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| موضوع: كتاب Chemical Hazards in the Workplace السبت 02 مارس 2024, 3:21 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Chemical Hazards in the Workplace Ronald M. Scott
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS SECTION I: BASIC TOXICOLOGY 1. Kinds of Toxic Effects 3 Local Effects and Systemic Poisons 3 DNA: The Blueprint of the Organism 5 Epidemiology 11 Effects of Chemicals on Fertility 12 Neurotoxins 13 Other Toxic Effects 14 2. Generating Safety Recommendations 15 Tolerance of Toxic Substances 15 The Target Population 16 Animal Testing 16 Designing Toxicological Experiments 18 OSHA Standards 27 3. Toxicants and the Human Body 29 Skin Structure 29 Eye and Skin Hazards 30 Entry of Toxicants into the Body 33 Distribution of Toxicants in the Body 37 Removal of Toxicants from the Body 38 Summary 41 viiSECTION II: HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE 4. Inhalation Toxicology 45 Introduction 45 Particulate Materials 45 Warning Properties of Gases and Vapors 49 Recommended Maximum Exposures 55 5. Solvents 57 Solvent Properties 57 Uses in Industry 58 Toxicology of Solvents 62 Specific Solvents 62 6. Metals 73 Manufacturing Processes Involving Metals 74 Details About Specific Metals 76 7. Plastics 91 The Chemistry of Plastics 91 Hazards in Plastics Manufacturing 99 Comments on Specific Compounds 100 Summary 109 8. Elastomers 111 The Use of Elastomers 111 Hazards of Specific Elastomers 112 9. Adhesives 119 Introduction 119 Hazards of Adhesive Use 120 Surface Preparation 124 SECTION III: REGULATION AND PROTECTION 10. Government Regulation 129 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration The Toxic Substances Control Act 137 11. Monitoring the Plant Atmosphere 139 Analytical Chemistry 139 •• Vlll 129Sampling 141 Analysis of Samples 150 Deciding About the Safety of the Workplace 12. Protecting the Worker 157 Identifying Hazards 158 Corrective Action 158 Monitoring 164 Glossary 167 Appendices A. Principles of Adhesive Bonding 175 B. Simple Statistical Calculations 177 C. Selection of Detection Tubes 179 D. Unit Conversion Factors 187 154 ixINDEX ABS 97 Acceptable ceiling See Exposure guidelines Acceptable maximum peak See Exposure guidelines Acetaldehyde 63, 70 Acetone 26, 59, 63, 70 Acetonitrile 63, 71 Acetylaminofluorene 136 Acetylene tetrachloride 67 ACGIH See American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Acids 31 Acroosteolysis 101 Acrylamide 102, 104 Acrylic acid 104 Acrylonitrile 94, 101-102, 113-114, 136 ACS 97 Action level 132 Acute lethal dose 21 Acute testing 20 Addition polymers 93 Adsorption tubes 145 AIHA See American Industrial Hygiene Association Aldehydes 70 Alkalis 31 Alkoxysilanes 114 Alkyl aluminum 77, 105-106, 113 Alkyl mercury 85 Allergic response 24, 30 Aluminum 76 alkyls 77, 105-106, 113 aluminum-dust lungs 77 chloride 115 oxide 76 Alveoli 34 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 26, 129, 154 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 155 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 135, 154 4-Aminodiphenyl 136 Ammonia 31, 53, 112 Amyl acetate 59, 63 Amyl alcohol 59 Amyl chloride 59 Anesthesia 66 Angiosarcoma 101 Animal testing 16 Anionic detergent 31, 33 ANSI See American National Standards Institute Anthracene 59, 63 Antimony 77, 83 spots 77 Antioxidants 108 Aromatic hydrocarbons 65-66 Aromatic polyester 95 189190 CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE Arsenic 74, 78, 83, 87-88, 136 sulfide 77 trioxide 78 Arsine 74, 78, 82, 88 ASA 97 Asbestos 46, 117, 136 Asphyxiants 50 Atomic absorption spectrometry 145, 153 Autoignition temperature 58 Azo bis-isobutyronitrile 117 Azocarbonamide 117 Barium soap 107 Bauxite 77 Benign tumor 9 Benzene 59, 63, 65, 136 Benzenesulfonyl hydrazide 117 Benzidine 136 Benzothiazoyl disulfide 107 Benzoyl peroxide 105-106 Beryllium 79 Bias 140 Bile 41 