Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 18956 التقييم : 35374 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Fluoroplastics Volume 1 - Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book الأحد 26 نوفمبر 2023, 12:05 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluoroplastics Volume 1 - Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book Sina Ebnesajjad
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents Table of contents Dedication Series Copyrigrht 2nd edition Acknowledgments 1st edition Acknowledgments 2nd edition Preface 1st edition Preface Part I 1. Discovery and History of Fluoropolymers 1.1. Coming of Age of Polymer Science 1.2. Roy Plunkett's Story 1.3. Commercialization of PTFE 1.4. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers 2. Production and Market Statistics 2.1. Growth of Fluoropolymers 2.2. Regional Consumption of Fluoropolymers 2.3. Consumption of Fluoropolymers and PTFE 2.4. Trends 3. From Fundamentals to Applications 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Uniqueness of Fluorine 3.3. Fluorine Characteristics 3.4. What are Fluoropolymers? 3.5. Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers 3.6. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers 3.7. Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers 4. Fluoropolymers: Properties and Structure 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Impact of F and C–F Bond on the Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene 4.3. Distruping the Linear PTFE Chain: Perfluorinated Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 4.4. Reaction Mechanism 4.5. Effect of Solvents on Fluoropolymers 4.6. Molecular Interaction of Fluoropolymers: Low Friction and Low Surface Energy 4.7. Conformations and Transitions of PTFE 4.8. Conformations and Transitions of PCTFE 5. Operational Classification of Fluoropolymers 5.1. Introduction 5.2. TFE Homopolymers 5.3. TFE Copolymers 5.4. CTFE Polymers 5.5. VDF Polymers 5.6. VF Polymers 5.7. Process Classification 6. Preparation of Tetrafluoroethylene and Other Monomers 6.1. Introduction 6.2. TFE Preparation 6.3. Purification of TFE 6.4. Properties of TFE 6.5. Synthesis of HFP 6.6. Properties of HFP 6.7. Synthesis of PAVE 6.8. Properties of PAVE 6.9. Synthesis of CTFE 6.10. Properties of CTFE 7. Polymerization Surfactants 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate 7.3. Issues with PFOS 7.4. Problems with PFOA 7.5. EPA Action 7.6. Alternative Surfactants for Fluoropolymer Polymerization 7.7. Summary 8. Polymerization and Finishing of Tetrafluoroethylene 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Polymerization Mechanism 8.3. TFE Polymers 8.4. Evolution of Suspension Polymerization of TFE 8.5. Preparation of PTFE by Emulsion Polymerization 8.6. Preparation of Dispersion Grade PTFE 8.7. Preparation of Fine Powder PTFE 8.8. CTFE Polymers and Polymerization 8.9. Characterization of PTFE 8.10. Characterization of PCTFE 9. Commercial Grades of Fluoropolymers 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Granular PTFE 9.3. PTFE Dispersions 9.4. Fine Powder PTFE 9.5. Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers Part II 10. Fabrication and Processing of Granular Polytetrafluoroethylene 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Resin Selection 10.3. Compression Molding 10.4. Automatic Molding 10.5. Isostatic Molding 10.6. Ram Extrusion 11. Fabrication and Processing of Fine Powder Polytetrafluoroethylene 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Resin Handling and Storage 11.3. Paste Extrusion Fundamentals 11.4. Extrusion Aid or Lubricant 11.5. Wire Coating 11.6. Extrusion of Tubing 11.7. Unsintered Tape 11.8. Expanded PTFE Manufacturing 11.9. Fine Powder Resin Selection 12. Fabrication and Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Dispersions 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Applications 12.3. Storage and Handling 12.4. Surfactants 12.5. Principles of Coating Technology 12.6. Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics 12.7. Glass Cloth Coating 12.8. Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide 12.9. Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces 12.10. PTFE Yarn Manufacturing 12.11. Film Casting 12.12. Anti-drip Applications 12.13. Filled Bearings 12.14. Dedusting Powders 12.15. Other Applications 13. Processing of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Processing Considerations 13.3. Compression Molding 13.4. Injection Molding 13.5. Extrusion 13.6. Machining and Joining 14. Fluorinated Additives 14.1. Introduction 14.2. PTFE Additives 14.3. Applications of PTFE Additives 14.4. Feedstock for PTFE Additives 14.5. Manufacturing PTFE Additives 14.6. PTFE-Modified Waxes 15. Surface Treatment of Polytetrafluoroethylene for Adhesion 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Sodium Etching of Fluoroplastics 15.3. Plasma Treatment of Fluoropolymers and PTFE 15.4. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment 16. Filled Fluoropolymer Compounds 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Granular-Based Compounds 16.3. Fine Powder-Based Compounds 16.4. Co-coagulated Compounds 16.5. Processing Compounds 16.6. Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers 16.7. Nanocomposites of PTFE 16.8. Commercial Products Part III 17. Chemical Properties of Fluoropolymers—Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Chemical Compatibility of PTFE 17.3. Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 17.4. Permeation Fundamentals 17.5. Environmental Stress Cracking 17.6. Solubility Parameters 18. Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Crystallinity 18.3. Molecular Weight 18.4. Influence of Processing 18.5. Microstructure and Fracture of PTFE 18.6. Mechanical Properties 18.7. Fatigue Properties 18.8. Electrical Properties 18.9. Thermal Behavior 18.10. Flammability Characteristics 18.11. Irradiation Behavior 18.12. Surface Properties 18.13. Refractive Index 18.14. Standard Measurement Methods 19. Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Crystallinity 19.3. Mechanical Properties 19.4. Electrical Properties 19.5. Thermal Properties 19.6. Irradiation Behavior 19.7. Properties of PCTFE Films 19.8. Barrier Properties 19.9. Spectroscopic Properties 19.10. Chemical and Weathering Properties 20. Fabrication Techniques for Polytetrafluoroethylene 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Machining 20.3. Adhesive Bonding Methods 20.4. Welding and Joining 20.5. Thermoforming 20.6. Other Processes 21. Applications of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Fluoropolymers 21.1. Chemical Processing 21.2. Piping 21.3. Vessels 21.4. CPI Components 21.5. Self-Supporting Components 21.6. Trends in Using Fluoropolymers in Chemical Service 21.7. Semiconductor Processing 21.8. Electrical Applications 21.9. Mechanical Applications 21.10. Automotive and Aerospace 21.11. Medical Devices 21.12. Summary 22. Safety, Health, Environmental, Disposal, Recycling, and Economics 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Toxicology of Fluoropolymers 22.3. Thermal Properties of PTFE 22.4. Emission during Processing 22.5. Safety Measures 22.6. Food Contact 22.7. Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling 22.8. Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods Appendix 1. Chemical Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Appendix 2. Chemical Resistance of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Appendix 3. Permeability of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Appendix 4. Permeability of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Appendix 5. Melt Creep Viscosity of Polytetrafluoroethylene Glossary Index 361 Index A Abrasion resistance 224 Abused particles 151 Acceleration tube 209 Aclar 61, 74 Aclon 203 Acrysol 188 Acyl fluoride 206 Adhesive bond strength 293 Adhesiveless joining 295 Adhesives 291 Agglomerates 205, 228 Agglomeration of PTFE 51 Agglomeration processes 51 Aircraft wiring 307 Algoflon 74 Aluminum surface coatings 193 Ammonia 292 Amorphous locking 176 temperature range 177 Amorphous phase 168 Amorphously locked PTFE 178 Annealing 109 PTFE 290 Applications of dispersions 182 fine powder PTFE 152 fluoroadditives 213 fluoropolymers 316 PTFE 20, 149 Asbestos 192 ASTM Method D4895 170 Atomic oxygen 250 Attractive intermolecular forces 28 Attrition bar 222 Autopolymerization inhibitors TFE 39 B Backpressure 135, 138, 139 Bag design 126 flexible 129 sealing 128 thickness 125 Ball mill 210 Bead extrusion 172 Beaker production 119 Beam current 209 Beam power 209 Bearing pads 308 Bearings 307 filled 196 Biaxially oriented sheets 227 Billets 92 cracking 102 molding 93 Bisulfite initiators 47 Bleaching thermal 194 Blenders 155 Blending room 154 Bond strength 292, 293, 295 Bonding PCTFE 203 problem 291 techniques 295 Bonds C-F and C-H 23, 25 failure 294 polarity 24 Bottle blending 154 Braiding 167 Brake 133, 138 Break elongation 257, 258 Bronze 221 Buckling of bags 130 Building code requirements 307 Bulk properties 214 Burst strength 170 C C8 183 Calendar guides 174 Calendared tape properties 175 Calendaring 171, 226 beads 172 starting up 174 Capture velocity 311 Carbon electronegativity 24 Carbon disulfide 194 Carbon filled compounds 221 Carbonyl fluoride 310 Carboxylic acid 206 Cast films 195 Casting 194 Charge-to-charge welds 137 Charging automatic 111 Chemical contamination 303 Chemical priming 194362 Chemical process industry 299 Chemical resistance 237 Chlorine 26 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 36, 37 properties 44 synthesis 44 Cleanrooms molding 93, 97 Clothing protective 315 Co-coagulation 196, 228 Coagulated dispersion 47 powder 149 Coagulation 228 of PTFE particles 183 Coalescence 90 of polytetrafluoroethylene 161 Coatings on aluminum surfaces 193 filled 193 on glass cloth 189 industrial 215 processes 184 unfilled 193 Codes building 307 Coefficient of friction 269 Cold flow 111, 220, 224 Cold plasma 295 Coloring PTFE 155 Commercial fluoroplastic homopolymers 73 Compaction 135, 156 pressure 132 process 123 Compounding techniques 222 Compression PTFE particles 98 Compression molding 90, 111, 199, 201, 228 PTFE 92 Compressive loading 268 Conductivity of dispersions 188 Connectors high frequency 307 Contact adhesives 291 Contact angle 187 Contamination 303 of process streams 299 Continuous use temperature ETFE 19 Coolants 290 Cooling 109, 141 quenching 169 Copolymerization PTFE 48 Copolymers of CTFE 37 definition 33 of TFE 37 of VDF 37 Core pin 165, 166 Corrosion products 142 Corrosion resistance 299 Cracking 102, 169, 207 critical thickness 188, 195 Creep 111, 220, 224, 263 variables 263 viscosity 106 Crosslinking 253 Crystalline phases 253 Crystalline PTFE 149 Crystallinity 109, 141, 168, 200, 257, 268, 281 measurement 259 PTFE 25, 161, 168 Crystallization temperature 109 CTFE copolymers 37 D Dancer roll 174 De-dusting powders 196 De-molding 111 Deagglomeration 205 Decomposition of fluoropolymers 310 products 314, 317 Decomposition rate 273 Defluorination depth 294 Deformability of tape 171 Deformation under load 227 Degassing 102 Degradation 273 of polytetrafluoroethylene 205 products 310, 311 Degradation temperatures 25, 205 CTFE 199 Degreasing 194 Delrin 166, 174 Density expanded part 177 Detection methods 258 Die cone angle 172 Die land 160 Dielectric breakdown resistance of PTFE 161 Dielectric breakdown strength 99, 281 Dielectric constant value 272 Dielectric