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| موضوع: كتاب Make - Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1 - Power Sources & Conversion السبت 25 مايو 2024, 3:28 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Make - Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1 - Power Sources & Conversion Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Switches Charles Platt
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of ContentsHow To Use It . 14 What Can Go Wrong 15 Short Circuits: Overheating And Fire . 15 Diminished Performance Caused By Improper Recharging 15 Complete Discharge Of Lead-Acid Battery 15 Inadequate Current . 15 Incorrect Polarity 15 Reverse Charging . 16 Sulfurization 16 High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries . 16 > > CONNECTION 3. Jumper 17 What It Does 17 How It Works . 17 Variants 18 Values 18 How To Use It . 18 What Can Go Wrong 19 4. Fuse . 21 What It Does 21 How It Works . 21 Values 22 Variants 22 Small Cartridge Fuses . 23 Automotive Fuses . 23 Strip Fuses 24 Through-Hole Fuses . 24 Resettable Fuses 24 Surface Mount Fuses 26 How To Use It . 26 What Can Go Wrong 27 Repeated Failure 27 Soldering Damage 27 Placement 28 5. Pushbutton 29 What It Does 29 How It Works . 29 Variants 30 Poles And Throws . 30 On-Off Behavior . 30 Slider . 31 Styles . 31 Termination And Contact Plating 32 Mounting Style 32 vi Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1Sealed Or Unsealed . 32 Latching 32 Foot Pedal 33 Keypad . 33 Tactile Switch . 34 Membrane Pad 34 Radio Buttons . 35 Snap-Action Switches . 35 Emergency Switch 35 Values 35 How To Use It . 35 What Can Go Wrong 35 No Button . 35 Mounting Problems . 35 LED Issues 36 Other Problems . 36 6. Switch . 37 What It Does 37 How It Works . 37 Variants 38 Terminology 38 Poles And Throws . 38 On-Off Behavior . 38 Snap-Action 39 Rocker 40 Slider . 40 Toggle 41 DIP . 43 SIP 44 Paddle 44 Vandal Resistant Switch . 44 Tactile Switch . 44 Mounting Options 44 Termination . 45 Contact Plating Options . 45 Values 45 How To Use It . 45 Power Switches . 45 Limit Switches 46 Logic Circuits 46 Alternatives . 47 What Can Go Wrong 47 Arcing 47 Dry Joints . 47 Short Circuits . 48 Contact Contamination 48 Wrong Terminal Type 48 Table of Contents viiContact Bounce . 48 Mechanical Wear 48 Mounting Problems . 48 Cryptic Schematics 48 7. Rotary Switch . 49 What It Does 49 How It Works . 50 Variants 50 Conventional . 50 Rotary DIP 51 Gray Code 52 PC Board Rotary Switch 53 Mechanical Encoder . 53 Pushwheel And Thumbwheel 53 Keylock . 53 Values 54 How To Use It . 54 What Can Go Wrong 54 Vulnerable Contacts . 54 Contact Overload . 55 Misalignment . 55 Misidentified Shorting Switch . 55 User Abuse 55 Wrong Shaft, Wrong Knobs, Nuts That Get Lost, Too Big To Fit 55 8. Rotational Encoder 57 What It Does 57 How It Works . 57 Variants 58 Pulses And Detents 59 Format 59 Output 59 Rotational Resistance 59 Values 59 Contact Bounce . 59 Sliding Noise 59 How To Use It . 60 What Can Go Wrong 60 Switch Bounce 60 Contact Burnout 60 9. Relay 61 What It Does 61 How It Works . 62 Variants 63 Latching 63 Polarity . 63 viii Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1Pinout Variations 63 Reed Relay 64 Small Signal Relay . 64 Automotive Relays 65 General Purpose/Industrial 65 Time Delay Relay 65 Contactor . 66 Values 66 How To Use It . 66 What Can Go Wrong 67 Wrong Pinouts 67 Wrong Orientation 68 Wrong Type . 68 Wrong Polarity 68 AC And DC 68 Chatter . 68 Relay Coil Voltage Spike . 68 Arcing 68 Magnetic Fields . 68 Environmental Hazards 68 > > MODERATION 10. Resistor . 69 What It Does 69 How It Works . 70 Variants 70 Resistor Array . 71 Values 73 Tolerance . 73 Value Coding 75 Stability . 76 Materials 76 How To Use It . 78 In Series With LED . 78 Current Limiting With A Transistor . 78 Pullup And Pulldown Resistors . 79 Audio Tone Control 79 RC Network . 79 Voltage Divider . 80 Resistors In Series . 80 Resistors In Parallel 80 What Can Go Wrong 81 Heat 81 Noise . 81 Inductance 81 Inaccuracy 81 Table of Contents ixWrong Values . 82 11. Potentiometer . 83 What It Does 83 How It Works . 84 Variants 84 Linear And Log Taper 84 Classic-Style Potentiometer 85 Multiple-Turn Potentiometer 86 Ganged Potentiometer 87 Switched Potentiometer . 87 Slider Potentiometer 87 Trimmer Potentiometer . 87 How To Use It . 88 What Can Go Wrong 89 Wear And Tear 89 Knobs That Don’t Fit . 89 Nuts That Get Lost . 89 A Shaft That Isn’t Long Enough 89 Sliders With No Finger Grip 90 Too Big To Fit 90 Overheating 90 The Wrong Taper 90 12. Capacitor 91 What It Does 91 How It Works . 91 Variants 92 Format 92 Principal Types 95 Dielectrics 97 Values 98 Farads 98 Commonly Used Values . 98 Dielectric Constant 99 The Time Constant 99 Multiple Capacitors 100 Alternating Current And Capacitive Reactance 100 Equivalent Series Resistance 100 How To Use It 101 Bypass Capacitor . 