Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19004 التقييم : 35512 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Safety at Work Seventh Edition الأربعاء 13 ديسمبر 2023, 11:30 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Safety at Work Seventh Edition Edited by John Ridley and John Channing
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Foreword xvii Preface to seventh edition xix Preface to first edition xxi List of contributors xxiii Part 1 Law 1 1.1 Explaining the law Brenda Watts 3 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 The incident 3 1.1.3 Some possible actions arising from the incident 3 1.1.4 Legal issues of the incident 4 1.1.5 Criminal and civil law 4 1.1.6 Branches of law 5 1.1.7 Law and fact 7 1.1.8 The courts 7 1.1.9 Judicial precedent 17 1.1.10 Court procedure 18 1.1.11 Identity of court personnel 23 1.1.12 Employment Tribunals 25 1.1.13 European community courts (ECJ) 26 1.1.14 Human Rights Courts 28 1.1.15 Sources of English Law 29 1.1.16 Legislation 30 1.1.17 Safety legislation before the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 36 1.1.18 Safety legislation today 37 1.1.19 Principles developed by the courts 40vi Contents 1.2 Principal health and safety Acts S. Simpson 48 1.2.1 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 48 1.2.2 The Factories Act 1961 58 1.2.3 Fire precautions 58 1.2.4 The Mines and Quarries Acts 1954–71 58 1.2.5 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 58 1.2.6 The road traffic Acts 1972–91 59 1.2.7 The Public Health Act 1936 59 1.2.8 Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928 60 1.2.9 Activity Centres (Young Persons Safety) Act 1995 60 1.2.10 Crown premises 60 1.2.11 Subordinate legislation 61 1.3 Influences on health and safety J. R. Ridley 64 1.3.1 Introduction 64 1.3.2 The Robens Report 64 1.3.3 Delegation of law-making powers 65 1.3.4 Legislative framework for health and safety 66 1.3.5 Self-regulation 67 1.3.6 Goal-setting legislation 68 1.3.7 European Union 69 1.3.8 European standards 72 1.3.9 Our social partners 74 1.3.10 Social expectations 74 1.3.11 Public expectations 75 1.3.12 Political influences 75 1.3.13 Roles in health and safety 76 1.3.14 Safety culture 77 1.3.15 Quality culture 77 1.3.16 No fault liability 78 1.3.17 Risk assessments 78 1.3.18 Risk aversion 79 1.3.19 Conclusion 80 1.4 Law of contract R. W. Hodgin 82 1.4.1 Contracts 82 1.4.2 Contracts of employment 85 1.4.3 Employment legislation 86 1.4.4 Law of sale 88 1.4.5 Specialised legislation affecting occupational safety advisers 90 1.5 Employment law R. D. Miskin, updated by Sabahhit Ali 94 1.5.1 Introduction 94 1.5.2 Employment law 94 1.5.3 Discrimination 96 1.5.4 Disciplinary procedures 104 1.5.5 Dismissal 107 1.5.6 Summary 116Contents vii 1.6 Consumer protection R. G. Lawson 118 1.6.1 Fair conditions of contract 118 1.6.2 A fair quality of goods and services 126 1.6.3 Product safety 128 1.6.4 Product liability 134 1.6.5 Misleading advertising 136 1.6.6 Exclusion clauses 138 1.6.7 Distance selling 141 1.6.8 Stop now orders 141 1.6.9 Consumer redress 142 1.7 Insurance cover and compensation A. West 145 1.7.1 Workmen’s compensation and the State insurance scheme 145 1.7.2 Employer’s liability insurance 148 1.7.3 Public Liability insurance 154 1.7.4 Investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage 155 1.7.5 General 159 1.8 Civil liability E. J. Skellett, updated by David Greenhalgh 160 1.8.1 Introduction 160 1.8.2 The common law and its development 160 1.8.3 The law of tort 161 1.8.4 Occupier’s Liability Acts 1957 and 1984 165 1.8.5 Supply of goods 166 1.8.6 Employer’s liability 167 1.8.7 Employer’s Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969 170 1.8.8 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 170 1.8.9 Defences to a civil liability claim 170 1.8.10 Volenti non fit injuria 171 1.8.11 Limitation 172 1.8.12 Assessment of damages 172 1.8.13 Fatal accidents 174 1.8.14 ‘No fault’ liability system 175 Part 2 The management of risk 177 2.1 An introduction to risk management J. E. Channing 179 2.1.1 Introduction 179 2.1.2 The components of risk 181 2.1.3 Strategies to control risk 184 2.1.4 Risk management in the 21st century 188 2.2 Principles of the management of risk L. Bamber 191 2.2.1 Principles of action necessary to prevent accidents 191 2.2.2 Definitions of hazard, risk and danger 192 2.2.3 Risk management 194 2.2.4 Loss control 197 2.2.5 Degrees of hazard 202viii Contents 2.2.6 Accident causation models 202 2.2.7 Accident prevention: legal, humanitarian and economic reasons for action 204 2.3 Risk management: organisation and administration for safety J. E. Channing 209 2.3.1 Introduction 209 2.3.2 Organisation structure models 210 2.3.3 Roles and responsibilities 213 2.3.4 Work groups 216 2.3.5 Organisational theory 218 2.3.6 Organisational techniques 220 2.3.7 Culture 224 2.3.8 Potential problems 225 2.3.9 The role of specialists in the organisation 228 2.3.10 Conclusion 229 2.4 Risk management: techniques and practices L. Bamber 230 2.4.1 Risk identification, assessment and control 230 2.4.2 Job safety analysis 236 2.4.3 System safety 241 2.4.4 Systems theory and design 243 2.4.5 System safety engineering 246 2.4.6 Fault tree analysis 247 2.4.7 Probabilistic risk assessments 248 2.4.8 Health and safety in design and planning 249 2.4.9 Quality, Environment, Safety and Health Management Systems (QUENSH) 251 2.4.10 Use of data on accidents 253 2.4.11 Maintenance systems and planned maintenance 254 2.4.12 Damage control 255 2.4.13 Cost-effectiveness of risk management 257 2.4.14 Performance evaluation and appraisal 260 2.4.15 Loss control profiling 263 2.5 The collection and use of accident and incident data Dr A. J. Boyle 267 2.5.1 Introduction 267 2.5.2 Types of accident and incident data 267 2.5.3 Collection of accident and incident data 271 2.5.4 Legal requirements to notify accidents and incidents 275 2.5.5 The use of accident and incident data 275 2.5.6 Epidemiological analysis 283 2.5.7 Accident investigation 285 2.5.8 Accident and incident data and risk assessment data 296 2.5.9 The use of computers 297 Appendix. UK requirements for reporting accidents and incidents 302Contents ix 2.6 Practical safety management: systems and techniques J. E. Channing 307 2.6.1 Introduction 307 2.6.2 Legal obligations 308 2.6.3 Generic safety management 309 2.6.4 Implementing a regulation within a safety management system 313 2.6.5 Safety management and housekeeping 319 2.6.6 Assessment techniques 321 2.6.7 Proprietary audit systems 326 2.6.8 Safety systems and incidents 327 2.6.9 Learning organisations 328 2.6.10 Safety management systems in small organisations 330 2.6.11 Limitations of safety systems 331 2.6.12 Conclusion 331 2.7 The individual and safety Andrew Hale 333 2.7.1 Introduction: What does this chapter try to do? 333 2.7.2 Individuals as controllers of danger 335 2.7.3 Behavioural science and the human information processor 340 2.7.4 Individual behaviour in the face of danger 355 2.7.5 Change 377 2.7.6 Conclusion 389 2.8 Risk management and behaviour modification J. E. Channing 393 2.8.1 Introduction 393 2.8.2 Behaviour modification for employees 395 2.8.3 Behaviour modification for managers and supervisors 406 2.8.4 Applying behaviour concepts to incident investigation 411 2.8.5 