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| موضوع: كتاب The Everything STEM Handbook الجمعة 23 فبراير 2024, 9:28 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The Everything STEM Handbook Help your child learn and succeed in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math Rihab Sawah, MS, MA, and Anthony Clark, PhD
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Introduction 9 Thinking Like a Scientist /11 What Is Science? 12 Fields of Science 13 The Scientific Method 17 The Limits of Science 22 Everyday Physics ∕ 27 Pressure, Temperature, and the Weather 28 Why Do Some Things Float? 30 How a Magnifying Glass Works 33 Balloons, Spoons, and Density 36 Searching for Newton 39 The Physics of Moving Objects ∕ 43 Racing Juice Cans 44 The Physics of Floating Feathers 46 Follow the Bouncing Ball 50 The Inertia of Ice Cubes 54 The Velocity of Bowling Balls 55 Electricity ∕ 58 Static Electricity 59 Building a Circuit 63 Insulator versus Conductor 67 What's Inside a Light Bulb? 71 Another Kind of Electric Circuit 75 Magnetism ∕ 80 Magnetizing (and Demagnetizing) a Sewing Needle 81 North versus South Pole 84 What Are Magnets Made Of? 89 Electricity and Magnetism: The Two Sisters 92 Building Stuff ∕ 97 Building a Motor 98 Building a Truss 102 Building a Bridge 108 Building a Tower 112 5Making It Go ∕ 115 Balloon-Powered Car 116 Powering a Boat with Soap 118 Mousetrap Car Race 121 Water Rocket Launch 125 Naked Eye Astronomy /128 Keeping a Moon-Phase Journal 129 Moon Navigation 132 Does the Sun Always Rise in the East? 138 The Easiest Constellations to Recognize 142 Household Chemistry ∕ 145 How Batteries Work 146 Alkaline or Acidic? 149 More Food Chemistry 152 Separating Salt from Water 155 Ice versus Dry Ice 157 Biology Basics ∕ 160 How Plants Make Food: Photosynthesis 161 Deciduous versus Coniferous Trees 163 Fermentation: Making Sourdough Starter 167 Potato, Carrot, and Cell Osmosis 170 Dominant versus Recessive Traits 174 Making Math Matter ∕ 177 Designing Wallpaper Using Percentages 178 Tic-Tac-Toe Math Review 179 Bingo Math Review 182 Card Math Review 184 Algebra Dice 188 Geometry All Around You ∕ 191 Creating a Geometry Monster 192 The Angle Guessing Game 194 Mini Pyramids—Many Triangles 197 Calculating the Circumference of a Pie, Bike Wheel, Car Tire, Etc. 199 The Cartesian Treasure Map 202 The Geometry Scavenger Hunt 205 Statistically Speaking ∕ 208 Mean, Median, and Mode 209 Making a Pie Chart from Scratch 213 Pie Chart versus Bar Chart 218 Learning Probability with Playing Cards 221 Learning Probability with Dice 225 Money Math ∕ 229 How Many Zeros Are in a Quadrillion? 230 Decimals and Money 233 6Calculating Percentage Change 236 Money's Value over Time 239 The Rule of 72 243 STEM Kits, Games, Apps, and Magazines ∕ 246 STEM-Related Kits 247 STEM Board Games and Card Games 250 STEMApps 253 Other Online Learning Resources 255 STEM-Related Magazines 257 STEM Summer Camps, Enrichment Classes, Online Classes, and Job Shadowing ∕ 260 STEM Summer Camps and Enrichment Classes 261 Online STEM Classes 264 Job Shadowing 266 STEM Activities for the Car ∕ 271 Math Rock, Paper, Scissors 272 Science Connections 272 Science Categories 272 Geometry Scavenger Hunt—Travel Version 273 License Plate Game—Math Version 273 First to Reach 100 275 Contents Finish the Sequence 276 The Birthday Problem 277 Science Fiction or Science Fact? 278 Appendix A∙ Additional Resources 280 Science Museums by State 280 STEM Career Websites for Kids 299 Other Useful STEM Websites 301 Appendix B, Bibliography 305 Index 31 Index A Arithmetic mean,210 A Artificial intelligence. 