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| موضوع: كتاب Safety at Work - Sixth Edition الخميس 08 فبراير 2024, 1:11 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Safety at Work - Sixth edition Edited by John Ridley and John Channing
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword xvii Preface to sixth edition xix Preface to first edition xxiii List of contributors xxv Part 1 Law 1 1.1 Explaining the law Brenda Watts 3 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 The incident 3 1.1.3 Some possible actions arising from the incident 3 1.1.4 Legal issues of the incident 4 1.1.5 Criminal and civil law 4 1.1.6 Branches of law 5 1.1.7 Law and fact 7 1.1.8 The courts 7 1.1.9 Judicial precedent 17 1.1.10 Court procedure 18 1.1.11 Identity of court personnel 24 1.1.12 Employment Tribunals 26 1.1.13 European Community Courts (ECJ) 27 1.1.14 Human Rights Courts 29 1.1.15 Sources of English law 29 1.1.16 Legislation 30 1.1.17 Safety legislation before the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 37 1.1.18 Safety legislation today 38 1.1.19 Principles developed by the courts 41vi Contents 1.2 Principal health and safety Acts S. Simpson 49 1.2.1 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 49 1.2.2 The Factories Act 1961 59 1.2.3 The Fire Precautions Act 1971 59 1.2.4 The Mines and Quarries Acts 1954–71 61 1.2.5 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 61 1.2.6 The Road Traffic Acts 1972–91 62 1.2.7 The Public Health Act 1936 62 1.2.8 Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928 63 1.2.9 Activity Centres (Young Persons Safety) Act 1995 63 1.2.10 Crown premises 63 1.2.11 Subordinate legislation 64 1.3 Influences on health and safety J. R. Ridley 67 1.3.1 Introduction 67 1.3.2 The Robens Report 67 1.3.3 Delegation of law-making powers 68 1.3.4 Legislative framework for health and safety 69 1.3.5 Self-regulation 70 1.3.6 Goal-setting legislation 71 1.3.7 European Union 72 1.3.8 European standards 75 1.3.9 Our social partners 77 1.3.10 Social expectations 77 1.3.11 Public expectations 78 1.3.12 Political influences 78 1.3.13 Roles in health and safety 79 1.3.14 Safety culture 80 1.3.15 Quality culture 80 1.3.16 No fault liability 81 1.3.17 Risk assessments 81 1.3.18 Conclusion 82 1.4 Law of contract R. W. Hodgin 84 1.4.1 Contracts 84 1.4.2 Contracts of employment 87 1.4.3 Employment legislation 88 1.4.4 Law of sale 90 1.4.5 Specialised legislation affecting occupational safety advisers 92 1.5 Employment law R. D. Miskin updated by Amanda Jones 96 1.5.1 Introduction 96 1.5.2 Employment law 96 1.5.3 Discrimination 98 1.5.4 Disciplinary procedures 105 1.5.5 Dismissal 107 1.5.6 Summary 117Contents vii 1.6 Consumer protection R. G. Lawson 119 1.6.1 Fair conditions of contract 119 1.6.2 A fair quality of goods and services 127 1.6.3 Product safety 127 1.6.4 Product liability 132 1.6.5 Misleading advertising 134 1.6.6 Exclusion clauses 135 1.6.7 Distance selling 138 1.6.8 Stop now orders 138 1.6.9 Consumer redress 139 1.7 Insurance cover and compensation A. West 141 1.7.1 Workmen’s compensation and the State insurance scheme 141 1.7.2 Employer’s liability insurance 144 1.7.3 Public Liability insurance 150 1.7.4 Investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage 151 1.7.5 General 155 1.8 Civil liability E. J. Skellett 156 1.8.1 The common law and its development 156 1.8.2 The law of tort 157 1.8.3 Occupier’s Liability Acts 1957 and 1984 160 1.8.4 Supply of goods 161 1.8.5 Employer’s liability 162 1.8.6 Employer’s Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969 165 1.8.7 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 165 1.8.8 Defences to a civil liability claim 166 1.8.9 Volenti non fit injuria 167 1.8.10 Limitation 168 1.8.11 Assessment of damages 168 1.8.12 Fatal accidents 170 1.8.13 ’No fault’ liability system 170 Part 2 The management of risk 173 2.1 An introduction to risk management J. E. Channing 175 2.1.1 Introduction 175 2.1.2 The components of risk 177 2.1.3 Strategies to control risk 180 2.1.4 Risk management in the 21st century 184 2.2 Principles of the management of risk L. Bamber 187 2.2.1 Principles of action necessary to prevent accidents 187 2.2.2 Definitions of hazard, risk and danger 188 2.2.3 Risk management 190 2.2.4 Loss control 193 2.2.5 Degrees of hazard 197 2.2.6 Accident causation models 198 2.2.7 Accident prevention: legal, humanitarian and economic reasons for action 201viii Contents 2.3 Risk management: organisation and administration for safety J. E. Channing 205 2.3.1 Introduction 205 2.3.2 Organisation structure models 206 2.3.3 Roles and responsibilities 210 2.3.4 Work groups 212 2.3.5 Organisational theory 214 2.3.6 Organisational techniques 217 2.3.7 Culture 220 2.3.8 Potential problems 221 2.3.9 The role of specialists in the organisation 224 2.3.10 Conclusion 225 2.4 Risk management: techniques and practices L. Bamber 227 2.4.1 Risk identification, assessment and control 227 2.4.2 Job safety analysis 233 2.4.3 System safety 238 2.4.4 Systems theory and design 240 2.4.5 System safety engineering 243 2.4.6 Fault tree analysis 243 2.4.7 Probabalistic risk assessments 244 2.4.8 Health and safety in design and planning 246 2.4.9 Quality, Environment, Safety and Health Management Systems (QUENSH) 248 2.4.10 Use of data on accidents 250 2.4.11 Maintenance systems and planned maintenance 251 2.4.12 Damage control 252 2.4.13 Cost-effectiveness of risk management 253 2.4.14 Performance evaluation and appraisal 257 2.4.15 Loss control profiling 259 2.5 The collection and use of accident and incident data Dr A. J. Boyle 263 2.5.1 Introduction 263 2.5.2 Types of accident and incident data 263 2.5.3 Collection of accident and incident data 267 2.5.4 Legal requirements to notify accidents and incidents 271 2.5.5 The use of accident and incident data 271 2.5.6 Epidemiological analysis 279 2.5.7 Accident investigation 281 2.5.8 Accident and incident data and risk assessment data 292 2.5.9 The use of computers 294 Appendix. UK requirements for reporting accidents and incidents 299 2.6 Practical safety management: systems and techniques J. E. Channing 304 2.6.1 Introduction 304 2.6.2 Legal obligations 305 2.6.3 Generic safety management 306Contents ix 2.6.4 Implementing a regulation within a safety management system 310 2.6.5 Safety management and housekeeping 315 2.6.6 Assessment techniques 319 2.6.7 Proprietary audit systems 322 2.6.8 Safety systems and incidents 324 2.6.9 Learning organisations 325 2.6.10 Safety management systems in small organisations 327 2.6.11 Conclusion 328 2.7 The individual and safety Andrew Hale 330 2.7.1 Introduction: What does this chapter try to do? 330 2.7.2 Individuals as controllers of danger 332 2.7.3 Behavioural science and the human information processor 335 2.7.4 Individual behaviour in the face of danger 351 2.7.5 Change 373 2.7.6 Conclusion 385 2.8 Risk management and behaviour modification J. E. Channing 389 2.8.1 Introduction 389 2.8.2 Behaviour modification for employees 391 2.8.3 Behaviour modification for managers and supervisors 402 2.8.4 Applying behaviour concepts to incident investigation 408 2.8.5 Behaviour concepts and the safety management system 410 2.8.6 Risk, behaviour, leadership and commitment 410 2.8.7 Behaviour modification processes: the hazards 412 2.8.8 Behaviour and safety culture 413 2.8.9 Conclusion 415 Part 3 Occupational health and hygiene 419 3.1 The structure and functions of the human body Dr T. Coates 421 3.1.1 