Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 18962 التقييم : 35392 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - 3rd Edition الجمعة 24 نوفمبر 2023, 6:55 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - 3rd Edition Laurence W. McKeen
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers 1.1 Polymerization 1.2 Copolymers 1.3 Linear, Branched and Crosslinked Polymers 1.4 Polarity 1.5 Unsaturation 1.6 Steric Hindrance 1.7 Isomers 1.8 Inter and Intra Molecular Attractions in Polymers 1.9 General Classifications 1.10 Plastic Compositions 1.11 Summary REFERENCES Chapter 2. Introduction to the Properties of Plastic and Elastomer Films 2.1 Physical Property Testing of Plastic Films 2.2 Mechanical Testing of Plastic Films 2.3 Thermal Property Testing of Plastic Films 2.4 Electrical Properties of Films 2.5 Permeation of Films REFERENCES Chapter 3. Production of Films 3.1 Extrusion 3.2 Blown Film 3.3 Calendering 3.4 Casting Film Lines 3.5 Post Film Formation Processing 3.6 Web Coating 3.7 Lamination 3.8 Orientation 3.9 Skiving8 3.10 Coatings 3.11 Summary REFERENCES Chapter 4. Uses of Barrier Films 4.1 Barrier Films in Packaging Chapter 5. Styrenic Plastics 5.1 Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Copolymer 5.2 Acrylonitrile–Styrene–Acrylate 5.3 Polystyrene 5.4 Styrene–Acrylonitrile Copolymer REFERENCES 6. Polyesters 6.1 Liquid Crystalline Polymers 6.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate 6.3 Polycarbonate 6.4 Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate 6.5 Polyethylene Naphthalate 6.6 Polyethylene Terephthalate REFERENCES 7. Polyimides 7.1 Polyamide–Imide 7.2 Polyetherimide 7.3 Polyimide REFERENCES 8. Polyamides (Nylons) 8.1 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6) 8.2 Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12) 8.3 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66) 8.4 Polyamide 66/610 (Nylon 66/610) 8.5 Polyamide 6/12 (Nylon 6/12) 8.6 Polyamide 666 (Nylon 666 or 6/66) 8.7 Polyamide 6/69 (Nylon 6/69) 8.8 Nylon 1010 8.9 Specialty Polyamides REFERENCES 9. Polyolefins 9.1 Polyethylene 9.2 Polypropylene 9.3 Polybutene-1 9.4 Polymethyl Pentene 9.5 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer 9.6 Plastomer REFERENCES 10. Polyvinyls and Acrylics 10.1 Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 10.2 Ethylene–Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer 10.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 10.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 10.5 Polyvinylidene Chloride 10.6 Polyacrylics 10.7 Acrylonitrile–Methyl Acrylate Copolymer 10.8 Ionomers REFERENCES 11. Fluoropolymers 11.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene 11.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene 11.3 Perfluoroalkoxy 11.4 Amorphous Fluoropolymer—Teflon AF 11.5 Polyvinyl Fluoride 11.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 11.7 Polyvinylidene Fluoride 11.8 Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer 11.9 Ethylene–Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer REFERENCES 12. High Temperature/High Performance Polymers 12.1 Polyetheretherketone 12.2 Polysiloxane 12.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide 12.4 Polysulfone 12.5 Polyethersulfone 12.6 Polybenzimidazole 12.7 Parylene (poly(p-xylylene)) 12.8 Polyphenylene Sulfone REFERENCES 13. Elastomers and Rubbers 13.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers 13.2 Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers 13.3 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers 13.4 Thermoplastic Polyether Block Polyamide Elastomers (PEBA) 13.5 Styrenic Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers 13.6 Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene REFERENCES 14. Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers 14.1 Cellophane 14.2 Nitrocellulose 14.3 Cellulose Acetate 14.4 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 14.5 Ethyl Cellulose 14.6 Polycaprolactone 14.7 Poly (Lactic Acid) 14.8 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB or PH3B) REFERENCES Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables. 3-layer blown film die, 60f 9-layer blown film die, 60f 10-layer stacked die, 58f A ABS see Acrylonitrileebutadieneestyrene Aclar PCTFE film (Honeywell), 291t Acrylics, 189f Acrylonitrileebutadieneestyrene (ABS), 81 gas permeation, 82t, 83t, 84t INEOS ABS Lustran 246 ABS, 84f SABIC Innovative Plastics Cycolac ABS, 82t water vapor permeation, 82t, 83t Acrylonitrileemethyl acrylate (AMA), 245e250 applications, 245 carbon dioxide permeation, 249f chemical structure, 248f gas permeation, 249t INEOS Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers, 249t oxygen permeation, 249f, 250f water vapor permeation, 249t Acrylonitrileestyreneeacrylate (ASA), 81e83 gas permeation, 84t, 85t water vapor permeation, 85t Addition polymerization, 1e2, 2f Additives, 12e18 antiblock additives, 15e16 antistatic additives, 17e18 slip additives, 15 Adflex PP (LlyondellBasell) carbon dioxide permeation, 204t oxygen permeation, 205t Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene TPO gas permeation, 344t water vapor transmission, 344t Aegis Nylon 6 films (Honeywell), 159, 161t Aegis Nylon 6/66 films (Honeywell), 176t AF see Amorphous fluoropolymer AFFINITY PF Plastomer Resins, 211, 214t Agricultural chemicals/films, 74 Ajedium films PEEK film, 317t, 318t Ajedium films PES film, properties of, 328t Ajedium Halar ECTFE film, properties of, 308t Alkenes, 189 Alternating copolymers, 2 AMA see Acrylonitrileemethyl acrylate American Society for Testing and Materials see ASTM International Amideeimide polymers, 126t, 127t Amino acids, 158f Amorphous fluoropolymer (AF), 271e278 applications, 278 chemical structure, 278f pure gas permeation, 280t Amorphous PET, 122f Amorphous plastics, 10e11 see also individual plastics Amorphous polyamide (nylon), 171e180 applications, 177e180 carbon dioxide permeation, 181t chemical structure, 180f, 181f nitrogen permeation, 181t oxygen permeation, 181t, 182f water vapor permeation, 181t Amorphous regions, 255 Anisotropic films, 21 Antiblock additives, 15e16 Antioxidants, 18 Antistatic additives, 17e18 APTIV 1000 series films, 315 APTIV 1100 series films, 315 APTIV 1300 black cosmetic grade film, 316 APTIV 2000 series films, 315 APTIV 2100 series films, 316 Arkema Evatane, 220, 222t Arkema Kynar PVDF film, properties of, 294t Arkema PEBAX Breathable PEBA films, 349f Arkema PEBAX films carbon dioxide permeation, 349t nitrogen permeation, 349t oxygen permeation, 349t water vapor permeation, 348t Arkema Voltalef PCTFE film, 292t 379Arrhenius equation, 47e48 ASA see Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate Ashland Aqualon Ethyl Cellulose, 370t Asperities, 25 ASTM D2457-08e1 Standard Test Method, 24 ASTM D790-03 Standard Test Methods, 30 ASTM D882-10 Standard Test Method, 27 ASTM International, 27 Atactic polypropene, 7 structure of, 7f Atmospheric gases, 73e74 B Bags, 74e75 Ball-and-stick model, molecules, 5e6 Barex 210 resins, 248t Barrier coatings see Coatings Barrier films, 73e80 see also Films BASF AG Polystyrol 168 N GPPS film, 87t BASF AG Terluran ABS films gas permeation, 83t water vapor permeation, 83t BASF AG Ultradur PBT, 96t BASF Luran S ASA films gas permeation, 84t, 85t water vapor permeation, 85t BASF Luran SAN oxygen permeation, 89 water vapor permeation, 89 BASF Styrolux films carbon dioxide permeation, 349t nitrogen permeation, 349t oxygen permeation, 349t BASF Udel PSU gas permeation, 326t water vapor permeation, 326t BASF Ultradur B4500 PBT film, 96t BASF Ultramid A5 Nylon 66 film oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation, 169t water vapor permeation, 169t BASF Ultramid C35 Nylon 6/66 film, 177t Bayer MaterialScience Makrolon PC carbon dioxide permeation, 101t nitrogen permeation, 100t oxygen permeation, 