كتاب Materials Selection in Mechanical Design , Ashby 3rd Edition

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Materials Selection in Mechanical Design , Ashby 3rd Edition

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Introduction
Introduction and synopsis
Materials in design
The evolution of engineering materials
Case study: the evolution of materials in vacuum cleaners
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
The design process
Introduction and synopsis
The design process
Types of design
Design tools and materials data
Function, material, shape, and process
Case study: devices to open corked bottles
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Engineering materials and their properties
Introduction and synopsis
The families of engineering materials
The definitions of material properties
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Material property charts
Introduction and synopsis
Exploring material properties
The material property charts
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Materials selection—the basics
Introduction and synopsis
The selection strategy
Attribute limits and material indices
The selection procedure
Computer-aided selection
The structural index
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Materials selection—case studies
Introduction and synopsis
Materials for oars
Mirrors for large telescopes
Materials for table legs
Cost: structural material for buildings
Materials for flywheels
Materials for springs
Elastic hinges and couplings
Materials for seals
Deflection-limited design with brittle polymers
Safe pressure vessels
Stiff, high damping materials for shaker tables
Insulation for short-term isothermal containers
Energy-efficient kiln walls
Materials for passive solar heating
Materials to minimize thermal distortion in precision devices
Nylon bearings for ships’ rudders
Materials for heat exchangers
Materials for radomes
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Processes and process selection
Introduction and synopsis
Classifying processes
The processes: shaping, joining, and finishing
Systematic process selection
Ranking: process cost
Computer-aided process selection
Supporting information
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Process selection case studies
Introduction and synopsis
Forming a fan
Fabricating a pressure vessel
An optical table
Economical casting
Computer-based selection: a manifold jacket
vi Contents
Computer-based selection: a spark-plug insulator
Summary and conclusions
Multiple constraints and objectives
Introduction and synopsis
Selection with multiple constraints
Conflicting objectives, penalty-functions, and exchange constants
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Appendix: Traditional methods of dealing with multiple constraints
and objectives
Case studies—multiple constraints and conflicting objectives
Introduction and synopsis
Multiple constraints: con-rods for high-performance engines
Multiple constraints: windings for high-field magnets
Conflicting objectives: casings for a mini-disk player
Conflicting objectives: materials for a disk-brake caliper
Summary and conclusions
Selection of material and shape
Introduction and synopsis
Shape factors
Microscopic or micro-structural shape factors
Limits to shape efficiency
Exploring and comparing structural sections
Material indices that include shape
Co-selecting material and shape
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Selection of material and shape: case studies
Introduction and synopsis
Spars for man-powered planes
Ultra-efficient springs
Forks for a racing bicycle
Floor joists: wood, bamboo or steel?
Increasing the stiffness of steel sheet
Table legs again: thin or light?
Shapes that flex: leaf and strand structures
Summary and conclusions
Designing hybrid materials
Introduction and synopsis
Filling holes in material-property space
The method: ‘‘A þ B þ configuration þ scale’’
Composites: hybrids of type
Contents vii
Sandwich structures: hybrids of type
Lattices: hybrids of type
Segmented structures: hybrids of type
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Hybrid case studies
Introduction and synopsis
Designing metal matrix composites
Refrigerator walls
Connectors that do not relax their grip
Extreme combinations of thermal and electrical conduction
Materials for microwave-transparent enclosures
Exploiting anisotropy: heat spreading surfaces
The mechanical efficiency of natural materials
Further reading: natural materials
Information and knowledge sources for design
Introduction and synopsis
Information for materials and processes
Screening information: structure and sources
Supporting information: structure and sources
Ways of checking and estimating data
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Materials and the environment
Introduction and synopsis
The material life cycle
Material and energy-consuming systems
The eco-attributes of materials
Eco-selection
Case studies: drink containers and crash barriers
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Materials and industrial design
Introduction and synopsis
The requirements pyramid
Product character
Using materials and processes to create product personality
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Forces for change
Introduction and synopsis
Market-pull and science-push
Growing population and wealth, and market saturation
viii Contents
Product liability and service provision
Miniaturization and multi-functionality
Concern for the environment and for the individual
Summary and conclusions
Further reading
Appendix A Useful solutions to standard problems
Introduction and synopsis
A Constitutive equations for mechanical response
A Moments of sections
A Elastic bending of beams
A Failure of beams and panels
A Buckling of columns, plates, and shells
A Torsion of shafts
A Static and spinning disks
A Contact stresses
A Estimates for stress concentrations
A Sharp cracks
A Pressure vessels
A Vibrating beams, tubes, and disks
A Creep and creep fracture
A Flow of heat and matter
A Solutions for diffusion equations
A Further reading
Appendix B Material indices
B Introduction and synopsis
B Use of material indices
Appendix C Data and information for engineering materials
C Names and applications: metals and alloys
C Names and applications: polymers and foams
C Names and applications: composites, ceramics, glasses, and
natural materials
C Melting temperature, Tm, and glass temperature, Tg
C Density,
C Young’s modulus, E
C Yield strength, y, and tensile strength, ts
C Fracture toughness (plane-strain), KC
C Thermal conductivity,
C Thermal expansion,
C Approximate production energies and CO burden
C Environmental resistance
Contents ix
Appendix D Information and knowledge sources for materials and processes
D Introduction
D Information sources for materials
D Information for manufacturing processes
D Databases and expert systems in software
D Additional useful internet sites
D Supplier registers, government organizations, standards and
professional societies
Appendix E Exercises
E Introduction to the exercises
E Devising concepts
E Use of material selection charts
E Translation: constraints and objectives
E Deriving and using material indices
E Selecting processes
E Multiple constraints and objectives
E Selecting material and shape
E Hybrid materials
Index

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