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| موضوع: كتاب Safety at Work and Emergency Control - A Holistic Approach - Second Edition السبت 03 فبراير 2024, 11:04 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Safety at Work and Emergency Control - A Holistic Approach - Second Edition Benedito Cardella
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents About the Book xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments .xix Author .xxi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 Holistic Approach .1 1.1 Harmonizing the Paradigms 1 1.2 Harmonizing Survival and Happiness 3 1.3 Approaching Accidents .3 1.4 Approaching Organizations .5 1.4.1 Addressing Operational Systems .5 1.4.2 Addressing Organizational Systems 6 1.4.3 Addressing Activities .6 1.4.4 Addressing the Life Cycles of the Organization, Products, and Personnel .6 1.4.5 Making Diagnosis 7 1.4.6 Assessing the Operational System .7 1.4.7 Assessing the Organizational System 7 1.5 Performing Interventions .8 Bibliography .9 Chapter 2 Safety at Organizations 11 2.1 Safety Function 11 2.2 Organizations 11 2.3 People Needs . 13 2.4 Adherence 14 2.4.1 Adherence Client–Organization . 15 2.4.2 Adherence Organization–Client 16 2.4.3 Adherence Organization–Organization . 16 2.4.4 Perceived and Real Adherence . 16 2.4.5 Adherence and Quality . 16 2.4.6 Adherence Control . 16 2.5 Leadership . 18 2.5.1 Leadership and Administrative Game . 18 2.5.2 Relation Leader–Subordinate . 19 2.6 Organizational Culture 20 2.7 Management System 22 2.8 Holistic Management System 23viii Contents 2.8.1 Basic Principles 23 2.8.2 Policy 23 2.8.3 Responsibility .24 2.8.4 Scope 24 2.8.5 Management Methodology .24 2.8.6 Programs’ Structure .24 2.9 Organizational Climate .24 2.10 Resources of the Organizations .25 2.11 Organizational Field 27 2.12 Organizational Development .29 Bibliography . 31 Chapter 3 Risk Management . 33 3.1 Risk Control . 33 3.2 Risk Management 33 3.3 Principles . 33 3.4 Goals 33 3.5 Policy .34 3.6 Guidelines 34 3.7 Strategies .34 3.8 Organizational Systems .34 3.9 Methodology 35 3.10 Action Areas 35 3.11 Life Cycle 35 3.12 Programs 36 3.13 Monitoring .36 3.14 Indicators .37 3.15 Audits .37 3.16 Diagnosis .38 Bibliography .38 Chapter 4 Emergency Management 39 4.1 Emergency Control 39 4.2 Emergency Control Principles .40 4.3 Emergency Management Policy 40 4.4 Emergency Management Guidelines .40 4.5 Emergency Management Strategy . 41 4.6 Emergency Management Methodology . 41 4.6.1 Emergency Control Function Deployment . 41 4.7 Action Areas 41 4.7.1 Emergency Action Plan 42 4.8 Emergency Control Organization 42 4.8.1 Mission . 42 4.8.2 Clients . 42Contents ix 4.8.3 Organizational Structure 43 4.8.4 Resources . 43 4.8.5 Action Groups 43 Bibliography 49 Chapter 5 Risk Management in Interventions 51 5.1 Concept of Intervention . 51 5.2 Types of Intervention . 51 5.3 Impact and Risk Control . 52 5.4 Interfaces . 53 5.5 Permissions and Licenses 54 Bibliography .54 Chapter 6 Risk Analysis and Control 55 6.1 Concept and Methodology . 55 6.2 Harm Generation Mechanism . 55 6.2.1 Aggressive Action on Targets . 55 6.2.2 Failure of Risk Control .56 6.3 Hazard Identification .56 6.4 Risk Assessment 57 6.4.1 Risk Factors 57 6.4.2 Frequency Assessment . 