101 Coupling Capacitor 101 High-Pass Filter 101 Low-Pass Filter . 101 Smoothing Capacitor 102 Snubber . 102 Capacitor As A Battery Substitute . 103 What Can Go Wrong . 103 x Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1Wrong Polarity . 104 Voltage Overload 104 Leakage . 104 Dielectric Memory . 104 Specific Electrolytic Issues 104 Heat . 104 Vibration 104 Misleading Nomenclature 104 13. Variable Capacitor . 107 What It Does 107 How It Works 107 Variants . 108 Values . 108 Formats . 109 How To Use It 109 What Can Go Wrong . 110 Failure To Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting It . 110 Application Of Overcoat Material Or “Lock Paint” 111 Lack Of Shielding 111 14. Inductor 113 What It Does 113 How It Works 114 DC Through A Coil . 115 Magnetic Core . 116 EMF And Back-EMF . 116 Electrical And Magnetic Polarity 118 Variants . 118 Magnetic Cores 118 Nonmagnetic Cores 119 Variable Inductors 119 Ferrite Beads . 120 Toroidal Cores . 120 Gyrator 121 Values . 122 Calculating Inductance . 122 Calculating Reactance 122 Calculating Reluctance . 123 Datasheet Terminology 123 Series And Parallel Configurations 123 Time Constant . 123 How To Use It 124 Core Choices . 125 Miniaturization 126 What Can Go Wrong . 126 Real-World Defects . 126 Saturation . 126 Table of Contents xiRF Problems . 126 > > CONVERSION 15. AC-AC Transformer 129 What It Does 129 How It Works 130 The Core . 131 Taps . 131 Variants . 133 Core Shapes . 133 Power Transformer . 133 Plug-In Transformer 133 Isolation Transformer 133 Autotransformer . 134 Variable Transformer . 134 Audio Transformer . 134 Split-Bobbin Transformer . 134 Surface-Mount Transformer 135 Values . 135 How To Use It 135 What Can Go Wrong . 136 Reversal Of Input And Output 136 Shock Hazard From Common Ground 136 Accidental DC Input 136 Overload 136 Incorrect AC Frequency 136 16. AC-DC Power Supply . 137 What It Does 137 Variants . 137 Linear Regulated Power Supply . 137 Switching Power Supply 138 Unregulated Power Supply . 140 Adjustable Power Supply . 140 Voltage Multiplier 140 Formats . 140 How To Use It 140 What Can Go Wrong . 141 High Voltage Shock 141 Capacitor Failure . 141 Electrical Noise 141 Peak Inrush 141 17. DC-DC Converter . 143 What It Does 143 How It Works 143 Variants . 144 xii Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1Buck Converter 144 Boost Converter . 145 Flyback Converter With Inductor . 145 Flyback Converter With Transformer 145 Formats . 145 Values . 146 Nominal Input Voltage And Frequency . 146 Output Voltage 147 Input Current And Output Current 147 Load Regulation . 147 Efficiency 147 Ripple And Noise 147 Isolated Or Non-Isolated . 148 How To Use It 148 What Can Go Wrong . 149 Electrical Noise In Output 149 Excess Heat With No Load 149 Inaccurate Voltage Output With Low Load 149 18. DC-AC Inverter . 151 What It Does 151 How It Works 151 Variants . 152 Values . 152 How To Use It 153 What Can Go Wrong . 153 > > REGULATION 19. Voltage Regulator 155 What It Does 155 How It Works 155 Variants . 157 Packaging . 157 Popular Varieties . 157 Adjustable Regulators 157 Negative And Positive Regulators . 158 Low-Dropout Linear Regulators 158 Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators 159 Additional Pin Functions . 159 Values . 159 How To Use It 159 What Can Go Wrong . 160 Inadequate Heat Management . 160 Transient Response 160 Misidentified Parts . 160 Misidentified Pins 161 Dropout Caused By Low Battery 161 Table of Contents xiiiInaccurate Delivered Voltage . 161 > ELECTROMAGNETISM > > LINEAR 20. Electromagnet . 163 What It Does 163 How It Works 163 Variants . 164 Values . 165 How To Use It 165 What Can Go Wrong . 166 21. Solenoid . 167 What It Does 167 How It Works 168 Variants . 170 Low Profile . 170 Latching . 170 Rotary . 170 Hinged Clapper 170 Values . 170 Coil Size Vs. Power . 171 How To Use It 171 What Can Go Wrong . 171 Heat . 171 AC Inrush 171 Unwanted EMF 171 Loose Plunger . 171 > > ROTATIONAL 22. DC Motor . 173 What It Does 173 How It Works 173 Variants . 175 Coil Configurations 175 Gearhead Motor . 175 Brushless DC Motor 177 Linear Actuator 178 Values . 178 How To Use It 179 Speed Control . 180 Direction Control 180 Limit Switches . 181 What Can Go Wrong . 181 xiv Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1Brushes And Commutator 181 Electrical Noise 181 Heat Effects 182 Ambient Conditions 182 Wrong Shaft Type Or Diameter . 182 Incompatible Motor Mounts 182 Backlash . 182 Bearings . 182 Audible Noise 182 23. AC Motor . 185 What It Does 185 How It Works 185 Stator Design 185 Rotor Design . 186 Variants . 189 Single-Phase Induction Motor 189 Three-Phase Induction Motor 190 Synchronous Motor 190 Reluctance Motor 191 Variable Frequency Drive . 191 Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor 192 Universal Motor 192 Inverted AC Motors 193 Values . 