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| موضوع: كتاب Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety - Second Edition الخميس 07 مارس 2024, 2:09 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety - Second Edition Benjamin O. ALLI
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS National policy on occupational safety and health 27 General aims and principles 27 Policy formulation and review 27 Policy instruments 31 National laws, labour codes and regulations . 32 Role and obligations of the competent authority . 33 Policy coordination . 34 Education and training . 35 5 National system for occupational safety and health . 37 6 National programmes for occupational safety and health 41 A national profile on occupational safety and health 42 7 Occupational safety and health policy within the enterprise 45 General framework . 45 Employers’ responsibilities . 46 Workers’ duties and rights . 47 Safety and health committees . 49 8 Management of occupational safety and health . 51 Management commitment and resources . 51 Workers’ participation . 52 Training . 53 Organizational aspects 54 Setting priorities 54 Planning and development activities 54 The place of OSH management in the enterprise . 54 Performance measures . 55 The OSH management cycle . 56 PART III OPERATIONAL MEASURES 9 Legislation, enforcement and collective agreements 59 Labour inspection 59 Collective bargaining 62 10 Occupational health surveillance . 65 Surveillance of the working environment . 66 Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety xiiGeneral framework 66 Monitoring of exposure 68 Occupational exposure limits (OELs) 70 Record-keeping . 71 Surveillance of workers’ health 72 General framework 72 Medical examinations, health assessments and biological tests . 73 Sickness absence monitoring 76 Reporting of occupational accidents, injuries and diseases 76 Ethical and legal issues . 78 11 Occupational health services 81 General considerations 81 Organization 83 Functions . 84 Primary health care approach . 86 First aid . 86 Curative health services and rehabilitation 87 Special occupational health needs 87 Cooperation and coordination 88 Research 88 12 HIV/AIDS and the world of work 91 Principles . 91 Health services and HIV/AIDS . 94 Capacity building . 95 Training for managers, supervisors and personnel officers 95 Training for peer educators . 96 Training for workers’ representatives . 96 Training for safety and health officers . 97 Training for factory/labour inspectors 98 Treatment, care and support 98 Voluntary counselling and testing 99 Disclosure and confidentiality . 99 Treatment 100 Job security and promotion 100 Contents xiiiTerms and conditions of work 100 Reasonable accommodation . 101 Worker assistance programmes . 101 Social protection . 102 ILO/WHO guidelines on health services and HIV/AIDS 102 13 Preventive and protective measures 105 General considerations . 105 Engineering control and housekeeping 106 Substitution 107 Work practices and organizational methods 108 Personal protective equipment . 108 Technological change . 109 Protection of the general environment 109 14 Health promotion, education and training . 111 Promotion of occupational safety and health . 111 Training and information at the national level . 113 Training and information at the enterprise level . 114 Training methods and materials 116 International chemical hazard communication tools . 117 The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) . 117 The Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) 118 The International Chemical Control Toolkit 118 ANNEXES I Glossary . 123 II Relevant ILO OSH instruments – Ratifications and status 129 III Excerpts from major OSH international labour standards 134 IV Model outline for the preparation of a national profile on OSH . 164 V A checklist for employers writing a safety policy statement . 171 VI A checklist for planning and implementing a workplace policy on HIV/AIDS . 174 VII Hierarchy of controls applied to risk of blood-borne pathogen exposure . 