57 6.4.3 Consequence Assessment .60 6.4.4 Semiquantitative and Qualitative Risk Assessment . 61 6.4.5 Risk Control Instruments .63 6.5 Risk Control .64 6.5.1 Process Control 64 6.5.2 Risk Control Model 66 6.6 Action Plan for Risk Control .68 Bibliography .70 Chapter 7 Risk Analysis Techniques 71 7.1 Preliminary Risk Analysis 71 7.1.1 PRA—Object and Focus 71 7.1.2 PRA—Method 71 7.1.3 Auxiliary Techniques . 71 7.1.4 Complementary Techniques .72 7.1.5 Formulary .72 7.2 Hazard and Operability Studies 72 7.2.1 Hazop’s Object and Focus 72 7.2.2 Hazop—Method .73 7.2.3 Continuous Process 73 7.2.4 Discontinuous Process . 74x Contents 7.2.5 Auxiliary Techniques . 75 7.2.6 Complementary Techniques . 75 7.2.7 Formulary . 76 7.3 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 76 7.3.1 FMEA—Object and Focus 76 7.3.2 FMEA—Method 76 7.3.3 Auxiliary Techniques . 76 7.3.4 Complementary Techniques . 76 7.3.5 Formulary .77 7.4 What-If? .77 7.4.1 What-If—Object and Focus .77 7.4.2 What-If—Method .77 7.4.3 Auxiliary Techniques . 78 7.4.4 Complementary Techniques . 78 7.4.5 Formulary . 78 7.5 Checklist 78 7.5.1 Checklist—Object and Focus 78 7.5.2 Checklist—Method 79 7.5.3 Auxiliary Techniques .79 7.5.4 Complementary Techniques .79 7.5.5 Formulary .79 7.6 Fault Tree Analysis 79 7.6.1 FTA—Object and Focus 79 7.6.2 FTA Method .79 7.6.3 Auxiliary Techniques .80 7.6.4 Complementary Techniques .80 7.6.5 Formulary .80 7.7 Event Tree Analysis . 81 7.7.1 ETA—Object and Focus 81 7.7.2 ETA—Method 81 7.7.3 Auxiliary Techniques .82 7.7.4 Complementary Techniques .82 7.7.5 Formulary .82 7.8 Critical Incident Technique .82 7.8.1 Critical Incident Technique—Object and Focus 82 7.8.2 CIT—Method .83 7.8.3 Auxiliary Techniques .83 7.8.4 Complementary Techniques .83 7.8.5 Formulary .83 7.9 Comparative Analysis 83 7.9.1 Comparative Analysis—Object and Focus 83 7.9.2 Comparative Analysis—Method 83 7.9.3 Auxiliary Techniques .83 7.9.4 Complementary Techniques .83 7.9.5 Formulary .84 7.10 Interaction Matrix 84Contents xi 7.10.1 Interaction Matrix—Object and Focus 84 7.10.2 Interaction Matrix—Method 84 7.10.3 Auxiliary Techniques .85 7.10.4 Complementary Techniques .85 7.10.5 Formulary .85 7.11 Planned Inspection 85 7.11.1 Planned Inspection—Object and Focus .85 7.11.2 Planned Inspection—Method 86 7.11.3 Auxiliary Techniques .87 7.11.4 Complementary Techniques .87 7.11.5 Planned Inspection Formulary .87 7.12 Abnormal Occurrences Analysis .87 7.12.1 Abnormal Occurrences Analysis—Object and Focus 87 7.12.2 AOA—Method .88 7.13 Cause Tree Analysis 89 Bibliography . 91 Chapter 8 Value Analysis in Safety 93 8.1 Integrating Value and Risk Analysis .93 8.2 Aggressive Function 93 8.3 Basic Concepts of Value Analysis .94 8.3.1 Object of Value Analysis 94 8.3.2 Function 94 8.3.3 Quality 94 8.3.4 Price 95 8.3.5 Absolute Value .95 8.3.6 Relative Value .95 8.3.7 Clients of the Organization 95 8.4 Functions Classification .96 8.4.1 Basic—Complementary and Supplementary Functions 96 8.4.2 Auxiliary Function .97 8.4.3 Use Function .97 8.4.4 Esteem Function .97 8.4.5 Necessary Function 97 8.4.6 Unnecessary Function 97 8.4.7 Support and Collateral Functions .97 8.4.8 Aggressive Function .98 8.4.9 Real Function .98 8.4.10 Fictitious or Imaginary Function 98 8.4.11 Perceived Function .98 8.4.12 Revealed and Undisclosed Functions .98 8.4.13 Vital Function .99 8.4.14 Passive and Active Functions .99xii Contents 8.5 Functional Diagram .99 8.6 Comparing Functions 101 8.7 Holistic Diagram . 