193 How To Use It 193 What Can Go Wrong . 193 Premature Restart 194 Frequent Restart . 194 Undervoltage Or Voltage Imbalance 194 Stalled Motor 194 Protective Relays . 194 Excess Torque 194 Internal Breakage 194 24. Servo Motor 195 What It Does 195 How It Works 195 Variants . 197 Values . 198 How To Use It 199 Modification For Continuous Rotation 200 What Can Go Wrong . 200 Incorrect Wiring 200 Shaft/Horn Mismatch 200 Unrealistically Rapid Software Commands 200 Jitter . 201 Motor Overload 201 Table of Contents xvUnrealistic Duty Cycle 201 Electrical Noise 201 25. Stepper Motor . 203 What It Does 203 How It Works 203 Reluctance Stepper Motors . 204 Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors 204 Bipolar Stepper Motors . 206 Unipolar Motors . 207 Variants . 209 High Phase Count 209 Hybrid . 210 Bifilar 210 Multiphase 210 Microstepping . 211 Sensing And Feedback . 211 Voltage Control 211 Values . 211 How To Use It 212 Protection Diodes 212 Positional Control 213 What Can Go Wrong . 213 Incorrect Wiring 213 Step Loss 213 Excessive Torque . 213 Hysteresis 214 Resonance . 214 Hunting . 214 Saturation . 214 Rotor Demagnetization 214 > DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTOR > > SINGLE JUNCTION 26. Diode . 215 What It Does 215 How It Works 217 Variants . 218 Packaging . 218 Signal Diodes 218 Rectifier Diodes 218 Zener Diode . 218 Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) . 219 Schottky Diode 219 Varactor Diode . 219 xvi Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode 220 Diode Array 220 Bridge Rectifier 220 Values . 220 How To Use It 221 Rectification . 221 Back-EMF Suppression . 222 Voltage Selection 223 Voltage Clamping 224 Logic Gate . 224 DC Voltage Regulation And Noise Suppression 224 AC Voltage Control And Signal Clipping . 225 Voltage Sensing 225 What Can Go Wrong . 226 Overload 226 Reversed Polarity 227 Wrong Type Of Diode 227 27. Unijunction Transistor . 229 What It Does 229 How It Works 230 Variants . 232 Values . 232 How To Use It 233 What Can Go Wrong . 233 Name Confusion . 233 Incorrect Bias 233 Overload 234 > > MULTI-JUNCTION 28. Bipolar Transistor 235 What It Does 235 How It Works 235 Current Gain . 238 Terminology . 239 Variants . 239 Packaging . 239 Connections . 240 How To Use It 240 Darlington Pairs 242 Amplifiers . 244 What Can Go Wrong . 245 Wrong Connections On A Bipolar Transistor . 245 Wrong Connections On A Darlington Pair Chip 245 Soldering Damage . 246 Excessive Current Or Voltage . 246 Table of Contents xviiExcessive Leakage . 246 29. Field Effect Transistor . 247 What It Does 247 How It Works 247 JFETs 247 JFET Behavior 249 MOSFETs 250 The Substrate Connection 255 Variants . 256 MESFET 256 V-Channel MOSFET 256 Trench MOS 256 Values . 256 How To Use It 257 P-Channel Disadvantage . 257 Bipolar Substitution 257 Amplifier Front Ends . 257 Voltage-Controlled Resistor 257 Compatibility With Digital Devices 257 What Can Go Wrong . 257 Static Electricity 257 Heat . 257 Wrong Bias 258 Appendix A. Schematic Symbols . 259 Index . 263 Symbols 1:1 transformers (see isolation transformers) A absolute encoding, 52 AC adapters, 135, 137, 151, 153 AC inrush, 171 AC motors, 185–194 design of, 185 function of, 185 potential problems, 193 types of, 189 use of, 193 values for, 193 AC-AC transformers, 129–136 design of, 130 function of, 129 potential problems, 136 schematic symbol for, 129 types of, 133 use of, 135 values for, 135 AC-DC power supplies, 137–141 function of, 137 potential problems, 141 types of, 137 use of, 140 accumulators, 5 active mode, 239 actuators, 38 adjustable inductors, 119 adjustable output converters, 146 adjustable voltage regulators, 157 Ah/AH/A/H (see amp-hours) air cores, 119 alkaline cells, 9, 13 alternate pushbuttons, 33 alternating current (AC), 129, 137, 151, 190, 215 amp-hour capacity, 11, 13 amp-hours (Ah), 11 amplifiers, 244 amplitude-modulated, 119 analog servo motors, 198 annulus, 177 anodes, 6, 215 anti-backlash gears, 108 apparent power, 135 arcing, 47, 68, 102 armatures, 62 audio tone control, 79 audio transformers, 134 audio-taper potentiometers, 85, 90 automotive fuses, 23 automotive relays, 65 autotransformers, 134 auxilliary winding, 190 avalanche breakdown, 227 axial leads, 93 axial loading, 179 axial resistors, 70 B back EMF, 102, 212, 221, 222 backlash, 182, 198 bandpass filters, 125 basic switches, 39 batteries, 5–16 capacitors as, 103 capacity, 11 DC-AC inverters and, 154 design of, 6 Index 263 disposable, 7, 8 fuel cells, 8 function of, 5 potential problems, 15 rechargeable, 7, 9 schematic symbols for, 6 use of, 14 values for, 11 voltage, 13 battery acid, 9 battery chargers, 7 bearings failure of, 182 beta value (β), 238 biased relays, 63 biased semiconductors, 235 bifilar motors, 210 bipolar electrolytic capacitors, 96 bipolar junction