Behaviour concepts and the safety management system 412 2.8.6 Risk, behaviour, leadership and commitment 415 2.8.7 Behaviour modification processes: the hazards 416 2.8.8 Behaviour and safety culture 417 2.8.9 Conclusion 418 Part 3 Occupational health and hygiene 423 3.1 The structure and functions of the human body Dr T. Coates 425 3.1.1 Introduction 425 3.1.2 History 425 3.1.3 The functions of an occupational health department 427 3.1.4 Overseas developments 428 3.1.5 Risks to health at work 429 3.1.6 Occupational hygiene 429x Contents 3.1.7 First aid at work 431 3.1.8 Basic human anatomy and physiology 432 3.1.9 Cancer and other problems of cell growth 447 3.1.10 The body’s defence mechanisms 448 3.1.11 Factors determining the effect of substances in the body 449 3.1.12 The assessment of risk to health 449 3.2 Occupational diseases Dr A. R. L. Clark 451 3.2.1 Introduction 451 3.2.2 Toxicology 451 3.2.3 Diseases of the skin 455 3.2.4 Diseases of the respiratory system 458 3.2.5 Diseases from metals 463 3.2.6 Pesticides 468 3.2.7 Solvents 468 3.2.8 Gassing 473 3.2.9 Oxygen deficiency 475 3.2.10 Occupational cancer 476 3.2.11 Physical agents 478 3.2.12 Ionising radiations 479 3.2.13 Noise-induced hearing loss 482 3.2.14 Working in heat 485 3.2.15 Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD) 485 3.2.16 Diseases due to micro-organisms 486 3.2.17 Psycho-social disorders 489 3.2.18 Target organs 490 3.3 Occupational hygiene Dr C. Hartley 494 3.3.1 Recognition 494 3.3.2 Evaluation 494 3.3.3 Control measures 514 3.3.4 Summary 522 3.4 Radiation Dr A. D. Wrixon and updated by Peter Shaw and Dr M. Maslanyj 524 3.4.1 Introduction 524 3.4.2 Structure of matter 524 3.4.3 Radioactivity 525 3.4.4 Ionising radiation 525 3.4.5 Biological effects of ionising radiation 526 3.4.6 Quantities and units 527 3.4.7 Basic principles of radiological protection 528 3.4.8 Legal requirements 532 3.4.9 Health Protection Agency 536 3.4.10 Incidents and emergencies 536 3.4.11 Non-ionising radiation 537 3.5 Noise and vibration R. W. Smith and updated by Terry Bramer 542 3.5.1 What is sound? 542 3.5.2 Other terms commonly found in acoustics 545Contents xi 3.5.3 Transmission of sound 548 3.5.4 The sound level meter 549 3.5.5 The ear 550 3.5.6 The equivalent noise level 552 3.5.7 Community noise levels 553 3.5.8 Work area noise levels 554 3.5.9 Noise control techniques 555 3.5.10 Vibration 564 3.5.11 Summary 565 3.6 Workplace pollution, heat and ventilation F. S. Gill 567 3.6.1 Methods of assessment of workplace air pollution 568 3.6.2 Measurement of the thermal environment 571 3.6.3 Standards for workplace environments 572 3.6.4 Ventilation control of a workplace environment 574 3.6.5 Assessment of performance of ventilation systems 576 3.7 Lighting E. G. Hooper and updated by Jonathan David 581 3.7.1 Introduction 581 3.7.2 The eye 581 3.7.3 Eye conditions 582 3.7.4 Definitions 583 3.7.5 Types of lighting 585 3.7.6 Illuminances 586 3.7.7 Factors affecting the quality of lighting 588 3.7.8 Emergency lighting 591 3.7.9 Recycling and dangerous substances 592 3.7.10 Use of light measuring instruments 592 3.8 Applied ergonomics J. R. Ridley 594 3.8.1 Introduction 594 3.8.2 Physiology 596 3.8.3 Working environment 609 3.8.4 Manual handling 615 3.8.5 Repetitive actions 616 3.8.6 Plant design 617 3.8.7 Controls and indicators 617 3.8.8 Noise and vibrations 620 3.8.9 Stress 621 3.8.10 Display screen equipment (DSE) 622 3.8.11 Signs and signals 623 3.8.12 The written word 624 3.8.13 Coda 624 Part 4 Workplace safety 627 4.1 Science in engineering safety J. R. Ridley 629 4.1.1 Introduction 629 4.1.2 Structure of matter 629xii Contents 4.1.3 Properties of chemicals 631 4.1.4 Physical properties 635 4.1.5 Energy and work 641 4.1.6 Mechanics 642 4.1.7 Strength of materials 643 4.1.8 Modes of failure 645 4.1.9 Testing 645 4.1.10 Hydraulics 646 4.1.11 Summary 647 4.2 Fire precautions Ray Chalklen 649 4.2.1 Introduction 649 4.2.2 Basic fire technology 649 4.2.3 Fire hazards and their control 652 4.2.4 Fire alarms and detectors 656 4.2.5 Classification of fires 663 4.2.6 Portable fire-fighting equipment 665 4.2.7 Fixed fire-fighting equipment 672 4.2.8 Fire safety signs 680 4.2.9 Means of escape in case of fire 680 4.2.10 Fire engineering 684 4.2.11 Fire protection measures 685 4.2.12 Legal requirements 689 4.2.13 Fire risk assessment 694 4.2.14 Access and facilities for the fire brigade 697 4.2.15 Fire terminology 698 4.3 Safe use of machinery J. R. Ridley 704 4.3.1 Introduction 704 4.3.2 Strategy for selecting safeguards 711 4.3.3 Safeguarding techniques 714 4.3.4 Powered trucks 725 4.3.5 Lifting equipment 728 4.3.6 Pressure systems 736 4.3.7 Coda 740 4.4 Electricity E. G. Hooper and revised by Chris Buck 743 4.4.1 Alternating and direct currents 743 4.4.2 Electricity supply 744 4.4.3 Statutory requirements 746 4.4.4 Voltage levels 747 4.4.5 Electrical accidents 748 4.4.6 The basic electrical circuit 748 4.4.7 Dangers from electricity 749 4.4.8 Protective means 752 4.4.9 Competence 755 4.4.10 Permits-to-work 756 4.4.11 Static electricity 758 4.4.12 Use of electricity in adverse or hazardous environments 759Contents xiii 4.4.13 Electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres 760 4.4.14 Portable tools 762 4.4.15 Residual current devices 763 4.4.16 Maintenance 764 4.4.17 Conclusion 764 4.5 Statutory examination of plant and equipment J. McMullen and updated by Cameron Sinclair 767 4.5.1 Introduction 767 4.5.2 Legislation 768 4.5.3 Pressure systems 768 4.5.4 Lifting equipment 774 4.5.5 Power presses and press brakes 779 4.5.6 Local exhaust ventilation 781 4.5.7 Electrical equipment and installations 783 4.5.8 Other considerations 785 4.5.9 Conclusion 787 4.6 Safety on construction sites R. Hudson 792 4.6.1 Construction accidents 792 4.6.2 Safe working in the industry 793 4.6.3 Construction site hazards 797 4.6.4 Access 808 4.6.5 Lifting and Equipment Operations 810 4.6.6 Welfare facilities 815 4.6.7 Other relevant legislation 816 4.7 Managing chemicals safely John Adamson 821 4.7.1 Introduction 821 4.7.2 Chemical data 821 4.7.3 Source of information 822 4.7.4 Risk assessments 823 4.7.5 Minimising the risk 827 4.7.6 Legislative requirements 831 4.7.7 Storage of substances 837 4.7.8 Transport 841 4.7.9 Plant and process design 843 4.7.10 Further safety studies 851 4.7.11 Plant modifications 852 4.7.12 Safe systems of work 852 4.7.13 Laboratories 854 4.7.14 Emergency procedures 857 4.7.15 REACH 857 4.7.16 Conclusions 858 Part 5 The environment 861 5.1 The environment: issues, concepts and strategies J. E. Channing 863 5.1.1 Introduction 863 5.1.2 Environmental predictions 864xiv Contents 5.1.3 Sustainable development 865 5.1.4 Environmental hazards 867 5.1.5 Evaluating environmental risks 870 5.1.6 Environmental control strategies 874 5.1.7 Conclusion 876 5.2 Environmental management systems J. E. Channing 878 5.2.1 Introduction 878 5.2.2 Establishing an environmental management system 880 5.2.3 Additional EMAS requirements 889 5.2.4 Conclusions 889 5.3 Waste management Samantha Moss 891 5.3.1 Introduction 891 5.3.2 Waste authorities 892 5.3.3 National waste strategies 893 5.3.4 Defining waste 895 5.3.5 The waste hierarchy 897 5.3.6 Waste management in practice 897 5.3.7 Waste minimisation 913 5.3.8 Other waste management legislation 922 5.3.9 The cost of