101 8.8 Questioning Functions . 102 Bibliography . 104 Chapter 9 Human Failures 105 9.1 Failure Analysis . 105 9.2 Technical Failure . 107 9.3 Careless Failure . 108 9.3.1 Carelessness Failure Characterization . 108 9.3.2 Inattention and Confusion 109 9.3.3 Handling Carelessness Failures . 109 9.3.4 “Inadvertent” Equipment Failures . 110 9.4 Conscious Failure 110 9.4.1 Conscious Failure Characterization . 110 9.4.2 Conscious Failure Mechanism . 112 9.4.3 Attitude . 112 9.4.4 Posture 114 9.4.5 Behavior’s Consequences . 114 9.4.6 Safe Behavior’s Driving Force . 116 9.4.7 Behavior Control 118 9.4.8 Leadership and Behavior 120 9.4.9 Cultural Change .120 9.4.10 Conscious Failure Treatment 121 9.5 Compound Failure . 121 9.6 Failure Promotors 121 9.6.1 Primary Agent 121 9.6.2 Secondary Agent 122 9.6.3 Command Agent 123 9.6.4 Intruder Agent 124 9.7 Common Cause Failure .124 Bibliography .125 Chapter 10 Safety Concepts 127 10.1 Object of Study 128 10.2 Aggregate 128 10.3 System . 128 10.4 Normal State 129 10.5 Abnormal State 130 10.6 Loss 131 10.7 Abnormal Occurrences 131 10.8 Impactful Agent and Target . 132 10.9 Harmful Agent and Susceptibility . 133Contents xiii 10.10 Aggressive Agent and Vulnerability . 134 10.11 Sources of Aggressive Agents . 136 10.12 Aggressive Action Field . 137 10.13 Exposure 138 10.14 Alarm . 139 10.15 Promoters and Inhibitors . 139 10.16 Containment and Retention . 140 10.17 Rupture Agent 141 10.18 Isolation . 141 10.19 Restoration . 141 10.20 Combat . 142 10.21 Protection . 142 10.22 Defense 143 10.23 Recovery Systems 143 10.24 Hazard and Quality . 144 10.25 Hazardous Event 145 10.26 Harmful and Damaging Events . 146 10.27 Emergency . 146 10.28 Accident—Incident—Near Miss . 147 10.29 Risk 147 10.30 Maintenance 148 10.31 Operation . 149 10.32 Project 150 10.33 Safety . 150 Bibliography . 151 Index 154 A Ability, 2, 14, 21, 23, 26–27, 70, 86, 90, 107, 110, 114, 124, 133, 135, 143–144 Absenteeism, 35, 145 Accident analysis of, 4, 87, 89 and behavior, 118–119 catastrophic, 54 causes of, 33, 56, 85, 121, 124 consequences, 1, 4, 6–7 fatal, 59, 112 and human factors, 1 and incident, 147 major/serious, 21, 58, 64, 67, 75, 88, 130, 150 minor, 82, 88 a multifaceted phenomenon, 3–5, 33, 36 nature of, 3, 4, 36, 65 frequency, 1, 88 outside the organization, 35 rate, 37, 65 prevention of, 1, 12, 33, 54, 110, 113 probability, 121 Accountability, 118 Adherence, see organization Administration, 18–20 and Chess, 18–19 and man-apes relationship, 20 and man-pig relationship, 20 Agent aggressive, 4, 7, 11, 19, 37, 39, 41, 44, 46, 53, 55–56, 60, 62–63, 69, 71–72, 86, 89–90, 105–106, 127, 130–145, 150–151 aggressor, 134 biological, 135 chemical, 133, 135–137 command, 123 elastic, 134 electric, 135 ergonomic, 135 external, 35, 56, 89–90 failure-promoter, 36, 90, 139 gravitational, 134 harmful, 127, 132–134, 136, 140, 143–144, 146 hazardous, 56, 144 impactful, 5, 51, 127, 132–133, 136 injectable, 132–133 inoculated, 60 inorganic, 