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| موضوع: كتاب Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook - Second Edition الخميس 01 فبراير 2024, 11:44 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook - Second Edition authors Melissa A. Bailey Margaret S. Lopez Eric J. Conn Marshall Lee Miller Frank D. Davis John B. O’Loughlin, Jr. William K. Doran Arthur G. Sapper Katie A. Duggin Rachel Schaffer John B. Flood Francina M. Segbefia Lauren Handel Kenneth B. Siepman Michael T. Heenan of: Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C. McDermott Will & Emery LLP Baise & Miller, P.C. Weil, Gotshal & Manges, LLP
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Summary Contents Chapter 1 Occupational Safety and Health Act . 1 Marshall Lee Miller Chapter 2 OSHA: The Rulemaking Process 49 Margaret S. Lopez and Francina M. Segbefia Chapter 3 The Duty to Comply with Standards . 65 Arthur G. Sapper Chapter 4 The General Duty Clause . 83 William K. Doran and Katie A. Duggin Chapter 5 Recordkeeping . 101 Melissa A. Bailey Chapter 6 Employers’ and Employees’ Rights . 143 John B. O’Loughlin, Jr. Chapter 7 Refusal to Work and Whistleblower Protection 155 Kenneth B. Siepman Chapter 8 Hazard Communication . 169 John B. Flood Chapter 9 Voluntary Safety and Health Self-Audits . 191 Michael T. Heenan and Margaret S. Lopez Chapter 10 Inspections and Investigations 207 Eric J. Conn Chapter 11 Understanding and Contesting OSHA Citations . 221 Lauren Handel Chapter 12 Criminal Enforcement of Violations 243 Marshall Lee Miller Chapter 13 Judicial Review of Enforcement Actions 251 John B. O’Loughlin, Jr. Chapter 14 Imminent Danger Inspections 263 Frank D. Davis Chapter 15 OSHA-Approved State Plans 279 Rachel Schaffer Appendix: Occupational Safety and Health Act . 287 Index 331 Contents Preface . xix About the Authors . xxi Chapter 1 Occupational Safety and Health Act . 1 1.0 Overview . 1 Comparison of OSHA and EPA 2 OSHA, the Organization 2 2.0 Legislative Framework . 3 Purpose of the Act . 3 Coverage of the Act 4 Exemptions from the Act 5 Telecommuting and Home Workplaces . 6 3.0 Scope of OSHA Standards . 7 Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards . 7 Overview of Standards 8 Overview of Health Standards 9 Overview of Safety Standards . 9 4.0 Standard Setting 10 Consensus Standards: Section 6(a) 11 Standards Completion and Deletion Processes . 12 Permanent Standards: Section 6(b) 12 Emergency Temporary Standards . 15 General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1) 15 Feasibility and the Balancing Debate 16 5.0 Variances 19 Temporary Variances 19 Permanent Variances 20 6.0 Compliance and Inspections . 20 Field Structure . 20 Role of Inspections 21 Training and Competence of Inspectors 22 Citations, Fines, and Penalties . 22 OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns 23 Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules . 25 Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case 26 7.0 Recordkeeping 27 Accident Reports . 27 Monitoring and Medical Records . 28Hazard Communication . 29 Access to Records . 29 Programmatic Standards 30 8.0 Refusal to Work and Whistle-blowing 30 Refusal to Work 30 Protection of Whistle-blowing . 30 9.0 Federal and State Employees . 32 Federal Agencies 32 State Employees 33 10.0 State OSHA Programs . 33 Concept 33 Critiques . 34 11.0 Consultation 35 Education . 35 Alliances 36 12.0 Overlapping Jurisdiction . 36 13.0 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission . 37 OSHRC Appeal Process 38 Limitations of the Commission 38 14.0 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 39 In Theory . 39 In Practice 39 15.0 Hazard Communication Regulations . 40 Reason for the Regulation 40 Scope and Components 41 Hazard Evaluation 42 Trade Secrets 43 Federal Preemption Controversy . 44 16.0 Ergonomics Issues 45 Background . 46 Scope of the Problem 46 Scope of the Standard . 47 17.0 Legislation 48 Chapter 2 The Rulemaking Process 49 1.0 Overview 49 2.0 The Rulemaking Process 50 Petitions for Rulemaking . 50 NIOSH 51 Advisory Committees 52 viii ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Law HandbookNACOSH 52 FACOSH . 52 Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health 52 Identifying Potential Hazards 53 Request for Information and Advanced Notice of Rulemaking . 53 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) 53 Hearings 54 The Final Rule . 