Introduction 421 3.1.2 History 421 3.1.3 The functions of an occupational health department 424 3.1.4 Overseas developments 424 3.1.5 Risks to health at work 425 3.1.6 Occupational hygiene 426 3.1.7 First aid at work 427 3.1.8 Basic human anatomy and physiology 428 3.1.9 Cancer and other problems of cell growth 443 3.1.10 The body’s defence mechanisms 444 3.1.11 Factors determining the effect of substances in the body 445 3.1.12 The assessment of risk to health 446x Contents 3.2 Occupational diseases Dr A. R. L. Clark 447 3.2.1 Introduction 447 3.2.2 Toxicology 447 3.2.3 Diseases of the skin 451 3.2.4 Diseases of the respiratory system 454 3.2.5 Diseases from metals 460 3.2.6 Pesticides 464 3.2.7 Solvents 465 3.2.8 Gassing 469 3.2.9 Oxygen deficiency 471 3.2.10 Occupational cancer 473 3.2.11 Physical agents 475 3.2.12 Ionising radiations 476 3.2.13 Noise-induced hearing loss 479 3.2.14 Working in heat 482 3.2.15 Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD) 482 3.2.16 Diseases due to micro-organisms 483 3.2.17 Psycho-social disorders 487 3.2.18 Target organs 488 3.3 Occupational hygiene Dr C. Hartley 492 3.3.1 Recognition 492 3.3.2 Evaluation 493 3.3.3 Control measures 512 3.3.4 Summary 522 3.4 Radiation Dr A. D. Wrixon and updated by Peter Shaw and Dr M. Maslanyj 524 3.4.1 Introduction 524 3.4.2 Structure of matter 524 3.4.3 Radioactivity 525 3.4.4 Ionising radiation 525 3.4.5 Biological effects of ionising radiation 526 3.4.6 Quantities and units 527 3.4.7 Basic principles of radiological protection 528 3.4.8 Legal requirements 533 3.4.9 National Radiological Protection Board 536 3.4.10 Incidents and emergencies 537 3.4.11 Non-ionising radiation 537 3.5 Noise and vibration R. W. Smith 543 3.5.1 What is sound? 543 3.5.2 Other terms commonly found in acoustics 546 3.5.3 Transmission of sound 550 3.5.4 The sound level meter 550 3.5.5 The ear 552 3.5.6 The equivalent noise level 553 3.5.7 Community noise levels 554 3.5.8 Work area noise levels 555Contents xi 3.5.9 Noise control techniques 556 3.5.10 Vibration 564 3.5.11 Summary 566 3.6 Workplace pollution, heat and ventilation F. S. Gill 568 3.6.1 Methods of assessment of workplace air pollution 569 3.6.2 Measurement of the thermal environment 572 3.6.3 Standards for workplace environments 573 3.6.4 Ventilation control of a workplace environment 575 3.6.5 Assessment of performance of ventilation systems 577 3.7 Lighting E. G. Hooper and updated by Jonathan David 581 3.7.1 Introduction 581 3.7.2 The eye 581 3.7.3 Eye conditions 582 3.7.4 Definitions 583 3.7.5 Types of lighting 585 3.7.6 Illuminances 586 3.7.7 Factors affecting the quality of lighting 588 3.7.8 Use of light measuring instruments 591 3.8 Managing ergonomics Nick Cook 594 3.8.1 Introduction 594 3.8.2 Ergonomics defined 595 3.8.3 Ancient Egyptians and all that – a brief history of ergonomics 596 3.8.4 Ergonomics – has designs on you 598 3.8.5 Ergonomic concepts 598 3.8.6 Managing ergonomic issues in the workplace 605 3.8.7 Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD) 606 3.8.8 Back issues 609 3.8.9 Managing the ergonomics of disability 610 3.8.10 Legal requirements 611 3.8.11 Conclusion 614 3.9 Applied ergonomics J. R. Ridley 617 3.9.1 Introduction 617 3.9.2 Physiology 618 3.9.3 Working environment 631 3.9.4 Manual handling 638 3.9.5 Repetitive actions 639 3.9.6 Plant design 640 3.9.7 Controls and indicators 640 3.9.8 Noise and vibrations 642 3.9.9 Stress 643 3.9.10 Display screen equipment (DSE) 644 3.9.11 Signs and signals 645 3.9.12 Coda 646xii Contents Part 4 Workplace safety 649 4.1 Science in engineering safety J. R. Ridley 651 4.1.1 Introduction 651 4.1.2 Structure of matter 651 4.1.3 Properties of chemicals 653 4.1.4 Physical properties 657 4.1.5 Energy and work 663 4.1.6 Mechanics 664 4.1.7 Strength of materials 665 4.1.8 Modes of failure 667 4.1.9 Testing 668 4.1.10 Hydraulics 668 4.1.11 Summary 669 4.2 Fire precautions Ray Chalklen 671 4.2.1 Introduction 671 4.2.2 Basic fire technology 671 4.2.3 Fire hazards and their control 674 4.2.4 Fire alarms and detectors 678 4.2.5 Classification of fires 685 4.2.6 Portable fire-fighting equipment 688 4.2.7 Fixed fire-fighting equipment 695 4.2.8 Fire safety signs 702 4.2.9 Means of escape in case of fire 703 4.2.10 Fire engineering 706 4.2.11 Fire protection measures 708 4.2.12 Legal requirements 711 4.2.13 Fire risk assessment 716 4.2.14 Access and facilities for the fire brigade 719 4.2.15 Fire terminology 720 4.3 Safe use of machinery J. R. Ridley 727 4.3.1 Introduction 727 4.3.2 Strategy for selecting safeguards 734 4.3.3 Safeguarding techniques 737 4.3.4 Powered trucks 749 4.3.5 Lifting equipment 754 4.3.6 Pressure systems 760 4.3.7 Coda 766 4.4 Electricity E. G. Hooper and revised by Chris Buck 769 4.4.1 Alternating and direct currents 769 4.4.2 Electricity supply 770 4.4.3 Statutory requirements 772 4.4.4 Voltage levels 773 4.4.5 Electrical accidents 773 4.4.6 The basic electrical circuit 774 4.4.7 Dangers from electricity 775 4.4.8 Protective means 778 4.4.9 Competence 781Contents xiii 4.4.10 Permits-to-work 782 4.4.11 Static electricity 782 4.4.12 Use of electricity in adverse or hazardous environments 785 4.4.13 Electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres 786 4.4.14 Portable tools 789 4.4.15 Residual current devices 789 4.4.16 Maintenance 790 4.4.17 Conclusion 790 4.5 Statutory examination of plant and equipment J. McMullen and updated by J. E. Caddick 793 4.5.1 Introduction 793 4.5.2 Legislation 794 4.5.3 Pressure systems 794 4.5.4 Lifting equipment 800 4.5.5 Power presses and press brakes 806 4.5.6 Local exhaust ventilation 808 4.5.7 Electrical equipment and installations 810 4.5.8 Other considerations 811 4.5.9 Conclusion 814 4.6 Safety on construction sites R. Hudson 819 4.6.1 Construction accidents 819 4.6.2 Safe working in the industry 820 4.6.3 Site hazards 829 4.6.4 Access 834 4.6.5 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 836 4.6.6 Welfare facilities 841 4.6.7 Other relevant legislation 842 4.7 Managing chemicals safely John Adamson 850 4.7.1 Introduction 850 4.7.2 Chemical data 850 4.7.3 Source of information 851 4.7.4 Risk assessments 852 4.7.5 Minimising the risk 856 4.7.6 Legislative requirements 860 4.7.7 Storage of substances 867 4.7.8 Transport 871 4.7.9 Plant and process design 872 4.7.10 Further safety studies 881 4.7.11 Plant modifications 882 4.7.12 Safe systems of work 882 4.7.13 Laboratories 884 4.7.14 Emergency procedures 887 4.7.15 Conclusions 888xiv Contents Part 5 The environment 891 5.1 The environment: issues, concepts and strategies J. E. Channing 893 5.1.1 Introduction 893 5.1.2 Environmental predictions 894 5.1.3 Sustainable development 895 5.1.4 Environmental hazards 898 5.1.5 Evaluating environmental risks 900 5.1.6 Environmental control strategies 904 5.1.7 Conclusion 906 5.2 Environmental management systems J. E. Channing 908 5.2.1 Introduction 908 5.2.2 Establishing an environmental management system 909 5.2.3 Additional EMAS requirements 919 5.2.4 Conclusions 919 5.3 Waste management Samantha Moss 921 5.3.1 Introduction 921 5.3.2 Waste authorities 922 5.3.3 National waste strategies 923 5.3.4 Defining waste 924 5.3.5 The waste hierarchy 926 5.3.6 Waste management in practice 927 5.3.7 Waste minimisation 942 5.3.8 The cost of failure to manage waste effectively 952 5.3.9 Conclusion 953 5.4 Chemicals and the environment J. L. Adamson 956 5.4.1 Introduction 956 5.4.2 Chemical data 956 5.4.3 Risk reduction 957 5.4.4 