100t Belt film casting machines, 62f BET theory, 46 Biaxial orientation, 68e69 Biodegradable plastics, 353 see also Renewable resource and biodegradable polymers Bisphenol diamine PMDA polyetherimide, 131f Blends, 11e12 Blister packs, 77, 78f Block copolymers, 3 Blocking, 15 Blown film orientation, 70 process, 58 Blown film technology, 92e93 Blueridge Films BFI 345, 190, 195t Bottles, 75 BPADA monomer structure, 132f BPADAeDDS polyetherimide sulfone, 131f BPADAePPD polyetherimide, 131f Brampton Engineering 10-layer stacked die, 58f Branched polymer, 3, 3f C Calendering, 58e59, 61f Capron Nylon 6 films (Honeywell) gas permeation, 161t water vapor permeation, 162t Carbon Filled DuPont Teflon PTFE, 260t Casting film lines, 60e61, 62f Catalysts, 16 Celazole PBI membrane (PBI Performance Products Inc.) carbon dioxide permeation, 332f hydrogen permeation, 331f Cellophane, 356e357 applications, 357 gas permeation, 359t oxygen/water vapor transmission, 359t Cellulose acetate, 360e361 applications, 360e361 chemical structure, 361f common gas permeation, 364f dense and high-flux, 363t gas permeation, 363t, 363f hydrogen sulfide permeation vs. temperature, 365f noble gas permeation, 363f, 364f Chain entanglement, 8 Chemical product packaging, 74e75 Chevron Philips Marlex HDPE, 201t Chevron Philips Ryton PPS films gas permeation, 323t liquid vapor transmission, 323t Choice Singapore Polymer, 238t CIE (international commission on illumination), 21e22 Cis-isomer, 6, 6f Coatings gravure coating, 63 immersion coating, 66, 66f knife on roller coating, 63e64 metering rod coating, 64, 65t reverse roller coating, 63 slot die coating, 64e66 vacuum deposition coating, 66e67, 66f web coating, 61e63 380 INDEXCOC see Cyclic olefin copolymer Coefficient of friction (COF), 15, 24e26 Coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 Color perception and measurement of plastic films, 21e23 Combustion modifiers, 14 Composites, 12e13 Compression film polypropylene, 75 Condensation polymerization, 2, 2f Condiment bottles, 75 Containers, 74e75 COPE (thermoplastic copolyester elastomers), 342 Copolymers, 2e3 Coupling agents, 17 Crosslinked polymer, 3, 3f Crosslinking polymers, 3 Crystalline and amorphous plastics, 10e11 Crystalline plastics/polymers, 10e11 Crystallinity, 30 Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), 205e209 applications, 205 chemical structure, 209f Topas Advanced Polymers TOPAS COC, 205e209 water vapor permeation, 211t Cycolac ABS (SABIC Innovative Plastics), 82t CYCOLAC GKX4500, typical properties of, 82t D Daikin Industries Neoflon PCTFE film, 292t Daikin Neoflon FEP film, 272f gas permeation through, 272t Darcy, Henry Gaspard Philibert, 41 Darcy’s law, 41e42 parameter descriptions for, 41f Dartek Nylon 66 films (Exopack Performance Films Inc.), 169t Degree of polymerization, 9 Degree of unsaturation (DoU), 5 Density, 19e20 Deposition coating, vacuum, 66e67, 66f Deutsches Institut fu¨r Normung see DIN Device packaging, 77 Diacids, 158f Diamines, 158f Dielectric constant, 38e39 Dielectric strength, 40 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 36 Dimensional stability on heating, 20e21 Dimethylsilicone rubber, 319t DIN 67530 Reflectometer, 24 Dip coating, 66, 66f Dissipation factor, 40 Dope, 60 DoU see Degree of unsaturation Dow ATTANE, 193t Dow Calibre PC carbon dioxide permeation, 101t nitrogen permeation, 101t oxygen permeation, 101t Dow Chemical Attane Blown film carbon dioxide permeation, 193t oxygen permeation, 193t water vapor permeation, 194t Dow Chemical Low Acrylonitrile ABS film, 82t Dow Chemical Low-Density Polyethylene gas permeation, 195t solvent vapor permeation, 195t Dow Chemical Medium Acrylonitrile Content ABS film, 82t Dow Chemical Styron PS film, 83t Dow Chemical Trycite Oriented PS film, 87t Dow Chemical Tyril Low Acrylonitrile Content SAN, 89t Dow Ethocel ethyl cellulose film, 370f Dow Saran PVDC films gas permeation, 242t hydrogen sulfide permeation, 