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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Fundamentals of Process Safety الإثنين 01 أبريل 2024, 7:34 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fundamentals of Process Safety Vie Marshall and Steve Ruhemann
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword iii Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1 Basicconcepts 6 1.1 Processsafety 6 1.2 Theconcept ofahazard system 9 1.3 Thecharacterizationofhazards 13 1.4 Theassessmentofhazards 17 Referencesin Chapter 1 23 2 Hazard sourcesand their realizations 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Causation andrealizations 26 2.3 Passivehazards 35 2.4 Mechanical energyreleases 36 2.5 Pressure energy releases 40 2.6 Thermal energyreleases 57 2.7 Chemical energyreleases—general principles 67 2.8 Runawayreactions 80 2.9 Deflagrations anddetonations — general principles 92 2.10 Chemical energyreleases—unconfined deflagrations 96 2.11 Chemical energyreleases—confined deflagrations 109 2.12 Explosive deflagrations 115 2.13 Detonations 121 2.14 Deflagrations anddetonations — specificpowercompared 128 Referencesin Chapter 2 129 ix3 Transmission pathsandattenuation 133 3.1 General principles 133 3.2 Theatmosphere asatransmission path 136 33 Waterasatransmission path 153 3.4 Thegroundasatransmission path 156 3.5 Barriers 157 ReferencesinChapter3 158 4 Harmtoreceptors 160 4.1 General principles 160 4.2 Injuryanddamage 162 4.3 Concepts of dose 164 4.4 Correspondence between dose andharm 172 4.5 Harm topeoplefrompressure energy releases 177 4.6 Harm topeoplefromthermal energyreleases 180 4.7 Harm topeoplefromasphyxiants 186 4.8 Harm topeoplefromtoxics 188 4.9 Harm topeoplefromcorrosives 192 4.10 Harm toequipmentandbuildingsfromemissions of pressureenergy 194 4.11 Harm toequipment,materials andbuildingsfromemissionsofthermalenergy 197 4.12 Harm totheenvironmentfromacuteemissions 201 Referencesin Chapter4 202 AppendixtoChapter 4—toxicitydatasheets 205 5 Significant casehistories 211 5.1 Abbeystead(UK) 212 5.2 Anglesey(UK) 213 5.3 Basel(Switzerland) 214 5.4 Bhopal (India) 215 5.5 Bolsover (UK) 217 5.6 Boston (USA) 217 5.7 Bradford (UK) 218 5.8 Camelford (UK) 219 5.9 Castleford (UK) 220 5.10 Cleveland (USA) 222 5.11 CrescentCity(USA) 223 5.12 Feyzin (France) 225 5.13 Flixborough (UK) 227 5.14 Guadalajara(Mexico) 228 5.15 Houston(USA) 229 5.16 Ludwigshafen (Germany) 230 x5.17 Manchester Ship Canal(UK) 231 5.18 Mexico City(Mexico) 232 5.19 Mississauga(Canada) 233 520 Oppau(Germany) 233 5.21 Organic peroxides 234 5.22 PortHudson (USA) 235 5.23 Seveso(Italy) 235 5.24 Spanish campsite disaster 237 5.25 Staten Island (USA) 239 526 Stevenston (UK) 239 527 TexasCity(USA) 240 Referencesin Chapter 5 241 6 Controlof processhazards 245 6.1 Introduction 245 6.2 Thestrategicapproach tohazard reduction 254 6.3 Theacceptability ofrisks 270 6.4 Safety andmanagement 272 6.5 Theroleofthelaw 278 6.6 Concluding remarks 280 ReferencesinChapter 6 280 Index 284 Index A ANFO 126 Abbeystead 111,212 Anglesey 113,213 absorptioncoefficient 178 Arrhenius equation 76, 82 acceptability ofrisks 270—272 as low asis reasonablypracticable accidents 12 (ALARP) 272 activation energy 76, 78, 79 asphyxia 36 active hazards 12, 25 asphyxiants 146 acute exposures 160 dose versus harm 187 acutesources ofhazards 12 harmtopeople from 186—188 adaptivecontrol 265 types 187 adiabatic calorimetry 91 asphyxiation 229 adiabatic flame temperature 106 definition 186 adiabatic temperature rise 91, 97 atmosphere asatransmission path AdvisoryCommittee onMajor 136—153 Hazards 228 compared towater 154 agro-chemicals 214 atmosphericheating 238 alann systems 199 