16 Abscissa, 204 As*. 259 Absolute change, 237 Absolute value, 238 Assumptions. 24-25 .Astronomy, 128-44 Acceleration, 47,49 Acidic foods, 149-54 Acids, 152 Action force, 39-42 Atmospheric sciences. 15 Atoms, 59—61,149—□0 Automobiles. 116-18 Autumnal (fall) equinox. Acute angle, 195 Acute triangle, 197 139-A0 Addition general rule of, 223-24 of money, 234 Average, 131,209-10 Aztecs, 140 special rule of, 223 B Air, density of, 39 Air resistance,48-50 Alcohol, 120 Background information. 18 Balloon-powered car, 116-18 Bar charts. 218-21 Algebra dice, 188-90 Alice, 256 Barlow's Wheel. 101 Base 10 system. 230-32 Alkaline foods, 149-54 Basic research. 13 All About Learning,262 Basic science, 13 Alnico magnet, 92 Batteries. 70,146-19 Angles. 194-96 Be Amazing! Toys,249 Annuity. 242 Behavioral sciences. 16-17 Anode, 148 Biases, 24-25 Antimatter Matters, 251 Big Dipper, 142-43,144 Applied mathematics. 15 Big numbers, 233 Applied research, 13 Billion. 233 Applied science, 13 Bimodal data sets.213 Apps, 253-55 Bingo math review. 182-84 Archimedes, 31 Biology, 160-76 Architecture. 102-8 deciduous vs. coniferous Area,of circle,202 trees, 163-67 Argon, 74 dominant vs. recessive traits, 174-76 pie, 213-17.220-21 fermentation. 167-69 Chemistry 14,145-59 osmosis. 170-73 of batteries. 146-49 photosynthesis. 161-63 food. 149-57 Birthday Problem, 277-78 ice vs. dry ∣ce. 157-59 Blundeville.Thomas. 194 Chlorine. 156 Board games.250-53 Chlorophyll. 162-63 Boats. 118—20 Chord, 200 Bouncing balls, 50-53 Circles. 193,199-202 Bowling balls. 5.5-57 area. 202 Bricks 4 Kidz.261 chord, 200 Bridges. 108-12 circumference. 199-201 Buoyancy. 30-33 diameter. 200 Buoyancy force, 31 radius, 200 Circuits. 63-66,69,70.74-79, 117 c Circumference, 199-201 Car activities. 271-79 Circumpolar constellation, Carbon atom,59 143 Card games. 250-53 Classical probability; 222,225 Card math review. 184-88 Codecademy256 Cargι>Bot.254 Code Monster. 256 Cartesian coordinates.202—1 CoderDojo.25b Cartesian plane. 203 Coed.org. 255 Cassiopeia. 143.114 Coins Genius. 255 Cathode, 148 Column chart.218 Cato’s Hike, 254 Communication,of research Cell membrane, 170,172-73 results, 21 Cell osmosis. 170-73 Compass. 88.94-95 Cell walls, 170,172-73 Complement rule,223 Cent. 234 Compound interest.240-42 Central tendency. 209-13 Compounds, 149 Charts Computer sciences. 15-16 bar. 218-21 Conductivity, 67 column. 218 Conductors, 67-71 315Coniferous trees, 163-67 Demagnetize, 81-84 Electrolytes, 70,148 Constellations, 142-44 Denominator, 186 Electromagnets, 95-96 Continuous data,219 Density, 36-39 Electronegativity, 149 Converging lens, 34 of air,39 Electrons, 59-61,148-50 Convex lens, 33-34 definition of, 38 Elenco, 249 Coordinate system,202-4 of water, 39 Empirical probability,225 Copper, 148,149 Descartes, Rene, 203 Energy Creativity, 11 Diameter, 200 conservation of, 53 Cure, Marie, 83 Dice, probability with,225-28 dissipated, 53 Curie, Pierre, 83 Digital Media Academy,263 heat, 121 Curie temperature,83 Discover with Dr. Cool, 250 kinetic, 53 Cygnus, 143,144 Displacement, 36-39 from photosynthesis, Dissipated energy, 53 161-63 Division storage, 121 D of money, 235-36 transformation of, 121 Daisy the Dinosaur,254 review, 180 Engineering, 16 Data Dollar, 234 Engineering for Kids,261-62 analysis, 21 Dominant traits, 174-76 Engineering projects,97-114 in bar charts, 218-21 Donahue, John, 23 bridge, 108-12 continuous,219 Drought deciduous trees, 166 motor, 98-102 gathering, 20 Dry ice, 157-59 tower, 112-14 in histograms,219 truss, 102-08 measures of central Enrichment classes, 260-64 tendency, 209-13 E Entomology. 