failure to manage waste effectively 924 5.3.10 Conclusion 925 5.4 Chemicals and the environment J. L. Adamson 928 5.4.1 Introduction 928 5.4.2 Chemical data 928 5.4.3 Risk reduction 929 5.4.4 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA) 929 5.4.5 Minimising environmental harm 933 5.4.6 Air pollution: control measures and abatement techniques 936 5.4.7 Monitoring atmospheric pollution 938 5.4.8 Control of water pollution 941 5.4.9 Groundwater pollution 942 5.4.10 Waste disposal and duty of care 944 5.4.11 Reuse or recycling of industrial waste 952 5.4.12 Environmental management systems 953 5.4.13 Conclusion 955 5.5 The environment at large G. N. Batts 956 5.5.1 Introduction 956 5.5.2 Environmental issues 957 5.5.3 The environment and the media 963 5.5.4 The global impact of environmental issues 963 5.5.5 Ethical investing and green procurement 964 5.5.6 Increasing environmental legislation, controls and public reporting 966 5.5.7 End-of-pipe control 9665.5.8 Polluter pays 967 5.5.9 Producer or shared responsibility 968 5.5.10 Environmental management system (EMS) and sustainable development 969 5.5.11 Corporate social responsibility 971 Appendix 1 The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health 977 Appendix 2 Reading for the NEBOSH level 6 Diploma examination 978 Appendix 3 List of abbreviations 980 Appendix 4 Organisations providing safety information 986 Appendix 5 List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 988 Appendix 6 List of Cases 994 Index 999 Contents xv k999 5S’s approach, 319–21 16 personality factors, 347 Abatement equipment, 936–8 Abatement Notices, 932–3 ABC model, 396–400 ABS see Anti-locking braking systems Absorption, 527–8, 557–62, 937 Abstraction of water, 924 AC see Alternating current ACAS disciplinary procedure Code of Practice, 105 Acceptable risk values, 183 Access construction sites, 808–11 cranes, 734 fire brigade, 697–8 Accident and incident data, 267–306 accident investigations, 285–95 collection, 271–5, 286–93 computer usage, 297–302 definitions, 268, 271, 281 epidemiological analysis, 283–5 legal requirements, 275, 302–6 qualitative differences, 268–9 quantitative differences, 269–71 reporting, 271–4, 293–4, 302–6 risk assessment data, 296–7 trend analysis, 275–83 types, 267–71 usage, 275–83 Accident investigations, 285–95 advanced techniques, 295 information collection, 286–93 minor incidents, 294–5 near misses, 294–5 what happened, 286–90 why things happened, 290–3 writing reports, 293–4 Accident prevention, 205–7 definitions, 191–2 economic reasons, 205–7, 260–1, 263 humanitarian reasons, 205–6, 260–1, 263 legal reasons, 205, 260–1, 263 Accident Prevention Advisory Unit (APAU), 260 Accident proneness theory, 333 Accident triangles, 270–1 Accidents age distribution, 376 audit performance correlations, 325 causation models, 202–4 cause perception, 333, 334 construction sites, 792, 807–8 control systems, 254 costing, 257–9, 261–3 data, 267–306 definitions, 191–2 as deviation process, 335, 336 distribution by age/experience, 376 electrical, 748, 754–5 experience distribution, 376 individual susceptibility, 375–7 performance evaluation, 261–3 post-war rates, 419 prevention, 191–2, 204–7, 260–1, 263 radioactive substances, 536–7 IndexAccidents (continued) reasons, 393 statistics, 232–3 systems theory, 245–6 see also Injuries Accommodation eye, 582 stairways, 698 statements, 121–2 Accountability, accident costs, 261–2 the Accused, 22 ACGIH see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Acid rain/precipitation, 958–9 Acids, 633–4 ACoP see Approved Codes of Practice ACoPs (Approval to Codes of Practice), 67 Acoustic temperature measurement, 939 Acoustics see also Noise; Sound Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 487 Action control of danger, 371–2 information processing, 351 plans, 250–1 responsibility, 369–71 Active protection measures, fire, 685–7 Activity Centres, young persons, 60 Acts of God, 333, 334 Acts of Parliament, 6, 30–1, 48–63, 66 see also individual Acts; Tables of Statutes Acute hazards, 181, 452, 453 Administration, 52, 174, 186, 209–29 ADS see Approved dosimetry services Advertising, 136–8 Advice, 70, 72, 228–9, 428, 508 Advocate General, 27 Age discrimination, 101 Age distribution, 376 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 487 Air, 507–10, 576, 635 see also Atmospheric pollution; Pollution; Ventilation Air conditioning, 567 Air supply, 614–15 Airborne contamination assessment, 568–71 dusts and fibres, 501–2, 568–70 exposure limits, 507–10, 572–4 gases and vapours, 495–501, 571 monitoring, 502–4 radioactive materials, 531 ventilation, 515–16 Airflow, 576–7, 615 Alarm systems see Fire alarms Alpha radiation, 525 Alternating current (AC), 743, 744, 750 Amber List wastes, 913 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 507, 512–13, 572 American Industrial Hygiene Association, 494 Ammonia, 475 Amplitude, sound waves, 542–4 Analogue control displays, 617 Anatomy, 432–47 Ancillary materials, 917 Anemometers, 576, 578, 939 Angiosarcoma, 478 Antecedents, behaviours and consequences (ABC) model, 396–400 Anthrax, 488–9 Anthropology, 595 Anti-locking braking systems (ABS), 382 APAU (Accident Prevention Advisory Unit), 260 Appellate Committee, 24 Appellate jurisdiction, 7 Appointed person, first aid, 431 Approval to Codes of Practice (ACoPs), 67 Approved bodies, 708 Approved Codes of Practice (ACoP), 53–4, 708–9, 770, 772, 782–4 Approved dosimetry services (ADSs), 534 Approved Supply List, 822, 911–12 Aquifers, 943 ‘Arc eye’, 803 ‘Arising out of and in the course of his employment’ criteria, 149 Arms, 491, 601–4 Arsenic, 467 Arsine, 467 Arson, 653 Asbestos, 501–2, 569, 782, 807 Asbestosis, 461 Aspects and impacts analysis, 875, 881–4 Asphyxia, 473–5 Aspirating smoke detectors, 659 1000 IndexAssessment air pollution, 568–71 of damages, 172–4 specialists, 228–9 systems, 312–15, 321–5 ventilation performance, 576–9 see also Risk assessment Assumptions, interviewing, 287 Asthma, 462–3 Astigmatism, 582 ATEX directives, 761 Atmospheric concentration monitoring, 830–1 Atmospheric emissions, 50 Atmospheric pollution, 938–41, 950, 960 see also Pollution... Atomic absorption spectrometry, 501 Atoms, 524, 629–31 Attachment of Earnings Orders, 96 Attitudes, 64–81, 346–8, 394 Attorney General, 24 Audible signal usage, 623–4 Audiograms, 484, 551–2 Audit systems, 187, 232, 323, 325–7, 414 Duty of Care Regulations, 947–52 Environmental Management Systems, 886–8 see also Eco-management and Audit Scheme Authorised Transport Purposes, 909–10 Authority, 214–15 Auto-ignition temperature, 698 Automatic fire systems, 656–60, 686 Automatic guards, 722 Automatic safe load indicator, 813 Backdraught, 699 Bag filters, 937 Bagassosis, 463 Band width, 546–7 Bare conductors, 733 Barrier creams, 521–2 BASEEFA see British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres Bases, chemicals, 633–4 BAT see Best available techniques BATNEEC see Best available techniques not entailing excessive cost ‘Battering the sides’, 797 Becquerel (Bq), 527–8 Before HSWA, 36–7 Behaviour, 343, 347–8, 351–5, 408–10 reinforcers, 396 wearing eye protection, 394 see also ABC model Behaviour modification process, 393–421 commitment, 415–16 employees, 395–406 generic model, 405–6, 407 the hazards, 416 incident investigation, 411–12 involvement, 404–5 