, 18,197 Metal inert gas, 19 Micro switches, 16,16f, 81-83, 81f Microsoft Windows, 89 Microstepping drives, 75, 76f MIG. See Metal inert gas Mills, 17-18,166-168 Mill topology, 130-131,131f Modal groups, 122,122t Monument sign, 189,190f Motor(s) encoders, 64-65, 65f power, 163 servo motors, 61-63 advantages of, 64 stepper motors, 57-61, 64f advantages of, 63 specifications for, 60t Motor-assembly pivot, 177f Mounted reduction unit, 178 Mounting blocks, 27 MPG from Nidec Nemicon, 81f Multistage reduction unit, 53 National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 57 NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), 57 NEMA 23 motors, 58f, 178 NEMA 34 motors, 58f NEMA / 34-stepper motor, 49, 50f NEMA motor mounting templates NEMA 17 footprint, 249f NEMA 23 footprint, 250f NEMA 34 footprint, 250f Nested vector artwork, 217f Nesting, 154-155 Nidec Nemicon Corporation, 81, 81 f Nut lead screw and, 38^11 loading, 241 mounting, 37, 241 rotating, 42 0 ^smkess^ Offset spur gear reduction, 46^7,47f Online calculator, 49,183 Optical probing, 13 Override control, 118 xsKtm* P mmmt^ Pacific bearing, 32 Part tabbing, 154 Particle image velocimetry, 62-63 PD. See Pitch diameter Peck drilling, 107f, 110 Pendant. See under Controller hardware Permissible compression loading, 238 Permissible rotational speed, 238 PID. See Proportional integral derivative Pinion gear, 11,43,44, 45 Pinion transmission system, 42,46 Pitch, 42-43,47 diameter, 43,44,45 PIV (particle image velocimetry), 62-63 Pixelation, 137,137f Planetary gear reduction, 46 Plasma cutters, 14-15 Plasma table, 164-166,165f, 166f2 5 8 I n d e x Plate-bearing hole, 183 Port, definition of, 72 Power supply, 76-78, 77f, 78f Precision rolled ball screws product overview, 234 acceptable speed, 243 accuracy, 239 ball screw assembly selection, 235 example, 236 bearing support reference drawings (end fixity), 242 compression load, 246 design formulas, 237-239 length for designated ball screws, 246 for screws, 243 life expectancy for precision ball screw assemblies, 244 for precision plus preloaded ball screw assemblies, 245 lubrication guidelines, 241 preload types, 240 Pressure angle (PA), 42 Probes, 13 Profile rail, 27-29, 28f Profiling, 146-147,145f, 146f, 153-154 Programming examples, 219-223 in G code, 227-230 Proportional integral derivative (PID), 62 Pulley blocks, 198-199,199f, 200f Pulley reducers. 49-53 QCAD, 139-140 Rack, 11 and pinion combination, 42-46 Rack transmission system, 42,46 Radial ball bearing, 36 Radius format command, 97 Rail assembly, 31 Raised/recessed-lettering effects, 196, 196f Ramped entry cut, 154 Rapid linear motion (GOO), 93-95, 94f improper use of, 94f Ready-made CN system, 161-164 do-it-yourself (DIY), 168 lathes, 166-168 mills, 166-168 plasma table, 164-166,165f router, 164-166 vendor listing, 168-169 Reducer mechanism, 11 Reducers, 44. See also under Transmission systems Relay cover removal job, 216-218, 218f, 220f Relay holding tray, 218f Remote pendant controller from Texas Micro, 80f Rest machining, 146 Rhino, 140 Rotary A axis, 13-14 Rotary encoder, 65f Rotary topology, 131-132,131f, 132f Rotating nut, 42 Round rail. See under Guide systems Roufer, 5,164-166 head, 6-8, 7f RTA motion control systems, 75 Screw, 11 lead, 37-38 lead value of, 42 and nut. See under Transmission systems Select tool, 123 Self-reversing tapping cycles, 119-121, 120t-121t Serial-controlled spindle-speed controller card, 80f Servo motors, 61-63 advantages of, 64 closed-loop functionality, 62 tuning parameters PID (proportional integral derivative), 62 PIV (particle image velocimetry), 62-63 velocity versus acceleration, 62fI n d e x 2 5 