transistor (BJT) (see bipolar transistors) bipolar motors, 205 bipolar stepper motors, 207 bipolar transistors, 235–246 design of, 235 function of, 235 potential problems, 245 schematic symbols for, 236 types of, 239 use of, 240 BLDC motors (see brushless DC motors) blown fuses, 21, 27 body terminals, 255 boost-type converters, 145, 148 boots, 42 break-before-make switches, 39, 51 breakdown state, 250 breakdown voltage, 218 breakers, 154 breaking capacity, 22 bridge rectifiers, 220 brushes, 173, 181, 192 brushless DC motors, 177 buck converters, 144 buck-boost converters (see flyback converters) bulk metal foil, 77 bushings, 38 button capacitors (see disk capacitors) button cells, 5 bypass capacitors, 101, 148 bypass switches, 170 C c-clamps, 104 C-rate, 12 capacitance, 99, 109 capacitive reactance, 100 capacitor arrays, 95 capacitor clamps, 104 capacitor networks, 95 capacitors, 8, 91–105, 91 (see also variable capacitors) as alternative to shorting coils, 189 design of, 91 function of, 91 potential problems, 103 schematic symbols, 91 types of, 92 use of, 101 values for, 98 capacity, 11–14 caps (see capacitors) carbon-composite resistors, 76 carbon-film potentiometers, 89 carbon-film resistors, 76 carriers, 177 cartridge fuses, 23 cathode-ray tubes, 165 cathodes, 6, 215 cells, 5, 6 ceramic capacitors, 97 charging incorrect voltage and, 15 reverse charging, 16 chatter, 68 chokes, 113 chopper drives, 211 circuit breakers, 15, 21 circuits RC circuits, 72 clamp diodes, 224 closed-loop systems, 204, 211 CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor), 247 code samples digital access to, 3 coded rotary switches, 51 cogging, 187 coils, 62, 115, 129, 164 cold cranking rating, 153 collectors, 236, 240 common contacts, 38 common-bus configurations, 72 common-collector amplifiers, 244 common-emitter amplifier, 244 commutators, 173, 189, 192 complement-coded rotary switches, 52 complementary metal oxide semiconductor (see CMOS) components definition of, 2 condensers (see capacitors) contact bounce, 59 contacts burnout of, 60 contamination of, 48, 68 overloading of, 55 relays and, 62 vulnerability of, 55 continuous inductors, 116 contractors, 66 control shaft encoders, 57 conventional current, 7 inductors and, 114 converters (see DC-DC converters) cores, 113, 125, 131, 133 coupling capacitors, 101 covered power supplies, 140 crossover networks, 124 crystal diodes (see diodes) crystal sets, 119 cup (potentiometer), 87 current, 5 inadequate, 15 stall current, 178 current amplifiers, 237, 247 current gain (hFE), 238 current ratings DC motors, 178 264 Indexfuses, 22 pushbuttons, 35 relays, 66 rotary switches, 54 rotational encoders, 59 cutoff mode, 239 cylindrical capacitors, 93 D damping, 214 Darlington chips, 243 Darlington pair chips, 245 Darlington pairs, 155, 212, 235, 242 DC current AC-AC tranformers and, 136 inductors and, 115 DC motors, 173–183 current rating, 178 design of, 173 function of, 173 potential problems, 181 types of, 175 use of, 179 DC-AC inverters, 151–154 design of, 151 function of, 151 potential problems, 153 types of, 152 use of, 153 values for, 152 DC-DC converters, 143–149 design of, 143 function of, 143 potential problems, 149 types of, 144 use of, 148 values for, 146 DCR (DC resistance), 123 debounce, 48 decks, 50 decoupling capacitors, 101 deep cycle batteries, 9 degauss, 165 delay fuses, 23 delta configuration, 175 demagnetization of rotors, 214 demagnetizing objects, 165 depletion device, 249 depletion layer, 249 depletion region, 217 detent torque, 214 detents, 57 dielectric absorption, 104 dielectric constant, 99 dielectric memory, 104 dielectrics, 91, 97, 107, 251 digital access code samples, 3 digital servo motors, 198 diode arrays, 220 diodes, 215–227 DC circuits and, 47 design of, 217 function of, 215 potential problems, 226 schematic symbol for, 215 types of, 218 use of, 221 values for, 220 DIP (see dual-inline package) DIP switches, 43, 51 (see also rotary DIP switches) vs. jumpers, 17 direct current (DC), 137, 151 direct current-excited motors, 191 discrete semiconductors, 235 disk capacitors, 93 disposable batteries, 7, 8–9 doping, 247 double-pole pushbuttons, 29 double-pole switches, 37 double-throw (DT) switches, 37 drain-source breakdown, 250 dropout voltage, 155 dry cells, 7 dry joints, 47 dual-coil latching relays, 63 dual-ganged potentiometers, 87 dual-inline package (DIP), 71 dynamic resistance, 218, 219 dyne-meters, 179 E effective series resistance (ESR), 92, 148 efficiency converters and, 147 8-wire motors, 210 electrical capacity (see capacity) electrical noise, 81, 91, 126, 141, 149, 201, 224 electrical polarity, 118 electrochemical cells, 5 electrochemical power sources, 5 electrodes, 6, 7 electrolysis, 5 electrolytes, 6 electrolytic capacitors, 95, 104, 141 electrolytic cells, 5 electrolytic layer dielectrics, 97 electromagnetic