leadership, 415–16 lone workers, 403–4 managers, 406–11 observation, 402–3 performance management, 395–401 refreshing the process, 405 safety culture, 417–18 safety management, 412–15 structural feedback approach, 401–2 supervisors, 406–11 workplace intervention, 400 Behavioural science, 340–55 definition, 340–1 models, 342–3, 412 relevance to health and safety, 341–2 see also Behaviour Beliefs, 347 ‘Benching the sides’, 797 Benchmarking, 329–30 the Bends, 438 Benefits recoverable, 157, 177 Benzene, 472 Bereavement damages, 174 Best available techniques (BAT), 931, 935 Best available techniques not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC), 871, 930, 935, 967 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO), 875, 897, 933–5 Beta particles, 525–6, 939–40 Bio-technology, 937–8 Biological agents, 486–9, 495, 512 Biological danger, 202 Biological hazards, 429, 526–7 Biological waste treatment, 945 Bird, F.E., 198, 203, 242, 254, 263–4, 270 Bladder, 492 Blame cultures, 273 BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion), 639 Blindness, 582 Index 1001Blood, 135, 438–40, 448, 491, 597–8 Boards, scaffolding, 808–9 Boilers see Pressure systems Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE), 639 Bone, 492 Boredom factors, 375 Bowtie model, 337 BPEO see Best Practicable Environmental Option Bq see Becquerel Brain, 441–2, 491 Brakes, 779–81 Breach of duty of care, 164 Breach of statutory duty, 41–2, 43, 151 Breathing see Respiratory system Breathing apparatus, 475, 518–21 Bremsstrahlung, 525–6 Brent-Spar oilrig, 964 Brightness, illumination, 583 British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA), 760 British Institute of Occupational Hygienists, 430 British Occupational Hygiene Society, 430, 494 British Standards Institution (BSI), 252, 746, 752–3, 760, 765 Broadcast advertising, 137–8 Bronchial asthma, 462–3 BS EN standards, 66, 252, 310, 760 BS Standards, 66, 799–801, 808–11 BSI see British Standards Institution Budgetary systems, 262 Buildings escaping fires, 682 fire engineering, 684 fire loading, 685 Regulations, 694, 784 Scotland, 784 sprinkler systems, 674–5 stability, fire, 688–9 Burden of proof, 22 Bureaucracy, 225–6 Buried cables see Underground cables Burns, electrical, 751–2 Byssinosis, 463 CAA see Constant Attendance Allowance Cables, 755, 799–801, 802 Cadmium, 467–8, 804, 869 Caissons, 798 Calibration, light meters, 592–3 Cam-operated limit switch interlocks, 716–23 Cancers, 447–8, 456–7, 461–2, 476–8, 527, 528 see also Carcinogens Candela, 583 Capability, 108 Capacitance, 749 Captive key interlocks, 719, 721 Car use, 876 Carbon, 631 Carbon dioxide, 474, 669, 679, 864, 959 Carbon disulphide, 473 Carbon monoxide, 474, 661–2, 804 Carbon tetrachloride, 471–2 Carcinogens, 452–3, 456–7, 477–8, 511 see also Cancers Cardiovascular system, 491 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 485 Carriage see Transport Carrying loads, 598–602, 616 Cartridge fuses, 754 Case law, 40–1 see also Common law Cattell’s 16 personality factors, 347 Causal network knowledge, 364–5 Causation, 164–5, 333, 334 ‘Caused during the period of insurance’ phrase, 151–2 Cavity barriers, 699 CDM coordinators, 793, 796 CDM Regulations, 793, 795–6, 815 CE mark, 706, 708, 737 CEHR see Commission for Equality and Human Rights Ceilings, 681 Cells, human body, 432–3, 447–8, 526–7 CENELEC see Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation Central nervous system, 441–2 Certification, first aiders, 431–2 CET see Corrected Effective Temperature index Chain of utility, 895–6 Chains, 814–15 Change processes, 377–89 Change of state, matter, 637–41 Charges, 125, 908, 968 Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE), 587, 588 Checking actions, 886–8, 954 Checklists, 314, 318, 320, 812–15 Chemical agents, 451–78 Chemical hazards, 202, 429, 495–501 1002 IndexChemical oxygen demand (COD), 942 Chemicals, 821–60 1996/1999 Regulations, 842 2002 Regulations, 833–5 CDG, 833–4 chemical data, 928–9 CHIP 3 Regulations, 833–5 CIMAH, 832–3 COMAH Regulations, 857 construction sites, 805 COSHH, 831, 835–7 data, 821–2 emergency procedures, 857 environmental pollution, 869, 928–55 exposure prevention, 827–30 fume cupboards, 856 gas cylinder storage, 841 handling risk assessment, 827 HAZOP study, 843, 844–7, 851–2 information sources, 822–3 instruction documentation, 852–3 labels, 834–5 laboratories, 854–6 legislation, 831–7, 842, 929–33, 936 liquid waste, 950 management, 821–60 MHSWR, 823, 857 NIIHHS, 831–2 NONS, 835 packaging, 833–4 permits-to-work, 853–4 plant, 843–51, 852 process design, 843–51 properties, 631–5 rail transport, 842 reactors, 849 records, 831 risks, 236 assessment, 823–7 minimisation, 827–31 phrases, 834 reduction, 929 storage, 837–41 substance definitions, 823 substitution, 827–8 symbols, 834 tanker off-loading, 840 training, 853 transport, 833–4, 841–2 treatment of waste, 945 warehousing, 840–1 waste management, 907 work systems, 852–4 Children, 101–2 CHIP 3 Regulations, 833–5 Chlorine, 473 Chromium, 467 Chronic hazards, 181, 452, 453 CIBSE see Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers CIMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984), 832, 833 Cinematograph Regulations, 783 Circadian rhythms, 374 Circuits, electrical, 748–9, 751–2, 753–5 Circulatory system, physiology, 438–40, 597–8 Citizen action, 875–6 Civil courts, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 Civil Justice System, 18–19 Civil law, 4–5, 20, 43 Civil liability, 160–75 assessment of damages, 172–4 contributory negligence, 171 defences, 170–1 employer’s liability, 167–9 fatal accidents, 174 HSWA, 170 limitation, 172 ‘no fault’ liability system, 175 supply of goods, 166–7 volenti non fit injuria defence, 151, 171–2 see also Common law Civil Procedure Rules, 156, 161 Classification fires, 663–5 risks, 243 Cleanliness, 516, 530, 610 Clerk to the Justices, 24 Climate Change Levy, 867, 926 Clinical waste, 896–7 Closed systems, 245 Clothing, 521, 612, 829 Co-decision procedure, 34–5 Co-operative Bank, 965 Coal tar, 457–8 Coastal waters, 941 COD see Chemical oxygen demand Coda, 740 Code for Lighting, 587–8 Codes of Practice ACAS disciplinary procedure, 105 advertising, 138 approval, 67 Commission for Racial Equality, 99 definition, 57 disciplinary procedure, ACAS, 105 Index 1003Codes of Practice (continued) Earthworks, 799–801 EAW Regulations, 746–7 HSWA, 53–4, 57 pressure systems, 785 pricing offences, 123–4 see also Approval to Codes of Practice; Approved Codes of Practice Coffer-dams, 798 Cold and wet environments, 804 Collection of data, 267–306 Colorimetry paper tape, 940–1 Colour, 581, 591, 610–11, 614 Colour blindness, 582 Combustible dusts, 653–4 Commercial cycle, 895–6 Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR), 101 Commission of European Union, 70 Commissioning projects, 251 Commitment, 408–10, 415–16 Committé European de Normalisation (CEN), 72–3 Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC), 72–3, 746, 760 Common law, 6, 50–2, 150, 160–1, 308–9 see also Civil liability Communications, 137–8, 384–6, 623–4, 885, 922 Company environmental performance, 963, 964–6 Compensation, 80, 145–7, 157–8, 163–4 see also Damages; Insurance cover Competence, 755–6, 884–5 Competent person, 777, 785–6 Complaints, 951 Complex accidents, 295 Compounds, 631–3 Compressed air