135 intruder, 89, 121, 124 kinetic, 134 natural, 59 passive, 136 physical, 134, 137 primary, 121–122 of rupture, 46–48, 58, 69, 73, 86, 90, 127, 141–142, 148, 150 secondary, 91, 122–123 thermal, 135 treacherous, 139 vegetal, 135 wave, 135 Aggregate, 51, 53, 87, 99, 128 Alarm, 7, 62–63, 69, 73–75, 94, 107, 123–124, 127, 139, 142, 144, 148 Andersen, K. E. A., 18 Approach, 1–4, 24, 41, 150 Attitude, 1, 8, 20, 83, 85, 112–120 Audit, 8, 36–38 Authority, 9, 12, 21, 52, 113–114, 118 B Barrier, 44, 48, 53, 63, 69, 127, 136, 141–142 Behavior, 1, 3, 7–9, 12–14, 20, 22, 30, 34, 37, 40–41, 57, 66, 70, 85–86, 89, 108, 112–121, 131–132, 139, 148–149 Belief, 1, 4, 6, 8–9, 17, 20–21, 30, 36, 38, 70, 89, 112–114, 116, 119–120, 128, 148 Blast, 69 Bleve, 26 “Boiled frog”, 119 Boilover, 26, 31n7, 107, 125n1 Brainstorming, 75, 77, 103 Bytheway, C., 100 C Camouflage, 139 Carelessness, 89–91, 108–111, 121–124, 140 Cartesian–Newtonian, 1–2 Cause tree analysis, 88–89 Characters, 21, 113 Charisma, 18, 21 Checklist, 53, 67, 71–72, 75–76, 78–80, 83–84, 86–87, 124 Civil defense, 12, 40, 143 Combat, 7, 39, 41, 43–44, 47, 63, 69, 107, 128, 141–143, 146 Commitment, 9, 27, 70154 Index Committees, 8, 24, 34, 36 Common cause failures, 57, 79, 86, 124 Communication, 23, 43–44, 47, 86–87, 89 Community, 11–12, 15, 17, 20–21, 23, 28, 40, 66, 75, 96, 102, 120, 143, 148 Competence, 14, 18, 112 Consequences analysis (CA),75–76, 78, 80 Consumer, 11, 15, 23, 42, 95–96, 99, 102, 131, 144 Containment, 4, 7, 39, 41, 44, 46, 58, 63, 69, 86, 90, 127, 138–142, 145–146 Cooperation, 15, 30 Cousteau, J., 21 Creativity, 5, 14, 26–28, 70, 73, 75, 88, 93 Critical incident technique (CIT), 7, 82–83, 87, 147 Culture, 1, 6, 8–9, 12, 14, 18, 20–21, 23, 25, 27–31, 35, 37–38, 43, 56, 67, 70, 86–89, 110, 116, 118, 120, 123–124, 130 D Damage, 4–5, 7, 11, 36–37, 39, 41–43, 60–61, 66, 88–89, 95, 98, 107, 111, 127–128, 130–137, 139, 141, 143–149, 151 expected/potential, 60, 88, 116 generation mechanism, 43, 69, 89 moral, 131 to people, 4, 131–132 permanent, 61 to property, 61, 4, 11, 41–42, 61, 131 Danger and alarm, 139 and careless failures, 108–110 and evacuation, 48 and exposure, 138 and risk, 60 Defense, 1, 12, 18, 39–40, 69, 106, 127, 133, 136, 143–144, 146 Deflagration, 60 Demand, 37, 39, 42, 51, 56, 59, 79, 89–90, 141–142, 146, 149 Detection, 7–8, 24, 37, 39–40, 42, 46, 67, 69, 73–77, 83, 85–88, 93, 98, 105–106, 119, 123–124, 127, 130, 139, 142, 146–149 Detonation, 60 Development, 6, 8, 11, 12–14, 18–19, 21, 22–24, 29–30, 36, 39, 42–43, 87, 99, 102–103, 113 Deviation, 7–8, 37, 64, 67, 72–78, 83, 85–87, 93, 107, 111–112, 118–119, 129–131, 150 Disturbance, 64–66, 119, 129, 132–133, 143 Dose, 133–134, 151n2 E Ego-status, 14 Emergency, 8, 39, 41–42, 142–143, 150 alarm, 139 auxiliary functions, 40 causes and effects, 39 control, 21, 36, 39–43, 51, 53, 56, 59–60, 71–73, 75–81, 85–86, 90, 105, 113, 139, 141–143, 146, 148–150 control organization, 6–7, 12, 17, 26, 39, 42–43, 146 failure analysis in, 105–106 as a failure promoter, 109–110, 124, 146 initiator of, 39–40, 51, 127, 146 location, 40, 47 management in, 24, 39–40, 44 medical care in, 44, 46 resources in, 26–27 and risk control, 33 scenarios, 40 top event of, 39 Environment, 2, 11, 53, 139 