176 Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety xivVIII Hazard categories defined in the Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) . 178 IX The ILO’s Programme on Safety, Health and the Environment (SafeWork) . 182 X Selected sources of reliable OSH information 186 Bibliography . 189 Index . 193 Boxes 1 The ILO’s mandate on occupational safety and health . ix 2 The burden and cost of occupational accidents and diseases in the United Kingdom . 5 3 Scope and purpose of OSH standards 11 4 Major ILO instruments concerning occupational safety and health in general . 12 5 Examples of ILO instruments concerning specific risks and substances 13 6 Examples of ILO instruments concerning safety and health in specific branches of economic activity 13 7 Examples of recent ILO codes of practice on occupational safety and health . 14 8 Safety and health at work – A human right 20 9 Joint ILO/WHO Committee’s definition of occupational health . 22 10 Key features of a national policy on occupational safety and health 28 11 Tripartite formulation of a national OSH policy in Italy . 29 12 Indonesian national OSH policy and strategy 30 13 Hierarchy of preventive and protective measures . 47 14 Management responsibilities in OSH training . 53 15 Cooperation between inspectors and workers . 61 16 Some problems of labour inspection . 62 17 Surveillance, work and health . 65 18 Risk assessment 67 19 Aims of a monitoring strategy for air pollutants 69 20 Responsibilities of staff involved in the surveillance of the working environment . 71 21 Some benefits of good record-keeping . 78 Contents xv22 Conditions governing workers’ health surveillance . 79 23 Concepts in occupational health 82 24 Functions of an occupational health service . 85 25 ILO standards particularly relevant to HIV/AIDS . 92 26 Summary of key principles in the ILO code of practice on HIV/AIDS and the world of work 93 27 Duties of employers when workers are exposed to occupational hazards 106 28 Examples of GHS chemical hazard pictograms 119 Figures 1 How the core OSH standards relate to ILO standards on other issues . 14 2 National OSH system modelled from provisions in ILO OSH instruments . 39 3 The OSH management cycle . 55 INDEX Note: Italic page numbers refer to text boxes. Bold numbers refer to Annexes accidents 3–4, 5, 8, 11, 86, 105–6 emergency treatment 21, 86–7 inquiries into 34, 77 notification of 34, 76–8,126 action programmes 93, 185 advisory services 38, 61, 96, 98, 159–60 advocacy 182 Africa 4, 91, 94 age 8, 87 agriculture 6, 31 air pollutants 36, 69, 70, 107, 107 anticipatory action 68 asbestos 11, 70, 72, 73, 77, 107–8, 109 Asbestos Convention, 1986 (No. 162) and Recommendation (No. 172) 13, 79, 110, 120, 130, 131 audiovisual materials 114, 116 audits, safety 55, 127 awards 111 awareness raising 25, 28, 53, 86, 93, 98, 111–12 behaviour change 93, 94, 100 benzene 11 biological samples (medical) 75 bio-monitoring 76 blood-borne pathogen exposure 176–7 cancer, 11 canteens 66, 85 capacity building 95 carcogenic substances 72 Caribbean 4 catastrophes 21 chemical hazards 71, 117-20 chemical safety data sheets 118, 119 Chemicals Convention, 1990 (No. 170) 117, 118 Recommendation, 1990 (No. 177) 13, 79, 103 1, 1101, 117, 1201, 131 children 7-8, 13, 60, 182 China 4 cleaning 107, 172 coal 72 codes of practice see ILO coherence, in national policy 28, 35 cold 70 collaboration, tripartite 37 collective agreements 21, 37, 62–3, 93 collective bargaining 59, 62–3 communication, 17, 18, 173 community health services 55, 81–4, 86 outreach programmes 93 compensation 18, 21, 38, 75, 77–8 competent authorities 37, 42, 115, 123 exposure guidelines 68–9 notification of accidents, injuries and disease 76–8 and occupational health services 83 role and obligations of 19, 21, 33–4, 61, 79, 88 training and information 113Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety confidentiality 78, 79, 92, 94, 97, 99–100 consent 99 consequence (of hazard and risk) 67 control banding 119, 123 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 119 controls, hierarchy of 176–7 construction industry 6, 13, 183 construction of undertakings 34 consultation 