14 in pictographs,220 Earth, rotation of, 132 Environmental science, 15 in pie charts, 213-17, Earth science, 14 Equals sign, 189 220-21 Economics, 17 Equations, 188-90 primary, 20 Edison,Thomas, 71 Equilateral triangle, 197 qualitative,219 Elasticity, 52 Equinoxes, 139-40 range, 211 Electricity, 58-79 Euclid, 206 raw, 215 conductors, 67-71 Euclidean plane geometry, secondary, 20 electric circuits, 63-66,69, 206 in statistics,209 70,74-79,147 Euclidean solid geometry, Data set,209 insulators, 67-71 206 Decagon, 193 light bulbs, 71-75 Evaporation, 159 Deciduous trees, 163-67 magnetism and, 92-96 Excel,218 Decimal place values, static, 59-63,66 Experiments, 20 230-32 Electric motors, 98-102 Expert opinions,227 Decimals, 179,181,233-36 Electrodes, 14 7—^19 Exponents, 181 F Falling objects physics of,46-50 in vacuum,50 Faraday Cage, 60 Fermat, Pierre de, 225 Fermentation, 167-69 Ferromagnetic material, 91-92 Fibonacci numbers, 276 Finish the Sequence,276 Fink truss, 107 First quarter moon, 133,137 First to Reach 100,275 Flatulence, 167 Fleming,Alexander, 12 Floating feathers,46-50 Focal length, 33-34 Focal point, 33-34 Food chemistry, 149-57 Force of air resistance, 48-50 concept of,46-47 of gravity,44,46-50,55-56 opposing, 49-50,55-56 4M Industrial Development Ltd.,247 Fractions, 179,180,186-87 Full moon, 133-34,137 Fundamental research, 13 G Games of chance, 225-28 Gamestar Mechanic, 265 Gases density of, 159 inert, 74 General questions, 18 316Index General rule of addition, 223-24 Genes, 174-76 Genetics, 174-76 Geographic poles,84-89 Geometry, 191-207 angles, 194-96 Cartesian coordinates, 202-4 circles. 199-202 Euclidean, 206 pyramids, 197-99 shapes. 192-94,205-07 triangles, 197 Geometry Scavenger Hunt, 205-7,273 Googol, 232 Graphs bar, 218-21 histograms, 219 pictographs, 220 pie,213-l 7,220-21 Gravity, 44,46-50,55-56 H Hackety Hack, 255 Al-Haytham,lbn (Alhazen), 17,137 Heat, 121 Helium, 74 Heptagon, 193 Herpetology, 14 Hexagon, 193 Histograms, 219 Homeschool Programming, lnc.,265 Hopscotch, 253 Howe,William, 107 Howe truss, 106,107 Hydrogen atom, 149- Hydroxide ion, 150 Hypotenuse, 197 Hypothesis definition of, 18 forming, 18-19 testing, 19-21 I Ice. 157-59 Ice cubes, 54-55 Ichthyology. 14 iD Tech,263 IMACS (Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science),262 Improper fractions. 187 Incandescent bulbs. 71-75 Independent events,226-27 Inert gases. 74 inertia, 54-55 Infinity, 231 Inflation. 244 Insulators, 67-71 Interdisciplinary fields, 15 Interest compound, 240-42 simple. 239-40 Ionization, 148 Ions, 148-50 Irrational numbers.201 Isosceles triangle, 197 J Jacobi. Moritz, 101 Job shadowing, 266-70 κ Khan Academy 266 Kinetic energy 53 Kodable. 266 K truss. Iθ6 L Laser Maze Beam-Bending Logic Game, 252 Law of conservation of energv, 53 Law ot force pairs.39—12 LEGO Educafion.250 Levitt Steven.23 License Plate Game. 273-75 Life sciences. 13-14 Lightbot.253 Light bulbs, 71-79 Liquids,surface tension of. I IS-20 St,t, j s i Water Litmus paper. 151 Loss.2U Lucy Hammett Games,233 Lunar, 129 Lunar calendar. 1'29 Lunar cycle I21k-38 Lunar month. 129 M Made with Code. 257 Mad Science Group,26 J Magazines. 