armature relays, 61 electromagnetic interference (EMI), 141, 148, 181 electromagnets, 163–166 function of, 163, 163 potential problems, 166 types of, 164 use of, 165 values for, 165 electromechanical linear actuators, 178 electromechanical relays, 61 electromotive force (EMF), 171, 212, 221, 222 electron holes, 92, 217 electronic commutation, 178 electrostatic discharge (ESD), 219, 257 element, 21 emergency switches, 35 EMI (see electromagnetic interference) emitters, 236, 240 enable pins, 159 encoded output rotary switches, 51 enhancement devices, 249, 252 Index 265epicyclic gears, 175 equivalent series resistance (ESR), 104 errata, web address for, 4 ESD (see electrostatic discharge) F farads (F), 98 ferrite beads, 120 ferromagnetic cores, 131 field effect transistor (FET) design of, 247 function of, 247 potential problems, 257 types of, 256 use of, 257 values for, 256 field windings, 186 field-effect transistor (FET), 247– 258 555 timer, 180, 197, 207, 212, 229 flat-ganged potentiometers, 87 flip-flop behavior, 63 flooded design, 9 flux density, 164 flyback converters, 145 flyback diodes, 47 flyback-type converters, 138 foot pedal pushbuttons, 33 FORM A/B switches, 39 Form A/B/C pushbuttons, 30 formulae presentation of, 3 forward bias, 235 forward direction (diodes), 215 forward EMF, 171 frames, 167 freewheeling diodes, 47 front panel mount switches, 45 fuel cells, 8 fuseholders, 27 fuses, 15, 21–28 (see also circuit breakers) current rating, 22 design of, 21 function of, 21 potential problems, 27 schematic symbols for, 21 types of, 22 use of, 26, 28 voltage rating, 22 fusible links, 24 fusible resistors, 76 G ganged potentiometers, 87 gear motors (see gearhead motors) gearhead motors, 175, 182 gears nylon vs. metal, 198 general-purpose resistors, 70 generators, 114 gigaohms, 73 Gray-coded outputs, 53 grounding common ground, 136 variable capacitors and, 111 Gunn diodes, 215, 220 gyrators, 121, 126 H H bridge system, 181 half-cells, 6 half-stepping mode, 211 Hall effect sensors, 178 harmonics, 151 header sockets, 18 headers, 17, 34 heat AC motors and, 194 capacitors and, 104 converters and, 149 diodes and, 227 effect on motors, 182 power resistors and, 78 resistors and, 81 solenoids and, 171 voltage regulators and, 160 heat sinks, 70, 239 Henry units, 122 high phase count motors, 210 high side, 46 high-frequency transistors, 239 high-pass filters, 101, 124 high-speed diodes, 218 hold current, 25 holding torque, 214 horse-shoe magnet design, 164 hot switching, 37 hunting, 214 hybrid motors, 210 hysteresis, 116, 118, 165, 214 hysteresis motors, 191 I IGBT (see insulated-gate bipolar transistor) illuminated pushbuttons, 31 impedance, 134 in-line fuse holders, 24 inaccuracy resistors and, 81 incandescent bulbs, 31 incremental devices rotational encoders, 57 indicators, 78 inductance, 81, 122 inductance index, 123 inductance-capacitance circuits (see LC circuits) induction motors, 204 induction rotors, 186 inductive loads switch choices for, 47 voltage spikes and, 67 inductive reactance, 92, 100 inductors, 113–127 design of, 114 function of, 113 potential problems, 126 schematic symbol for, 113 types of, 118 use of, 124 values for, 122 inrunner configuration, 178 insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 180 266 Indexinsulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET), 247 integrated circuits, 235 internal resistance, 11 inverted AC motors, 193 ions, 6 ISAT (saturation current, 123 isolated vs. non-isolated, 148 isolation transformers, 133 J jumper assemblies, 18 jumper sockets (see jumpers) jumper wires, 17 jumpers, 17–19 junction field-effect transistor (JFET), 247, 247–250 junction threshold voltage, 217, 230 K Karbonite gears, 198 keylock switches, 53 keypad pushbuttons, 34 kilohms, 73 knife switches, 37 L latching pushbuttons, 33 latching relays, 46, 63 LC (inductance-capacitance) circuits, 109 lead-acid batteries, 5, 9, 15 leakage, 92, 217, 235, 246 LED (light-emitting diode), 36, 215 pushbuttons and, 31 resistors and, 78 limit switches, 39, 178, 181 linear actuators, 178, 180, 212 linear mode, 239 linear motors, 189 linear regulated power supplies, 137 linear taper potentiometers, 84 linear voltage regulators (see voltage regulators) lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), 9, 15 lithium-ion polymer batteries, 9 load regulation, 147 loads, 5 lock paint, 111 locked-rotor torque, 188 locking pushbuttons, 33 locking toggle switches, 42 log-taper potentiometers, 85, 90 logarithmic volume control, 88 logic chips, 48, 148 logic circuits, 46, 151 logic gates, 224 logic inverters, 151 low-dropout voltage regulators, 155, 158 low-pass filters, 101, 124 low-signal relays, 65 lubricants environmental effects on, 182 M magnetic circuits, 115 magnetic cores, 116, 118 magnetic domains, 116, 126, 165 magnetic fields, 68 magnetic