18, 32, 35, 41, 49–50, 171 contract workers 8 cooperation 33, 38, 47–8, 49, 88, 141, 171 coordination, institutional 28, 35, 41 counselling 92, 96, 99 curative services 18, 87 danger, imminent 4, 20, 48, 66, 145 data access to 79 collection 34, 25, 38, 70, 76, 89, 98 interpretation of 71, 98 protection of personal 98 decent work 25 and workers’ rights 19–20, 20 Decent Work Agenda (ILO) viii Declaration of Philadelphia ix Denmark 5 design of undertakings 34 developing countries and HIV/AIDS 91, 94–6 incidence of fatalities 4, 5 labour inspection in 61–2, 62 occupational health services 81 training 116 disabilities, workers with 88, 96 discrimination 7, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) 92, 98 diseases, infectious 91 diseases, occupational 6, 8, 73 medical screening 73–6 reporting 73, 76–8 dock workers, ILO specific Recommendations 13, 14 drivers 8 dust 107, 119 economic costs of accidents and diseases 4, 5, 78, 105, 185 economic sectors 6, 13, 30 education 18, 92, 94, 97, 100, 101, 112, 159–60 government policies 35–6 emergencies 21, 47, 83, 172–3 action plans 88 treatment 85, 86–7 employers 10 assistance to 37 responsibilities of 19, 20–1, 46–7, 47, 71–2, 77, 86, 98–9, 101, 106, 146, 150–2 role in training 20–1, 36, 114–15 safety policy statement (checklist) 171–3 employers’ organizations, representatives 9, 10–11, 21, 35, 36, 38, 42, 59, 81, 101 employment, conditions of 13, 94 Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964 (No. 121) 75 enforcement 19, 34, 37 of legislation 32, 59–61 engineering controls 106–7, 124, 176 enterprises 6, 78 health services 83 policy formulation 45–6, 93, 171–3 micro-, small and medium-sized 38 training and information 114–16 environmental protection, general 7, 9, 109–10 see also working environment epidemiological studies 67, 71, 98 equipment, safety of 34, 47, 85, 107–8 ergonomics 34, 84, 85, 109, 124 ethical issues 19, 78, 79, 99 European Union 3–4, 30, 118, 119–20 evaluation 55–6, 70, 116 health 73 exposure 124 and duties of employers 106, 106–8 factors affecting 71 limits (OELs) 69, 70–1, 107, 126 medical testing of 75–6 minimization of 34, 107–8 monitoring of 68–9, 69 family assistance programmes 101–2 fatalities, incidence of 6, 31, 112 fatigue 47 fire precautions 171, 172 first aid 86–7, 97, 160 facilities 21, 47, 83, 85, 87, 106, 172, 173 fishing industry 14 forestry 6 France 5 freedom of association 7, 14 194Index 195 gender 14, 92, 93, 96 Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) 117, 118, 120, 178–81 globalization 8 governments education and training 35–6 and ILO instruments 9, 10, 184 legislation 21, 32, 59–61 occupational health services 81–4 policy aims 27–8, 29 policy coordination 34 policy formulation and review 21, 27–8, 29, 30 training and information 113–14 see also competent authorities; national Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963 (No. 119) and Recommendation (No. 118) 130, 132 Guatemala 5 hazard 124, 183–4 bands 120 chemical 117–20 control of 20, 21, 27, 34, 48, 106–8, 106, 172, 176 definition 67, 178–81 elimination of 176 group 119 guidelines on 184–5 identification of 21, 33, 36, 85, 89, 115–16, 117 and medical examinations 73–6 health assessments 73–5 return-to-work 74 health promotion 18, 20, 22, 101, 111–113, 184 health and safety, key principles 17–19 health and safety committees 49–50, 63 Health and Safety Executive (UK) 5, 119, 171–3 health systems 94–5 health workers 94, 100 heat 70, 71 hepatitis 91, 102 HIV/AIDS 74, 91–103 and health services 94–5 ILO code of practice 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98, 99, 102 ILO/WHO guidelines 102–3 policy and principles 91–3, 174–5 rights-based approach 102 screening and testing 94, 99 “3 Cs” 99 treatment, care and support 92, 94, 98–102, 176–7 workplace issue 91, 93 workplace training 95–8 see also discrimination Home Work Convention, 1996 (No. 177) 6 home-based workers 6 hours of work 14, 59, 71 housekeeping 106–7, 124 housing 66, 85 humidity 71 hygiene 36, 71, 82, 85, 107, 119, 172 Hygiene (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1964 (No. 120) and