work, 807 Compressible fluids, 646–7 Computers, 297–302, 327, 398–9 Concepts in learning processes, 380 Conditioning, 379 Conductimetry, 941 Conduction of fire, 652 Conductor protection, 733 Confederation of British Industries, 224 Confined spaces, 805–6 Conflicts, 223, 226–7, 244–5 Conformity assessments, 731, 737 Conjunctivitis, 582 Consents, 905, 907 Consequences, 181–2, 233, 396–400 ‘Consideration’, 82 Consignment notes, 946–7 Constant Attendance Allowance (CAA), 147 Construction finishes, 681 Construction sites, 792–820 access, 808–11 accidents, 792, 807–8 CDM Regulations, 793, 795–6, 815 electricity use, 760, 802–3 emergency plans, 807–8 hazards, 797–808 head protection, 816–17 legislation, 808, 816–18 lifting, 802, 810–15 management, 792–3 notification of work, 796 Regulations, 793, 795–6, 802, 810–15 welfare facilities, 815–16 Consultations with employees, 404–5 Consumable materials, 918 Consumer credit, 125–6, 140 Consumer protection, 118–44 1987 Act, 91–2, 122–3, 132–9, 155, 167 consumer redress, 142–3 distance selling, 141 enforcement orders, 142 exclusion clauses, 138–41 fair conditions of contract, 118–26 fair quality of goods and services, 126–8 misleading advertising, 136–8 product liability, 134–6 product safety, 128–33 stop now orders, 141–2 unfair contract terms, 138–41 Consumer redress, 142–3 Container labelling, 904 Contaminated land, 867 Continuing periodic absences, 109 Continuous improvement, 273, 888, 889 Contractors, 794–5, 947 Contracts employment, 7, 42, 85–6 fair conditions of, 118–26 faults in, 83 formation, 82–5 occupational safety advisers, 90–2 rights of third parties, 82 unfair terms, 138–41 see also Law of contract Contrast, 610, 613 1004 IndexContributory negligence, 158, 171 Control advertisements, 136, 137 air pollution, 930–1, 936–8 asbestos, 782 chemicals, 849, 928–31, 933–8, 941–2 colours, 610–11 cranes, 733, 734–5 damage control, 255–7 of danger, 371–2 end-of-pipes, 966–7 environmental, 871–2, 874–6, 886, 966 equipment, 662–3 ergonomics, 617–19 fire hazards, 652–6 foot-operated, 606–7 guards, 724 hazards, 408–10, 514–22 liquid wastes, 905–7 loss control profiling, 263–4 plant systems, 847–8 pollution, 200, 891 strategies, risk, 184–8, 195–7, 235–6 systems, 254, 847–8 techniques, 555–63 water pollution, 941–2 Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984 (CIMAH), 832, 833 Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002, 783 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 (COMAH), 832–3, 857 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1998, 78 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH), 782–3, 821–2, 824–6, 831, 835–7 air quality, 508 biological agent definition, 512 carcinogen definition, 511 occupational exposure limits, 573 Controllability, 367–8 Controlled waste, 896, 944, 946 Convection, 652 Conveyor trip devices, 723 Corporate social responsibility, 971–2 Corrected Effective Temperature index (CET), 572 COSHH see Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Cost benefit analysis, 259–60, 871–2 Cost-effectiveness, 257–60 Costings, 206–7, 256, 257–9, 585–6 Council, European Union, 69–70 Counselling techniques, 402–3 County Courts, 9, 15, 16 Court of Appeal, 24 England, 9, 10, 11 Northern Ireland, 12, 15, 16 Court of Auditors, 71 Court procedure, 18–23 the accused, 22 burden of proof, 22 civil law, 20 enforcement, 19 imaginary incident, 21 reform, 23 stages, 18–21 tracks, 20 witnesses, 22–3 Court of Session, 12, 13 Courts, 5, 7–16 appellate jurisdiction, 7 criminal proceedings, 8 defences, 43–4 duties to third parties on site, 42–3 English hierarchy, 8–12 first instance jurisdiction, 7 inferior, 7–8 Northern Ireland, 12–16 personnel, 23–4 principles, 40–4 representation, 8 Scotland, 12, 13, 14, 25 superior, 7–8 tort, 41–2 Cranes, 729, 730, 733–5, 812–13 Crime, definition, 4 Criminal courts, 10, 11, 14, 16 Criminal law, 4–5, 43–4, 111 Criminal proceedings, 8 Crown Courts, 10, 11, 12, 16 Crown Notices, 61 Crown premises, 60–1 Culture, 77–8, 224, 388–9 Currents, electric, 743–4, 748–51, 754–5, 763–4 Cyclones, 936 D type equipment see Flameproof equipment Damage, 180, 198 Damage control, 255–7 Damages, 85, 150–3, 157, 172–4 see also Compensation Damping, 560, 686 Index 1005Danger, 192–3, 202, 302–4, 335–9, 368–9 construction sites, 803–7 decision-making, 371–2 electricity, 749–52 goods Regulations, 842 prediction, 362–3 see also Facing danger Data, 253–4, 267–306, 821–2 Databases, 299–300 DB see Decibels DC see Direct current De-layered organisational structures, 212–13, 218 Deafness, 152–3, 483–4, 551–2 Death, 183 Decibels (dB), 543–4, 547, 609 Decision-making, 71, 350–1, 371–2 Decking boards, 808–9 Decompression procedures, 807 Defects equipment, 161, 170 fired pressure vessels, 771–3 lifting equipment, 778, 779 reporting, 787 unfired pressure vessels, 774 Defences civil liability claims, 170–1 courts, 43–4 damage claims, 150–1 employer’s liability insurance, 151–2 mechanisms, 448 Defined operational boundary, 338–9 Deformation, materials, 643–4 DEFRA see Department of the Environment Food and Rural Affairs Degradation of performance, 373–5 Deliveries of waste, 904, 915, 949 Deluge systems, 675 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 526 Department of the Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 926 Dermatitis, 455–6 Design, 958, 965 change, 383–4 controls, 617–19 health and safety, 249–51 machinery guards, 713 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, 794 noise enclosures, 557 plants, 617 systems theory, 243–6 workplaces, hazard controls, 514 Detectors, 656–63, 685 Developing countries, 958 ‘Development risks’ defence, 135 Deviation process, 335, 336 DGs see Directorate Generals Diagnosis, behaviour, 354–5 Diet requirements, 433–4 Difficult waste, 896 Diffuse source pollution, 943 Digestive system, 434–5 Dilution hazardous environments, 762 ventilation, 515–16, 567, 576 Direct current (DC), 743–4, 750 Directives, 33, 35, 71, 127, 131–2, 895, 966 defective products, 154–5 environmental liability, 966 Framework Directive, 102–3 General Product Safety, 131–2 packaging, 922–3 waste, 895, 911 Director of Public Prosecutions, 24 Directorate Generals (DGs), 70 Directors, 188–9 Disability, 99–101, 147, 609 Disaster plans, 808 Discharge Consents, 905 Disciplinary procedure, 104–7, 110–11 Disclaimers, 122 Disclosure, documents, 21 Discrimination, 96–104 1995 Act, 99–101 age, 101 employment law, 96–8 joint consultation, 102–3 sex discrimination, 96–8 working time, 103–4 Diseases, occupational, 304–5, 451–93 biological agents, 486–9 cancer, 476–8 chemical agents, 451–78 epidemiology, 454–5 gassing, 473–5 metals, 463–8 oxygen deficiency, 475–6 pesticides, 468 physical agents, 478–86 psycho-social disorders, 489–90 respiratory system, 458–63 skin, 455–8 solvents, 468–73 target organs, 490–2 Dismantling power presses, 780 Dismissal capability, 108 1006 Indexcontinuing periodic absences, 109 criminal offences, 111 disciplinary procedure, 106 employees, 109–10, 115–16 employment law, 107–16 enactment contravention, 113–14 ill-health, 108–9 misconduct, 110–12 other reasons, 114 qualification, 108 redundancy, 112–13 rights exclusions, 115 unfair dismissal, 114–16 Display screen equipment (DSE), 583, 588, 608, 622–3 Disposal see Waste disposal Disputes, fire safety, 694 Distance selling, 141 Diurnal rhythms, 