adaptation to, 12, 29 and aggressive agents, 51, 128, 132, 136 and attitude, 112 changes of, 2, 29 damage to, 36, 41, 42, 128, 131–132 as a disposal medium, 6, 35–36, 98, 131 elements of, 5 and emergency, 40, 42 impacts on, 7, 52, 76, 103, 133 interventions in, 51 management system, 24 and organizations, 5, 11, 23, 28 preservation, 11, 24, 44, 77, 99, 102, 129 protection agency, 54 recovery of, 143 resources from, 86 risk to, 86, 103 and systems, 66, 128 and value analysis, 103 vulnerability, 60–61 and work conditions, 66, 85–86, 108, 121–124, 139, 150 Escalation, 76, 106 Esteem, 96–97 Event tree analysis, 55, 72, 75–76, 78, 80–82, 85, 88, 107 Experience, 5, 9, 13–14, 18–19, 26–27, 36, 43, 54, 58, 70, 73, 75, 87–88, 107–108, 150 Explosion, 31, 39, 60–61, 75, 82, 85, 134–135, 137, 146–147 Exposure, 37, 41, 55, 57, 60–62, 69, 86, 96, 127, 132–134, 137–140, 142–146, 148Index 155 F Failure, 3–4, 36, 51, 55–59, 69, 71, 74–77, 79–82, 85–86, 88–91, 93, 103, 105–112, 115–119, 121–125, 130–131, 140, 142, 145–146, 149–150 Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), 55, 67, 76–77, 106 Faith, 2 Fall, 9n4, 55, 61, 70–72, 88, 90, 134–135 Fate, 3, 21 Fault tree analysis (FTA), 55, 57–58, 67, 72, 75, 78–82, 85, 88–89 Feedback, 27, 65–66, 119, 128–129 Fire, 39, 60–61, 73, 76, 82, 84–85, 108, 131–133, 136, 145–146 brigade, 6, 17 chemistry of, 26 fighter, 11, 43, 113, 143 fighting, 26, 43, 47, 73, 77, 103, 107, 139, 142–143, 145 water, 26 Flexibility, 12 Fondness, 6, 8–9, 21–22, 30, 38, 70, 112–114 Fraction dead time, 56, 80 Function, 1–2, 5–8, 11–13, 17, 19–21, 23–28, 30, 33–37, 39–49, 52–56, 66, 70–71, 74, 76, 78–79, 89, 91, 93–105, 108, 110–111, 113, 119, 122, 127–131, 141, 144–145, 148–150 H Happiness, and survival, 3, 23 Harm, 5, 51, 55–56, 60–61, 67–69, 85, 89, 110, 127–129, 132–136, 140, 142–144, 146, 148 Hazard, 8, 35, 37–39, 53, 55–58, 63, 67, 71–73, 75, 77–79, 81–82, 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 98, 107, 135, 144–147, 149–151 Hazard and operability studies (Hazop), 55, 57, 67, 72–76, 78, 80, 82, 91n1, 93 Heroes, 8, 20–21, 113 Herzberg, F., 14 Hobbes, T., 25 Holistic, 1–4, 11, 14, 23–24, 26, 30, 34, 36, 57, 66, 87, 96, 101–102, 119, 127, 150 Hurricane, 39, 137 I Impact, 4–5, 7, 21, 44, 51–54, 97, 103, 113, 127, 132–135 Incident, 7, 37, 82–83, 87–88, 147 Indicator, 7, 37–38, 73, 75, 106, 116, 139 Information, 5, 7, 9, 17, 20–21, 26, 41, 44–49, 51, 53, 85, 87–88, 90, 94, 98, 102, 107, 112–114, 119–120, 123, 129, 132–133, 139, 142 Inhibitor, 86, 105, 139–142 Inspection, 7, 36–37, 52–53, 64, 71, 83–88, 124, 127, 142, 147–149 Integration, 2–3, 11–12, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 34, 88, 93, 127 Interaction matrix, 67, 84–85 Interface, 53, 109 Intervention, 5, 7–9, 12, 21, 24, 35–36, 39–40, 51–55, 65, 68, 84, 105, 119, 149 Isolation, 7, 44, 47–48, 62–63, 69, 127, 139, 141, 143 K Klink, A., 113, 125n2 Knowledge, 1, 5–6, 9, 19–21, 26–27, 35, 41, 52–53, 70, 75, 87–88, 98, 107, 109, 112, 114, 116, 121, 124, 148 L Label, 53, 124 Language, 20 nonverbal, 7, 111, 120, 123 Law “of the least effort”, 3 compliance with, 105 conscious failure and, 105, 115 deviation from, 83 and tyranny, 25 Leader, 6–9, 12, 17–21, 31, 34, 73, 87, 112–114, 120 Leadership, see