Recommendation (No. 120) 13 ILO (International Labour Organization) codes of practice 9, 10, 14, 21, 32, 33, 46, 77, 106, 123, 132–3 on HIV/AIDS 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98, 99, 102 Conventions 9–14, 74, 129–32, 134–7, 142–7, 153–6 Governing Body 91, 102 international labour standards 9–10, 11, 60, 129–64 mandate (Constitution) vii, ix Recommendations 9–14, 92, 129–32, 138–42, 147–52, 156–64 scope and purpose of occupational health and safety standards 11 see also Joint ILO/WHO Committee ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS 91 ILO Programme on Safety, Health and Environment (SafeWork) 2, 9, 182–5 immunization 86 implementation of national policy 18, 28, 29, 34 of prevention programmes 20, 29 Implementing the ILO code of practice on HIV/AIDS and the world of work 94 incentives 52 India 4 Indonesia 30 infection 95, 96 informal economy 7, 38, 82, 91, 185 information 18, 19, 38, 84, 111, 113–16, 141, 159–60 dissemination of 8, 33, 34, 38, 114, 172 for employees 20, 173 on HIV/AIDS 95–8 on new technology 109, 114 for prevention 92, 94Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety 196 for rapid response 99, 185 sources of 35, 115–16, 186–8 inquiries into accidents 34, 48, 171 inspection 19, 32, 37, 38, 115, 171, 173 requests for 48 instruments, policy 31-6, 91–4, 129–33 insurance 34, 38, 77, 99 integration with community 55 of health and safety in management 49, 52, 53 International Chemical Control Toolkit (ICCT) 118–19, 120 International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) 117–18 International Labour Conference 17, 91, 92 international labour standards 9–10, 11 international technical standards 118 International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS) 70, 79, 114 International Programme for the Improvement of Working Conditions and Environment (PIACT) 561, 631, 891, 1101, 120 1 International Programme on Chemical Safety 117 Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) 118 investigations 34, 48, 68, 77 investment decisions 8 Italy, national policy formulation 29 job safety analysis 54 Joint ILO/WHO Committee, definition of occupational health (1950) 22 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 99, 102 Kenya 5 Knowledge 20, 25, 48, 53 labour inspection 37, 59–62, 61, 112, 125 Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129) 631, 92 Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) and Protocol (1995) 60, 61, 62, 631, 92 labour inspectors 50 notification of accidents and disease 78 training of 36, 60–62, 98, 113 labour legislation 31–2, 37, 60 language of policy documents 46 for training materials 116 Latin America 4 legislation 21, 32, 33, 37, 55, 77 application of 59–60 enforcement 32, 59–61 List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation, 2002 (No. 194) 12 local conditions, consideration of 28, 31, 33 maintenance and repair 46, 96, 172 managerial systems 20, 22, 26, 41, 52, 54–5, 117 occupational safety and health 85 managers 22, 45, 46, 98, 172 commitment and resources 51 cooperation with workers 50, 52 and training 53–4, 53, 95–6 management strategies 25 meat packaging 6 mechanization, of hazardous procedures 107 medical education 35 medical examinations 11, 73–6, 83, 125 confidentiality 78, 79 post-assignment 75 pre-assignment 73–4 migrants 7, 182 mining 6, 10, 11, 13 minorities 95 monitoring 55, 65, 125 of exposure 68–9, 69 health 85 sickness absence 76 nanomaterials 31 national action 149–50 laws and regulations 98, 144 OSH profile 26, 41-3, 140, 164–70 policies 11, 18, 26, 27–37, 88, 125, 135, 136, 138, 143, 153 programmes 41–3, 93, 125, 135, 137, 139 system 18, 25–6, 126, 135, 136, 138 tripartite body 38 networking 182 noise 11, 36, 70, 107, 172 notification of accidents and diseases 34, 55, 76–8, 116, 126, 172 observation 66, 69 Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974 (No. 139) and Recommendation, 1974 (No. 147) 13, 791 occupational health care 82 special needs 87–8Index 197 occupational health practice 82 occupational health professionals 76, 79, 84 occupational health and safety, promotion of 