55 3.0 Negotiated Rulemaking . 56 4.0 Other Applicable Statutes Concerning Rulemaking . 56 5.0 Delays in Rulemaking 57 6.0 Emergency Temporary Standards . 59 7.0 Variances 59 Temporary Variance . 60 Permanent Variance . 61 Interim Order . 61 8.0 State Law Standards/Jurisdiction 61 State Plans 62 9.0 Judicial Review . 64 Chapter 3 The Duty to Comply with Standards . 65 1.0 Overview 65 2.0 Applicability of OSHA Standards . 65 The General Principle of Preemption 65 Special Applicability Problems . 66 3.0 General Principles of the Duty to Comply 67 The Exposure Rule 67 To Whose Employee Does the Duty Run? 69 The Multi-Employer Worksite Liability Rules . 69 General Construction Contractors 70 Legal Status of the Multi-Employer Liability Rules . 71 Nonconstruction Applications of the Multi-Employer Liability Rules . 71 Multi-Employer Worksite Defense Rules . 72 4.0 Actual or Constructive Knowledge 73 5.0 Additional Elements That OSHA Must Sometimes Prove . 73 6.0 The Employer’s Substantive Affirmative Defenses . 74 Infeasibility . 74 Contents ❖ ixThe Infeasibility Element of the Defense . 75 The Alternative Measures Element of the Infeasibility Defense . 76 The Greater Hazard Defense 77 Unpreventable Employee Misconduct . 78 Invalidity of the Standard . 79 Violation of Statutory Procedural Requirements . 79 Violation of Constitutional Requirement of Fair Notice of Standard’s Requirements 79 De Minimis . 80 Chapter 4 The General Duty Clause . 83 1.0 Overview 83 2.0 Who Is Protected by the General Duty Clause? . 86 3.0 The Existence of a Hazard . 87 4.0 Recognized Hazard 89 Industry Recognition 90 Employer Recognition . 91 Obvious Hazard Recognition 93 5.0 Causing or Likely to Cause Death or Serious Physical Harm . 93 6.0 Feasible Measures to Correct the Hazard 95 7.0 Practical Enforcement of the General Duty Clause 97 8.0 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5 Recordkeeping . 101 1.0 Overview . 101 2.0 Statutory Authority . 102 3.0 Injury and Illness Recordkeeping 103 History of the Recordkeeping Requirements . 103 OSHA’s Authority for Requiring Employers to Keep Records . 104 Identifying Injuries and Illnesses that Must be Recorded 104 Determining Whether an Injury or Illness Has Occurred . 105 Defining “Work-Related”: The Geographic Presumption 105 Preexisting Conditions 107 The Employer’s Obligation to Determine Work-Relatedness 108 Exceptions to Work-Relatedness . 108 x ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Law HandbookInjuries or Illnesses that Occur While Traveling . 111 Injuries and Illnesses Resulting from Work at Home . 112 New Cases . 112 Recording Criteria . 114 Special Cases . 121 Hearing Losses 121 Needlestick Injuries 122 Medical Removal 123 Tuberculosis 124 Recordkeeping Forms and Retention Periods . 125 Employee Involvement and Access to Records 126 Privacy Cases . 127 Reporting Injuries and Fatalities . 128 Exemptions from Recordkeeping Requirements . 129 4.0 OSHA Standards Requiring Written Documents 130 Safety Standard Recordkeeping Requirements 130 The Health Standards 134 The Typical Health Standard . 134 Health Standards Applicable to General Industry 135 Health Communication and Bloodborne Pathogens . 136 Hazard Communication 136 Bloodborne Pathogens 137 The Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records Standard . 138 5.0 Using Records to Prove Compliance 140 Chapter 6 Employers’ and Employees’ Rights . 143 1.0 Overview . 143 2.0 Employers’ Rights 144 Inspections and Warrants 144 Challenging Citations and Civil Penalties . 145 Judicial Review 146 Participation in Rulemakings . 146 Protection of Trade Secrets . 147 3.0 Employees’ Rights 148 Complaints 148 Refusal to Work . 149 Protection from Discrimination . 150 Participation in Inspections and Enforcement 151 Access to Information 152 4.0 Conclusion . 153 Contents ❖ xiChapter 7 Refusal to Work and Whistleblower Protection 155 1.0 Overview . 155 2.0 Refusal to Work . 156 Federal Statutes . 156 Occupational Safety and Health Act . 156 Enforcing Rights under OSHA . 157 Secretary’s Burden in Litigation 158 Burden Shifting Analysis . 158 Remedies . 159 National Labor Relations Act . 159 Protection under Section 7 159 Comparison of Section 7 and Section 502 . 161 Cooperation between OSHA and the NLRB . 161 Arbitration and Collective Bargaining Agreements . 161 Collective Bargaining Agreements . 