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA) 957 5.4.5 Minimising environmental harm 962 5.4.6 Air pollution: control measures and abatement techniques 965 5.4.7 Monitoring atmospheric pollution 967 5.4.8 Control of water pollution 970 5.4.9 Groundwater pollution 972 5.4.10 Waste disposal and duty of care 973 5.4.11 Reuse or recycling of industrial waste 982 5.4.12 Environmental management systems 982 5.4.13 Conclusion 984 5.5 The environment at large G. N. Batts 986 5.5.1 Introduction 986 5.5.2 Environmental issues 987 5.5.3 The environment and the media 993 5.5.4 The global impact of environmental issues 994 5.5.5 Ethical investing and green procurement 995Contents xv 5.5.6 Increasing environmental legislation, controls and public reporting 996 5.5.7 End-of-pipe control 997 5.5.8 Polluter pays 998 5.5.9 Producer or shared responsibility 999 5.5.10 Environmental management system (EMS) and sustainable development 1000 5.5.11 Corporate social responsibility 1001 Appendix 1 The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health 1007 Appendix 2 Reading for Part I of the NEBOSH Diploma examination 1008 Appendix 3 List of abbreviations 1009 Appendix 4 Organisations providing safety information 1015 Appendix 5 List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 1017 Appendix 6 List of Cases 1025 Index 1031 Index Abatement notices, chemical nuisances, 961 Abbreviations list, 1009–14 ACAS (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service), Code of Practice, 105–6, 105–7 Accident control systems, 250 Accident costing/cost management, 253–6, 258–61 Accident investigations: advanced techniques, 291–2 aggregated data, 292–3 feedback to all involved, 290 information collection: interviewing for, 282–6 what happened, 282–6 why it happened, 286–9 learning from minor incidents, 291 purpose, 281–2 report writing, 289–91 single accidents, 293 Accident prevention: Accident Prevention Advisory Unit (APAU), 257 economic reasons for, 202–3 humanitarian reasons, 202 legal reasons, 201 Accident/incident data: accident statistics, 229–30 accident triangles, 265, 266 collection of, 267–70 damage to assets, 265 damage to people, 265 ensuring reporting of, 268–9 epidemiological analysis, 279–81 fault tree analysis, 179, 200, 243–4, 292 frequency rates, 276 frequency/severity relationship, 265–6 incidence rates, 276 qualitative differences, 264–5 quantitative differences, 265–7 quarterly moving means, 274 recording details, 270 for risk measurement, 279 severity rate, 278 trend analysis, 271–9 types of, 263–7 UK notification legal requirements, 271, 299–303 use of data, 250–1 Accidents: causation models, 198–200 definition, 187–8 by HSE, 264 electrical, 773–4 failure modes, 200 fatal, 170 and incidents, 187–8 inevitable, 147 modelling, 2421032 Index Accidents – continued multiple causation theory, 199–200 possible legal proceedings from, 19–21 prevention of, 187–8 proneness/susceptibility, 371–3 at work, benefits available, 142–3 see also Incidents; Trend analysis Accommodation, of eye, 582 Acid rain and precipitation, 987–8 Acids and bases, 655–6 Acne, 452 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 484 Activity centres, young persons, 63 Acts of Parliament, 30–2 Actus reus, 40 Administrative law, 5–7 Adopted legislation, 33 Adrenaline, 441 Adversary law system, 18 Advertising: Advertising Standards Authority, 134 broadcast, 135 misleading, 134–5 Office of Fair Trading (OFT), 134, 137, 138 truth in, 126 Advisory Committee of Toxic Substances (ACTS), 506 Advisory services, health, 424 Affidavits, 23 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 484 Air, composition, 657 Air pollution/sampling/control: absorption columns, 967 air pollution control (APC), 958–60 atomic absorption spectrometry, 499 bag filters, 966 bio-technology, 967 breathing apparatus, 518, 519–20 Clean Air Acts, 61 control measures, 512–22 control measures and abatement techniques, 965–7 cyclones, 966 direct monitoring, 500–2 dust, 499, 501–2, 515 electrostatic precipitators, 966 fabric filters, 966 fibre monitoring, 499–500 fibres, 499, 501–2 flue gas flow rates, 967 gas absorbers, 965 gas chromatography, 499 gas concentrations, 969–70 gases and vapours, measurement, 493–504, 501 grab sampling, 493–7 hygrometry, 503–4 incinerators, 967 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), 61 international standards, 511–12 limit changes, 512 long-term, 497–500 maximum exposure limits (MELs), 506–7 mechanical separators, 965 mixtures, 508–9 monitoring methods, 967–70 neurophysiological changes, 512 Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs), 506, 506–7, 507 oxygen analysers, 502–3 particulate concentration, 969 personal protective equipment (PPE), 515–22 reduced time exposure, 515 respirators, 518, 519 safety specification, 513 segregation, 513–14 stain detector tubes, 493–8 temperature measurement, 968 Threshold Limit Values (TLV), 505, 511 Time Weighted Average concentrations (TWA), 508 Time Weighted Average (TWA) Occupational Exposure Standard, 967 toxic substance substitution, 513 UK exposure limits, 506–9 vapour concentrations, 969–70 ventilation: dilution, 514 local extract, 514 wet scrubbers, 966Index 1033 see also Water pollution; Workplace pollution, heat and ventilation Alarms see Fire alarms and detectors Alkyl mercury, disease from, 462 All England Reports (All ER), 18 Alpha radiation, 525 Alternative dispute resolution, 23 Alveolitis, extrinsic allergic, 459–60 American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 505 American Industrial Hygiene Association, 492 Ammonia, effects of, 471 Anatomy and physiology see Human body, structure and functions Angiosarcoma, 475 Animal handler’s lung, 460 Anthrax, 485–6 Anthropometry, 603 Aplasia, 443 Appeal, right of, 106 Appellate Committee, 24 Appellate jurisdiction, 7 Approved codes, status of, 55 Approved Codes of Practice (ACoPs), 70 Arc welding, fumes from, 513 Arms, 624 Arsenic, skin cancer from, 463 Arsine, diseases from, 463 Arson, 675 Arthritis, 611 Artificial respiration, 434 Asbestos: construction sites, 846–7 disposal legislation, 847 and local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 809 Asbestosis, 445–6, 457–8 Asphyxia, simple and toxic, 470 Association of British Insurers, 92 Astigmatism, 582 Atmospheric pollution see Air pollution/sampling/control Atomic absorption spectrometry, 499 Atomic numbers, 652 Attorney General, 4, 25 Audible signals/warnings, ergonomics of, 645–6 Audits: DuPont Safety Management Audit Programme, 398 HSE guidelines, 183–4 independent, 229 proprietary systems, 322–4 Auld Report, 11 Back problems, 609–10 Bagassosis, 460 Balance, defects to, 353–4 Barometer, mercury, 658 Barrier creams, 452, 521–2 Barristers, and representation, 8 Bases and acids, 655–6 Behavioural modification and risk management, 389–418 about behavioural modification, 389–91 behaviour changing programmes, 391 behaviour observation, 398–9 behavioural analysis, 394–7 computer workstation example, 395 consequence considerations, 393–4 counselling techniques, 398–9 DuPont Safety Management Audit Programme, 398 DuPont Safety Training Observation program (STOP), 398 employee involvement, 400–1 example of behaviour shaping with safety management, 410–11 failure in getting accident rate improvement, 412–13 generic behaviour modification model, 348, 401–7 HSE on human factors of workers, 390 incident investigation, 408–10 job hazard analysis, 396 and leadership style, 410–12 lone workers, 399–400 manager