organization Life, 1, 6, 8, 12, 15, 112–113, 131, 151 cycle, 8, 24, 34–36, 83, 98, 103, 105, 130 Locke, J., 25 Logistics, 44, 46 Loss, 1–2, 4–7, 11, 19, 27–28, 31, 33, 37, 39, 69, 88–89, 96, 111, 116, 128, 131–134, 143–149, 151, see also damage generation mechanism of containment, 46, 138, 145 of control, 64 and price, 95 repairable, 131 Luck, 3 M Maintenance, 4, 6–7, 12, 27, 35, 42, 51–52, 54, 56, 80, 84–85, 122, 124–125, 127, 136, 148–149156 Index Managers, 19, 114, 119, 123–124, 143 Maslow, A., 13–14 Maslow’s pyramid, 13, 102 Methodologies, 1, 19, 22–25, 30, 35, 40–41, 55–56, 58, 71, 73, 76–77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88–89, 93, 98–99, 103, 107, 116, 130, 148–151 Middle Age, 2 Mission, 11, 13, 23–24, 35, 42–43, 66, 90, 96, 101–103, 105, 108, 148, 150 Mobility, 19, 37, 135, 144, 148 Modern Age, 1 Monitoring, 8, 27, 35–37, 40, 73, 109, 141, 149–150 Morale, 14, 115, 128, 131 Morphy, P., 18 Motivation, 3, 13–14, 17, 41, 88, 94, 109, 112 Myth, 4, 8, 20–21, 89 N Near miss, 37, 82–83, 87, 147 Number one, 8–9, 18, 34 O Occurrence, abnormal, 7–8, 33, 37, 67, 87–88, 105–106 Omission, 105, 120, 123 Operation, 6, 12, 23, 27, 36, 39, 54–56, 58, 65, 67, 80, 106, 108, 123–124, 135, 140, 142, 144–146, 149–150 Organizations, see also emergency control activities of, 6, 8, 12, 34, 36, 40, 42 and adherence, 14–17, 23, 129 and administration, 19 characterization of, 29, 87, 128, 150 clients of, 11, 14–15, 23, 95–96, 102 and climate, 7, 14, 17, 19, 24–25, 28, 87–88, 129, 143 and culture, 6, 8, 12, 14, 20, 23, 27–31, 35, 37, 87–88, 110, 116, 120, 123–124 development of, 11, 21, 22, 29–30 and environment, 5, 11–12, 30 foundation of, 29 functions of, 17 holistic, 5, 30, 96 interventions in, 8, 21 and leadership, 6, 8–9, 12, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29–31, 34, 37, 87–88 and life cycles, 6, 35 as living systems, 12–13 and management system, 6–9, 17–27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 88, 110 mission of, 11, 13, 96 organizational field of, 8, 27–29, 89 organizational systems of, 22–23, 34 and people behavior, 13–14 and people needs, 13–14, 25 performance of, 19, 29 poles of, 17, 25, 28 products of, 35 programs of, 8, 17, 30, 36 regulatory function of, 6, 12, 23, 27, 89, 91 resources of, 25–27, 40, 42, 89 and Risk management, 33–38 and rites, 17 safety at, 11 safety diagnostic of, 7–8, 38, 128 structure of, 28, 30 survival of, 23, 101 as systems, 11, 20, 129 (see also systems) values of, 6–9, 23, 30, 112 vision of future, 30 vital functions of, 93, 102 P Paradigm, 1–2, 20, 22, 112, 119–120, 130 Perception, 1, 20, 117, 130, 139 Perpetuation, 3, 5, 20 Philosophy, 2, 22, 31 Piper Alpha oil platform, 54 Plan, 7–8, 14, 16, 19, 22–24, 33, 36–40, 42–43, 53, 64, 67–68, 71–72, 83, 85–88, 108, 113 Poison, 109, 134, 139, 151n2 Policy, 7, 17, 22–24, 33–34, 38, 40, 43, 70, 89 Posture, 7, 118, 120 Preliminary risk analysis (PRA), 55, 71–72, 78–80, 82 Prevention, see accident Price, 68, 95–96, 116–118, 144 Principles, 7, 18–19, 22, 30, 33, 40 Probability, 5, 37, 40, 56–60, 66, 69, 79–80, 85, 88–89, 108–110, 115, 118, 121, 130, 139, 147 Procedure, 3, 5–8, 22–23, 26–27, 38, 40, 42–43, 46, 52–53, 62, 68, 70–71, 73–75, 77, 90–91, 102–104, 107, 109–111, 113, 