374, 581–2 Diving work, 438, 807 Divisional Court, 9 DNA see Deoxyribonucleic acid Documentation, 21, 885, 888 chemicals, 852–3 Duty of Care audit, 950–1 machinery legislation, 706 risk assessments, 221–2 see also Records Domino incident model, 412 Domino Theory, 202–3, 290–3 Dose-response relationship, 868–9 Doses of radiation, 527–8, 533 Dosimeters, 554 Double vision, 582 Dreadfulness, 368 Drencher systems, 675 Drum compound storage, 837–40 Dry powder extinguishers, 669–70, 677–8 Dry rising main, 699 Dry sprinkler system, 699 DSE (display screen equipment), 583, 588, 608, 622–3 Due diligence defence, 120–1, 124, 737, 740 Dupont STOP program, 402 Dust lamps, 503–4 Dusts and fibres airborne pollutants, 568–70 construction sites, 804–5 direct monitoring instruments, 502–4 environmental measurement techniques, 501–2 local exhaust ventilation, 781–3 occupational diseases, 458–62, 463 Duties employers, 50–2 HSC, 52 landlords, 51 liability, 40 standards, 39–40 to third parties on site, 42–3 Duty of care, 150, 162–4, 205–6 Regulations, 928 audits, 947–52 Environmental Management Systems, 885 off-site waste management, 909–10 on-site waste management, 901–2 waste disposal, 932, 945–7 Dynamic risks, 194 E type equipment, 761 Ear, 550–2 frequency response, 545–6 hearing loss, 482–4, 551–2 noise, 482–4, 551–2, 609 occupational diseases, 491 physiology, 443–4 protectors, 518, 561–2 Ear–eye line (EE line), 607–8 Earthing, 752, 754–5, 763 Earthworks Code of Practice, 799–801 EAW Regulations see Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 EC see European Union EC-Type examination Certificate, 706, 708 ECFA (Events and Causal Factors Analysis), 295 ECJ see European Court of Justice Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), 874, 878–80, 884–5, 887–9, 953 Eco-system effects, 870 Economics, 70, 205–7, 260–1, 263, 920 EE line see Ear-eye line EEC see European Union Effluent see Liquid waste Electric fields, 539–40 Electric shock, 749–51, 754 see also Electrocution Electrical equipment, 759–62, 763–4, 783–5, 923 Electricity, 743–66 accidents, 748, 754–5 alternating and direct currents, 743–4, 750 circuits, 748–9, 751–2, 753–5 Index 1007Electricity (continued) construction site safety, 802–3 dangers, 749–52 fires, 654, 665 fittings, 762 in hazardous environments, 759–62 maintenance, 764 permits-to-work, 753, 756–8 portable tools, 762–3, 784–5 protective means, 752–5 residual current devices, 754, 763–4 static electricity, 757, 759 statutory requirements, 746–7 supply, 744–6 voltage levels, 747–8 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EAW Regulations), 746–7, 752–3, 755–6, 759–60, 764–5, 784 Electrocution, 802 see also Electric shock Electromagnetic radiation, 525, 526, 537–40 Electromechanical delay devices, 722 Electronic communication, 386 Electronic equipment, 923 Electrons, 524–5, 629–30 Electrostatic precipitators, 937 Elimination hazards, 408–10 risk, 184–5 EMAS see Eco-management and Audit Scheme Emergencies cranes, 734 lighting, 591, 686, 699 public places, 624 radioactivity, 536–7 see also Fire Emergency plans/procedures, 686–7, 695–7 chemicals, 857 construction sites, 807–8 environmental emergencies, 886 waste, 905, 906, 915 Emissions atmospheric, 950 controlling, 935, 966–7 into atmosphere, 50 product outputs, 918 reduction, 871 see also Pollution; Statutory nuisances Employees behaviour modification, 395–406 consultations, 404–5 definition, 57 dismissal, 109–10 duties, 52 fire duties, 692–3 imaginary incident, 3 involvement, 404–5, 408–10 selection, 169 skill lack, 109–10 trade unions, 87 unfair dismissal rights, 115–16 waste minimisation, 914 wearing eye protection, 394 work suspension, 87 Employer’s liability, 4, 50–2, 150, 167–9 compulsory insurance, 78, 148 defective equipment, 170 defences, 151–2 employee selection, 169 insurance, 148–53 plant and equipment, 169 supervision, 169 work systems, 168 Employment 2002 Act, 86–7 children, 101–2 Code of Practice, 100 contracts, 7, 42, 85–6 dismissal, 107–16 equality, 96 law, 94–117 disciplinary procedure, 104–7 discrimination, 96–104 dismissal, 107–16 joint consultation, 102–3 young persons, 101–2 legislation, 86–8 Regulations, 96, 101 rights, 94–6 sex discrimination, 96 young persons, 101–2 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 50 Employment Tribunals, 25–6 Code of Practice, 99 Northern Ireland, 15 procedure, 96 test of reasonableness, 106 EMS see Environmental Management Systems EN standards (European Standards), 72–3 see also BS EN; BS ENs Enclosures, 556–8, 715 End-of-pipe controls, 966–7 Energy, 544, 547, 596–7 sources, 872–3, 918, 962 and work, 641–2 1008 IndexEnforcement, 19, 54–5, 129–30, 142, 924–5, 952 Enforcement and Prohibition Notices, 931 Engineering science, 246–7, 629–48 chemical properties, 631–5 failure modes, 645 hydraulics, 646–7 material deformation, 644 mechanics, 642–3 physical properties of matter, 635–41 strength of materials, 643–5 structure of matter, 629–31 testing, 645–6 England courts, 5, 8–12, 23–4 waste management, 892, 894 English law, 5–7, 29–30 Enterprise Act 2002, 141, 142 Environment, 861–973 1995 Act, 892 agencies, 892–3, 903, 930–1 changing, 383–4 chemical pollution, 928–55 citizen action, 875–6 concepts, 863–77 contaminant monitoring, 507–10 control strategies, 874–6 definition, 957 effects, 373–5 global issues, 963–4 hazards, 867–70, 873 issues, 863–77, 957–62, 963–4 legislation, 966 measurement techniques, 495–506 policy, 880–1, 953–4, 956 predictions, 864–5 problem identification, 957–8 risk evaluation, 870–4 risks, 236 stress, 510–11 ventilation use, 574–9 waste management, 891–927 Environmental aspects definition, 881 see also Aspects and impacts analysis Environmental impacts definition, 880, 881–2 see also Impacts analysis Environmental Management Systems (EMS), 875, 878–90, 925, 953–5, 969–71 Environmental protection, 58–9, 200, 553, 924–5, 929–33 1991 Regulations, 946, 947 Scotland, 892, 894 Epidemiology, 204, 283–5, 454–5 Equality, 87, 96, 98, 101 Equipment air pollution control, 936–8 electrical, 759–62, 763–4, 783–5 employer’s liability, 169 statutory examinations, 767–91 waste regulations, 923 see also Machinery; Plant Ergonomics, 594–626 controls and indicators, 617–19 definitions, 594–5 display screen equipment, 622–3 human body physiology, 596–609 noise and vibrations, 620–1 repetitive actions, 616 signs and signals, 623–4 stress, 621–2 working environment, 609–15 written word, 624 Errors behaviour, 351–5 correction, 372–3 generic system, 352, 353 hazard detection, 360–2 opportunities, 406, 407 Escape in case of fire, 680–3 Essential safety requirements (ESRs), 708, 731, 737, 774 Ethical investment, 964–6 EU see European Union European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 34–6, 71 European Commission, 509, 573 European community courts see ECJ European Council (Summit), 70 European Court of Human Rights, 28–9 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 9, 11–13, 15, 26–8, 71 European Standards, 66, 73–4 European Union (EU) Commission, 70 Council, 69–70 Decisions, 71 electrical equipment, 760–1 electricity supply, 744, 746 Environmental Management Systems, 874, 878 health and safety influence, 69–72 legislation, 32–3, 36, 38–9, 71–2 lifting equipment, 774 machinery legislation, 704–5, 709 occupational health requirements, 428 Recommendations, 71 Index 