and supervisor involvement/responsibilities, 402–7 negative reinforcement, 392–3 partnership concept, 4011034 Index Behavioural modification and risk management – continued performance management approach, 391–7 pipe rupture example, 403 positive reinforcement, 391–3 post war accident trends, 415 punishment reinforcement, 392 radar screen for safety leadership, 407 refreshing to combat staleness, 401 safety culture, 413–15 CBI features for, 413–14 stress and the incident model, 408–10 structural feedback approach, 397–8 transactional and transformational leadership styles, 410, 412 work-related stress, 409 see also Behavioural science; Individuals and safety Behavioural science: accident proneness/susceptibility, 371–3 action after decision making, 347 aims of, 335–6 attitudes, 343 behavioural intentions, 343 beliefs, 343 boredom, 370 Cattell’s trait theory and personality factors, 342 circadian rhythm, 370 decision-making, 346 and action in the control of danger, 366–8 diagnosis and rules, 350 diurnal rhythm, 370 environmental effects on performance, 369–71 and error correction, 368 fatigue, 369 feedback and monitoring loops, 344 generic error modelling system, 348, 401–7 goals, 338–40 and health and safety, 336–7 human being as a system, 337–8 knowledge and problem solving, 350–1 knowledge-based behaviour, 347 limitations, 336 memory, short and long term, 345–6 mental fatigue, 369 models, use of, 336, 337–8 motivation, 340–1 and night work, 370 perception process, 344–5 personalities and attitudes, 342–3 preservation of self, 341 responsibility for action, 365–6 rule-based behaviour, 347 rules and diagnosis, 350 skill-based behaviour, 347 skills and routines, 347–50 stress, 370–1 see also Behavioural modification and risk management; Danger; Individuals and safety Benchmarking, 326–7 Bends, 434 Benzene, toxic effects, 469 Beryllium dust, pneumoconiosis from, 455 Best available techniques not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC), 901–2, 957, 963–4, 996 Beta radiation, 525–6 Bills, House of Commons, 31 Biological agents, as hazards, 510–11 Biological danger, immediate/long-term, 198 Bird fancier’s lung, 460 Bird, F.E., 194, 199, 238, 244, 250, 259, 261 Bladder, and cancer, 489 Blindness, temporary, 582 Blood: circulation, 619–20 red and white cells, 436 Body see Human body, structure and functions Boilers: competent person reports, 798 defects, typical, 798–9 definition, 796–7 entry restrictions, 798 examinations, 797 reports, 812–13Index 1035 safe operating limits, 797 safety valves, 797 see also Pressure systems Bone, osteolysis and necrosis, 489 Brain, 438 brain damage, 434 narcosis and encephalopathy, 489 Breach of statutory duty, 42–3 Breathing apparatus, types of, 518, 519–20 Bremsstrahlung radiation, 525–6 British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA), 787 British Occupational Hygiene Society, 426, 492, 505 British Standards: BS 4142, 555 BS 5304, 828 BS 5750, 197, 248 BS 5973, 837 BS 7375, 786 BS 7671, 770, 778 BS 7750, 196, 248 BS 50014, 786 BS CP 6031, 825, 827 BS EN 292, 735 BS EN 953, 737 BS EN 1050, 735 BS EN 1088, 739 BS EN 1400, 248 BS EN 8800, 248 BS EN 9000, 307–9 BS EN 9001, 197, 248, 308–9 BS EN 14001, 196, 248, 307–9 BS EN 45004, 813 BS EN 60079, 786 BS EN 60529, 786 Broadcast advertising, 135 Bronchial asthma, 458–9, 472 Building site safety see Construction site safety Burden of proof: civil and criminal cases, 5, 22 and corporate liability, 40 employment tribunals, 26 Burns: electrical, 777–8 to the eye, 439 Business interruption, 197 Cadmium, illness and diseases from, 464 Cancer: and bladder, 489 carcinogenicity tests, 448–9 carcinogens: classification, 474 safety levels, 510 causes of, 474 from coal tar and pitch, 453–4 maldevelopment examples, 443–4 occupational, 473–5 and pneumonia, 473 and radiation, 527 of scrotum, 452–3 Candela, 583 Capability of employees, 109 Carbohydrates, 429 Carbon, and organic compounds, 653 Carbon dioxide, effects of, 471 Carbon disulphide, toxic effects, 469 Carbon monoxide: dangers of, 470 detectors, 683–4 Carbon tetrachloride: harmful effects, 468 uses and metabolism, 468 ventilation for, 513 Carcinogens see Cancer Cardiovascular, illnesses with causes of, 489 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 607 Carter R.L., 250 Case law interpretation, 41 Cases, list of, 1025–9 Cattell’s trait theory and personality factors, 342 CE mark, 52 Central nervous system, 438 Cerebellum, 438 Chancery, 11 Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), 587 Chemicals: Chemical Industries Association (CIA), 888 chemical reactions, 6531036 Index Chemicals – continued Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 852 emergency procedures, 887–8 European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS), 852 European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS), 852 exposure monitoring, 859–60 exposure prevention: enclosure, 857 local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 857 personal protective equipment (PPE), 857–9 respiratory protective equipment (RPE), 858–9 substitution, 857 hazardous substance lists, 850 hazards, types of, 851 immediate/long-term dangers, 198 laboratories, 884–7 legislation, 860–7 carriage requirements, 863, 864 Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations (CIMAH), 861–2 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations (COMAH), 861–2 COSHH regulations, 850, 860, 863, 865–7 Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations, 887 information and packaging, 862–3 installation notification, 861 labelling, 863 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (MHSWR), 887–8 Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances Regulations (NIIHHS), 861 supply requirements, 863 new substances, 851–2, 899 plant/process design, 871–81 computer control systems, 877–8 functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), 881 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), 874–7 modification procedures, 882 plant control systems, 877–8 risk assessment, 878–81 safety, 873–7 properties, 653–7 risk, 233 risk minimising, 856–60 risk/hazard assessment, 852–6 COSHH, 853–6, 866–7 definitions, 852–3 forms for, 854–5 manual handling, 856 process of, 853 safe systems of work, 882–4 instruction documentation, 882–3 permits to work (PTW), 883–5 training, 883 safety information, 851–2 safety monitoring, 859–60 safety records, 860 storage, 867–71 drum compounds, 867–9 gas cylinders, 871 storage tanks, 867–9 underground tanks, 868–9 warehousing, 870 tanker off-loading, 869–70 transporting, 871–2 Chemicals and the environment, 956–85 abatement notices, 962 best available techniques not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC), 958, 964–5, 997 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO), 962–4 discharge to atmosphere limits, 965 emissions control, 964–5 ‘end of pipe’ control, 956, 997–8 Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 958–62 Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations, 958 harm minimising, 962–5Index 1037 hazardous chemicals, 957 integrated pollution control (IPC), 958–60 legal and regulatory requirements, 965 polluter pays policy, 960, 998 risk reduction, 957 statutory nuisances, 962 toxicity considerations, 956–7 waste disposal, 961, 973–82 see also Air pollution/sampling/control; Environmental issues/ management/legislation; Environmental Protection Act (EPA) Chernobyl incident, 898–9 Chlorine, illness from, 470 Chromium, skin