polarity, 118 magnetic resistance (see reluctance) magnetic saturation, 116 mAh (see milliamp-hours) MAKE magazine contact information, 4 make-before-break switches, 39, 51 make-to-break connections, 30, 39 make-to-make connections, 30 matrix encoded pushbuttons, 34 mechanical encoders, 53 mechanical rotary encoders, 57 mechanical wear of switches, 48 potentiometers, 89 megohms, 73 membrane pad pushbuttons, 34 membrane separators, 6 memory effect, 10 MESFET (MEtal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), 256 metal-film resistors, 77 metal-oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistor (see MOSFET) meter loading, 82 microcontrollers as alternative to switches, 47 as pulse sources, 180 increasing output of, 242 keypads and, 34 pushbuttons and, 33 rotary switches and, 54 rotational encoders and, 57, 60 servo motors and, 197 microfarads (μF), 98, 105 microhenrys (μH), 122 microstepping mode, 211 microswitches, 39 milliamp-hours (mAh), 11 millihenrys (mH), 122 milliohms, 73 miniaturized potentiometers, 86 modified sine waves, 152 monetary switches, 29, 63 MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor), 143, 180, 247, 250–255, 257 movable contacts, 38 multiphase motors, 210 multiple-turn potentiometers, 87 Must Operate By voltage, 66 Must Release By voltage, 66 mutual induction, 130 N N layer, 217 N-channel, 247 N-type semiconductors, 235 nanofarads (nF), 98 Index 267nanohenrys (nH), 122 negative resistance region, 231 negative voltage regulators, 158 neon bulbs, 31 neutral relays, 63 Newton-meters, 179 nichrome (Ni-chrome) elements, 71 nickel-cadmium batteries (nicad/ NiCd), 9, 10 nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), 9, 10 noise electrical, 81, 91, 126, 141, 149, 201 reduction of, 183, 224 non-excited synchronous motors, 191 non-flammable resistors, 76 nonlatching relays, 63 nonmagnetic cores, 119 nonshorting switches, 51, 55 normally closed (NC), 31, 39 normally open (NO), 31, 39 notch filters, 125 nuisance opening, 27 nylon vs. metal gears, 198 O octal base, 65 OCV (see open circuit voltage) ohmic region, 250 on-off switches, 37 open circuit voltage (OCV/Voc), 13 open-frame power supplies, 140 open-frame switches, 49 open-loop systems, 204, 211 operating point, 244 optical mouse, 57 oscillating, 214 ounce-inches, 179 output voltage regulators and, 160 outrunner configuration, 178 overcoat material, 111 overheating DC-AC inverters and, 154 MOSFETs, 257 potentiometers, 90 transformers and, 136 overshoot, 213 P P layer, 217 P-channel, 247 P-type semiconductors, 235 paddle switches, 44 panel-mount switches, 45, 48 panel-mounted pushbuttons, 32 parallel batteries high current flow, 16 parasitic capacitance, 126 parasitic inductance, 81, 97 pass transistors, 155 PC board rotary switches, 53 PC mount switches, 45 PC pushbuttons, 32 PC terminals, 45 peak inrush, 141, 171 peak inrush current, 27 permanent magnet stepper motors, 205 permeability, 116 Peukert number, 12 phase count, 203 phases (steps), 203 pick-offs, 84 picofarads (pF), 98 piles, 5 pin configurations correct identification of, 161 relays, 63, 67 PIN diodes, 215, 220 pitch, 18 planetary gears, 175 plastic-film dielectrics, 97 plug fuses, 22 plug-in transformers, 133 plungers, 167 PN junction diodes (see diodes) polarity danger of incorrect, 15, 104 danger of reversed, 227 DC relays and, 63 mnemonics for, 118 preventing reversed, 136 polarized relays, 63 pole faces, 167 poles, 29, 30, 37, 38, 38 polymeric positive temperature coefficient fuse, 24 polyphase AC, 190 positive charges, 92 positive voltage regulators, 158 potentiometers, 69, 83–90, 180 design of, 84 function of, 83 potential problems, 89 schematic symbols for, 83 types of, 84 use of, 88 pound-feet, 179 power cells, 5 power cords correct choice of, 136 power MOSFETs, 256 power resistors, 70 power transformers, 133 power transistors, 239 power wire-wound resistors, 77 PPR (see pulses per rotation) precision resistors, 70 precision wire-wound resistors, 77 press-twice pushbuttons, 32 primary cells, 7 primary coils, 129 programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), 229, 233 protection diodes, 212, 222 proximity effect, 127 PTC/PPTC (see polymeric positive temperature coefficient fuse) pull-in torque, 214 pull-out torque, 214 pulldown resistors, 79 pullup resistors, 54, 79 pulse-width modulation (PWM), 138, 144, 152, 180, 193, 195, 211 pulses per rotation (PPR), 59 268 Indexpush-lock push-release pushbuttons, 33 push-on push-off pushbuttons, 33 push-push pushbuttons, 33 pushbutton switches, 29 pushbuttons, 29–36 current ratings, 35 design of, 29 function of, 29 potential problems, 35 schematic symbol for, 29 types of, 30 use of, 35 pushwheel switches, 53 PUT (programmable unijunction transistor), 229, 233 PWM (see pulse-width modulation) Q quadrature output, 59 quality factor, 100 quasi-low-dropout