strength 257 Dies extrusion 145363 Dip-coating 184 Dip tank 189 Dispersing agent 50 Dispersion polymerization 47, 49 PTFE 223 Dispersions applications 182 coagulated 228 copolymers of TFE 74 PCTFE 74, 203 process 36 properties of 187 PTFE 37, 73, 182 storage 183 Disposal fluoropolymer 317 Drilling PTFE 291 Dripping 196 Dry bag 121 mold 127 Dry lubricants 217 Drying 194 ovens 161 process 161 DU Bearing Process 196 Dual laminate 300 Duplicate measurements averages 259 Durability of insulation 272 Dust particulates 314 Dwell time 102, 132 Dynodes 209 E Echonol 223 Einstein’s equation 186 Elastomers 214 Electrical cables tape 171 Electrical properties PCTFE 281 Electron beam irradiation 207 Electronegativity 24 Electrophilic attack 26 Electrostatic charge dissipation 224 Elongation 257 Emulsion polymerization 47 Encapsulation 298 End groups 206 Energy utilization coefficient 209 Engineering polymers 224 Environmental stress cracking 255 Etching aluminum surfaces 193 ETFE molecular structure 19 Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene molecular structure 18 Excessive microporosity 258 Exhaust air 311 Expansion and strength 179 Expansion process 176 Exposure hazards 314 Exposure limits 311 Extruders 133, 142, 158 drive system 144 large 168 Extrusion 203 aids 149, 152 of bead 172 conditions 165, 172 dies 145 parameters 139 pressure 152, 158, 165, 172, 180 ram 144 rate 137 F FDA compliance 217 FEP degradation curves 25 FEP and PTFE properties of 25 Fibrillation 149, 158, 223 of fine powder particles 151 pressure 180 Fibrils 150 Fick’s First Law mass transfer 251 Filled bearings 196 Filled coatings 193 Filled compounds 220 Fillers 224, 302 material 220 separation 222 variables 240 Film casting 194 Fine cut PTFE 50, 73 Fine cut resins 90 Fine powder applications 152 processing 151 PTFE 36, 49, 73, 149, 223 resins 47 Finishes PTFE 182 Fire hazards 315 Fire retardants 307 Fishtail guide 174364 Flammability 161 solvents 152 tetrafluoroethylene 39 Flax 192 Flex life 168, 268 Flexibility characteristics 268 Flexible bag 129 Fluid energy mill 210, 211 Fluid handling components 304 Fluon 74 Fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) 18 molecular structure 18 Fluorine 250 abstraction from PTFE 26 electronegativity 24 in fluoropolymers 310 sheath 19 Fluoroadditives 205, 211, 213, 215, 316 irradiated 217 Fluoroalkenes 310 Fluoroplast 74 Fluoroplastic homopolymers commercial 73 Fluoropolymers 18, 250, 253, 256 applications 247 classification 33 discovery of 17 dispersions 315 disposal of 317 environmental stress cracking 255 extreme properties 23 fundamental property 247 handling and processing 310 history 19 manufacturers 74 processing 15, 256 thermoplastic 300 Fluorotech 294 Food contact 316 Free flow compounds 222 Free flow powder 220 Free flow PTFE 73 Free flow resins 90, 135 Free radical reaction 47 Friction 28, 138, 221, 237, 240 Fume fever 311 G Gamma ray irradiation PCTFE 282 Gas chromatography 253 Gaskets 224, 302 Gel state 169 Glass cloth 189 Glass cloth coating 189 Glass fabric backing 300 Glass fibers 220, 223 Glow discharge 294 Gore-Tex GR 303 Gore-Tex 176 Granular powders 220 Granular PTFE 49, 50, 73, 90, 205 properties 230 Granular resins 47 Graphite impregnation 192 Gravure coating 184 Greases 215 Grinding 210 compounds 290 Guides calendar 174 Gylon 303 H Halogenated solvents 247 Hammer mills 210, 222 Harshaw Process for Dustless Powders 196 Health hazards 311 Heat of fusion 169, 257 Heat of polymerization 50 Heated console ovens 161 Heating rate 106, 107 Helical conformation PTFE 29 Hexafluoropropylene as comonomer 41 properties of 41 HFP yields 41 Hiflon 74 High frequency connectors 307 Hold temperature 108 Hoods ventilation 311 Horizontal extrusion 168, 169 Hostaflon 74, 222 Hot stamping 298 Hot-tool welding 296 Hourglassing 102, 139 Hydrocarbon lubricant 