243f oxygen permeation, 241t water vapor permeation, 242t Dow Saranex PVDC, 240t, 243f Dow Saranex PVDC Multilayer films gas permeation, 241t oxygen permeation, 241t water permeation, 242t Drop dart impact test, 33 DuPont Elvax EVA, 220 optical properties, 220t oxygen permeation, 220t physical property ranges, 220t water vapor permeation, 221t DuPont FEP Film electrical properties of, 265t mechanical properties of, 265t thermal properties of, 265t DuPont Fluorocarbon FEP film gas permeation, 266t vapor permeation, 266t DuPont Hytrel Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer, 345t DuPont Kapton film, 133, 136t, 137t AC dielectric strength vs. RH, 144f AC dielectric strength vs. temperature, 145f dielectric constant vs. frequency, 146f, 147f dielectric constant vs. RH, 144f dielectric constant vs. temperature, 145f dissipation factor vs. frequency, 146f, 147f dissipation factor vs. RH, 144f dissipation factor vs. temperature, 145f elongation, 142f elongation vs. temperature, 147 INDEX 381DuPont Kapton film (Continued) gas permeation, 139t isothermal weight loss vs. time, 143f, 144f modulus vs. temperature, 148f oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 148f physical properties, 138t, 139t retained dielectric strength, 143f tensile creep properties, 141f tensile strength, 141f tensile strength vs. aging, 142f tensile stressestrain curves, 141 thermal properties, 138t voltage endurance, 147f volume resistivity vs. temperature, 146f water vapor permeation, 139t, 140t weight loss vs. temperature, 143f DuPont Mylar PET, 118f DuPont nylon 6, 164f DuPont PFA film properties of, 274te275t DuPont Selar amorphous polyamide carbon dioxide permeation, 182t oxygen permeation, 182t vs. relative humidity, 183f vs. temperature, 182f DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon, 182t DuPont Selar with nylon, 184f DuPont SP TTR10AH9 Transparent High Gloss PVF film, 285t DuPont Surlyn ionomer resins, 251 DuPont Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer film film properties, 252t oxygen permeation, 252t water vapor permeation, 253t DuPont Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer film film properties, 252t oxygen permeation, 252t water vapor permeation, 253t DuPont Tedlar product codes, 282t DuPont Tedlar PVF, 285t DuPont Tedlar PVF film products, 283t DuPont Teflon AF, 271e278, 280t chemical structure, 278, 278f property data for, 279t pure gas permeation coefficients, 280t DuPont Teflon FEP copolymer ammonia permeation, 267t gas permeation, 272f hydrogen permeation, 267t nitrogen permeation, 267t oxygen permeation, 267t type A, C, and C-20 FEP films, 264t type L FEP films, 264t DuPont Teflon NXT, 261t DuPont Teflon PFA film, 275t DuPont Teflon PTFE ammonia permeation, 259t carbon-filled, 260t hydrogen permeation, 259t nitrogen permeation, 259t oxygen permeation, 259t DuPont Tefzel, 297 DuPont Teijin films Mylar PET films, 108 carbon dioxide permeation, 111t dielectric constant vs. frequency, 117f dielectric constant vs. temperature, 117f dielectric strength vs. temperature, 116f dielectric strength vs. thickness, 117f dimension stability vs. relative humidity, 115f dimension stability vs. temperature, 114f dissipation factor vs. frequency, 118f dissipation factor vs. temperature, 117f nitrogen permeation, 112t oxygen permeation, 112t shrinkage vs. temperature, 114f stressestrain curves, 113f temperature effect on water removal, 116f tensile elongation, 115f, 116f tensile modulus, 115f tensile properties vs. temperature, 114f tensile strength, 115f, 116f vapor permeation, 113t volume resistivity vs. temperature, 118f water vapor permeation, 112te113t DuPont Zytel 42 Nylon 66 film, 169t Dyes, 17 Dynamic coefficient of friction, 24e25 Dyneon 6235 G ETFE carbon dioxide permeation, 302t hydrogen chloride permeation, 303t nitrogen permeation, 302t oxygen permeation, 302t vapor permeation, 303t water vapor permeation, 303t Dyneon FEP, 272t