problems from, 463 Circadian rhythm, 370 Circuit judges, 24 Circulatory system, 434–6 Civil actions: applications, 5 burden of proof for, 4 defences to, 44–5 for injury, 3–4 time limits for, 44 Civil law, 4–7 Civil liability, 156–71 claim defences, 166–7 the common law, 156–7 damage assessment, 168–9 employer’s liability, 162–5 fatal accidents, 170 health and safety at work, 165 no fault liability system, 170 occupier’s liability, 160–1 supply of goods, 161–2 time limitations, 168 tort, law of, 157–60 volenti non fit injura, 167 Clean air see Air pollution/sampling/control Cleanliness: premises and equipment, 63 working environment, 632 Clerk to the Justices, 24 Clothing, protective, 521 Coal tar, cancer from, 453–4 Cobalt, pneumoconiosis from, 455 Code for Interior Lighting (CIBSE), 587–8 Codes of practice: HSW definition, 58 and trade descriptions, 124–5 Colour, working environment, 632–3 Colour blindness, 582 Combustible dusts, 675–6 Committe European de Normalisation ´ Electrotechnique (CENELEC), 75, 76 Committee on Consumer Protection report (Cmnd 1781), 119 Committee on Product Safety Emergencies (EU), 129 Common law, the, 156–7, 305–6 Compensation, 141–5 claims for long past events, 148 and contracts, 86–7 defences to claims, 147 hearing loss, noise induced, 148–9 for injury, 3 investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage, 151–5 loss of earnings, 153–4 pecuniary/non-pecuniary losses, 153–5 and trespass by children, 150 vibration white finger (VWF), 149–50 Workmen’s Compensation scheme, 141–3 see also Damages; Defences to legal action; Insurance Competent persons, 812–13 boilers, 798 Complete Health and Safety Evaluation (CHASE), 259 Compounds, 653, 654–5 Compressed air, on construction sites, 834 Computers, use of: alphanumeric data, 296 choosing software, 298 free format text programs, 295–6 hardware and software, 294 numeric data, 297–8 programs, nature of, 294–5 question/answer programs, 2971038 Index Conditional fee agreements, 23 Conjunctivitis, 582 Consideration, and contracts, 84 Constant Attendance Allowance (CCA), 143 Constitutional law, 5–7 Construction site safety, 819–49 accident rates, 819 asbestos legislation, 846–7 basic requirements, 820–2 cold and wet conditions, 831 compressed air hazards, 834 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM), 820–2 drinking water, 842 dusty conditions, 831–2 electrocution dangers, 829–30 eye protection, 842 fire, 830 fire certificates, 844–5 fire legislation, 843–5 first aid boxes, 842 food legislation, 845 fumes, 831–2 glare problems, 830–1 head protection, 843 hot conditions, 831 industrial dermatitis, 832 ionising radiations, 833 lasers on, 833 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (MHSWR), 821–2 mines, 846 notification of work, 822 personal protective equipment (PPER), 842–7 petroleum spirit legislation, 846 planning supervisors, 820 principal contractor responsibilities, 820–2 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER), 821 quarries, 846 sewers, 832–3 vibration white finger (VWF), 833 washing facilities, 845 Weil’s disease, 833 welfare facilities, 841–2 see also Cranes; Excavation site safety; Scaffolding Consumer contracts, 136–8 Consumer credit advertising, 126 Consumer protection: consumer redress, 139 distance selling, 138 exclusion clauses, 135–8 fair contract conditions, 119–26 fair quality of goods, 127 fair quality of services, 127 goods fit for purpose, 161–2 misleading advertising, 134–5 plain language, 136–7 product liability, 132–4 product safety, 127–32 stop now orders, 138 Consumer redress, 139 Consumer Safety Unit (DTI), 131 Contracts/contract law, 5–7, 84–95 consumer contracts, 136–8 contract formation, 84–7 employment, 43, 87–8 fair conditions, 119–26 faults in, 85–9 insurance, 92 law of sale, 90–2 and misrepresentation, 86 and occupational safety advisers, 92–4 plain language, 136–7 remedies/compensation, 86–7 of service and services, 87–8 unfair contracts, 92, 136–8 Contributory negligence, 151 defence, 151, 166 Controlled Waste, 61, 925–6, 972 Controls, ergonomics of, 640–2 Corporate killing proposals, 23 Corporate liability, 40 Cortisone, 441 COSHH regulations/requirements: chemicals, 850, 853–6, 860, 863, 865–7 ventilation, 808–9 see also Appendix 5 Cost benefit analysis: and environmental issues, 901–2 and risk, 256Index 1039 Cost of care, as a recoverable benefit, 154 Costs, insured/uninsured, 202–3 Coughing, 432, 444 Counselling techniques, 398–9 Courts: of Appeal, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24 appellate jurisdiction, 7 of Auditors (EU), 28, 74 Civil: England, 8–11, 9, 13 Northern Ireland, 14–16 Scotland, 12–14 County, 9 County courts, 14 Court of Justice (EU), 27–9 Court of Sessions, 14 Criminal: England, 8, 10, 11 Northern Ireland, 15, 16 Scotland, 13–14 Crown, 10, 11, 16, 24 District, 13 Divisional, 9 first instance jurisdiction, 7 High Court, 10, 11, 15 High Court of Justiciary, 13, 14 House of Lords, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Inferior courts, 7 legal personnel: England, 24–5 Northern Ireland, 25 Scotland, 25 Magistrates Courts, 10, 14, 15, 16, 24 principles developed by the courts, 41–5 procedures, 18–23 Sheriff Court, 8, 13, 14 Superior courts, 8 see also European courts Cramp, from heat, 482 Cranes: access, 759 bare conductor protection, 758 checklists, 838–41 construction requirements, 755 controls, 758–9 definition, 754 emergency escape, 759 hand signals, 760, 761 load indicators, 759, 839 overtravel switches, 758 passengers, 759 safe working load, 759 safety catches, 759 see also Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment Credit and hire advertising, truth in, 126 Crimes, definition, 4 Criminal cases: burden of proof for, 5 proceedings for, 8, 21 rules of evidence for, 5 where held, 4 Criminal law, 4–7 Criminal liability, 7 Criminal offences away from work, 112 Criminal proceedings, 5, 8–13 summary trials, 8 trial on indictment, 8 Crown immunity, 63–4 Crown Notices, 64 Crown premises, legislation for, 63–4 Crown Prosecution Service, 4 Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), 606 Current Law, abbreviation list, 18 Customs officers, powers of, 56 Damage, from negligence, 160 Damage control, 194 reporting/investigating/costing, 252–3 Damages: assessment of, 168 benefits recoverable, 153–4 provisional damage, 169 special damage, 168–9 see also Compensation; Insurance Danger: and acceptability of risk, 361 as an ever present fact, 351–2 and causal perceptions, 360 choice to expose to, 361–21040 Index Danger – continued definition, 189 fight or flight response, 355–6 forseeability, 363–4 hazard detection, 352–3 hazard perception, 360 hazard seeking, 357–8 individuals response to, 351–5 knowledge of causal networks, 359–60 and personal control, 362–3 predicting danger, 358–9 reactions to perceived risk, 360–5 and risk assessment, 358–9 and risk scales and probability, 364–5 and sensory defects, 353–4 warnings, responding to, 356–7 see also Accidents; Hazards; Incidents; Risk Dangerous goods/substances: carriage of, 62 storage and use, 51 Dangerous occurrences, UK notification legal requirements, 299 de Quervain’s disease, 607 Deafness, occupational, 480, 482, 611 Decibel, 544–6 Defences to legal action: civil liability, 166–7 compensation and insurance cover, 147 contributory negligence, 151, 166 development risks defence, 133 due diligence defence for false trade descriptions, 121, 123, 125 res ipsa loquitur, 147 state of the art, 151 to civil action, 44–5 