161 Arbitration not under a Collective Bargaining Agreement . 162 Deferral . 163 State Statutes . 164 Common Law 165 3.0 Whistleblowing 165 Federal Statutes . 165 Occupational Safety and Health Act . 166 Preemption . 166 State Statutes . 166 Common Law 167 4.0 Conclusion . 167 Chapter 8 Hazard Communication: Moving toward a Globally Harmonized System in the 21st Century 169 1.0 Overview . 169 2.0 The Hazard Communication Standard 171 Key Purpose and Scope of Application 171 Key Requirements . 173 Labels . 174 Material Safety Data Sheets 175 Training and Information for Employees 177 Hazard Communication Program . 178 3.0 Continued Problems with the HCS as the Impetus for Change 179 4.0 The Global Harmonization System . 183 Overview of the GHS 183 xii ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Law HandbookScope of Potential Changes under the GHS 184 When Will GHS Be Implemented and Key Areas of Concern 187 5.0 Conclusion . 189 Chapter 9 Voluntary Safety and Health Self-Audits . 191 1.0 Overview . 191 2.0 The Significance of Voluntary Safety and Health Auditing . 192 Overview of Audits 192 The Audit Team . 192 Scope of the Audit . 193 Audit Information . 193 Auditing Tips . 194 Take Steps to Protect Confidentiality of Audit Information . 194 Be Prepared to Promptly Respond to Every Hazard Identified in the Audit 194 Document Every Significant Step Taken to Respond to Hazards . 195 Do Not Censor the Auditors . 195 Attribute Appropriate Gravity to Audit Findings and Recommendations . 195 3.0 OSHA’s Voluntary Self-Audit Policy 196 Purpose . 196 Scope . 196 Provisions 197 Use of Self-Audits in Agency Inspections 197 No Citation for Corrected Conditions 197 Protection from Use of Self-Audits to Show Willfulness . 198 Penalty Reduction for Good Faith . 198 Limitations . 198 Critique . 199 “Routine” Use 199 Use of Audit Information to Supplement Other Evidence Already Found . 199 Penalty Reduction . 199 4.0 Privileges and Protections from Disclosure of Audit Information . 200 Introduction 200 The Self-Audit Privilege . 200 The Common Law Audit Privilege 200 General Description . 200 Factors Used in Determining Whether to Apply the Privilege . 201 Contents ❖ xiiiOther Limitations in Application of the Audit Privilege . 202 Statutory Audit Privilege 203 The Attorney/Client Privilege 203 Attorney Work Product Doctrine 204 5.0 Conclusion . 205 Chapter 10 Inspections and Investigations 207 1.0 Overview . 207 2.0 Types of Inspections and Investigations 208 Imminent Danger Inspections 208 Accident and Fatality Investigations 208 Complaint or Referral Investigations . 208 Routine, Scheduled, or Programmed Inspections 209 3.0 OSHA’s Inspection and Investigation Rights 209 OSHA’s Right to Inspect 209 No Advance Notice 210 Warrant Requirement . 210 Exceptions to Warrant Requirement . 212 Interviews, Documents, and Subpoenas . 213 Audio and Video Recording 214 Monitoring Devices on Employees . 215 4.0 Employers’ Constitutional and Statutory Rights . 215 Challenging a Warrant 215 Right to Accompany Inspector 216 Employer and Employee Interview Rights . 217 Challenging the Conduct of the Inspection 217 5.0 Stages of OSHA Inspections and Investigations . 218 Presentation of Credentials . 218 Opening Conference . 218 Walk Around Inspection 219 Closing Conference 219 Chapter 11 Understanding and Contesting OSHA Citations . 221 1.0 Overview . 221 2.0 Why Should an Employer Contest a Citation? 221 Abatement Costs Can Be Significant and Long Term 222 Uncontested Citations Can Result in “Repeated” Violations Later . 222 Citations Can Be Used Against an Employer in Tort Litigation 222 xiv ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Law HandbookCitations Can Interfere with Business Opportunities and Damage Reputations . 223 3.0 Procedural Requirements for Issuance of a Citation 224 OSHA’s Time to Issue a Citation Is Limited . 224 OSHA Must Adequately Describe the Violation 224 4.0 The Elements of OSHA Citations: What Can Be Contested? . 225 The Alleged Violation 225 “Willful” Violations 226 “Repeated” Violations 226 “Serious” Violations 227 “Other-than-Serious” Violations . 227 “De Minimis” Violations 227 The Penalty Amount and Characterization of Violation 228 Factors Considered by OSHA in Calculating Proposed Penalties . 228 Gravity of the Violation 229 Size of the Business . 229 Good Faith . 229 Violation History 229 Multiplied Penalties for “Egregious” Violations . 