1009European Union (EU) (continued) Regulations, 71 social partners, 74 standards, 72–3 Waste Directive, 895 ‘weighted’ votes, 70 see also Directives Eutrophication, 961 Evaluation Environmental Management Systems, 887 environmental risks, 870–4 health hazards, 494–513 performance, 260–3 risk, 180, 194–5 waste minimisation, 919–20 Event Tree Analysis, 233 Events and Causal Factors Analysis (ECFA), 295 Examinations EC-Type Certificate, 706, 708 plant and equipment, 767–91 pressure systems, 739 see also Inspections Excavation safety, 797–802 Excretion, 435, 453 Exhaust ventilation, 828 Experience distribution, accidents, 376 Explosions, 639, 760–2, 767–8 Exposure ionising radiation, 527–8 noise, 483, 552–3 prevention, 827–30 radiation, 481–2, 531–2 Exposure limits airborne contaminants, 507–10, 572–4 electric and magnetic fields, 539–40 ionising radiation, 529, 533 noise, 554 sensitising agents, 511 toxins, 454 variations, 513 see also Hygiene Extensions, HSWA, 56 External audits, 887 Extinguishers, 664, 666–72, 686 Extract ventilation, 515, 567, 574–5, 686 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 463 Eye defects and disorders, 582 ergonomics, 607–9, 619 free tests, 583 lasers, 538–9 occupational diseases, 491 personal protective equipment, 521 physiology, 442–3, 448, 581–3 strain, 582, 609 ultraviolet radiation, 537 Fabric filters, 937 Face to face communication, 385 Facilities for fire brigade, 697–8 Facilities statements, 121–2 Facing danger, 355–77 choices, 366–7 control of danger action, 371–2 controllability, 367–8 environment effects, 373–5 error correction, 372–3 forseeability, 368 hazard detection, 357–65 labelling as dangerous, 365–9 memorability, 368 objective danger, 356 perception, 357–69 performance effects, 373–7 risk reactions, 365–9 risk scales, 369 severity, 368 Factories, 36–7, 58, 426–7 see also Industry FAFRs (fatal accident frequency rates), 249 Fail-safe operations, 719, 720 Failure modes/effects, 204, 243, 645 Fair trading, 118–28, 141 False alarms, 663 False trade descriptions, 119–22 Farmer’s lung, 463 Fast track, 20 Fatalities, 158, 174, 249, 303–4 Fault Tree Analysis, 183, 204, 233, 243, 247–8, 295 Faults in contracts, 83 Feasibility exercises, 919–20 Feedback from reports, 294 Feedback loops, 348 Fertilisers, 961 Fibres see Dusts and fibres Filters, 568–9, 937 Financial accountability, 260–1 Fines, 956 Finite resources see Non-renewable resources Fire active protection measures, 685–7 Acts repealed, 690 alarm systems, 685 arson, 653 1010 Indexbasic technology, 649–52 blankets, 670–1 brigade, 697–8 building stability, 688–9 classification, 663–5 combustion, 651, 653–4 compartments, 687 dampers, 686 definitions, 691–2 detectors, 656–63, 685 dusts, 653–4 electrical, 654, 665 emergency lighting, 686 emergency planning, 686–7 employees duties, 692–3 engineering, 684–5 escape route protection, 682–3 fighting equipment, 665–72 flame surface spread, 688 fuel, 650 hazard control, 652–6 heat, 651 heating systems, 655 hot work, 655 housekeeping, 655, 687 ignition temperatures, 651 inspector powers, 693 legislation, 689–94 lighting, 655–6 loading, 685 oxygen, 650 passive protection measures, 687–9 points, 699 prevention, 199 protection measures, 685–9 repealed legislation, 690 rescue services, 689 response to alarms, 682 responsible person duties, 692 risk assessment, 681, 694–7 safety duties, 692 safety signs, 680, 683–4 smoke extractor systems, 686 smoking, 654–5 smouldering, 651 spread, 651–2 staff training, 686–7 suitable extinguishers, 664 terminology, 698–700 triangle, 650 wall linings, 688 see also Extinguishers; Fixed firefighting equipment Fire alarms, 656–63 automatic, 656–60 carbon monoxide detectors, 661–2 control equipment, 662–3 false alarms, 663 heat detectors, 660–1 indicating equipment, 662–3 laser detectors, 662 manual, 656 radiation detectors, 661 radio type systems, 662 standards, 663 wiring, 662 Fire precautions, 58, 649–703 basic technology, 649–52 construction sites, 803 escape in case of fire, 680–3 fire engineering, 684–5 fixed fire-fighting equipment, 672–9 legal requirements, 689–94 means of escape, 680–3 protection measures, 685–9 risk assessment, 694–7 safety signs, 680, 683–4 Fired pressure vessels, 736, 770–3 Fires, electrical, 752 First aid, 431–2, 816 First instance jurisdiction, 7 Fittings, 762 Fixed fire-fighting equipment, 672–9 deluge systems, 675 drencher systems, 675 dry powder systems, 677–8 foam systems, 676–7, 678 gas systems, 678–9 sprinkler systems, 673, 674–5 water mist systems, 675–6 Fixed guards, 714, 715 Flame, 688, 940 Flameproof equipment, 762 Flammable atmospheres, 759, 760–2 Flammable gases, 639 Flammable liquids, 639, 699 Flash point, 700 Flashovers, 699, 751–2 Flat organisational structures, 212–13, 218 Flicker, lighting, 591, 613 ‘Flight or fight’ responses, 359–60 Floodlights, 803 Floor surfaces, 681 Flow patterns, air, 576–7 Flue gas flow rates, 939 Fluids, 646–7, 738, 769 Fluorescent lamps, 584 Foam systems, 666–7, 676–7, 678 Index 1011Focus loss, 227 Food, 59–60, 125, 133, 433–4, 817–18 Foot, 606–7, 618, 619 Forfeiture orders, 133 Fork lift trucks, 726–7, 777 Formal organisation structures, 211–13 Forms, 274–5, 303–5, 756–8, 825, 826 Forseeability, 368 Foundations, 808 Framework Directive, 102–3 Free format text programs, 298–9 Frequency, sound waves, 543, 544–5 Frequency of incidents, 233, 269–70, 280–1, 283 FSLCM see Functional safety life cycle management FTSE4Good index, 965 Fuel, 650 Fume fever, 805 Fumes, 804–5, 856 Functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), 851 Fuses, 753–4 Gamma radiation, 525–6 Gas, 637–8, 678–9, 841, 937, 940–1 Gas chromatography, 500–1, 941 Gases and vapours, 495–501, 502–3, 571 Gassing, 473–5 Geiger-Müller tubes, 532 General damages assessment, 173–4 General Product Safety Regulations, 128–31 Generic behaviour modification models, 405–6, 407 Generic error-modelling system, 352, 353 Generic safety management, 309–13 Genetic defects, 527 Giving information, 384–6 see also Communication Glands, human, 444–5 Glare, 589–90, 613 Global impact, 963–4 Global warming, 864–5, 959 Gloves, 521 Goal-setting legislation, 68–9 Goals, 344–5, 921–2 Goods hoists, 813–14 Grab sampling, 495–8 Gray (Gy), 527–8 Green List waste, 913 Green Papers, 32 Green procurement, 964–6 Greenhouse gases, 959 see also Global warming Gross Hazard Analysis, 243 Groundwaters, 942–3, 950 Growth processes, 378–9 Guardrails, 809 Guards legislation, 704, 709–10 materials, 724 power presses, 779–81 powered trucks, 726 selection strategy, 711–14 techniques, 714–25 Guide words, 845 Gy see Gray Habits, 379 Halides lamps, 584 Halon extinguishers, 670 Hand, 491, 602–6, 618–19 Hand signals, 623 Hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), 479 Hand-held tools see Portable tools Handling chemicals, 827 Handling waste, 904, 915, 949 Harmonisation, 73–4 HAVS see Hand–arm vibration syndrome Hawthorne Effect, 217 HAZAN (hazard analysis), 249, 408–10 Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies, 232, 243, 248, 250, 363, 843, 844–7, 851 Hazardous environments, 759–62 Hazardous waste, 896, 910–12, 923–4, 944 Hazards, 179–82 of behaviour modification process, 416 chemical, 805, 928–9 consequence, 181–2 construction sites, 797–808 control, 408–10, 928–9 creation, 269 definitions, 180, 192–3, 870 detection, 357–65 causal network