atmosphericmonitoring 266 ALARP (seeas low asisreasonably atmosphericresistance to practicable) moving objects 143—145 algorithms 265 atmospheric stability 151 aluminiumpowder 213 attenuation 13, 133 aluminium sulphate 219—220 byabsorption ofenergy 135 Amatol 126 bydilution 135 ammonia 47—49,50, 229,230 bydistance 260—261 toxicity data sheet 205 factors 133, 168 ammonium nitrate 108, 126, 127, geometrical 134—135 234,240 ofrarefiedexplosions 142 ammonium perchlorate 126 auditing ofsafety systems 277,278 ammonium sulphate 234 automation 264 amplification 134 azodiisobutyronitrile anaerobic combustion 240 (AZDN) 218—219 284INDEX B Boston 217—218, 257 Badische Anilin undSodaFabriek Bradford 199, 201, 202,218—219, 269 (BASF) 233 breathing apparatus 158, 192 barriers 133, 157—158, 167, brisance 127, 143 259,261, 262 buildings 228, 261 ofattenuation 161 blastdamage 196 construction ofplantand blast-resistant 158 buildings 261 and fire 200—201 natureof 157 harmfromemissions of permanent 158,261—262 pressure energy 194—197 temporary 158 harmfromemissions of Basel 156, 199,201, 202,214—215 thermalenergy 197—201 batchproduction 264 bundwalls 158 batchreactors 81, 259 bunds 60, 194,217, 225 bellows, failures of 33 buoyancy 57, 58, 146 Bhopal 78, 80, 90,215—216, 258, 262 ofsomegases atambient binarypropellants 114 temperature 147 BiotNumber 87 buoyant blast 241 insoluble liquidson flowing from conventional explosives 195 water 155 from nuclear weapons 195 insoluble liquidson staticwater 154 from vapourcloudexplosions 195 soluble liquids onflowingwater 156 blastdamage 238 solubleliquidsonstaticwater 155 representative values for burning 96 buildings 196 burns representative values for coldcontact 185 equipment 195 degreesofseverity 182 blastdose 168 extentofinjury 182—183 blast energy 140, 141, 195 burnsand scalds, nature of 181 blastwalls 158, 259 burstingdisks 235, 236,266 blastwaves 30,94, 95, 135, butadiene 230 137—143,227 butylene 230 duration 179 energy 178 properties 138—139 blast-resistantbuildings 158 C BLEVEs (seeboilingliquid Camelford 219—220 expanding vapourexplosions) caprolactam 227 boiling liquidexpanding vapour carbon monoxide 190 explosions (BLEVEs) 34, 51, 106, toxicitydata sheet 206 200,224, 225,232,233 case histories 211—244 Bolsover 78,217 Castleford 113, 220—222 'bolt-on'devices 246,250 catalysis 77 bondenergies 73, 74 catalysts 79,258 285FUNDAMENTALSOF PROCESS SAFETY catastrophic failure of pressure vessels causation andrealizations caustic caustic soda centrifuges 109—115 68—69 67—80 96—109 257 81 148 217,236 50 207 160 12 155,222—223 120 120 279 of 100—101 180—181 185 combustion 97,99—100, 102, anaerobic ofcokeand coal controlled anduncontrolled ofliquids 101—102 ofsubstances inmassive form ofwood combustion and detonation, energy releases compared 126 combustion and fire 96 combustion reactions, preconditions 99 286 communication, clarity of compensation components compressed gas releases specificenergy specificpower computer-managementofcontrol systems concentration conceptual model condensation conduction confined deflagrations 93, 95, dust/airmixtures gas/airmixtures natureof propellants confinedexplosions confined gas explosions confined spaces confinement conflagrations continuous reactors 82 contractors controlbuildings control of process hazards control systems controlled explosions 238 convection 66—67 conveyer systems 238 cool flames 97 103, 198 copper 220 240 cordite 114 100—101 coretemperature 180—181 99 correlation ofharmwithdose 174—177 correspondence for thermal injury 184 corrosive, definition 192 100—102 corrosives 101 attenuation ofharm harmto people from natureof 194 192—194 193—194 102 34 34 266 26—35 193, 236 233 39 