230 The Abatement Requirements 231 5.0 Contesting OSHA Citations: From Notice of Contest to Judicial Review . 231 The Notice of Contest 232 Fifteen Working Day Contest Period . 232 Essential Contents of the Notice of Contest 233 Review by an Administrative Law Judge of the Review Commission 233 Rules of Procedure and Evidence 233 Pre-Hearing Procedures . 233 Hearing Procedures 234 Post-Hearing Procedures 235 Simplified Proceedings 235 Review by the Commission 236 Interlocutory Review . 236 Appellate-Type Review 236 Judicial Review 237 Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs 238 6.0 Resolving Citations through Settlement with OSHA . 239 Pre-Citation Settlements 239 Informal Settlements . 239 Formal Settlements . 239 7.0 Employee Participation in Challenges to Citations . 240 Contents ❖ xvChapter 12 Criminal Enforcement of Violations 243 1.0 Overview . 243 2.0 Federal Prosecution . 244 Definition of “Employee” 245 Willful Violations Causing Death to Employee . 245 False Statements and Advance Notice . 246 3.0 State Enforcement 247 4.0 Prosecution under Environmental Statutes . 248 5.0 Recent Legislation 249 Chapter 13 Judicial Review of Enforcement Actions 251 1.0 Overview . 251 2.0 Jurisdiction . 252 Parties Who Have Standing to Bring an Appeal . 252 Courts That Have Jurisdiction over Appeals 254 3.0 Timing 254 Final Commission Orders . 254 Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies . 255 Constitutional Challenges . 257 4.0 Scope of Judicial Review . 257 Procedural Matters . 257 Standard of Review for Conclusions of Law 258 Standard of Review for Findings of Fact . 259 Precedential Effect of Judicial Decisions . 261 5.0 Conclusion . 261 Chapter 14 Imminent Danger Inspections 263 1.0 Overview . 263 2.0 Imminent Danger Defined . 264 3.0 Nuts and Bolts of an Inspection . 264 4.0 The On-Site Visit 266 5.0 Employee Representatives 269 6.0 Opening Conference 269 7.0 The Walk Around 270 8.0 Notices of Imminent Danger and Temporary Restraining Orders 271 xvi ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook9.0 Closing Conference . 272 10.0 Citations and Penalties . 272 11.0 Abatement . 273 12.0 MSHA Imminent Danger Inspections . 274 13.0 Employee Rights and Labor Unions . 276 14.0 Summary 277 Chapter 15 OSHA-Approved State Plans 279 1.0 Overview . 279 2.0 Establishing State Plans 279 Developmental Phase . 279 Probationary Phase . 280 Rejection and Withdrawal . 281 3.0 Preemption Issues 281 4.0 Approved State Plans 286 Appendix: Occupational Safety and Health Act . 287 Index 331 IndexEmpire State Rest. & Tavern Assn. v. New York (2005), 62 employees: common law, 165 definition of, 245 imminent danger, 276 labor unions, 276, 277 protection of, 156, 164–65 rights, 276, 277 employer-employee relationships: employment at will, doctrine of, 155 employment at will: erosion of, 155 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1, 53, 244 criminal violations, 248 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), 30 Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs), 248 OSHA, comparisons of, 2, 6n12 OSHA, overlapping with, 37, 248 Enzi, Mike, 249 Equal Access to Justice Act, 238 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 163 ergonomics, 45–47 European Union, 180 F Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 163, 164 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 36 federal courts, 251 Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission, 276 Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), 36 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 232, 233 administrative law judge (ALJ), 257–58 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, 254, 258 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 253 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), 37 Field Inspection Reference Manual (OSHA), 97, 209 Fifth Amendment: Due Process Clause, 73, 79 Final Policy Concerning the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Treatment of Voluntary Employer Safety and Health SelfAudits (OSHA), 196 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 37 Foulke, Edwin G. Jr., 2, 38 Fourth Amendment, 26, 29 inspections, 210 warrants, 144, 210–11 Friedman, Thomas L., 170 G Gade v. National Sold Waste Management Association (1992), 45, 244, 247, 281 General Duty Clause, 83, 84, 85 globalization, 170 