Dyneon PTFE fuel vapor permeation through, 262t Dyneon TF 1750 PTFE, 260t Dyneon TFM 1700 PTFE, 261t gas permeation, 261t hydrogen permeation, 260t water vapor permeation, 261t Dyneon TFM 1750 PTFE, 262t Dyneon TFM PTFE, 262t E Eastman Eastar 5445 PCTG Copolyester film, 105t Eastman Ecdel 9966 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer, 346t Easy-peel film, 75 382 INDEXEcdel 9966 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (Eastman), 346t ECTFE see Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Effusion, 42e43 Elastollan TPUs (BASF) carbon dioxide permeatin, 349t nitrogen permeation, 349t oxygen permeation, 349t Elastomers, 12, 339e352 definition, 339 olefinic TPEs, 340e342 styrenic block copolymer TPEs, 346e347 thermoplastic copolyester elastomers, 342e346 thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers, 346 thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, 339e340 see also individual makes Elcometer Payne permeability cups, 54f Electrical properties of films, 38e40 dielectric constant, 38e39 dielectric strength, 40 dissipation factor, 40 surface resistivity, 40 volume resistivity, 40 Electrometers, 40 Electronegativity, 3e4 Elmendorf tear strength, 33e34, 35f Elongation to puncture, 31 Elvax EVA (DuPont) oxygen permeation, 220t water vapor permeation, 221t EMS Chemie Grivory G16 Amorphous Nylon carbon dioxide and nitrogen permeation, 181t oxygen permeation, 181t water vapor permeation, 181t EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 25 Nylon 12 Resin, 165t EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 13 SBG, 178t, 179f EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 13 SBGX, 179f EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 17 SBG, 179t, 180f EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 20 SBG, 170t EMS-Grivory Grilon F 34 Type 6 Nylon, 161t EMS-Grivory Grilon F 50 Type 6 Nylon, 161t EMS-Grivory Grilon Nylon 6/12 films, 173t water vapor permeation, 174t EMS-Grivory Grilon Nylon 669 films, 178t EMS-Grivory Nylon 6 films, 159e161 stress vs. strain, 175f, 176f EPS (expanded polystyrene), 83e85 Equistar Chemicals, 220e221 Equistar Chemicals Alathon, 198t ETFE see Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Ethocel ethyl cellulose film (Dow), 370f Ethyl cellulose, 361 applications, 361 chemical structure, 368f Dow Ethocel film, 370f gas permeation, 370t, 371f Ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer, 250e252 applications, 251 structure of, 250f Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), 305e312 ammonia permeation, 308t applications, 308 carbon dioxide permeation, 310f chemical structure, 306f chlorine permeation, 311f helium permeation, 310f hydrogen chloride/sulfide permeation, 312f nitrogen permeation, 310f oxygen permeation, 310f resins specifications, 306t solvent permeation, 309t water vapor permeation, 309f see also Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), 293e305 applications, 297 carbon dioxide permeation, 302t chemical structure, 299f chlorine gas permeation, 305f gas permeation, 306f oxygen permeation, 302t water vapor permeation, 303t Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), 219e221 applications, 219 oxygen permeation, 220t, 224f polymer structures, 219f water vapor permeation, 221t, 224f Ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 221e225 applications, 224e225 chemical structure, 224f see also EVAL; Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), 91e92 EVA see Ethylene-vinyl acetate EVAL E Series EthyleneeVinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) Resins carbon dioxide permeation, 232f organic solvents, 230t oxygen permeation, 229t oxygen transmission, 227t EVAL EF-XL Biaxially Oriented EVOH film organic solvents, 230t oxygen permeation, 228t, 229t EVAL EthyleneeVinyl Alcohol Copolymer d-limonene permeation, 231t fluorocarbon permeation, 227t polymer grade series, 225t resin grades, 226t, 227t