voltage regulators, 159 quick connect terminals, 45 quiescent current, 160 quiescent point, 244 R radial leads, 93 radial loading, 179 radial resistors, 70 radio buttons, 35 radio crystal set, 119 radio frequencies (RF), 127 ramping, 213 rated current fuses, 22 rated voltage, 22 RC (resistor-capacitor) network, 80, 92 RC circuits, 72 RC servo motors, 195 reactance, 109, 117, 122 real-coded rotary switches, 52 rechargeable batteries, 7, 9–10 rectified current, 193 rectifier diodes, 218, 221, 227 rectifiers, 135, 137, 138, 165, 215 reed relays, 64, 68 reed switches, 64, 165 relative devices rotational encoders, 57 relative encoding, 52 relays, 61–68 current rating, 66 design of, 62 function of, 61 possible problems, 67 schematic symbols for, 61, 63 types of, 63 use of, 66 reluctance, 115, 123, 164, 169 reluctance motors, 178, 191, 193 reluctance stepper motors, 204 remanent magnetism, 116 reserve batteries, 9 resettable fuses, 21, 24 resistance, 204 rotational encoders, 59 resistor arrays, 71 resistor ladders, 54 resistor networks/ladders (see resistor arrays) resistor-capacitor (RC) network, 80, 92 resistors, 69–82 design of, 70 function of, 69 materials, 76 possible problems, 81 schematic symbols for, 69 types of, 70 use of, 78 values for, 73 resistors in parallel, 80 resistors in series, 80 resonant frequency, 100, 214 response curves, 231 retentivity, 118 reverse charging, 16 rheostats, 83, 180 right-angle PC rotary switch, 52 right-angle PC terminals, 45 right-hand rule, 118 ripple-and-noise values, 148 RMS (see root mean square) rocker switches, 40 root mean square (RMS), 152 rotary DIP switches, 51 rotary switches, 49–55 current rating, 54 design of, 50 function of, 49 potential problems, 54 schematic symbol for, 49 types of, 50 use of, 54 rotational encoders, 47, 57–60 current rating, 59 design of, 57 function of, 57 potential problems, 60 types of, 58 use of, 60 rotors, 49, 107, 173, 185, 186, 203 demagnetization of, 214 S Safari Books Online, 3 safe operating area (SOA), 241 saturated mode, 239 saturation, 126, 214, 238 saturation current, 123 saturation region (Idss), 250 saturation, magnetic, 169 schematic symbols, 259 AC-AC transformers, 129, 132 batteries, 6 bipolar transistors, 236 capacitors, 91 diodes, 215 fuses, 21 inductors, 113 MOFSET, 252 potentiometers, 83 pushbuttons, 29 relays, 61, 63 resistors, 69, 76 rotary switches, 49 Index 269slide switches, 41 switches, 48 unijunction transistors, 229 Schottky diodes, 219 SCR (see silicon-controlled rectifier) screw terminals, 45 secondary cells, 7 secondary coils, 129 self-discharge rate, 8 self-inductance, 113, 211 self-resonance, 126 self-resonant frequency, 100, 123 semiconductors, 217 series resistors, 78 servo motors, 195–201 design of, 195 function of, 195 potential problems, 200 types of, 197 use of, 199 values for, 198 vs. stepper motors, 213 settling time, 59 shaded pole motors, 189 shell cores, 133 shielding variable capacitors and, 111 shock hazards AC-AC transformers and, 136 AC-DC power supplies, 141 short-circuited batteries, 15, 26 short-circuited switches, 48 shorting coils, 189 shorting switches, 39, 51, 55 shunts (see jumpers) signal clipping, 225 signal diodes, 218, 227 silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), 180 single side stable relays, 63 single-coil latching relays, 63 single-inline package (SIP), 71 single-layer ceramic capicitors, 104 single-phase induction motors, 189 single-pole switches, 37 single-throw (ST) switches, 37 SIP (see single-inline package) SIP switches, 44 skin effect, 127 slide pushbuttons, 41 slider potentiometers, 87 slider pushbuttons, 31 slider switches, 40, 48 sliding noise, 60 slip, 188 Slo-Blo fuses, 23 slow-blowing fuses, 26 small cartridge fuses, 23 small-signal relays, 65 small-signal transistors, 239 small-switching transistors, 239 SMPS (see switching power supply) SMT (see surface-mount fuses) snap-action switches, 35, 39 snap-in mount switches, 45 snubbers, 35, 47, 72, 102 SOA (see safe operating area) solder lug terminals, 45 soldering damage, 27, 246 solenoids, 167–171 design of, 168 function of, 167 potential problems, 171 types of, 170 use of, 171 values for, 170 solid-state relays, 61 splines, 198 split-bobbin transformers, 134 split-phase induction motors, 190 sponge (lead), 9 spur gears, 175 squirre-cage motors, 186 squirrel-cage motors, 204 SRF (self-resonant frequency, 123 stability resistors and, 76 stall current, 178 stall torque, 179 standard type regulators, 155 star configuration, 175 stationary contacts, 38 stators, 107, 173, 185, 203 status pins, 159 step angle, 204 step loss, 213 step motors (see stepper motors) step-down transformers, 130 step-up transformers, 130 stepper motors, 203–214 design of, 203 function of, 203 potential problems, 213 types of, 209 use of, 212 values for, 211 stepping motors (see stepper