149 Hydrocarbon olefins 49 Hydrofluoric acid 315 Hydrogen electronegativity 24 Hydrostatic molding 111 Hysteresis loop 185365 I Impact strength 268 Impregnation asbestos 192 of graphite 192 porous metals 192 Impurities 257 Infrared ovens 169 Infrared spectroscopy 259 Initiator concentration 50 Injection molding 201 Ink printing 298 Inks 214 Inorganic compounds 316 Insulated wire 152 Insulation 225, 315 wire and cable 304 Interfacial forces 187 Intermolecular forces 28 Ionic strength of dispersions 188 Irradiation 206, 217 distribution 209 electron beam 207 PCTFE 282 Isopar 83, 152, 161, 171, 172 Isoparaffin lubricant 36 Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 152 Isostatic mold design 130 Isostatic molding 111, 117, 118, 123, 302 Isostatic process 119, 130 J Jar blending 154 Jet mills 210, 211 Joining adhesiveless 295 K Kapton 194 Kel F 61 Kevlar 167 Kneader 207 L Lapping and grinding compounds 290 Lewis bases 247 Linings 299, 300 complex parts 303 Liquid oxygen contact surface condition 251 Liquid pigments 155 Load removal 268 Low flow PTFE 73, 222 Low flow resin 220 Lubricants 149, 152, 225, 314 extraction 174 insulation 161 isoparaffin 36 Lubricating oils 215 Lubrication 168 M Machining 290 high speed 314 PCTFE 203 PTFE 290 Macroscopic flaws 258 Mandrels 119, 139 Marine paints 215 Mason and Pierce equation 186 Mass spectroscopy 253 Matched-die forming 296 Material Safety Data Sheets 315 Media mills 210 Medical applications 316 Melt creep viscosity 106 PTFE 48 Melt processes 314 definition 33 Melt-processible PTFE 19 Melt viscosity FEP vs PTFE 25 Melting point 316 PTFE 161 Melting temperature PTFE 135 Metals porous 192 Mica particles 221 Microporosity 257, 258 measuring 259 Micropowders 205, 211, 214, 215 Microvoids 258 Milling 222 Mills 210, 211 Modified PTFE 15, 267 Modifier molecules 295 Moisture vapor permeation 253 Molded parts 290 Molding 111, 201, 228 areas 93 complex shapes 123 isostatic 117, 302 pressure 96, 132 techniques 90 temperature 96 wet- and dry-bag 121366 Molds configuration 125 design 93, 125 filling 123 sealing 128 Molecular structure 253 Molecular weight 203, 257 micropowders 205 PCTFE 199 PTFE 207 Monomers 36 polytetrafluoroethylene 39 Motor oils 215 Multilayer coating techniques 184 Mush 196 N Naphthalenide 292 Natrosol 188 Necking 179 Neoflon 61, 85, 86 Non-stick surfaces 193 Nucleophile 26 Nucleophilic attack 26 O Oils 215 Organic contaminants 316 Orientation 257 polymer molecules 225 after sintering 170 Orientation Index 169, 170, 171 Oriented tape 171 OSHA 311 Ovens 161 lubricant removal 175 Oxidation products 310 Oxygen sensors 309 Oxygen uptake 250 Ozone 317 reactive substance 250 resistance of polymers 250 P Paints 215 Paraffins 50, 111 Particle sizes PTFE 50 Particulate contamination 303 Particulates 311 Paste extrusion 149, 158, 314 PCTFE 26, 251, 281. See also Polychlorotrifluoroethylene amorphous 281 bonding 203 consumption 74 crystal structure 30 degradation of 201 dispersions 203 films 282 glass transition temperature 30 machining 203 stress 200 thermal properties 281 Peel strength 295 Pendent group 295 Perfluorinated fluoropolymers 273 Perfluorinated paraffin 111 Perfluoroalkoxy molecular structure 18 Perfluoroalkylvinylethers properties of 43 Perfluoroammoniumoctanoate 183 Perfluoropolymers 18 Perfluoropropylvinylether 43 Permeated species 251 Permeation 251 inhibiter 252 process 247 simplest form 251 Permeation rate affecting factors 252 measurement 253 Personal protective equipment 314 Persulfate initiation 47 Petroleum solvents 152 PFF 311 Pigment dispersions 155 Pigment filled coatings 193 Pigmenting 168 Pipes sealing tape 171 Piping 299, 300 Plane slippage 98 Plasma treatment 294 Plastics properties 33 Plenum cables 307 Plunkett, Roy 17 Poisson’s ratio 179 Poker chipping 132, 135, 139 Polarity C-F bonds 24 Pollution