101 106 276 214,219,271 30 53—54 54 54 264 174 255,256 266 57 109—115 111—1 13 110-111 109 113—115 223 239 270 96 51, 96, 109, 223, 225,227, 238, 263 charcoal Charles's Law chemical energyreleases confineddeflagrations energyandpower generalprinciples unconfined deflagrations chemical properties ofprocess materials chemical reactor types chimney plumes chloracne chlorine toxicitydatasheet chronic exposures chronic sources ofhazards Cleveland 34,56, 109, coal dustexplosions coal mines, deflagrations CodesofPractice cokeandcoal, combustion cold, harmfrom coldcontact burns coldliquid coldmaterials releases collisions 269,274 196, 228,261 245—283 263—265, 267 30 57, 197—198 120 cracking cracksINDEX craters 127, 234 comparison withdefiagrations 121 Crescent City 37, 223—224, 233 consequences 94—95 critical temperature 43, 44 dense-phase 123—128 critical temperatureexcess 86, 92 interchangeability ofmode 95 cryogenic liquids 54, 67 ofgas/airmixtures 121—122 cumulative frequency 253 general principles 92—95 cyclohexane 119,227 nature of 121 open-air gas/airmixtures 122 D specificpower 128—129 damage 161 taxonomy 94 classification 163 theory 121—122 dangerous toxicload 189 typicalparameters 129 decontamination 202 detriment 255 defiagrations (see alsodetonations) 229 dilution 146 ofaerosols 113 dimensional analysis 164 incoalmines 120 dimethyl ether 230 confined 93, 95, 109—115 dioxin 202, 217,236,237 consequences 94—95 directdigitalcontrol 264 definition 92 dispersion models 152—153 explosive 92, 93, 95, 116—120 dog-leg pipes 227 gas-phase 103—106 domino effect 199,228,232 general principles 92—95 dose 160, 171, 173, 174 interchangeabilityofmode 95 concepts 164-172 ofpowders anddroplets 102—103 definitions 165, 166 specificpower 128—129 dimensional analysis 166 taxonomy 94 anddirectinjury 179 typicalparameters 129 fromblastwaves 177 unconfined 93,95, 96—109 indices 168—171 defoliation 236 relationship toemission 167 denseexplosives 179 symbols and dimensions 167 dense-phase detonations 123—128 thresholdvalues 177 near-field effects 127 doseinblast, summary of dense-phase explosions 233 expressions 171 dense-phase explosives, classification doseandcorrosives 193 123 doseandharm,correspondence dense-phase reactions 107 between 172—177 dense-phasesystems 93, 121 doseindex 174 depthofthewavefront 178 doserate 174 derailment 224 doseandthermal energy 183—184 detonation, definition 92 dose-harm relationship 174 detonation velocities 142 Dow Fire and Explosion Index 248 of gasesin air 122 dragcoefficient 178 detonations (see also defiagrations) droplets, defiagrations 102—103 95, 119, 121—128, 140, 234,235,240 drums 239 287FUNDAMENTALSOF PROCESS SAFETY dumping 259 explosions 29—30,238 duration attenuation ofharm 197 ofblastwaves 95 confined 223 of exposure 174 confined gas 239 offireballs 64 controlled 30 dustexplosions 95, 111—112,213 dense-phase 233 dust/airmixtures 111—113, 120 explosive deflagrations 92,93, 95, dusts 115—120,229 hazardous concentrations 112 ofdust inprocess plant 120 particle size 112 dust/airmixtures 120 energyandpoweremissions 119 factorswhichleadtothem 116 E gas/air mixtures 116—120 Eisenberg doseequation 183—184 ofgasesinlongducts 116—117 Eisenberg probit 184 intheopen air 117—118 electric powersupply 265 explosives embrittlement 223 behaviour onunconfined emergency barriers 262 deflagration 108—109 emergency refuges 228 definition 107 emergency services 219, 260 dense-phase 123 emergency watercooling 259 natureof 108 emissivity 59, 62 primary 123—124 enclosed spaces 36 secondary 124—125 energyflux 164, 174 tertiary 126 energyandpower 25—26 exposure 160, 164—166, 171, 172 enhanced oxygenconcentrations 104 definition 165 enthalpy 