volenti non fit injuria, 147, 167 Dehydration, 482 Delegated legislation, 30–2 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 526–7 Department of the Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 953 Dermatitis, non-infective, 451–2 Design: building/fire engineering, 706–7 and ergonomics, 598, 640 health and safety in, 247 plant/process, 871–81 and system safety, 239 Detectors see Fire alarms and detectors Development risks defence, 133 Digestive system, 430–1 Directives, European Union (EU), 33 Director disqualification, 38–9 Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), 4, 25 Disabilities: disability discrimination laws, 101–2, 613 and ergonomics, 610–11 Disability Living Allowance (DLA), 143 Disciplinary procedures, 105–7 ACAS Code of Practice, 105–6 gross misconduct, 106 and reasonableness, 107 right of appeal, 106–7 warnings, 106 Disciplinary rules, 88 Disclaimers, and false descriptions, 121–2 Discrimination see Disabilities; Equal pay legislation; Race discrimination laws; Sex discrimination laws Diseases see Occupational diseases Dismissal, 107–17 automatically unfair reasons, 115–16 and capability of employees, 109 compensation awards by tribunals, 117 and continuing absences, 110 for contravention of an enactment, 114 effective date of termination, 108 exclusions from right to claim unfair dismissal, 116 fair/unfair reasons, 89, 107–9, 115–16 and ill-health, 109–10 for lack of skill, 110–11 for misconduct, 111–13Index 1041 prima facie unfair reasons, 116 reinstatement orders, 117 for ‘some other substantial reason’, 115 unfair dismissal, 115–16 employee rights after, 116–17 see also Redundancy Display screen equipment (DSE): ergonomic considerations, 599–600, 644–5 legal requirements, 613 lighting for, 583 work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 607–9, 611 Distance selling, 138 Diurnal rhythm, 370 Domestic premises, HSW definition, 58 Domino theory of accidents, 198–9, 286–9 Double vision, 582 Douglas H.M., 261 Due diligence defence, false trade descriptions, 121, 123, 125 DuPont Safety Management Audit Programme, 398 DuPont Safety Training Observation program (STOP), 398 Dust: air pollution/sampling/control, 499, 501–2, 515 airborne dust lamps, 501–2 airborne dust measurement, 569–72 asbestos dust control, 809 combustible, 675 Duty of care: by employers, 42, 43 environmental audit, 976–80 and negligence, 158–9 to third parties on site, 43–4 and waste management, 930–2, 939–40, 974–5 Duty standards, 40–1 practicable, 40 Ear-muffs, 517, 563 Ear-plugs, 517, 563 Ears, 439–40 inner ear, 439–40 working of, 552–3, 631 see also Hearing; Noise; Sound Eczema, 452 Effluent discharge see Water pollution Electricity: accidents, 773–4 in adverse/hazardous environments, 785–6 alternating current, 769 British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA), 787 burns from, 777–8 CENELEC, 770, 778 circuit breakers, 780 circuits, 774–5 competency for working, 781–2 construction site fires, 830 construction site safety, 829–30 direct current, 769–70 earth leakage circuit breaker (RCDs), 780, 781 earthing, 778 electric discharge lamps, 584 electric fields, exposure to, 539–41 electric shock, 436, 775–7 electricity at work regulations, 772–3 in explosive atmospheres, 786–7 as a fire hazard, 676 fires from, 778 fittings, 788 flameproof equipment, 788 in flammable atmospheres, 786–7 fuses, 779–80 hazardous areas classification, 787 IEE Wiring Regulations, 760, 778 impedance, 775 inspection and test of equipment, 810–11 insulation, 779 International Electrotechnical Commission, 786 intrinsically safe systems, 788 low frequency fields, exposure to, 540 maintenance of equipment, 790 Ohm’s law, 7741042 Index Electricity – continued overhead lines, work near, HSE notes, 780 permits to work (PTW), 779, 783–4, 784–5 personal protective equipment, 779 portable tools, 789 pressurising hazardous areas (type ‘p’), 788 purging hazardous areas (type ‘p’), 788 residual current devices (RCDs), 780, 781, 789–90 static, 782, 785 statutory requirements, 772–3 supply, 770–2 type ‘e’ equipment, 787 type ‘N’ equipment, 787 underground cables, work near, HSE notes, 780 voltage, 770, 773 work precautions, 778–9 Electrons, 524, 651 Emissions, control of, 51 Employee, HSW definition, 58 Employee responsibility for H&S, 79 and legislation, 90 Employee rights, 97–8 Employee suspension, 89 Employers: and blatant disregard of H&S proposals, 23 civil liability of, 162–5 for defective equipment, 165 for fellow employee selection, 146, 165 for place of work, 163–4 for plant and equipment, 164 for supervision/instruction, 164–5 for system of work, 163 and vicarious liability, 162 common law main duties, 146 duty of care, 42, 43, 51–2 duty legislation, 90, 146 general duties on, 52 HSW requirements, 54–5 liability insurance, 144–50 responsibility to observe legislation, 50 Employment: contracts for, 88 documents and agreements, 97–8 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 58 Employment Tribunals, 26 legislation, 88–90 Employment law, 96–118 basic features, 96–8 disciplinary procedures, 105–7 discrimination, 98–105 dismissal, 107–9 and enactment contravention, 114 misconduct, 111–13 redundancy, 113–14 see also Dismissal Encephalopathy, 461 Endothermic reactions, 653 Energy, work and power, 663–4 English law, sources and branches, 6 Environmental issues/management/legislation: acid rain and precipitation, 987–8 Advisory Committee on Major Hazards, 901 best available techniques not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC), 901–2, 958, 997 Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO), 905, 927 carbon dioxide levels, 894–5 Climate Change Levy, 897 Contaminated Land Regulations, 897–8 control strategies, 904–6 controlled waste legislation, 61–2 corporate social responsibility, 1001–2 cost benefit analysis, 901–2 Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), 905, 908–10, 919 end of pipe control, 996, 997–8 Environmental Agencies, 62 environmental management systems (EMS), 905–6, 908–20, 982–5, 1000–1001 checking and corrective action, 916–18, 984 documentation, 915–16Index 1043 emergency preparedness, 916 Environmental Aspects and Impacts analysis, 912–13 implementation and operation, 914–16, 984 improvement objectives, 914 legal requirements, 913 management objectives, 914 management review, 918–19, 984 monitoring objectives, 914 objectives and targets, 913–14 operational control, 916 planning, 911–14, 983 policies, 909–11, 983 training, 915 ethical investment, 995–6 EU Directive on Environmental Liability, 996 eutrophication, 991 global impact of environmental issues, 994–5 Global Warming Potential (GWP), 989 global warming/greenhouse effect, 989 green procurement, 995–6 hazards, environmental, 898–900 hazards and risks, 900–1 hazards to the eco-system, 900 hazards to people, 900 hazards to quality of life, 900 increasing legislation and controls, 996 Inspectorate of Pollution, 61 Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Licences, 996 Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 894 ISO 9000, 1000 ISO 14000, 905–6 ISO 14001, 908–10, 982–3, 1000 ISO 18000, 905–6 issues, environmental, 987–93 Landfill Tax, 998–9 lead/health effects, 899 Meadows’ ‘Doomsday Scenario’, 987–8 media and the environment, 993–4 OHSAS 18001, 909 ozone depletion, 989–90 perception of environmental risk, 902–4 photochemical smog and particulates, 990–1 polluter pays policy, 960, 998 population growth, 893–4 predictions, environmental, 