Bisphenol A 95, 103, 106 Blood-brain barrier 13 Boiling point 54 Bone marrow 65 Breakthrough capacity 146 Bromine 53 Bronchial carcinoma 47 Bronchiole 36 Brown lung disease 49 Butadiene 102, 113-114 Butanediol 95 w-Butyl acetate 59, 63 rt-Butyl alcohol 59, 63, 69 rt-Butyl catechol 101 Butyl cellosolve 59, 69 terf-Butyl peroctoate 106 Butyl rubber See Rubber Cadmium 79, 88 oxide 80 soap 107 Calcium oxide 32 soap 107 Cancer 8 Caprolactam 95, 104 Carbon black 116 dioxide 51 disulfide 59, 63, 71, 105 monoxide 16, 51, 56, 68, 74, 82 tetrachloride 66 Carcinogen 8 co- 9 primary 9 pro- 9 secondary 9 Casein 122 Cellosolve 59, 63, 69 Cellosolve acetate 59, 63 Central nervous system (CNS) 62 Chemical asphyxiants 51 Chloracne 66, 109 Chlorobenzene 59, 63 Chloroform 67 bis-Chloromethyl ether 136 Chloromethyl methyl ether 136 Chloronaphthalene 109 Chloroprene 113-114 Chlorosilanes 114 Chlorosulfonated polyethylenes 111 Chromates 80 Chromium 80-82 oxides 106 Chronic beryllium disease 79 Chronic testing 20 Cilia See Lungs Cirrhosis 4 Clays 108 CNS See Central nervous system (CNS) Coal 48 Cobalt 81-82 naphthanoate 107 Cocarcinogen See Carcinogen Coke oven emissions 136 Collection efficiency 145 Condensation polymers 93 95% Confidence limit 140 Conjugation, metabolic 39 Copper 81 Cornea 31 Corrosive 31INDEX 191 Cotton 49 Cresol 103 Crocidolite 47 Cryolite 77 Cumene 65 Cyanoacrylics 121 Cyanosis 46 Cyclohexane 59, 63 DDT 37 Degreasing 58, 66 Department of Health and Human Services 130 Department of Labor 129 Desorption efficiency 145 Detergents 31, 33, 124 Determinate error 140 Diamines 104 Diaminohexane 95 1.2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 13, 136 tris-(Dibromopropyl)phosphate 108 Dibutylphthalate 19 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 136 1.2-Dichloroethylene 59 Dichromate 80, 124 Diethylaluminum chloride 115 Diethylenetriamine 113 Diethyl ether 59, 63, 69 Diglycidyl ether 102 Dihydroxybiphenyl 95 Diisopropyl ether 69 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 136 Dimethylaniline 107 Dimethylformamide 63, 71 Dimethylsulfoxide 70 Dioxane 63, 70, 104 Diphenylguanine phthalate 107 Disulfiram 107, 116 DNA 5 Dolomite 48 Dose-response curve 22 Dry cleaning 58, 66 Dusts 45, 74, 100 Dyspnea 46 Edema 24, 50 EEA 97 Electron capture detector 152 EMA 97 Emphysema 80 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 137 EP 111 EPA See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) EPDM 111-112 Epichlorohydrin 102, 111 Epidemiology 11, 164 Epidermis 29 Epoxyphenolics 120 Epoxy resins 120-121 Ethers 69 Ethyl acetate 59, 63 Ethyl alcohol 59, 63, 67, 68 Ethylbenzene 65 Ethyl chloride 59, 63 Ethylene 113 Ethylene dichloride 113, 115 Ethylene glycol 63, 69, 95 Ethylene oxide 136 Ethyleneimine 136 Ethyl formate 59, 63 EVA 97 Exposure guidelines acceptable ceiling 27 acceptable maximum peak 27 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDHL) 28 maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 26 No Effect Level (NEL) 26 No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) 26 No Observed Effect Level . (NOEL) 26 Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL) 28, 131, 154 short-term exposure limit (STEL) 27 short-term public limit (STPL) 154 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 26, 55, 131 threshold toxicity values 22 time weighted average (TWA) 26, 55192 CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE Fiberglass 48 Fibrosis 96 Fillers (plastics) 98, 107 Filters 143-145 Fire retardants 108 Flame ionization detector 152 Flammability 58 Flash point 58 Fluorine 53 Fluorocarbons 61 Fluorosis 77 Fluorospar 82 Flux 77 Formaldehyde 95, 102, 121, 136 Foundries 75 FTIR See Spectrophotometry Fumes 45, 48, 74 Furfural 59, 63, 103 Furfuryl alcohol 63 Gas chromatography 139, 150-153 See also Flame ionization detector; Electron capture detector Gases 48 Genetic damage 7 Genotoxic carcinogen 9 Glass fibers 