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), 183–84, 188; costs, 188, 189; harmonization, as defined, 188; hazard communication standard (HCS), 184; labeling, 184–85; mixtures, 187; Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 184, 185 Granite City Terminals Corp. (1986), 74 grant recipients, 329 H hazard communication, 40–45 evaluation, 42 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 29, 41, 42 toxic chemical labeling, 29, 40, 42 trade secrets, 43–44 warning signs, 29 worker right-to-know rule, 40, 41 hazard communication standard (HCS), 148, 153 preemption controversy, 45 hazardous chemicals, 169, 189 Health and Human Services (HHS), 13 Henshaw, John L., 2 Herman, Alexis, 7 I imminent danger: as defined, 264 imminent danger inspections, 263 Industrial Union Department, AFL v. Hodgson (1974), 17 Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG), 37 332 ❖ Occupational Safety and Health HandbookInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 43 International Union of United Automobile, Aerospace & Agriculture Implement Workers of America (UAW), 51 International Union, UAW v. General Dynamics Land System Division (1988), 16n31 Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals, 183 inspections, 144, 145, 151 Intergovernmental Forum for Chemical Safety (IFCS), 187 IPB, Inc. v. Herman (1998), 245 J Japan, 180 K Kepone, 32 Kelly Springfield Tire Co. v. Donovan (1984), 89 Kennedy, Edward M., 249 Kilpatrick, James J., 27 L labeling, 44 Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), 159 Log and Summary of Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 27 M Marshall v. Barlow’s Inc. (1978), 26–27, 210 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 40, 41, 42, 148, 153, 170; accuracy of, 179, 180, 181 Globally Harmonized System (GHS), 184, 185 Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), 185, 186 McWane Company, 248 Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs), 248 Mexico, 180 Meyers Indus. Inc., 160 mine inspections, 274 Mine Safety and Health Act, 274, 275, 276, 277 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), 274 criminal proceedings, 275 imminent danger order, 274–75 penalties, 275 Multi-Employer Doctrine (MED), 245 musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), 47 N Nader, Ralph, 249 National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH), 34, 52 National Association of Manufacturers, 6 National Industrial Contractors, Inc. v. OSHRC (1978), 256 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4, 13, 13n26, 28, 36, 39–40, 51, 53, 58, 63, 140, 321–24 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 149–50, 153, 156, 160 refusal to work, 159 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 159, 253, 277 deferral, 163 OSHA, cooperation between, 161 National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA), 40 National Realty (1970), 84–85, 89, 95 National Toxicology Program (NTP), 43 New Directions Training and Education Program, 36 New Jersey, 44, 286 New Mexico, 167 New York, 286 NLRB v. Washington Aluminum (1962), 159, 160 Notice of Contest (NOC), 255 Notice of Intent to Appear (NIA), 146 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR), 54 O Occupational Health and Safety Review Commission (OHSRC), 4, 16, 19, 65, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 215, 216, 251, 259, 262, 307–9 abatement methods, 96 administrative law judge, 233, 237 appeal process, 37, 258 civil and criminal penalties, 311––12 civil litigation, representation in, 310 contesting, 231, 233–38 employers Index ❖ 333administrative law judge (ALJ), 255 Notice of Contest (NOC), filing of, 255 Petition for Discretionary Review (PDR), 255 exemptions, 310 exposure rule, 67, 68 federal agencies, programs of, 314–15 federal courts, 251–52, 261 appeals, 252–54 jurisdiction, 252 Notice of Contest (NOC), 255 timing, 254 general duty clause, 83, 94 hazards, determining of, 88, 90, 91 injunction proceedings, 309–1- limitations of, 38 Notice of Contest (NOC), 145, 146 research and related activities, 315–17 Rules of Procedure, 233 standard of review, 259–60 state jurisdiction and plans, 312–14 trade secrets, 310 training and employee education, 317–21. See also Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act, 1, 8, 10, 48, 65, 102, 156, 166, 209, 244, 250, 277 abatement, 274 adjudicative function, 251 administration, 300–2 Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 146, 258 citations, 224, 225, 304 Clean Indoor Air Act, 62 court of appeals, 257 coverage, 4–5 criminal enforcement, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 definitions, 290–91 employee: definition of under, 245 enactment, 3, 49 enforcement procedures, 305–6 exemptions from, 5–6 field structure, 20 General Duty Clause, 83–85 geographic applicability, 291–93 imminent danger, 277 defined, 212, 264 inspections, investigations, and recordkeeping, 207, 208, 209, 213, 302–4 role of, 20 judicial review, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 306–7 penalties, 228, 243 purpose, 3–4, 289–90 rights: employees, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 refusal to work, 156 employers, 143, 147, 153 rulemaking, 50 advisory committees, 52 oral hearings, 54 standards, promulgating of, 50 rules, 49 occupational health and safety standards, 49 regulations, 49 standards, 50, 293–300 consensus standards, 9, 11–12 no-effect levels, 11 state plans, 62–63, 279, 286 toughening of, 249 variance: permanent, 61 See also Occupational Health and Safety Review Commission (OHSRC); Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 1, 10, 48, 65, 166, 169–70, 209 Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records standard, 138–40 Access to Employee and Medical Records, 102 accident reports, 27–28 Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM), 187–88 advisory committees of, 52 alliances, 36 arbitration, 161, 162–63 deferral, 163–64 Bloodborne Pathogens, 67n11, 137–38 citations, 23–24 334 ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Handbookabatement, 222 contesting of, 221, 231–38 administrative law judge, role of, 233–35, 236 petition for discretionary review (PDR), 237 attorney fees, recovery of, 238 employee participation in, 240–41 hearing procedures, 234–35 notice of, 232, 233 post-hearing procedures, 235 prehearing procedures, 233–34 reviews of, 236–38 appellate-type, 236–37 judicial, 237–38 interlocutory, 236 elements of, 225–31 abatement requirements, 231 alleged violation, 225 de minimis violations, 227–28 other-than-serious violations, 227 penalties, 228–31 repeated violations, 226 serious violations, 227 willful violations, 226 procedural requirements, 224 repeat violations, 222 reputation, damage of, 223 settlement of, 239–40 formal settlements, 239–40 informal settlements, 239 pre-citation settlements, 239 tort litigation, 222–23 collective bargaining, 161–62 company rules, enforcing of, 25–26 compliance safety and health officer (CSHO), 264, 265 duties of, 266–67, 269, 270, 271, 272 consultation, 35 coverage of, 4–5 creation of, 3 criticism of, 1, 40 customer approval, 1n1 discrimination, 156, 158 duty to comply, 67–72 construction contractors, 70–71 exposure rule, 67–68 liability rules, 69–70, 71–72 nonconstruction applications, 71–72 economic feasibility, 19 education, 35–36 employees, common law, 165 discrimination, 158 remedies, 159 exposure rule, 67–70 protection of, 159–60, 164–65, 167 refusal to work, 156 state statues, 164–65 employer defenses, 74–81 de minimis violations, 80–81 greater hazard, 77–78 infeasibility, 74–77 alternative measures, 76–77 standard, invalidity of, 79 supervisory misconduct, 78–79 unpreventable employee misconduct, 78–79 employers actual or constructive knowledge, 73 burden shifting analysis, 158 citations, contesting of, 221 as defined, 4 exposure rule, 67–70 hazardous chemicals, obligations toward, 174–75 multiemployer worksite liability rules, 69–70, 71–72 warrants, challenging of, 215–18 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) comparisons of, 2, 6n12; overlapping with, 248 ergonomics, 45–47, 48 action trigger, 47 initial actions, 47 exemptions from, 5–6 feasibility and balancing, 16–19 federal employees, 32–33 field structure, 20–21 final rule, 55–56 general construction contractors, 70 General Duty Clause, 73, 77, 83, 84, 85 enforcement of, limitations of, 98 as practical, 97–99 preventable hazards, 95 hazards, existence of, 87–89 accidents, 94 Index ❖ 335correction of, 95–97 employer recognition, 91–92 feasibility, and abatement, 95–97 industry recognition, 90–91 as obvious, 93 as preventable, 95 recognition, 89–90, 93 serious violations, 93–94 protection, 86–87 hazard communication regulations, 40 reason for, 40–41 worker right-to-know rule, 40, 41 hazard communication