894–5 producer responsibility, 999–1000 renewable versus non-renewable energy, 992–3 resource depletion, 991 risk evaluation, environmental, 900–4 risks and hazards, 901–2 shared responsibility, 999–1000 Slovic et al study on risk perception, 903–4 social and political will for change, 896–7 sustainable development, 895–8, 1000–1001 Waste Management Hierarchy, 895–8 see also Air pollution/sampling/control; Chemicals and the environment; Pollution; Radiation; Waste management Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 957–62 air pollution control (APC), 958–60 best available techniques not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC), 958, 964–5 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO), 962–4 discharge to atmosphere limits, 965 emissions control, 964–5 Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations, 958 harm minimising, 962–5 integrated pollution control (IPC), 958–60 legal and regulatory requirements, 965 polluter pays policy, 960 statutory nuisances, 962 Epicondylitis, 6071044 Index Epidemiological analysis: with limited data, 281 purpose of, 279–80 single/multi-dimensional, 280–1 techniques for, 280–1 Epidemiology, 450–1 Equal pay, and equal value, 89 Equal pay legislation, 102 Equipment see Plant and equipment, examination of Ergonomics, 594–616 about ergonomics, 594–5 allocation of function, 602–3 anthropometry, 603 audible signals/warnings, 645–6 and back problems, 609–10 by design, 598 controls, 602 controls and indicators, 640–2 definitions, 595–6 and the disabled, 610–11 display screen equipment (DSE), 644–5 displays, 599–600 and error, 603–5 history of, 596–8 human-machine interface, 599–600 legal requirements, 611–13 lifting and the spine, 622–4 manual handling, 638–9 noise and vibration, 642–3 and plant design, 640 repetitive strain injury (RSI), 606, 639 signs and signals, 645–6 sitting and the spine, 622 standing and the spine, 622 stress problems, 643–4 text clarity, 600–1 usability, 598–9 and work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 482–3, 606–9, 611 in the workplace, 605–6 see also Human body, structure and functions; Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD); Working environment Errors, and ergonomics, 603–5 Erythema, 538 European Agency for Health and Safety at Work, 74 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC), 770, 786 European courts, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 27–9 Court of First Instance, 28 European community courts (ECJ), 27–9 European Court of Human Rights, 29 European Court of Justice: and English courts, 13 and judicial precedent, 18 European Union (EU): Court of Auditors, 28, 74 Court of Justice, 74 International Criminal Court, 29 European Parliament, 33, 73, 74 European standards, 75–6 European Union (EU): Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 35 co-decision procedure, 34–5 co-operation procedure for directives, 36 Committee of Permanent Representatives, 73 Conciliation Committee, 35 Council of, 33, 72 Decisions and Recommendations of, 74 Directives, 33, 36, 74 Economic and Social Committee (EcoSoc), 73 European Commission, 33, 73 European Parliament (EP), 34–5 influence on HSW legislation, 39–40 legislation process, 33–4, 74 legislation to an individual, 35–7 machinery directives, 728–31 operation of, 72–5 and product information exchange, 129 Regulations of, 74 Examination of plant and equipment see Plant and equipment, examination of Excavation site safety, 823–8 battering the sides, 823, 824Index 1045 benching the sides, 823, 824 Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations, 823–9 flooding risks, 824 guardrails and barriers, 824 mobile machinery on, 824–5, 829 overhead cables, 825–6 portable tools, 829 pre-planning, 828 public access, 824 steel trench sheet runners, 827 underground cables, 826 walling poling frames, 824, 825, 826 see also Construction site safety Exchange and barter, 91 Exclusion clauses, 135–8 Excretion, 431 Expert witnesses: evidence, 22–3 and the Pro-Action Protocol, 152 Explosive material, 60, 61 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 459–60 Eyes, 438–9 accommodation, 582 burns of, 439 cataracts, 439 conditions/disorders, 582–3 eye strain, 582 illnesses with causes of, 488 intensity levels, 630–1 lines of sight, 629–30 main features, 581 protection, 521 protection on construction sites, 842 Facilities, and false descriptions, 120–1 Factories, early safety legislation, 37 Factortame litigation, 28 Factory doctor system, 423 Facts, and the law, 7 Failure modes, accidents, 200 Fairbairn, Sir W., 793 Fairground equipment, 52 False/misleading statements/descriptions: code of practice for, 124–5 disclaimers, 123 due diligence defence, 121, 123, 125 list of descriptions, 120–1 misleading advertisements, 134–5 penalties, 123, 125 price indications, 125–6 pricing offences, 123–6 reckless statements, 122 services, facilities and accommodation, 121–3 strict liability offence, 121 truth in lending, 126 Farmer’s lung, 459–60 Fatal accidents, 170 fatal accident frequency rates (FAFRs), 245–6 Fatalities, UK notification legal requirements, 299–303 Fatigue, 369 Fault tree analysis (FTA), 179, 292 accidents, 200 risk, 243–4 Feedback, of discussions, 228 Fibres, sampling for, 499–500, 501–2 Fight or flight response, 355–6 Financial accountability, for risk management, 257–8 Fire(s): chemistry of, 671–4 class A fires, 686 class B fires, 686 class C fires, 686–7 class D fires, 686, 687 class F fires, 686, 687 conduction spread, 674 on construction sites, 830 construction sites, 843–5 convection spread, 674 electrical fires, 687, 778 fire triangle, 671–2 flameproof electrical equipment, 788 fuel for, 672 ignition, 672–3 and oxygen, 672 radiation spread, 674 smouldering, 673 spontaneous combustion, 673 spontaneous ignition temperature, 673 spread problems, 673–4 terminology, 720–31046 Index Fire alarms, detectors and protection measures, 678–85 active protection, 708–10 aspirating smoke detectors, 680–1 automatic alarms, 678–82 building structural stability, 711 carbon monoxide detectors, 683–4 control and indicating equipment, 684–5 emergency lighting, 708 emergency planning, 709 false alarms, 685 fire compartments, 710 fire dampers, 709 heat detectors, 682–3 house keeping, 709–10 ionisation detectors, 679 laser detectors, 684 manually operated alarms, 678 optical detectors, 679–80 passive protection, 710–11 radiation detectors, 683 radio fire alarm systems, 684 smoke detectors, 679 smoke extraction, 709 smoke stop doors, 709, 710 staff training, 709 video smoke detectors, 681–2 wall linings, 711 wiring for, 684 Fire Authority, 60 Fire brigade access and facilities, 719–20 access round buildings, 719–20 building access shafts, 720 premises information, 720 Fire certificates, 59–60 construction sites, 844–5 improvement and prohibition notices, 60 Fire engineering in building design, 706–7 fire loading, 707 Fire escape considerations, 703–6 ability of occupants to respond, 704–5 building occupancy, 704 distances of travel, 705–6 escape route construction, 704 escape route protection, 706 escape route signage, 706 fire risk assessment, 703–4, 716–19 Fire fighting equipment: carbon dioxide extinguishers, 691–2, 694 drencher/deluge systems, 697–8 dry powder extinguishers, 692, 694 dry powder fixed systems, 700 extinguisher ratings, 693–4 fire blankets, 693 fixed equipment, 695–702 foam extinguishers, 690, 694 foam systems, 699–700 gas systems, 701–2 halon extinguishers, 692–3 installed hose