motors) stops, 50 strip fuses, 24 subject-oriented organization, 2 subminiature fuses, 24 subminiature paddle switches, 44 subminiature slide switches, 41 subminiature switches, 40 subpanel mount switches, 45 substrate connections, 255 sulfurization, 16 sun gear, 177 supercapacitors, 8, 103 surface mount switches, 45 surface-mount (SMT) fuses, 26 surface-mount capacitors, 94 surface-mount resistors, 71 surface-mount transformers, 135 surface-mounted pushbuttons, 32 surge sensitivity, 22 switch bounce, 48, 60 switched potentiometers, 87 switched-mode power supply (see switching power supply) switchers (see DC-DC converters) (see switching power supply) switches, 17, 37–48, 49 (see also rotary switches) design of, 37 function of, 37 potential problems, 47 terminology, 38 types of, 38 use of, 45 values for, 45 270 Indexswitching diodes, 218 switching power supplies, 137, 138, 153 switching regulators (see DC-DC converters) synchronous motors, 178, 191 T tactile swithes, 34 tank circuits (see LC circuits) tantalum capacitors, 96, 104 taps, 131 Tcr/Tc (see temperature coefficient) teeth (rotor), 204 temperature coefficient (Tcr/Tc), 76 terminals, choosing correct, 48 terminals, for switches, 45 THD (see total harmonic distortion) thick-film resistors, 71, 77 thin-film resistors, 77 three-phase induction motors, 190 through-hole chips (capacitors), 95 through-hole fuses, 24, 26 through-hole terminals, 45 throws, 30, 38 thumbwheel switches, 53 time constant, 99, 123 time-delay relay switches, 65 toggle switches, 42 tolerance resistors, 73 toroidal core inductors, 120 torque expression of, 179 fluctuations in, 187 motor overloading and, 194 stepper motors and, 214 total harmonic distortion (THD), 152 tracks, 84 transformer-based power supplies, 137 transient response, 160 transient suppressors, 222 transient voltage suppressor (TVS), 219 transients, 137 transistors, 235 (see also bipolar transistors) resistors and, 78 transit time, 199 TrenchMOS, 256 triggering voltage, 230 trimmer capacitors, 107, 111 trimmer potentiometers, 83, 87, 107 Trimpots (see trimmer potentiometers) trip current, 25 tripped fuses, 21 true sinewave inverters, 152 tuning capacitors, 107 tunnel diodes, 215, 220 turn rate, 199 TVS (see transient voltage suppressor) two-contact pushbuttons, 29 two-pole switches, 37 two-way switches, 37 U UJT (see unijunction transistor) unijunction transistor (UJT), 229– 234 design of, 230 function of, 229 potential problems, 233 schematic symbol for, 229 types of, 232 use of, 233, 234 values for, 232 uninterruptible power supplies, 9 unipolar motors, 205, 207 universal motors, 192 universal stepper motors (see bifilar motors) unloaded speed, 179 V V-channel MOSFET (VMOS FET), 256 VA (see volts times amps) vacuum tubes, 215, 235 valley voltage, 231 value coding, 82 resistors, 75 valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA), 9 vandal resistant switches, 44 varactor diodes, 215, 219 variable capacitors, 107–111, 107 (see also capacitors) design of, 107 function of, 107 possible problems, 110 types of, 108 use of, 109 values for, 108 variable condensers (see variable capacitors) variable frequency power supplies, 192 variable inductors, 119 variable reluctance, 204 variable resistors, 83 variable transformers, 134 variacs (see variable transformers) varicaps (see varactor diodes) Vc (see voltage coefficient) Very Low Dropout voltage regulators, 159 vibration capacitors and, 104 damping of, 214 relays and, 68 Voc (see open circuit voltage) voltage, 13 automatic selection of, 223 imbalance in AC motors, 194 inaccurate in converters, 149 inaccurate in voltage regulators, 161 multiple outputs, 131 regulation with diodes, 224 Index 271sensing with diodes, 226 voltage amplifiers, 247 voltage coefficient (Vc), 76 voltage dividers, 54, 54, 69, 80, 157, 238 voltage multipliers, 140 voltage overload bipolar transistors and, 246 capacitors and, 104 voltage rating, 22 voltage regulators, 155–161 design of, 155 function of, 155 potential problems, 160 types of, 157 use of, 159, 161 values for, 159 voltage spikes protection against, 67, 215 voltage-controlled resistors, 250 volts times amps, 135 VRLA (see valve-regulated leadacid batteries) W wall-warts, 137 windings, 115, 203 wipers, 84, 134 wire lead terminals, 45 wire-wound resistors, 71 wound-rotor AC induction motors, 192 wye configuration, 175 Y Y configuration, 175 yokes, 165 Z Zener diodes, 215, 219, 224, 225, 227 Zener voltage, 224 zero ohm components resistors, 76 zinc-carbon cells
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Make - Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1 - Power Sources & Conversion رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Make - Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1 - Power Sources & Conversion
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