70, 71, 72 toblast 179 entropy 26 tothermal energy 181 environmental pollution 198, 199, extended surfaces 258 201—202, 219 enzymes 98 equipment 31 F blastdamage 195 f/Ncurves 253 designand selection 263 f/Ndiagrams 19, 20, 21,253 electrical 263 f/Nhistograms 18, 19, 20 harmfromemissions of pressure failure categories 30—31 energy 194-197 components 30 harmto 194—201 equipment 31 evacuation 261 machinery 31 event-treeanalysis 22, 254 vessels 31 exotherm 237 failure data 31 expansion factor 105 failure modes 28 expected value 255 failure pressure 111 explosion-proofing 261 failure rates 32 288failures ofbellows ofmachinery ofpipes ofpipingsystems 31 of pumps 33 ofvessels 33 FAR(see fatalaccident rate) fatalaccident rate (FAR) 252 fault-tree/event-tree diagram 255 fault-treeanalysis 22, 251, 253 ferry accident 231 fertilizer 240 Feyzin 34, 45, 52,63, 106, 109, 200, 225—226, 232, 262, 263 260, 262 200—201 fire brigade fireandbuildings fire station fire triangle fire-fighting fire-fightingwater fire-water fireballs definition duration physics power radiativeflux radius surface temperature fires jet secondary in storage FirstLawofThermodynamics flame front flame speeds flames cool from poolfires jet luminous nature of 33 types 33 flammability limits 32 ofhydrocarbons inair flammable clouds flammable liquids flammable vapour flaring flashfires 60, flash point flashing flow diagrams fluidmechanics, definition foam systems foodchain foodstuffs 59 60 99, 102, 103 104 146 223 238, 239 266 106,225, 238 102 44—52,225, 238 INDEX energyrelease 48 physical models 45 power 50 volume of vapour 48 flashing fraction 45—47 Flixborough 33,45, 109, 117, 119, 122, 195, 227—228, 235, 247, 258, 260,261,262, 270 7 240 99 226,262 199 214, 218, 219 60, 62—66, 106, 213, 224, 232, 238, 239 145 199 202, 236 111 flash 60, 106,225,238 62 forcedconvection 58 64 forklifttrucks 239 63 Frank-Kamenetskii 82,87 64 frequency 15—21,27, 250,251, 253, 65 255, 263 63 definition 15 65 fuel 99, 103 220 fundamentalburningvelocity 105 232 G 241 gasdetonations, power 122 198—200 gasdispersion 145—153 71, 77 gasreleases 43—44,53—54 119 gas-phase deflagrations 103—106 105, 110 gas/air detonations, conditions 122 58,96—97, 101 gas/airmixtures 110—ill, 116—120, 97 121—122 60—62 gasoline 231 60, 225 generalmanagement 272 101 geometrical attenuation 134—135 289FUNDAMENTALSOF PROCESS SAFETY geometry 26 harmftzlemissions,types 162 glucose oxidation 68, 76 hazard, definition 9 ground, as atransmission path 156—157 hazard control 254 ground-burst 141 tactics and strategy 246—248 Guadalajara 117, 155, 228—229 hazard identification 249 guidewords 249 hazard indices 248 gunpropellants 114—115 hazard magnitude 254, 265—266 hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) 249 H hazard reduction, strategic harbours 240 approach to 254—270 hardhats 158 hazard and riskassessment 275 harm hazard systems 9—13,246,251 correlation withdose 174-177 definition 9—10 from heat andcold 180—181 diagram 10 from thermal radiation and hazardous concentrations ofdusts 112 convection 197—198 hazardousness 245 quantification 173 criteria 250 harmandnatural laws 161 hazards harmto buildings active 12, 25 from emissionsof pressure analysis 11—12 energy 194—197 assessment of 17—23,248—254 from emissionsofthermal binary nature 13—14 energy 197—201 characterization 13—16 harmtothe environment control of 245—283 attenuation 202 likelihood ofrealization 14 from acuteemissions 201—202 magnitude 14 harmtoequipment measures 17—21 from emissionsofpressure passive 12, 25, 35—36 energy 194—197 HAZOP (seehazard and operability from emissionsofthermal studies) energy 197—201 healthand safety 273 harmtomaterials, from Health and