108 Glomerulus 41 See also Kidney Gloves 31, 160-162 Glycol 69 Glycol ether 69 Grab sample 141 Gypsum 49 Half-life 38 Hard metal disease 87 Hazard Communication Standard 132, 134 Hazard identification 158 Health exposure records 164 Hepatotoxin 4 Heptane 59, 63 Hexamethylenetetramine 103, 107 Hexane 59, 63-64, 113 2-Hexanone 63 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 139, 153 Hydrazines 112 Hydrogen bromide 53 chloride 49, 53, 100 cyanide 52, 100 fluoride 53 sulfide 52, 115 Hydroquinone 101 Hydroquinone monobenzylether 109, 116 Hypersensitive response 24 Ignition temperature 58 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDHL) See Exposure guidelines Imminent danger 132 Indeterminate error 140 Indium 87 Infrared spectrophotometry 153 Instantaneous sample 141 Integrated sample 141 lonomer 97 Iron 82 Irritants 52 Isobutene 114 Isobutyl alcohol 59, 63 Isocyanates 24 Isoprene 133 Isopropyl acetate 63 Isopropyl alcohol 60, 63, 67-68 Isopropyl glycidyl ether 102 Itai-itai disease 80 Kerosene 59 Ketones 76 Kidney 40 Latex 112 LC50 22 LD50 22 Lead 76, 78, 83-84, 87-88, 136 oxide 116 palsy 84 Leukemia 65 Lime 32 Limestone 49INDEX 193 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) 97 Lower respiratory tract irritant 52 Lubricants 117 Lungs 34-36 cilia 34, 46 Magnesium alkyls 106 soap 107 Maleic anhydride 102, 104 Malignant mesothelioma 47 Manganese 82, 84, 87-88 oxide 84 Manganism 84 Mass spectrometry 154 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 31, 133, 136, 158 Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) See Exposure guidelines MDI See Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) MEK See Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) MEK peroxide 105 Melanin 95 Melanin-formaldehyde 95 Mercaptobenzothiazole 107 Mercury 84-85 amalgam 85 fulminate 85 vapors 85 Metabolic conjugation See Conjugation, metabolic Metabolism 38 Metal fume fever 48, 75, 77, 81 refining 74 soaps 107 Methyl acetate 59, 63 Methyl alcohol 59, 63, 67-68, 123 Methyl butyl ketone 63, 70 Methyl cellosolve 59, 63, 69 Methyl chloride 64, 66 Methyl chloroform 60, 67 Methyl cyclohexanone 59, 64 Methylene chloride 60, 64, 66-67, 123 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) 103 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 59, 64, 70, 123 Methyl methacrylate 94 Mica 48 Mine Safety and Health Administration 154 Molybdenum 82 MSDS See Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Mucous 46 Muscovite 48 Mutagen 6 Naphtha 60, 64 Naphthalene 60 alpha-Naphthylamine 136 beta-Naphthylamine 136 NAS-NRC See National Academy of Science-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Nasal passages 35 National Academy of Science-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) 154 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 130, 140, 146, 154, 158 Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program 155 Natural rubber See Rubber Neoprene 111, 114, 116 Neurotoxin 4, 13 Nickel 85 carbonyl 85 NIOSH See National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Nitrile rubber See Rubber 4-Nitrobiphenyl 136 Nitrocellulose 121 Nitrogen dioxide 53 N-Nitrosodimethylamine 136 No Effect Level (NEL) See Exposure guidelines No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) See Exposure guidelines194 CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) See Exposure guidelines Nylon 95 OAS 97 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 27, 129-137, 140, 146 Octane 60, 64 Oncogene 9 Ore processing 74 Organotin 86, 107 Orion 94 OSHA See Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Oxidation 38-39 p,p'-Oxy-bis(benzenesulfonyl) hydrazide 117 Ozone 53, 76 PAH See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Paraldehyde 60 Particulates 45 PBB 37 PCB 37 Percarbonates 105-106 Percent respirability 150 Peresters 105 Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL) See Exposure