111–113 occupational health services 18, 21, 18, 45, 81–9, 153–63 concepts 82–3 coordination 88 curative services 87 first aid 86–7 functions 84, 85, 86, 154, 156 ILO mandate on ix organization 83, 154, 161–2 primary health care 86 research 88–9 special needs 87–8 Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No. 161) 791, 81, 891, 82, 92, 153–6 Recommendation (No. 171) 73, 791, 891, 120 1, 156–63 occupational health survey 69 occupational history 74 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) 11–12, 12, 33, 50, 561, 631, 79, 92, 1201, 142–7 Recommendation (No. 164) 11, 12, 26, 36 1, 33, 501, 561, 631, 1101, 1201, 147–52 Occupational Safety and Health (Dock Work) Convention, 1979 (No. 152) and Recommendation (No. 160) 13 occupational safety and health management 85, 117 Older Workers Recommendation, 1980 (No. 162) 8 organizational measures 47, 51–2, 54–5 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 4, 118 OSH policies and programmes 17, 18, 21, 160 OSH standards 10, 11, 129–63 Pakistan 5 Part-Time Work Convention, 1994 (No.175) 6–7 part-time work 6–7, 101 participation principles for 22, 172 tripartite 28, 28, 35, 89 workers’ 52 partnerships 185 peer educators 96 performance measures 55–6 personnel officers 95–6 personnel policy 22 physicians 74, 75, 77 Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle 41 PIACT see International Programme policy implementation 34–5 pollution 11, 98, 110 see also air pollutants precautionary principle 67, 68 pregnancy 87 prejudice 95 prevention 18, 29, 32, 33, 47, 78, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 115, 182 Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, 1993 (No. 174) and Recommendation (No. 181) 12 preventive medicine 86, 87 programmes 21, 41–3, 77, 91, 92, 101 primary health care 52, 55, 86 priorities 31, 47, 54, 61, 76 privacy 19, 78, 79, 88 probability (of hazard and risk) 67 procedures, safety 19, 34, 48, 53 productivity 22, 27, 89, 111 Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187) 134–7 Recommendation (No. 197) 138–42 proof, burden of 68 protection 11, 19, 47, 98, 109, 115, 183 extended 184, 185 of workers’rights 92, 98, 99 Protection of Workers’ Health Recommendation, 1953 (No. 97) 12 protective clothing and equipment 47, 48, 72, 106, 108–9, 126, 172, 177 public health programmes 86, 93 psycho-social factors 34 radiation 11, 70, 71 Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 (No. 115) and Recommendation (No. 114) 13 reasonable accommodation 96, 97, 101 record-keeping 32, 55, 71–2, 76, 77, 78 recording 126 see also notification Recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases (1996) 77 regulations 21, 32, 33, 37, 59, 98 rehabilitation 18, 21, 85, 87, 88 reporting systems 48, 61, 65, 66, 76–7, 115–16, 127 research 21, 38, 47, 65, 67 resource allocation 28, 43, 52, 60, 85, 177Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety 198 responsibility 19 allocation of 45, 171 delegated 51 Resolution concerning HIV/AIDS and the world of work 91 reviews 21, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 46 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) 63, 631 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992 67 risk 20–1, 127 assessment of 27, 34, 47, 67, 78, 85, 87, 97 definition 67 elimination and minimization of 33, 97, 106 ILO recommendations on specific 11, 13 see also exposure; hazard; infection safety and health committees 49–50, 71 culture 22, 26, 27, 28, 41, 126, 135 officers 97–8 Safety and Health in Construction Convention, 1988 (No. 167) and Recommendation (No. 175) 13, 891, 1101 Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995 (No. 176) 13, 361, 501, 1201 Recommendation (No. 183) 13, 891, 1101, 120 1 safety policy statement checklist 171–3 safety standards, based on male workers 6, 70 sampling 70, 75–6, 84 sanitary facilities 66, 85 schools 35–6 screening 94, 99 seafarers, welfare of 11,14 self-employed workers 82 seminars, tripartite 35 sexual harassment 96 sexual orientation 95, 96 sickness absence extending 100 monitoring 76 silica 72 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 