Safety atWork emissionsofthermal energy 197—201 Act 219,228,279 harmtopeople Health and Safety Commission 279 from asphyxiants 186—188 Health and Safety Executive 279 from corrosives 192—194 heat from lossofthermal energy 185—186 harm from 180-181 from pressure energy as asourceofactivation energy 78 releases 177—180 heat-transfer conductance 84 from thermal energy herbicides 202 releases 180-186 Hess's LawofConstant Heat from toxics 188—192 Summation 71 harm to receptors 160-204 Hopkinson Plot 142 290INDEX Hopkinson's Law 139—140, 141 average 252 application 141 contours 252 statement 140 definition 17 Hopkinson's Scaling Law 196 equation 251 hot gasreleases 59—60 estimation 251 hotliquidreleases 59 spatial variation 251 housing damage 196, 232 industrial sources ofthermalenergy 181 Houston 67, 229 inhalation 171 humanbrain 220 inherent safety 249, 257 humanerror 264,276—277 initiating causes 27 hydraulicpressure 230,238 classification 28 hydraulic rupture 42 definition 27 hydraulic testing 42 examples 27 hydrogen fluoride, toxicity data initiationofreactions 78—79 sheet 208 injury 161, 179 hydrogenperoxide 114 classification 162 hydrogen sulphide,toxicitydata directorindirect 177 sheet 209 indirect 180 hypothermia 185 injury and damage 162—164 thsecticides 202, 214,215 insurance benefits 271 interlocks 266, 270 intemal explosions 238 ignition energy 99 intrinsic safety 266 ignition source suppression 199 inventory 228 ignition sources 105—106, 113,223 limitation 199, 202 ignition temperatures 105 reduction 258 Immediately Dangerous toLifeor inverse square law 127, 134, 135 Health 190 investigations ofincidents 278 impact ofvehicles 37 isopropanol 239 implosions 52—53 isothermalcalorimetry 91 impulse 95, 138, 168, 169—171, 178, 179 definition 139 incandescence 68, 96, 97 jet fires 232 Incipient HarmSyndrome 190 • jetflames 60, 225 mcompatiblematerials 219 • • Joule-Thomson effect 57 indices ofdose 173, 178 •indices • ofdosefor blast 168—171 just-in-time 216 calculations 171 impulse 169—171 overpressure 169 I. indices ofdose fortoxics 171—172 lapse rate,definition 152 individual risk 250 layoutofplants 228 291FUNDAMENTALSOF PROCESS SAFETY legislation 278 ofemission 259 legislative framework 279 maintenance 269, 270 limitation management 272—278 byattenuation ofemissions 259—263 general 272 byreduction ofhazard line 272, 277 magnitude 256—259 Manchester ShipCanal 154, 231 line management 272,277 marine installations 261 liquefied gasreleases 54—56 masstransfer 145 liquefied gases 43 definition 146 comparison withliquefied materials vapours 56 harmfromemissions of someproperties 55 thermalenergy 197—201 liquefied natural gas(LNG) 223, 239 maximum peakoverpressure 142 liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG) 43, 223, maximum pressure rises 113 225, 232 meanbonddissociation enthalpy 74 liquefied vapour systems 43 mechanical energyreleases 36—39 liquefied vapours 258 medicalcentres 260 hazards 50 medicaltreatment 270 releases of 42—52 mercury 214 liquidpropane 225 meteorological factors 151 liquidreleases 41—42 meteorology 146 liquids,combustion of 101—102 methane/airmixture 212 LNG(seeliquefied natural gas) methyl isocyanate (MIC) 215 load 190 MexicoCity 34,52, 106, 109, 200, the concept 174 232—233, 262 load-to-harm transform 175 Milford Haven 199 logicdiagram 22 minimizing thermodynamic logictrees 253 severity 258 low temperatures missiles 127,224, 225, 232,233 associated withliquefiedgases 67 fromexplosions 143 associated withliquefied frommoving machinery 144 vapours 66—67 Mississauga 37,233 low-temperature embrittlement 223 mitigation 270 LPG(see liquefiedpetroleum gas) mixing 258,259 lubricating oil 102 mobile hazard sources 