257-59 Magentic held 91 Magnetic held,95 Magnetic poles. 84√Vj Magnetism. 80-96 Magnetize, 81-81 Magnets 81-84. S9-92 Magnifying glass 33-36 Mass,37.57 Mathematics, IS 177-’..«) algebra. ∣88-,H∣ big numbers, 22ι3 h∣ng∣∣ math review 182-84 card math review 184-88 decimals, 179. IS1 division. 180 exponents. 181 fractions I?9.180.186-87 money, 229-45 multiplication. 180 185 order ∙>l operations. 182 percentage change 236-39 percentages. 178-79 place value. 18I.230-32 rule of 72.213-15 sol∖ mg for an unknown. 181 !ιc-tac toe math review. 17’4-82 Math Explosion. 252 Math Rock, Paper, Scissors. Matter atoms in. 59-61 resistance to changes in morion.44-46 Mean. 209-10 Measures of central tendency. 2')9-13 Median. 210-12 Mendel. Gregor Johann, 176 Mendeleev. Dmitri. 156 Metal, 60 Meteorology. 15 317Million, 233 physics of, 43-57 o Physics, 14 Mixed fractions, 187 water rocket, 125-27 Observation, 20 everyday, 27-42 Mixed numbers. 187 Multiplication Obtuse angle, 195 of moving objects,43-57 Mode, 212-13 card game, 185 Obtuse triangle, 197 Pi. 200,201 Molecules, 29 of money, 235 Oceanography, 15 Pictographs, 220 Momentum,47 review, 180 Octagon, 193 Pie charts, 213-17,220-21 Money, 229—45 special rule of,226-27 Odyssey, 258 Place value, 181,230-32 adding and subtracting. Muse, 259 Oersted, Christian, 96 Plane, 194,203 234 Mutually exclusive Online learning resources. Plants calculating percentage categories, 216-17 255-57 deciduous vs. coniferous change, 236-39 Online STEM classes, 264-66 trees, 163-67 decimals and,233-36 N Ordered pairs, 202-04 photosynthesis, 161-63 division, 235-36 Order of operations, 182 Play Well TEKnologies, journal, 236 Nanoscience. 16 Ordinate, 204 262-63 multiplication,235 Nanotechnology, 16 Orion, 143,144 Pluralsight, 266 place value and,230-32 National Aeronautics and Osmosis, 170-73 Polygons, 192 rule of 72,243-45 Space Agency (NASA), 125 Outlier,210 POOE248 time value of, 239-43 National Geographic Kids, OW1 Incorporated, 248 Pratt, Caleb, 107 Monster Physics, 254 258 OWL,258 Pratt,Thomas, 107 Moon Navigation, moon, 132-38 Oxygen, 29,163 Pratt truss, 106,107 cycle of, 129-38 Neodymium magnet,92 Pressure, 28-30 first quarter, 133,137 Neoprene, 53 Primary data,20 full, 133-34,137 Neutrons, 59 P Probability, 221-28 illusion, 137 New moon, 132-33 Parallel electric circuit, 77-79 Professor Noggins Card navigation, 132-38 NewPath Learning Parallelogram, 193 Games, 252-53 new, 132-33 Curriculum Mastery Games, Pascal, Blaise, 225 Profit, 234 third quarter, 134,137 252 Pentagon, 193 Proper fractions, 187 waning, 135 Newton,Sir Isaac,44 Percentage change, 236-39 Protons, 59-61,149-50 waxing, 134-35 Newtons cradle,41 Percentage decrease, 238 Protractor, 194,196 Moon-phase journal, 129-32 Newtons first law,44-^16,55, Percentage increase, 237 Pseudoscience, 25 Morality, 23 57 Percentages, 178-79 Pure research, 13 Motors, 98-102 Newton s second law,47,49 Percentiles, 212 Pyramids, 197-99 Mousetrap car race, 121-25 Newton’s third law,39-42 Periodic table of elements, Pythagoras, 198 Move the Turtle, 253 Nonagon, 193 156 Pythagorean theorem, 199 Moving objects Norsorex,53 Permanent magnet,92 balloon-powered car, Northern Cross, 143 pH measurement, 149-54 116-18 North Pole, 84-89 Photosynthesis, 161-63 Q boats, 118-20 Numerator, 186 Photosynthetic, 166 Quadrant 1,203 mousetrap car, 121—25 Physical sciences, 14-15 Quadrant 11,203 318Index Quadrant III,203 Quadrant IV, 203 Quadrilateral, 193 Quadrillion.233 Qualitative data, 219 Quartiles, 212 Quick Study Labs, 266 Quintillion,233 R Radius. 