guidelines Peroxides 105, 107, 121 Personal air sampler 142-146 Phenol 95, 102-103 Phenol-formaldehyde 95 p-Phenylene diamine 102-103 pH meter 152 Phosgene 49, 53-54, 100, 102, 104 Phosphine 82 Phyhalic anhydride 102 Pigments 96, 108 Plasticizers 96, 107 Plumbism 83 Polyacrylonitrile 94 Polyalcohol 104 Polyamide 120-121 Polyamine 120 Polybutadiene 111-112 Polybutylene terephthalate 95 Polycarbonate 95, 121 Polychloroprene 11, 112 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 38, 116 Polyester 121-122 Polyethylene 94 Polyethylene-terephthalate 95 Polyglycol 95 Polyimines 120 Polyisoprene 111-112 Polymethylmethacrylate 94 Polypropylene 94 Polysulfides 11, 115 Polytetrafluoroethylene 94 Polyurethane 95, 115, 120-121 Polyvinyl acetate 122 Polyvinylchloride 94 Precancerous cell 10 See also Carcinogen Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Promoter 9 See also Carcinogen Radium 87 Radon 87-88 Random error 140 Records, health exposure See Health exposure records Red lead 83 Refining, metals See Metal refining Renotoxin 4 Replication 6 Resorcinol 103 Respirable dust 150 Respirable particulates 144 Respirator 166 Right-to-Know standard 132, 157 Rubber butyl 111-112 natural 112, 121 nitrile 112 silicone 11, 120 SAN 97INDEX 195 SB 97 Secondary carcinogen See Carcinogen Self-contained breathing apparatus 160 Sensitization 74 Serious violation 132 Shavers disease 77 Short-term exposure limit (STEL) See Exposure guidelines Short-term public limit (STPL) See Exposure guidelines Silicone rubber See Rubber Silicosis 47, 82 Silicon tetrafluoride 82 Simple asphyxiants 50 Skin 27, 29 creams 31, 162 irritation 30, 162 Smelting 74 Smokes 45 Solvents 32-33, 57-71 nonpolar 57 Stoddard’s 65 Spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) 154 ultralviolet 153 visible 153 Spraying 61 Stabilizers 96 Stain tubes 146-149 Standard deviation 140 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code 133 Standards Compensation Program 28 STEL See Exposure guidelines Stibnine 78 STPL See Exposure guidelines Styrene 94, 101-102, 113 sickness 101, 113 Sulfur dioxide 31, 53, 75, 113-114 Sulfuric acid 124 Systemic poison 3 Talc 48, 75, 117 Teflon 94 Teratogen 10 Tetrachloroethane 64, 67 Tetrachloroethylene 64, 67 Tetraethyllead 84 Tetraethylthiuram bisulfide 107 Tetrahydrofuran 70 Tetramethyllead 84 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile 117 Thalidomide 11-12 Thermal conductivity detector 152 Thermo plastics 91 Thermoset plastics 92 Thiocarbanilide 107 Thiram 107, 116 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) See Exposure guidelines Threshold toxicity values See Exposure guidelines Time weighted average (TWA) See Exposure guidelines Tin 83, 86 soap 107 Titanium 86 chloride 86 oxide 83 tetrachloride 106 TLV See Exposure guidelines Toluene 60, 64-65, 122 diisocyanate 55, 95, 102-103, 113 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 137 Trachea 35 Tributyl tin 86 Trichloroethane 64, 66 Trichloroethylene 60, 64, 66 Trichlorotrifluoroethane 61 Triethylenetriamine 102 Tungsten 82, 87 carbide 87 TWA See Exposure guidelines Ultraviolet spectrophotometry See Spectrophotometry Unsaturated ethers 69 Upper respiratory tract irritants 52 Uranium 87 — 88 hexafluoride 87 Uranous fluoride 87 Urea 95 Urea-formaldehyde 95196 CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE Urethanes 111 Vanadium 82, 87-88 oxychloride 106, 115 trichloride 106 Vapor 34, 54 pressure 54, 58 VDA copolymers 97 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE) 97 Ventilation 159 Vinyl 94 acetate 105 chloride 94, 101-102, 136 Vinylidine chloride 105 Viscose rayon 105 Visible spectrophotometry See Spectrophotometry Volatility 54, 58 Welding 75 White lead 83 Whole-lung irritants 52 Wholly aromatic copolyester 95 X-ray diffraction 153 Xylene 60, 64-65, 122 Xylenol 103 Zinc 88 oxide 83, 116 oxide fume 88
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