abatement 175 Polyaramide 192 Polyarylene plastics 224 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15, 199, 251, 281 crystal structure 30 density 30 molecular structure 18 Polyethylene 255 Polyflon 74, 222367 Polymer chain movements 252 chemical characteristics 252 cracking 255 fume fever 311 physical characteristics 252 weakness 255 Polymerization particles 205 polytetrafluoroethylene 49 pressure conditions 49 regimes 47 tetrafluoroethylene 29 Polymerization reaction inhibiters 50 tetrafluoroethylene 50 Polymerization technologies 49 Polytetrafluoroethylene 17, 247, 250 coefficient of expansion 277 coefficient of friction 270 degradation 205 design of parts 263 dispersions 183 electrical stability 272 fillers 269 good wear properties 270 heat deflection temperature 277 key properties 257 manufacturers 74 modified 295 monomers 39, 47 phase diagram 30 polymerization 49 transition temperature 273 unsintered 171 vacuum 273 viscosity 185 Polytetrafluoroethylene compounds fillers 277 Polytetrafluoroethylene parts standard test methods for inspection 279 Polytetrafluoroethylene resins processing conditions 257 Polyvinyl fluoride 15 molecular structure 18 Polyvinylidene fluoride molecular structure 18 Pores micro 176 Porosity 259 Porous metals impregnation 192 Powders 220 coating 300 de-dusting 196 low density 50 metal processing 111 modified 73 selection criteria 130 shrinkage 127 Pre-sintered resins 135 Preform pressure 102 PTFE 106 release 102 shape 121, 123 Preforming 96, 156, 168 and sintering 95 Prepressing 158 Presses molding 94 Pressure compaction 132, 135, 156 decay 117 for fibrillation 180 for welding 296 forming 296 hoses 167, 169 molding 111 Pressure sensitive adhesives 291 Primers 194 Printing inks 214 Protective clothing 315 PTFE 17, 24. See also Polytetrafluoroethylene additives 215 amorphously locked 178 applications 20 auto-ignition 250 chain stability 250 color of 27 coloring 155 crystalline form 149 decomposition rates 273 degradation 142, 273 density 177 dielectric strength 272 enthalpy 277 fabrication 149, 257 fiber strength 194 fine powder 36 finishes 182 granular 49, 73, 90 hardness 269 helical conformation 29 limiting oxygen index 250 machining 290 melting point 33, 161, 184, 290 melting temperature 135 molecular weight 47, 48, 207 organic and inorganic compounds 247 parts 258 Poisson’s ration 263368 preform 106 process conditions 257 properties 20, 23 radiation stability 278 reagent effects 247 resins 268 scrap 316 seals 302 self ignition temperature 315 sintering temperatures 220 solvents 27 specific heat 277 stress-strain behavior 260 structure of 27 surface tension 152 suspension polymerized 220 thermal decomposition 205 triclinic 30 van der Waals forces 47 viscosity 33, 186 yarn 194 PTFE and FEP properties of 25 PTFE dispersions 37, 220, 228 pH 187 Pulmonary edema 311 Pulverization 210 Pumps 302 PV convention 270 PV limits 240, 270 Pyrolysis 207 Q Quenching 109, 141 R Radiation exposure 206 of PCTFE 282 Radicals 206 Radiography 258 Ram 144 pressure 158 speeds 98 Ram extruder 132, 158 design 142 Ram extrusion 135 powders 73 vertical 139 Reactive elements 26 Reactor deflagaration 50 Recycling 316 Reduction ratio 73, 149, 158, 162, 163, 172, 180 Reinforced fine powder PTFE 224 Reinforced material 225 Repeat distance PTFE 24 triclinic 29 Repro 316 Repulsive intermolecular forces 28 Residence time 137 Resins compression 156 extrudates 142 fine powder 47 flow 90 for isostatic molding 130 for ram extrusion 135 Reverse roll gravure coating 184 Rheology 185 Rietz mill 222 Rod-like cylinders 29 Rods PCTFE 201 Roller mills 210 Rolls diameter 174 Rotational lining 300 Rotolining 300, 303 S Safety requirements 307 Sandblasting 194 Sawing PTFE 291 Scotch-Weld 295 Scrap material 316 Scrubbers 300 Sealing mold and bag 128 Seals 224, 302 Semiconductor industry 304 