200 Range, 211 Ranger Rick, 258 Rational numbers, 201 Ravensburger, 250 Raw data, 215 Reaction force, 39-42 Real Science 4 Kids, 264-05 Recessive traits, 174-76 Recorde. Robert, 189 Rectangle, 193 Reflex angles, 196 Revenues. 234 Rhombus, 193 Right angle, 195 Right triangle, 197 Robot School.254 Robot Turtles, 250-51 Rockets. 125-27 Rubber, 53,60,71 Rule of 69,245 Rule of 72,243-45 s Salt. 148,155-57 Savings plan, 241-42 Scalene triangle, 197 Science applied. 13 South Fble,84-89 Surface tension. 118-20 basic. 13 Spaceship Earth. 108 Surfactant. 120 definition of. 12-13 Space shuttle 41 Surveys. 20 fields of, 13-17 Special mle of addition,223 Suspension bridges 112 limits of,22-25 Special rule of Science Categories. 272-73 multiplication. 226-28 Science Connections, 272 Square, 193 τ Science Explosion.252 Stars. 142-44 Table salt. 155-57 Science Fiction or Science Static electricity. 59-63.66 Take ι n∏ Daughters and Fact, 278-79 Statistics. 15.208-28 Sons to Work Dav. 266 Science kits.247-50 bar charts. 218-21 Teach Kids Programming Science Spin. 259 measures of central (TKPi.257 ScienceWiz.247—18 tendency. 209-13 Temperature 28-30 Science World. 259 pie charts. 213-17.220-21 Tenochtitlan. 14d Scientific discoveries. 12 probability. 221-28 Thames <⅛ Kosmos.247 Scientific method. 17-22.25 STEM (Science Technology, Theory 19 Scientific research. 11.13 Engineering, and Think Big Science Lafe Scientists,assumptions and Mathematics) Science Game.251 biases of. 24-25 employment in fields Third quarter moon. 134.137 Scratch. 255 related to. 9 Three-dimensional shapes. Secondary data. 20 tocus on, 9 194 Semipermeable surface. 170, STEM-related kits. 247-50 Tic-tac4oe math review. 172-73 Stencvl,256 179-82 Serendipity. 12 Stonehenge. 141 Time4Learniιιg.264 Series electric circuit. 75-77 Straight angle. 195 Time value of money. 239-43 Sextillion.233 Strain, 252 Totally Gross. 251 Shapes. 192-94,205-7 Subjective probability;227 Tower ol Pisa. 112 Shodor,257 Sublimation. 158.159 Towers, 112-14 Simple interest,239-40 Subtraction, of money 234 Trapezium, 193 SmartLab Toys, 248 Summer camps,260-64 Trapezoid. 193 Smithsonian, 248-49 Summer solstice. 140 Trees, deciduous vs. Soap. 118-20 Sun. movement of, 138-42 coniferous. 163-67 Social sciences. 16—17 Sunlight, photosynthesis and. Triangle, 193,197 Sodium. 156 161-63 Trillion, 233 Sodium chloride. 148.155-57 Sunrise/sunset, 138-42 Truss, 102-12 Solute, 170,172-73 Supercharged Science.264 Tungsten, 73 Solvent. 170,172 Supernatural phenomena, Tynker, 265 SomeBody. 251 23-24 Sourdough starter, 167-69 SuperScience. 259 319u U.S.Census Bureau,20 U.S. national debt, 233 V Vacuum, 50 Value judgments, 23 Velocity 47.49,55-57 Vernal (spring) equinox, 139-40 Virtual job shadowing, 268 w Waning crescent moon, 135 Waning gibbous moon, 135 Warren.James, 103—1 Warren truss, 103—6,109 Water buoyancy in,30-33 density of, 39 displacement of,36-39 osmosis. 170-73 surface tension of, 118-20 temperature of freezing. 159 Water droplets, 120 Water rocket launch, 125-27 Waxing crescent moon, 134-35 Waxing gibbous moon, 134-35 Weather. 28-30 Websites, 255-57 Winter solstice, 140 Xx axis, 202-3 X-rays, 13 x-y coordinates. 202-4 Yy axis. 202-3 Young Scientist Club,249 Youth Digital, 265 z Zero, 230,231 Zinc, 148,149 Zoobooks, 259 Zoology, 14
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