knowledge, 364–5 error signals, 360–2 ‘flight or fight’ responses, 359–60 inspection, 362 predicting danger, 362–3 risk assessment, 363 sensory defects, 358 warnings responses, 360–2 1012 Indexdiffering degrees, 202 elimination, 408–10 environmental, 867–70, 873 identification, 869–70 identification, 408–10 machinery use, 711–12 prevention, 408–10 seeking, 363 system safety, 243 workplaces, 429 HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) study, 232, 243, 248, 250, 363, 843, 844–7, 851 Head protection, 816–17 Health hazards biological, 495, 512 chemical, 495–501 ergonomic, 495 evaluation, 494–513 measurement techniques, 495–506 physical, 495 psychosocial, 495 vibration, 564 Health and hygiene, 200 Health Protection Agency (HPA), 536 Health and safety assessments, 428 attitudes, 64–81 behavioural science relevance, 341–2 design and planning, 249–51 environment policy, 956 European Union, 69–72 First Aid Regulations, 431 foundations, 66 influences, 64–81 legislative frameworks, 66–7 political influences, 75–6 practices, 64–81 roles, 76 social expectations, 74–5 workplace, 429 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA), 48–58 accident prevention, 205–6 administration, 52 air pollution control, 930–1 civil liability, 170 Codes of Practice, 53–4 construction sites, 792, 795, 798 definitions, 57–8 duties, employers, 50–2 electricity supply, 746 enforcement, 54–5 extensions, 56 inspector powers, 54–5 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999, 533 legislation today, 37–8 notices, enforcement, 55 occupational safety advisers, 91–2 offences, 55–6 Parts II to IV, 56–7 pre-1974 legislation, 48–9 project commissioning, 251 Regulations, 53–4 risk control, 185–6 risk management, 209 Robens report, 64–5 safety management, 308 schedules, 56–7 subordinate legislation, 61 Health and Safety Commission (HSC), 49, 52 Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances, 508 Consultative Documents, 259 Industry Advisory Committees, 67 risk management, 188–9 safety management models, 309–10 understanding human factors, 394–5 Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 52 construction site first aid, 816 electricity, 753, 760, 765 Occupational Exposure Limits, 572–3 power presses, 781 risk control, 186 Hearing see Ear Hearing loss, 152–3 Heart, 438–40 Heat, 651, 660–1, 804 see also Temperature; Thermal environment Heat Stress Index (HSI), 572 Heated head air meter, 577, 579 Heated vessels, 736 Heating systems, 655 Heats of fusion, 639 Heats of vaporisation, 639 Heinrich, H.W., 202–3 HELA (HSE/Local Authority Enforcement Liaison Committee), 39 Hepatitis, 486–7 Herbicides, 468 Hertz (Hz), 544–5 Herzberg, F., 219–20 Hierarchical organisation, 211–12 Hierarchy English courts, 8–12 human needs, 218–19, 261, 345 Index 1013High Court, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15 Highly flammable liquids, 700 Hire-purchase issues, 51–2 Hired lifting equipment, 776–7 History, 425–7 Hoists, 813–14 Homeostasis, 382 Hooke’s Law, 643 Hormones, 444–5 Hose reel fire extinguishers, 671 Hot wire anemometers, 939 Hot work, 655 House of Lords, 9, 10, 13, 24 Household waste, 875–6 Housekeeping, 319–21, 516, 655, 687 HSC see Health and Safety Commission HSE see Health and Safety Executive HSE/Local Authority Enforcement Liaison Committee (HELA), 39 HSG 65: 1997, 311–12, 414 HSI (Heat Stress Index), 572 HSWA see Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Human body cell reproduction disorders, 447–8 central nervous system, 441–2 circulatory system, 438–40, 597–8 defence mechanisms, 448 digestive system, 434–5 ergonomics, 594–626 hormones, 444–5 muscles, 440–1, 596–8 physiology, 432–49, 596–609 senses, 442–4, 446 structure and functions, 432–50 vibration effects, 564 see also Liver; Respiratory system; Skin Human error models, 290 Human factors, 394–5 see also Ergonomics Human information processors, 340–55 Human Rights Courts, 28–9 Humanitarian issues, 205–6, 260–1, 263 Humans, 344–51 attitudes, 346–8 behaviour, 343, 347 goals, 344–5 personality, 346–8 roles, 334 as systems, 342–3 work systems, 852–3 Humidifier fever, 489 Humidity, 505–6, 613 Hydraulics, 646–7, 780, 781 Hydrochloric acid, 473 Hydrogen sulphide, 474 Hygiene, 513 see also Cleanliness; Occupational health and hygiene Hygiene and Motivation (Herzberg), 219–20 Hygrometry, 505–6 Hypermetropia, 582 Hz see Hertz ‘I’ type equipment see Intrinsically safe systems IACs see Industry Advisory Committees IB (Incapacity Benefit), 146 ICC see International Criminal Court ICNIRP see International Commission on Non-ionising Radiation Protection ICRP see International Commission on Radiological Protection Identification of risk, 194–5, 230–3 IEC see International Electrotechnical Commission IEE Regulations see Institute of Electrical Engineers Regulations Ignition temperatures, 651, 700 IIDB (Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit), 146–7 Ill-health, dismissal, 108–9 Illuminaires, 614 Illuminance, 583, 586–8 Image loss, 205 Imaginary incident, 3–4, 21 Immediate dangers, 202 Immune system, 448 Impacts analysis, 875, 880–3 Impedance, 749 Implementation, 187, 313–19 Improvement objectives, 883 Incandescent lamps, 583 Incapacity Benefit (IB), 146 Incidents applying behaviour concepts, 411–12 behaviour models, 412 domino incident model, 412 investigation, 411–12 radioactive substances, 536–7 recall, 198–9, 231 stress using the model, 412 trend analysis, 280–1, 283 see also Accident and incident data 1014 IndexIncineration, 937, 945 Incompressible fluids, 647 Increased safety equipment (‘E’ type), 761 Independent audits, 232 Indicating equipment, 662–3 Indication lights, 719 Indicative occupational exposure limit values (IOELVs), 508–9, 573 Individuals, 333–92 accident susceptibility, 375–7 behavioural science, 340–55 change processes, 377–89 as danger controllers, 335–9 facing danger, 355–77 human information processors, 340–55 probabilistic risk assessments, 249 susceptibility to accidents, 375–7 Inductance, 749 Induction lamps, 585 Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit (IIDB), 146–7 Industry, 426–7, 767, 952 see also Controlled waste; Factories; Manufacturers Industry Advisory Committees (IACs), 67 Infection, blood, 135 Inferior courts, 7–8 Inflammable, word use, 361 Inflammation, 448 Influences European Union, 69–72 health and safety, 64–81 Informal organisational structures, 213 Information chemicals safety, 822–3 collection, 267–306 exchange, 131–2 for fire brigade, 698 giving, 384–6 processing, 344–51 risk minimisation, 830 Infrared radiation, 538 Infrared spectrometry, 503, 940 Initial status review, 310 Injuries, 198, 202, 405 see also Accidents Inland fresh waters, 942 Inorganic compounds, 632–3 Insecticides, 468 Inspections checking accident reporting, 273 documents, 21 hazard detection, 362 lifting equipment, 733, 778–9 maintenance systems, 255 workplaces, 231 see also Examinations Inspectors, 3, 54–6, 693 Installations, electrical equipment, 783–5 Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE) Regulations, 746, 752, 765, 784 Instructions, 169, 852–3 Instruments air velocity measurement, 576–8 airborne contaminant measurement
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Safety at Work Seventh Edition رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Safety at Work Seventh Edition
|
|