standard (HCS), 29, 40–45, 170, 171–78 change, impetus for, 179–82 evaluation, 42 global harmonization, 179, 180, 182, 183–89 changes, 184–86 globalization, 170, 171 hazardous chemical, as defined, 172 information training, 173, 177–78 labeling, 42, 172, 173, 174–75, 182 Material Safety Data Sheets, 172, 173, 175–77 accuracy of, concern of, 179, 180, 181, 182 program, 178 purpose, 171 requirements, 173 trade secrets, 43–44 worker right-to-know rule, 40, 41 health standards of, 14 hearings, 54–55 imminent danger, 264 citations, 272 notices of, 271 penalties, 272–73 temporary restraining orders, 271 imminent danger inspections, 264–65 abatement, 273–74 closing conference, 272 employee representatives, 269 Notice of Imminent Danger, 271 opening conference, 269–70 on-site visit, 266–69 temporary restrainingorder (TRO), 271, 272 walk around, 270–71 warrants, 267, 268 Information Collection Request (ICR), 57 injuries Bloodborne Pathogens, 122–23 death, 115 hearing losses, 121 home, 112 job transfer, 117–18 loss of consciousness, 120 medical removal, 123–24 medical treatment, and first aid, 118–20 needlestick, 122 new cases, 112–14 preexisting conditions, 107–8 recording of, 104 restricted work, 117–18 traveling, 111–12 tuberculosis, 124–25 work, away from, 115–16 work-related, defining of, 105–7 work-relatedness, 108 exceptions to, 108–11 inspections, 207, 209 audio and video recordings, 214 citations, 22 correct, failure to, 22 criminal, 23 de minimis, 22 egregious, 23 interviews, 213–14, 217 nonserious, 22 repeated, 23 right to, 209–10 role of, 21–22 serious, 22 stages, 218 closing conference, 218, 219–20 inspection tour, 218, 219 opening conference, 218 types of, 208 accident and fatality, 208 complaint/referral, 208–9 imminent danger, 208 warrantless, 26, 210–11 warrants, 210–11 challenging of, 215–18 exceptions to, 212–13 willful, 23 inspectors competence of, 22 training of, 336 ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Handbookjudicial review, 64 knowledge reasonable diligence, 73 legislative framework of, 3 medical records, 28 Medical Records Access standard, 137 Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs), 248 monitoring and medical records, 28–29 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) cooperation between, 161 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NRPM), 53–54 Occupational Noise Exposure, 121, 122 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), 37 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 57 organization of, 2–3 overlapping jurisdiction, 36–37 Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 56, 57 preemption, 65–66 exposure rule, 67–68 special applicability problems, 66–67 Priority Planning Committee, 53 Priority Planning Process, 53 probable cause, 26 programmatic standards, 30 purpose of, 3–4 recordkeeping, 27–28, 29, 101, 102 Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records, 138–40 compliance, proving of, 140–41 criteria of, 114–21 hearing losses, 121–22 medical treatment, definition of, 118–20 needlestick injuries, 122–23 tuberculosis, 124–25 employee involvement, 126–27 employers, 104 exemptions, 129 forms, 125–26 health standards, 134–36 Asbestos standard, 135 Bloodborne Pathogens, 136, 137–38 Chromium standard, 135 hazard communications, 136–37 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 136 permissible exposure limit (PEL), 134 history of, 103 injuries and fatalities, reporting of, 128–29 injuries and illnesses, identifying of, 104 injuries, work-related, 105, 108, 111–14 exceptions to, 108–11 preexisting conditions, 107 privacy, 127–28 retention periods, 125–26 written documents, 130 safety standards, 130–34 Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 101, 103 Regulatory Flexibility Act (REA), 57 Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), 57 Request for Information (REI), 53, 54 reputation of, 1 Respiratory Protection standard, 140 rights, 143, 153 employees, 148–53 complaints, 148–49 discrimination, protection from, 150 information, access to, 152–53 inspections and enforcement, participation in, 151–52 work, refusal to, 149–50 employers, 144–48 citations and civil penalties, 145–46 inspections and warrants, 144–45 judicial review, 146 rulemakings, participation in, 146–47 trade secrets, protection of, 147–48 roles of, 4, 49 rulemaking process, 50, 56–59 delays in, 57–59 negotiated, 56 petitions