12 Ludwigshafen 117, 230—231 molasses 217 lunginjury 179 moleculardiffusion 148 moleculardisintegration 75 MondFire, Explosion and M Toxicity Index 249 machinery 31, 38—39 mono-nitrotoluene (MNT) 126, 221 failure of 33 mono-propellants 114 machinery guards 158 mouthulceration 220 magnitude 250 mustard gas 201 292INDEX N lackof 36, 146, 186—188 natural convection 58 liquid 55, 58,67 natural gas supply 222 reaction withhydrogen 76, 79, 128 Newtonian liquids 41 reaction withsugars 68,98 nitro-cellulose 107, 239 nitro-glycerin 125, 127, 258 nitrotoluenes 221 P nitrous oxide 109 P&ID (seeprocess and instrumentation non-buoyant diagram) soluble liquids inflowing water 156 papersacks 240 soluble solidsinflowingwater 156 particle sizeofhazardous dusts 112 non-Newtonian liquids 42 Pasquill stability classes 152 normal boilingpoint 43 passive hazards 12,25, 35—36,270 chemical 36 physical 35—36 o peak overpressure 171, 178 occupational disease 160 peakpositive overpressure 94, 95 office blocks 228, 260 definition 139 operating instructions 250 peak(side-on) overpressure 169 operating logs 268 peak-shavingplant 222 operating manuals 267—268 permanent barriers 158, 261—262 Oppau 108, 126, 233—234 permeability 156 organic peroxides 108, 124, 127, 234 permit-to-worksystems 36, 188, 270, organization 274 277 out-sourcing 274 peroxides 234 overall coefficient ofheattransfer 84 persistence 201 overlapping ofsystems 11 personnel 274 overpressure 94, 109, 110, 138, 168, petal fracture 51, 225 169, 178, 179, 196 phenol 235 asan index 195 phosgene 214 definition 139 toxicity datasheet 210 overpressurization 259 pinchtechnology 258 oxidations of sugars 98 PiperAlpha 269, 270 oxidizing agents 80, 97, 98, 126, 218 pipes, failures 32 oxygen piping systems, failures 31 enhancedconcentrations 104—105 planterection 266 incombustion 72, 96, 99, 126—127, plantmaintenance and 217 modifications 269—270 industexplosions 112—113 plantoperation inexplosive deflagrations 119 batchprocessing 269 ingeneral redoxreactions 80, 97, general 267 213 theoperating log 268 intramolecular 91, 107—108, theoperating manual 267—268 124—126,240 theworking environment 268 293FUNDAMENTALSOF PROCESS SAFETY planttesting and commissioning features 6—7 266—267 propertiesofmaterials handled 7 plasma 127 process and instrumentation poolfires 60—62, 101, 223,224,225 diagram(P&ID) 249 duration 61 processsafety flame shape 61 basic concepts 6—9 sources 60—62 definition 8—9 thermal energyrelease 61 processsafetyanalysis 248 population density 252 prohibition notices 280 Port Hudson 117, 122,235 projectedarea 168 powderreleases 40—41 propane 50, 224,233,235 powdered reducingagents 111 propanehydrate 225 powders, deflagrations 102—103 propellants 113—115 pressure energy emissions behaviouronunconfined harmtoequipment 194—197 deflagration 107—108 pressure energyreleases 40—56 binary 114 harmtopeople 177—180 definition 107 pressure risesachieved in gun 114—115 practice 110—111 mono 114 pressure vessels,catastrophic rocket 114 failure 266 theirnature 107, 113 pressure-testing 267 propene (propylene) 237—239 prevention, limitation and prosecutions 280 mitigation 256 protection againstignition from prevention ofhazardrealizations electrical equipment 263 (riskreduction) 263—270 protection ofpeople primaryexplosives 123—124 fromgainorlossofthermal primarypressure hazards 51 energy 186 primarysource 11 from pressure energyreleases 180 probabilisticf/Ncurves 253, 255 protective clothing 246,262 probabilisticf/Ndiagrams 253, 254 protective devices 265—266 probability 16 proximate cause 27 definition 15 pumps,failures of 33 ofharm 173 punctures 34 probit 176, 190 probitanalysis 175 probitequation for deaths from