115–116, 118, 121–124, 129 Process, 4–8, 12, 18, 22–23, 26, 29, 34–36, 42, 51, 52–53, 55, 64, 66–68, 70–75, 77–79, 83–76, 88–89, 99–100, 106, 108, 114, 118, 120, 128–129, 141–143, 147, 149–150 Productivity, 6, 11, 19, 23–24, 27, 73, 102, 103, 110, 129, 145, 147, 151 Program, 6–9, 17, 22, 24, 29–30, 33–34, 36, 38–40, 70, 73, 89, 119 Properties, 3 preservation of, 11, 34, 42 as target of aggressive agents, 40–41, 103, 106, 132, 146Index 157 vulnerability and damages, 60–61, 96 Protection, 7, 41, 47, 54, 58, 63, 69, 90, 115, 124, 127, 136, 138–144 Public, 6, 27, 40–41, 43–45 Q Quality, 3, 7, 11, 16–17, 19, 23–24, 27, 37, 51, 56, 61, 63, 64, 68, 70, 77, 93–96, 98, 102–103, 110, 117, 129, 134, 144–145, 151 Quantitative risk analysis, 37, 57–58, 60, 67, 79, 81, 86 R Radiation, 60, 133, 135–137, 139 Radioactivity, 44, 98, 137, 145 Rational, 1, 2, 26–27 Recognition, 14, 23 Recovery, 7, 61, 63, 119, 128, 143–144 Reliability, 40, 51, 64, 68–70, 94, 124, 128, 130, 140, 144, 148–150 Rescue, 7, 39, 41, 44, 47, 49, 63, 127, 139, 143 Resistance to changes, 30 of isolation, 141 of material, 27, 44 Restoration, 39, 63, 69, 82, 90, 127, 130–131, 140–142, 146 Retention, 141, 143 Retirement, 6, 14, 35–36 Risk “As Low As Reasonably Practicable”, 148 acceptable, 66 of activities, 6, 33–35, 52, 54, 66, 79 analysis, 7–8, 19, 22, 34–36, 40, 42, 53, 55–56, 65, 67, 71, 76–77, 79, 81, 87–88, 102, 150 assessment, 35, 55, 57, 61–64, 67, 116, 148–150 in batch process, 149 and behavior, 116–119 biological, 55 category of, 61–63 chemical, 55 concept of, 147 control, 3, 6–8, 21, 33–36, 52–57, 60–64, 66–68, 71–73, 75–78, 85–88, 150–151 controller, 53, 65–68 definition of, 33, 88, 147–148 diagnosis, 38 ergonomic, 55 of facilities, factors, 6–7, 33, 37, 39, 41, 52, 56–57, 66, 82–83, 85, 88, 105, 108, 119, 146, 148 and failures, 105, 107, 110–111, 121, 113 filter of, 36, 56, 91 and hazard, 37, 53, 55, 63, 75, 78, 144, 151 of hazardous events, 39, 61, 63, 147–148 indicators, 37 individual, 148 inference of, 66, 88 from interactions, 52, 85, 87, 149 of interfaces, 53 in interventions, 51–52, 54, 67–68, 84 in lifecycle, 36 in maintenance, 54 management, 24, 33, 35, 88, 128 occupational, 96 perceived, 116–117, 148 physical, 55 of places, 6 as a process variable, 64, 129 promoter, 86 as a random variable, 5, 51, 65–66, 87, 132, 147 reduction, 68, 150 responsibility for, 52–53 and safety, 150 and safety function, 37 sensor, 65, 67–68, 85, 89, 119 series of, 81 situations, 19, 60, 121 social, 148 tolerable, 33, 35–36, 51, 54, 64, 66–68, 151 in transportation, 34–35 treating of, 35 and value analysis, 93–94, 96, 102 Ritual, 4, 17, 20, 53, 70 Rule, 8, 21, 22–23, 25, 29–30, 34, 40, 67, 98, 110, 113, 117, 119–120, 122 S Sabotage, 39, 111–112 Safety in abnormal occurrences, 128 audit, 37 barriers, 63 and beliefs, 9 concepts, 4, 38, 127, 133 diagnosis, 7–8, 38 “first”, 11 and fondness, 9 function, 21, 37, 54, 89, 93, 99, 102–103, 150–151 holistic approach/view, 11, 57, 150 integration with vital functions, 11, 23, 103 and leadership, 19, 114 in the life cycles, 24 management, 24, 38 meetings, 7, 34 methods/techniques, 151158 Index Safety (cont.) monitoring, 8 needs, 14, 23, 25, 96 at organizations, 21, 40, 42 performance, 21 place of, 44 