reels, 693 maintenance of portable equipment, 694 portable, 688–95 siting of portable extinguishers, 689 sprinkler systems, 696–7 water extinguishers, 690, 694 water mist systems, 698–9 wet chemical extinguishers, 690–1 Fire hazards and their control: arson, 675 combustible dusts, 675–6 electric arc and burning, 677 electricity, 676 gas cutting and burning, 677 heating systems, 677 lighting, 677–8 portable heaters, 677 rubbish, 677 smoking, 676–7 Fire, legal requirements, 59–61, 711–16 appeals and offences, 714 building regulations, 716 Fire Authority powers, 714–15 fire certificates, 713–14 fire services responsibilities, 712 high risk premises, 715 Prohibition Notices, 716 regulations, 55 workplace regulations, 715–16 Fire precautions/prevention, loss control, 195 Fire protection methods see Fire alarms, detectors and protection measuresIndex 1047 Fire risk assessment, 716–19 emergency plans, 717–19 risk categorisation, 718 Fire safety signs, 702–3 Fire terminology, 720–3 Fired pressure vessels see Boilers First aid: boxes/containers, 428 first aiders at work, 427–8 First aid boxes, construction sites, 842 First instance jurisdiction, 7 Fitness for purpose, 127, 161–2 Fitts, P.M., 603 Flameproof electrical equipment, 788 Flammable material, 60 Fletcher J.A., 261 Flight or fight response, 355–6 Fluorescent lights, 584 Foam fire fighting equipment, 699–700 Fog Index, Gunning, 601 Food: building site legislation, 845 safety regulations, 131–2 Food and medicines, product safety, 131–2 Foodstuffs, 429–30 Force, work and power, 663–4 Forfeiture Orders, goods, 131 Friction, static and sliding, 664–5 Fuel, and fire danger, 672 Fumes, noxious or offensive, 51 Functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), chemical plants, 881 Gamma-rays, 526 Gas chromatography, 499 Gas cylinders, storage, 871 Gases: compression of, 668–9 flow measurement, 668 general Gas Law, 659 physical properties, 659–60 specific gravity, 660 Gassing, accidents from, 469–71 Generic behaviour modification model, 348, 401–7 Germain, G.L., 194 Gilbreth, F.B, 597 Glare, 589–90 glare indices, 589 protection from, 590 Gloves: neoprene, 521 polyvinyl alcohol, 521 Goal setting, 71–2 Goods: forfeiture orders, 131 and product liability, 132–4 Gordon, J.E., 200 Grab sampling, 493–7 Green Papers, 32 Greenhouse effect, 989 Greenhow, Dr E.H., on chest disease, 422 Grievance procedure, 88 Gross misconduct, 106 Groundwater pollution, 971–2 Guards and interlocks, 612 adjustable guards, 738 design and selection, 736–7 distance guards, 738 fixed guards, 738, 739 hazard identification, 734–7 interlocked guards: automatic, 747 cam-operated, 740–2 captive key, 745 control guards, 749 direct manual, 740 features and choice, 739–47 key exchange system, 744–5 limit switches, 743, 745 magnetic switch, 746 mechanical, 740, 741 mechanical scotches, 747 time delayed, 747 trip devices, 747–8 two-hand control, 748 lamp indication, 743 materials for, 749 monitoring effectiveness, 737 openings, 749 reaching over, 749 risk assessment, 736 switches and valves, 742 time delay arrangements, 747 trapped key interlocks, 745 tunnel guards, 7381048 Index Guilty plea, 22 Gunning Fog Index, 601 Hale, A.R., 286 Hale, M., 286 Hands/arms/wrists: hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), 475–6 illnesses with causes, 488 mechanism/operation, 624–8 vibration white finger (VWF), 149–50, 476, 565, 833 Hazardous (special) waste, 926, 940–2, 972, 974–5 Hazards: acute, 177 chronic, 177 consequence of, 177–8 definitions, 176, 188 degrees of, 197–8 hazard analysis (HAZAN), 245 hazard detection, 352–3 hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies/techniques, 229, 244, 358–9 chemical plant, 874–7 Hazard and Risk Explained HSE leaflet, 188 likelihood of, 178–9 perceiving hazards, 360 and risk, 188–9 see also Danger; Risk Head protection, construction sites, 843 Health and safety, in design and planning, 246–8 Health and safety at work legislation, 49–66 administration of 1974 act, 53–4 classes of health hazards, 493 definitions of 1974 act, 58–9 dismissal for ill-health, 109–10 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 58 enforcement, 55–6 extensions to act, 57 framework for, 69–70 general duties on employers and others, 51–3 goal setting for, 71–2 health assessments, 424 Health and Safety Commission (HSC), 51, 68–9 duties of, 53 Health and Safety Executive (HSE): duties of, 53–4 operation of, 68–9 Improvement Notices, 56 offences, 56–7 post 1974, 50–1 pre 1974, 49–50 Prohibition Notices, 56 regulations and codes of practice, 54–5 see also Appendix 5, List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders; Construction site safety; Occupational diseases; Occupational health, hygiene and safety Hearing: audiogram, 481, 552 deafness and noise, 488 defects to, 353–4 ear sensitivity, 479 hearing protectors, 517 mechanism of, 479 noise exposure limits, 480–1 noise induced loss claims, 148–9 noise-induced hearing loss, 553 occupational deafness, 480, 482 protection for, 481, 517, 556 tinnitus, 480, 553 see also Ears; Noise; Sound Heart, operation of, 434–6 Heat, as a form of energy, 663 Heat detectors, 682–3 Heat stroke, 482 Heinrich, H.W.: on causes of accidents, 228 ‘Domino theory’, 198–9 Hepatitis A/B/C, 483–4 Herbicides, dangers of, 465 Herzberg’s theory of job motivation, 215–16 Hierarchy of Human needs (Maslow), 214–15 Hire and credit advertising, truth in, 126Index 1049 Hire-purchase, supplier’s obligations, 53 HIV +ve, 484 Hooke’s Laws, 665 Hormones, 441–2 Houldsworth, H., 793 House of Lords, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 HSW prosecutions, 21 Human body, structure and functions, 421–46 anatomy and physiology, 428–43, 618–31 arms, 624 blood: circulation, 619–20 red and white cells, 436 cancer, 443–4 central nervous system, 438 circulatory system, 434–6 defence mechanisms, 444–5 digestion, 430–1 ears, 439–40, 631 excretion, 431 eyes, 438–9, 629–31 foodstuffs, 429–30 hands and wrists, 624–8 heart, 434–6 history, 421–3 hormones, 441–2 legs and feet, 628–9 muscles, 437, 618–19 poisons, effects of, 445–6 respiratory system, 431–4 skin, 442–3 smell and taste, 440–1 special senses, 438 spinal column, and standing/sitting/lifting, 620–4 Human error, 334–5 Human functions and behaviour see Behavioural modification and risk management; Behavioural science; Individuals and safety Humidity: humidifier fever, 486 working environment, 635 Hydraulics, 668–9 hydraulic power transmission, 661–2 Hydrochloric acid, illness from, 470 Hydrogen sulphide, effects of, 471 Hygiene see Occupational health, hygiene and safety Hygrometry/hygrometers, 503–4 Hypermetropia, 582 Hyperplasia, 443 Ill health: and dismissal, 109–10 see also Occupational diseases Illuminaires see Lighting Illuminance, 583 Immune system, body, 444–5 Implied terms/conditions: in contracts, 90 in sales, 91 Improvement Notices, 56 fire, 60 Incandescent lamps, 583, 585 Incapacity benefit (IB), 142 Incident, at Hazards Ltd, 3–4, 5, 20 Incident investigation, and behavioural modification management, 408–10 Incident recall technique, and loss control, 194–5 Incidents, 187–8 and accidents, 187–8 definition by HSE, 264 UK notification legal requirements, 299–303 see also Accident/incident data; Accidents; Trend analysis Independent audits, 229 Indicators, ergonomics of, 640–2 Indictment trials, 8 Individuals and safety, 330–88 accidents as a deviation process, 332–3 approaching towards safe limits
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