lunginjury 179 Q probit relationships 251 QRA(see quantitative risk assessment) probit/doserelationship 176 quantalfractions 176, 251, 252 process hazards, control of 245—283 quantals 173, 175, 189—190, 196 process industries quantifying absorption 164 definition 6 quantitative riskassessment equipment used 6—7 (QRA) 21—23,250-255 294INDEX definition 22 redox molecules 221 quasi-dose 174 redox reactions 80, 96, 97—98, 103, 126, 129 enthalpies 97 R andtheperiodictable 98 radiation 57—59 preconditions forhazardous 98 and lapse rate 152 rates 97—98 attenuation 134—136, 260—261 reducing agents 80, 97, 98, 99, attenuation ofharmontankfarms 103, 218 199 refuge rooms 158 combustion ofliquids 102 regimes offlow 149—150 fromchemical energyreleases 67 regulatory authorities 278—280 fromdeflagrationsand detonations releases 94 ofchemical energy 67—80, 109—115 fromflames 60—66,224, 225 ofcoldmaterials 66—67 fromreactor coil 237 ofcompressed gases 53—54 incident dose 183—184 offree-flowingpowders 40—41 sources ofharmto equipment etc. ofgases 43—44 197 ofhot gases 59—60 sources ofharmto people 181 ofhotliquids 59 rapidphasetransitions 56, 223 ofliquefied gases 54—56 rarefied systems 93, 121 ofliquefiedvapours 42—52 rarefied-phase reactions 102—103, ofliquids 41—42 111, 116 ofpressure energy 40—56, 177—180 ratesofreaction 76—78 ofthermal energy 57—67, 180-186 RDX 125, 127 unconfined deflagrations 96—109 reaction hazards, evaluation 91—92 ofvapours 43—44 reactionrates 76—78 reliability, definition 16 reactiontype andspecific energy, reliability and risk, relationship 16 relationship between 74—76 reliefpanels 213, 266 reactions reliefvalves 238, 262, 266 initiation 78—79 respirators 158, 192 redox 80,96, 97—98, 103, 126, 129 Reynolds number 149, 150 runaway 78, 80—92 Rhine,River 214 reactortypes 81 risk 255 batch 81, 82 theconcept 14—16 continuous 82 definition 15 realization estimation 253 definition 10—11 individual 17,250, 251, 252 differing levels 11 societal 18,245,250, 252, 253 receptors 10,246, 251, 252,260 risk assessment, definition 22 classification 13 risk criteria 271 as secondary sources 262 riskreduction 263—270 redoxcompounds 240 riskand reliability,relationship 16 295FUNDAMENTALSOF PROCESS SAFETY risks, acceptability of roadtankers rocket propellants 114 rootcauses 27 runawaypolymerization reactions 215 runawayreactions 30, 78, 80—92,221 commoncauses 89—90 conclusions fromthe theory 88 definition 81 effect ofscale 86 effects 90—91 how they occur 88—90 theory 82—88 safetyofficers safetypolicy safetyprofessionals safetyreviews atsuccessive stages and audits safetystrategy safetytraining safety-critical situations scale-up scaleddistance expressed intermsofenergy expressed intermsofmass scaledduration scaledimpulse fora TNT explosion atground scaled overpressure scrubbing secondary explosives secondary fires secondary realizations 296 secondary sources segregation ofincompatible substances of receptors self-regulation Semenov 82, 87 seriousharmsyndrome 189 Seveso 78, 80, 89,201, 202, 217, 235—237 237 215 117,223, 228 240 shock 93, 238 shocktransfer 109, 115 shockwaves 30,95, 115, 121, 127 side-on overpressure, definition 139 skin blistering 220 skin temperature 180—181 smoke 96, 190,214,218, 221 socialacceptability 245,255, 270—272 societalrisk 245,250, 255 definition 18 equation 253 estimation 252 sodiumchlorate 126 sodiumpersuiphate 218 soluble solidsin the openair 156 sonic velocity 92, 121, 170 soundwaves 121, 138 sources 10, 246,251 7 sources ofhazards 11, 260 219, 264 269 260 279 270—272 229, 237—239 Seveso Directive Sevm sewers ships S sabotage safetyculture safetydistances safety legislation safety management safety andmanagement 215 