procedures, 102 professionals/experts/advisers, 34, 52 programs, 24, 34, 36 and reductionist view, 3 and reliability, 150 responsibility for, 24 and risk, 150 rules/standards, 21, 38, 113, 119, 129 state, 7 strategy, 89 studies, 4, 93, 128–129 and subjective view, 3 subjects/matter/aspects, 34, 87 team/group, 63, 127 and value analysis, 42, 93, 150 and values, 7 at work, 27 Scenario, 27, 29, 39–40, 42, 45, 67, 148 Self-assertion, 2, 12, 23 Self-realization, 14, 23, 96 Sensitivity, 37 Seveso, 75 Shareholder, see sponsor Shutdown, 5–6, 12, 76, 129, 142, 145, 149–150 Signage, 3–4, 48, 139 and order-cleanliness, 8, 36, 57, 85–86 Signal, 4, 109–110, 123, 149 Skill, 6, 19, 27, 40–41, 43, 64, 68, 87–88, 107, 109, 111, 122 Society, 1, 29, 42, 67, 120 Sponsor, 11, 23, 42, 96 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP),74–75, 113 Steinitz, W., 18 Strain, 110 Stress, 3, 109, 122, 143 mechanical, 99, 108–109 Supervisors, 8, 34, 52, 91, 107, 111, 116, 119, 123–124, 102 Survival, see also happiness; perpetuation of organizations, 2, 23, 101 Susceptibility, 60, 69, 124, 127, 133–134, 140, 144, 146, 148 Synergy, 3, 11, 68, 102 System, 2–5, 51–3, 55–56, 71, 72–68, 83–87, 90–91, 99, 101, 103, 105–106, 108–109, 111, 114, 118–120, 123–124, 128–129, 134, 150 emergency control, 36, 39–40, 47, 51, 56, 59–60, 81–82, 85–86, 89–90, 127– 128, 133, 136, 139, 142–144, 146, 148 ecological, 37, 129 immunologic, 143 living, 5–2, 12–13, 43, 51, 52, 129 management, 6–8, 11–12, 20, 22–24, 27, 29–31, 33, 37–38, 56, 70, 73, 87–89, 110 mechanical, 2, 37, 52, 109, 129 operational, 5, 7, 12, 22, 56, 70, 124, 127, 129, 146, 149–150 organizational, 6–7, 12, 22, 33–35, 40, 43, 56, 69–70, 146 risk control, 7, 33, 52–53, 56, 60–61, 64–69, 79, 86, 89, 127, 139–145, 147, 151 social, 37, 119, 129 T Tao, 2 Target, 4, 7, 41, 47, 51, 55, 57, 60, 63, 69, 71, 86, 89–90, 98–99, 102–104, 127, 132–136, 138–139, 141–146, 148 Teamwork, 9, 93–94 “The Bridge on River Kwai”, 112–113 Theory chess, 19 failures, 76, 88, 106 of systems, 2 Training, 6, 18, 27, 33, 36, 40–43, 56, 64, 68–70, 73, 86, 90–91, 102, 106, 109–110, 120, 145 V Value personal, cultural, 1, 4, 6–9, 20–21, 23, 30, 34, 36, 38, 87, 89, 111–114, 116, 119–120, 128, 130 Venom, 110, 134, 136, 138–139 Victim, 39, 44, 46, 49, 128, 132 Vision Cartesian, 3 of future, 8, 17, 20, 25, 29–30, 89 global, 8, 34 holistic, 2, 66 Visit, 42, 44, 52, 88, 111, 123–124, 145, 147 Vulnerability, 60, 69, 127, 134, 136, 140, 144–146, 148 W Waste, 36, 51, 129 What-If, 57, 67, 77–78, 80, 82, 85, 88 Work, see also safety abnormal occurrences at, 67, 83 absence from, 4, 6 accident from, 8, 21, 33 aggressive agent at, 138–139, 141 carelessness at, 91, 122–123Index 159 conditions of, 66, 85–2, 108–110, 121–122 conscious failure at, 111–112, 122, 124 good practices at, 34, 57, 62, 69–70, 109–110 hazardous, 145 at home, 132 incapacity to, 61 intruder at, 91, 111 and lifecycle, 36 low load at, 147 mental, 1 needs at, 13–14 permit to, 36, 54 place of, 87, 109 repetitive, 6, 128 risk analysis of, 19 risk control at, 53, 69, 85 risk management outside of, 35–36 technical failure at, 122 unsafe behavior at, 115–116 World War II, 93, 110 Y Yin, Yang, 2–3, 12
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