Semicrystalline polymer 281 Shear damage 149 Shear stress 141, 151 Shearing PTFE 291 Sheeting 225 Shrinkage 94, 127, 141 preform 102 Silicones stress cracking 251 Single layer coating methods 184 Sintering 135, 161, 193, 230, 314 cycle profiles 106 cycles 111 ovens 95 sheet 227 time 137 Sintering temperatures 135 PTFE 220369 Sizing agents 189 Skin formation 141, 142 Skiving 291 Slide bearings 308 Slide coating techniques 184 Slitting 176 Sodium etching 292 Sodium naphthalenide 292 Solubility PTFE 25 PTFE and FEP 27 Solvents flammability data 152 lubricants 152 sorption of 27 Spaghetti tubing 165 Spark tester 158, 161 Specific gravity 200, 257 Specific wear rate 240 Spillage 315 Spinning yarn 194 Springback 135, 144 Stack gas treatment 208 Static charge 167, 224 Steel powder 221 Steel vessels 300 Stick-slip 307 Storage of dispersions 188 granular PTFE 92 Strength by expansion 179 Stresses 109, 200 cracking 169 reduction 200 relaxation 268 Stretch rates 175, 177 Stretch Void Index 169, 170 Styrene heat of polymerization 40 Surface energy 28 Surface finish 124 Surface modification for adesion 291 Surface properties 214 Surface science 187 Surface tension 28, 187 PTFE 152 Surfactants 183, 188 perfluorinated carboxylic ammonium 49 Suspension polymerization 47, 49, 50 Suspension polymerized PTFE 220 Suspension process 36 Swelling 27 T Tanks 300 Tape oriented 171 properties 175 slitting 176 unsintered 171 Tapping PTFE 291 Tear strength 214 Tedlar 36 Teflon 17, 74, 222 Teflon AF 19 Tefzel 250 Tensile properties 258 degree of orientation 258 Tensile strength 179, 257, 258, 260 Tetra-etch 294 Tetrafluoroethylene 15, 39, 206 copolymers 267 homopolymers 257 molecular structure 18 monomer 47 polymerization 29, 47, 50 properties 40 yields 39 Tetrafluoromethane 310 TFE autopolymerization inhibitors 39 copolymers 37 heat of polymerization 40 preparation of 39 Thermal conductivity 277, 290 Thermal cracking 207 Thermal degradation 278, 314 PCTFE 281 Thermal exposure 273 Thermal stability 310 Thermoforming 296 Thermogravimeric analysis techniques 273 Thermoplastics 300, 316 Thickeners 186 Thixotropic liquids 185 Threading PTFE 291 Threads sealing tape 171 Tie layer 195 Tool speeds 290 Torlon 224 Tornado mill 222 Torsional damping 259 Toxic gases 315 Toxicity of fluoropolymers 310370 Transition point PTFE 149 Transition temperature PTFE 29, 151 Tribological characteristics of polymers 214 of PTFE compounds 240 Triton 59, 188, 192, 193, 194, 228 Tubes compression molding 201 Tubing categories 164 extrusion 165 jacketed 309 pressure hoses 166 Tubular oven 161 Tumbler 222 Turbula 155 Two-roll coating 184 Tyvek 315 U U.S. Food and Drug Administration 316 Ultrapure fluids 304 Ultrasonics 259 V V-cone blenders 154 V-shape blenders 222 Vacuum forming 296 Valve diaphragms 268 Valves 302 van der Waals attraction 150 van der Waals forces 28 Ventilation 311 Vertical extrusion 168, 169 Vespel 240 Vessels 300 Vinyl chloride heat of polymerization 40 Vinyl fluoride 36, 37 Vinylidene fluoride 36 copolymers 37 in PCTFE 74 Virgin 316 Viscosity equation 186 PCTFE 199 Viton 216 Voids 138, 170, 268 closure 48 in PTFE 96 W Wafer carriers 303 Waste fluoropolymer 316 Water purified 50 removal 194 Wear 221, 240 rate 237 Weep Test 169, 170 Weld factor 296 Weld strength between charges 135 Welding 295, 296, 315 Wet bag 121 Wet processing equipment 303 Wetting behavior 187 Wire coating 158 insulation 152, 225 quality 163 Wood pulp process 194 X X-ray diffraction 259 Y Yarns bleaching 194 Yield deformation 260 Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 179 Z Zero strength time 74, 199, 202 Zonyl 216
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Fluoroplastics Volume 1 - Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Fluoroplastics Volume 1 - Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book
|
|