118-19, 185 collective bargaining 63 regional health and safety committees 50 social costs of accidents and diseases 3, 5, 105 social dialogue 14, 93 social partners 18, 94 social protection and security 13, 14, 92, 94, 98, 100–1, 102 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) 92 socio-economic conditions 31 standards application of 32 new and reviewed 184 see also international labour standards, international technical standards statistics 34, 61, 77, 88 stigmatization 99, 100 storage 172 stress and workplace problems 7, 31, 76, 182, 183 substances controls on 46, 69, 70, 172 ILO recommendations on specific 13 substitution of safer materials 106, 107–8 supervision 47, 116, 173 supervisors 20–1, 51, 53, 66, 95–6, 173 surveillance 156–9 monitoring of exposure 68–70 survey types 69 workers’ health 22, 32, 45, 65–6, 72–9, 79 of working environment 45, 65–72, 66, 69, 71 Sweden 68 Switzerland 5 systems management approach 41 technical advice 10, 51, 60, 114 fields of action 148–9 knowledge 47, 54, 70 in occupational health services 84 technological innovation 32, 68, 89, 109 new hazards 31, 59, 109 training and information on 36, 114 technology, advanced 31, 59 technology transfer 109 Termination of Employment Convention, 1982 (No. 158) 92 toxic materials 68, 107, 108 trade fairs, international 112 trade unions 49, 59 see also workers’ organizations training 18, 20, 22, 38, 159–60, 173 employers’ role 20, 36, 114–15 government policies 35–6, 113–14 on HIV/AIDS 95–8 of labour inspectors 36, 60–1, 113 of managers 95–6 managerial responsibility for 53–4, 53 methods and materials 94, 95, 112, 116 on new technology 109Index 199 occupational health services 38, 84, 85, 86–7, 113 of trainers 116 treatment 160 see also HIV/AIDS tripartism 37, 41 see also collaboration, tripartite; participation, tripartite United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive 5, 119, 172–3 United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (CETDG) 118 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (2001) 102 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 118 General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (2001) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1976 20 UNAIDS 99, 102 United States 118 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 20 ventilation, exhaust 107, 119 vibration 11, 36 Viet Nam 4 violence 7 Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159), 92 vocational training 35–6 voluntary compliance 28 counselling 92 disclosure 99–100 standards 32 testing 99 vulnerable workers 97, 184 waste disposal 109 women workers 184 employment of 13 and male safety standards 6, 70 reproductive health 87 working mothers 87 work culture 22 planning and processes 34, 36, 54, 85, 94–5 practices and organization 22, 42, 43, 44, 47, 50, 52, 85, 108, 172 terms and conditions 100–1 workers assistance programmes 101–2 health education 112–13, 185 medical examinations 72–6 morale and motivation 27, 36, 78, 111 obligations and duties 19–20, 47–9, 109 personal data, protection of 98 occupational history 74 surveillance by 66 training 20–1, 53, 114–16 workers’ health surveillance 21, 45, 65–6, 72–9, 79, 158–9 workers’ organizations 9, 22, 35, 36, 42, 46, 49–50, 59, 63, 81, 111 workers’ representatives 47, 48–9, 52–3, 61, 71, 78, 95, 96–7, 101, 115, 128, 146–7 workers’ rights 17, 19–20, 20, 28, 48, 94, 98 medical 78, 79 privacy 19, 79, 88, 98 working environment 11, 17, 19, 45, 93, 97, 107, 109–10 monitoring of exposure 68–9 reduction of exposure to hazards 108, 184 surveillance of 65–72, 71, 83, 97, 156–8 see also workplace Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977 (No. 148) and Recommendation (No. 156) 13, 1101 workplace 91, 93, 98 health promotion services 101 policy on HIV/AIDS 174–5 stress and problems 182, 183 see also training works committees 63 World Health Organization (WHO) 4, 91, 102 World report on life and death at work 184 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) and Recommendation (No. 190) 8 young workers 11, 74
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