of, 50 safety standards of, 9–10 safety v. health, 9–10 self-auditing, 191, 192, 205 attorney client privilege, 203–4 attorney work product doctrine, 204–5 audit, scope of, 193 audit team, 192–93 censoring, 195 confidentiality, 194 good faith, 198 hazards, 194–95 health auditing, 192 Index ❖ 337policy, 196–99 safety auditing, 192 self-audit privilege, 200–2 common law, 200–2 statutory/adult privilege, 203 as voluntary, 197 Small Business Advocacy Review Panel, 57 standards: categories, agricultural, 49 construction, 49 general industry, 49 maritime and longshoring, 49 consensus, 9, 11–12 emergency temporary, 11, 15, 59 grave, 15 general duty clause, 15–16 health, 14 overview, 8–9 permanent, 11, 12–13 scope of, 7 setting of, 10–11 state v. federal, 61–63 Standards Completion Process, 12 state employees, 33 state programs, 33–35, 279–80, 286 critique of, 34 preemption issues, 281, 286 probationary phase, 280 rejection and withdrawal, 281 statues of, 282–85 telecommunicating and home workplaces, 6–7 variances, 59–61 interim, 61 permanent, 20, 61 temporary, 19–20, 60–61 violations, 253 criminal enforcement of, 243–44 advance notice, 246 employee deaths, 245–46 environmental statues, 248–49 false statements, 246 knowing, interpretation of, 246 recent legislation, 249–50 state enforcement, 247 willful, 245–46 whistleblowing, 30–32, 165 common law, 167 federal statues, 165–66 preemption, 166 state statues, 166 work, refusal to, 30–32, 156–57 workplaces, 6. See also Occupational Health and Safety Review Commission (OHSRC); Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act Office of Compliance Programs, 6 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 41 P Pegasus Tower (2005), 9` People v. Chicago Magnet Wire Corp. (1989), 247 People v. Pymm Thermometer (1991), 247 Pepperidge Farm (1997), 83 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), 131 Peterson Bros. Steel Erec. Co. (1993), 76 Petition for Modification of Abatement (PMA), 145 P. Gioioso & Sons Inc., v. OSHRC (1997), 255 Phelps Dodge Corporation (1980), 16n30 Pitt-Des Moines (1999), 245 Process Safety Management, 131 Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance, 131 Public Citizen Health Research Group (PCHRG), 58, 59 Public Citizen Health Research Group v. Chao (2002), 58 R Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 57 Reich v. Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger, Inc. (1993), 259 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 244, 248, 249 Restatement of Torts, 43 R. T. Vanderbilt Co. v. OSHRC (1984), 253 S Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), 185, 186 Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP), 35 Safeway, 93 Secretary of Health and Human Services: annual reports, 329–30 338 ❖ Occupational Safety and Health HandbookSecretary of Labor: annual reports, 329–30 Sec. of Labor v. Muth, 214 self-audits, 191, 192 health, 191, 192 safety, 191, 192 Senate Labor Committee, 249 Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), 57 Small Business Advocacy Review Panel, 57 The Society of the Plastics Industry v. OSHA (1975), 17 South Korea, 180 Standard Threshold Shift (STS), 121 State Sheet Metal Co. (1993), 76 states: grants to, 326–27 statistics, 327–28 Stein, Inc. (1996), 86, 87 Stoops, Roy G., 246 Sun Ship, Inc. (1982), 97 Superfund, 30–31 Supreme Court, 152, 156, 157, 238, 244, 259, 262 arbitration, 162, 163 economic feasibility, 19 employee rights, 276 inspection, 209–10 probable cause, 211 work, refusal to, 149, 150, 159 sweat shops, 6 T Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment, 43 trade secrets, 43–44, 147–48 Turner Co. v. Secretary of Labor (1977), 18 U UAW v. Chao (2004), 51 United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 183 United States: Globally Harmonized System (GHS), implementation of, 187 V variances, 19 permanent, 20 temporary, 19–20 Virgin Islands, 286 W Waldon Healthcare Center, 96 warrants, 144 Wellstone, Paul, 249 Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall (1980), 156–57, 276, 277 whistleblowing, 155, 165 federal statues, 165–66 protection of, 30–32 White, Justice, 26 Woodson v. Rowland (1991), 223n4 workplaces, 6; hazardous conditions in, 263; safety of, 191 work: refusal to, 30 Workers’ Family Protection, 324–25 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 187
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