9 Shareware, 139 SHCS. See Socket head cap screws SheetCAM (by Stable Design), 156 Shop cabinetry, 189f Shuttle Pro, 80 Signage industry, 12 Single-pole double-throw, 16 Six-wire motors, 58 Skip-lead preload, 240 Socket head cap screws, 178 Solid-body electric guitar, 206-214, 21 Of, 211f, 215f channel with installed truss rod, 211 f 3D contouring cuts, 209f 3D routing, 213f face shot of, 208f inlay markers, 214f neck headstock, 213f neck holding jig, 210f partially cut fret slots, 213f routing fret board, 212f SolidWorks, 14 Sound logic, card by, 80f SPDT. See Single-pole double-throw Spindle chuck, 21 f Spindle control, 117 Spindle drive, 8 Spindle head, 8-11 3 horsepower, 9f Spindle speed, 123 controller, 79, 80f Spoil board, 131 Stand-alone regulated power supply units, 76 Stand-off supports, 27 Start-up current, 7 Stepper motors, 57-61, 64f advantages of, 63 maximum performance, 61 power supply, 60-61 specifications for, 60t Stick font, 148,148f engraving, 206f text, 136,136f Straight-probe command, 102 Stud-mounted lettering and logos, 214-216, 215f, 216f Subroutines, 228-230 Swarf removal, 28 s^-w^ J vtmwm T track grid work, 12 Table assembly, 184 Tangential ball return, 234 Teeth per inch Acme screw, 41 Temporary coordinate system offset (G52), 105 Tension loads, 242 Texas Micro circuits, 80 THC. See Torch height controller Thin-wall gantry tubing, 176,176f Threading, 18 3D carving, 150-151 3D cutting, 138 3D routing, 202-204 TIG. See Tungsten inert gas Tiger Tek CNC, 166 Timing belt, 38,47-49,48f Timing pulleys, 47-19, 48f Tool length offsets, 104 Tooling, 19-21, 21-22 Topolbgy lathe, 131-132,131f, 132f mill, 130-131,131f rotary, 131-132,131f, 132f Torch height controller, 14,15f Tormach CNC mill, 167f Tormach tooling system, 21, 22f, 169 Torque, 238 Torroidal-style transformer, 78f Transmission systems ball screws, 41^2 lead screw and nut, 38—11 pulley-reduction unit construction, 49-52 variations on, 52-53 rack and pinion combination, 42-46, 43f reducers geared reducers, 46 offset spur gear reduction, 46-47 planetary gear reduction, 46 rotating nut, 42 screw and nut driving method, 372 6 0 I n d e x Transmission systems (continued) end fixity, 35-36 lead values, 36-37, 38t nut mounting, 37 screw lead, 37-38 timing belt, 47-49 timing pulleys, 47-49 Tray socket cut relay in, 219f uncut relay in, 219f Trucks, 28 TrueType font, 144,150,197 engraving, 206f TrueType text, 136,136f TTS. See Tormach tooling system Tungsten inert gas, 19 TurboCAD, 139 Twelve-volt relay, 218f Mllllllltlllll ^J iitlllillllllil Ubuntu, 89 Uncut relay in tray socket, 219f Unipolar motors, 58 United States Department of Agriculture, 46 Universal serial bus technology, 162 USB technology. See Universal serial bus technology USB-based microscope camera, 13 USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture User-defined M codes, 122 User input, 164 V bit engraving, 150f V carving, 194-195,195f V router bits, 194 V style cutter, 150 V style roller, 29-32 Vacuum hold-down method , 12 Variable-frequency drive, 8, 9f Vector artwork, 215f nested, 217f Vector files, 137 Vector quad, 30 Vectric software, 155 VFD. See Variable-frequency drive VisualMill, 156 — w « • WAGO connectors, 83f Wall support blocks, 27 Warp 9 Computers, 164,168 Wattage, 6 Whip, 36 critical speed, 36 Wiper kit, 234 Wiring, 83 Wood composites, 18 Wood grain pattern in MDF, 197 Woodworking router head, 7f X-axis rails, 176 Y-axis rail, 176 Z-axis assembly, 181f, 182f Z-axis back plate mounting structure of, 179 with spacer and guide, 179 Z retraction level (for canned cycle), 115f Z Touch-Off Tool, 83
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