275 199 278 247 272—278 247 219,268, 273 278 ofaproject 247 278 248, 256, 278 275, 278 274 level 171 acute 140 chronic 141 mobile 171 static 171, 179 Spanish campsite disaster 170 179 specificblastenergy 266 specificdose 124—125 definition 241 specificdoserate 223 definition 12 12 12 12 34,45, 51, 56, 106, 186, 237—239 141, 142 168, 170, 172 166 171 166standardenthalpy ofcombustion offormation ofreaction Staten Island static sources ofhazards steam steam-tracing Stefan-Boltzmannequation Stefan-BoltzmannLaw Stevenston stochastic correlation stoichiometry storage tanks strategic approach tohazard control strategic approach tohazard reduction stratification streamline flow, definition structural collapse substitution andsynthesis sulphur sulphuric acid surface-to-volumeratio survivability T flashing fraction) tankcars tankfarms temperatureinversion temporary barriers tertiaryexplosives TexasCity 109, 126, 240—241 theoretical adiabatic flashing fraction (TAFF) 46 theoretical flame temperature 59 theoretical maximum pressure rise 110 thermalbalances around flames inthe openair 60 72 thermal energy 71 harmtopeople from lossof 185—186 70 industrial sources 181 111, 239 thermal energy emissions, 12 harmfrom 197—201 50,236, 240 thermal energy releases 57—67 226 harmtopeople 180—186 62 thermalexpansion 238 58 thermal explosion 30, 82, 83 113,239—240 effect ofvaryingconcentration 84 173 effect ofvarying heattransfer 100 conductance 85 239 effect ofvaryingwall temperature 85 thermalinsulation 158 245, 246—248 thermalload 184 toluene 233 top events 253 toxic,definition 188 toxicload 190 toxicities, comparison 191 toxicity andchemical composition 189 toxicitydatasheets 205—210 toxics 146 230 data 198—199 harmtopeoplefrom 151 howdoseisexpressed 158 indicesofdose 126 protection ofthepublic INDEX specificenergy 25, 69 specificpower 26,68, 69, 129 specificrespiration rate 171, 172 SpecifiedLevelofToxicity 189 spontaneous combustion 79 sprays 158, 194, 199,226, 233 254—270 148—149 149 37—38 74 241 220 102—103 179 thermalradiation, harmsto equipment etc. thermalresistance criteria thermochemistry thermodynamic severity thermodynamics thresholdvalues ofdose TNTequivalence TNT(seetrmitrotoluene) 197—198 200 69—74 258 68, 69 177 119—120, 235 tablesofcorrespondence 175, 251 tactical approach tohazard control 246 TAFF(seetheoreticaladiabatic 190 188—192 I89 171—172 192 297FUNDAMENTALS OF PROCESS SAFETY quantals 189 V respiratory protection 192 vapourcloudexplosions sources ofinformation 188 (VCEs) 119, 179,227, 230, trains 233 232, 235,238 derailment 223 vapourclouds 232 transferofthermalenergy, vapour releases 43—44 mechanisms 57—59 VCEs (see vapourcloudexplosions) transformation of energy 26 vehicles transmission paths 10, 133, 167, impact of 37 201,246 roadtankers 237—239 theatmosphere 136—I 53 ventilation 240 definition 133 vessels 31 theground 156—157 failures of 33 water 153—156 viewfactors 135 transparency 135, 136 transportandattenuation 146 w trauma 237 warehouses 2,4,5—tri-chlorophenol (TCP) 217,235 explosions 218,235 trinitrotoluene (TNT) 50, 108, 125, fires 199,214 126, 127, 142 warnmgs 280 trips 246, 266 watercurtains 158, 226 turbulence 149 waterhoses 240 promotion of 150 water sprays 199,226, 233 turbulentflow, definition 149 wateras atransmission path 153—156 compared to theatmosphere 153 U influence ofvelocity 153—154 ullage 230, 238 welfare, oftheworkforce 277 unconfined deflagrations 93, 95, wind 58, 127, 128 96—109 windconvection 58 ofpropellants and windrose 151 explosives 107—109 windspeedanddirection 151 'unconfined vapourcloud wood, combustion of 101 explosions' 117 working environment 268
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