INDEX 383EVAL EVOH films oxygen permeation vs. ethylene content, 232f temperature, 231f vs. relative humidity, 232f EVAL EVOH Grades, 228t EVAL F Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) Resins organic solvents, 230t oxygen permeation, 229t oxygen transmission rate, 227t EVAL H Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) Resins gas permeation, 228t EVOH see Ethyleneevinyl alcohol Evonik Degussa AG Vestamid Terra DS PA1010, 180t Evonik Industries, 244t, 245t Evonik Industries Trogamid TCR Film, 185t Exopack Performance films Inc. Dartek Nylon 66 films, 169t Exopack Scairfilm LLDPE films, 194t Exopack Scairfilm LWS-1/LWS-2 Laminating MDPE films, 196t Exopack Sclairfilm LX-1 LLDPE film, 194t Expanded polystyrene (EPS), 82e83 Extem XH 1015 PEI membranes, 135t Extenders, 17 Extruded polystyrene (XPS), 83e85 Extrusion, 57e58, 64e66 blown film process, 58 consumer packaging polystyrene, 75 Extrusion cast film, 24 ExxonMobil Chemical, 252, 253t ExxonMobil Exact Plastomer Resins, 211, 217t ExxonMobil HDPE, 198, 199t F Fabric film laminates, 75e76 FEP see Fluorinated ethylene propylene FEP resin specifications according to ASTM D2116, 263t Fillers, 12e13 Film dies, 58f, 60f Films lamination, 67 post-production, 61e63 production, 57e72 purpose, 73 solvent-casting process, 60e61, 62f see also Barrier films Individual makes of film; membranes; polymers Fire retardants, 14 Flame lamination, 67 Flame retardants, 14 Flavor permeation, packaging, 74 Flexural properties, 30 Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 263e268 ammonia permeation, 267t applications, 263 chemical structure, 263f fuel vapor permeation, 272t gas permeation, 266t, 272f helium permeation, 273f hydrogen permeation, 267t nitrogen permeation, 273f oxygen permeation, 267t vapor permeation, 266t Fluorocarbon FEP film (DuPont) gas permeation, 266t vapor permeation, 266t Fluoropolymers, 255e313 amorphous fluoropolymer, 271e278 ethyleneechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, 305e308 ethyleneetetrafluoroethylene copolymer, 293e305 fluorinated ethylene propylene, 263e268 Daikin Neoflon, 263 DuPont Teflon, 263 melting point ranges, 257t monomer structures, 256f perfluoroalkoxy, 268e271 polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 280e282 polytetrafluoroethylene, 255e257 polyvinyl fluoride, 278e280 DuPont Tedlar, 279e280 polyvinylidene fluoride, 282e289 Teflon AF, 276 Foam extrusion thermoforming, 76 Food wrap film, 76 Form fill and seal packaging, 75 Frictional force, 24 G Gas permeation test cells, 53 General purpose polystyrene see Polystyrene Geomembranes, 76 Geometric isomers, 6 German Institute for Standardization see DIN Glass transition temperature, 36 Gloss measurement, 23 of plastic films, 23e24 GPPS (general purpose polystyrene) see Polystyrene Graft copolymers, 3 Graham, Thomas, 41e42 Graham’s law of effusion, 42 Graphite, 15 Gravure coating, 63 Grivory see EMS H Halar ECTFE see Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE Haze measurement, 24 384 INDEXHDPE see High-density polyethylene Head-to-tail isomers, 2, 6f Heat resistant film, 76 Heat seal resins, 76 Heat-shrinkable polypropylene film, 76 High clarity LLDPE film, 76 High molecular-weight, high-density polyethylenes (HMW-HDPE), 190e195, 198t High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 190e198 ammonia permeation, 202t ExxonMobil, 198 gas permeation, 201t, 203f hydrogen permeation, 202t LyondellBasell, 195e197 nitrogen permeation, 202t NOVA Chemicals Sclair HDPE films, 198, 201t oxygen permeation, 201t, 202t High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 3, 85, 85f High-performance/temperature polymers, 315e337 High-speed puncture test, 31e33 HIPS see High-impact polystyrene Homopolymer PTFE, 255e256 Homopolymers, 2, 198, 255e256 Honeywell Aclar PCTFE film, 290t, 291t Honeywell Aegis Nylon 6 films, 159, 159t, 161t Honeywell Aegis Nylon 6/66 films, 176t Honeywell Capran Nylon 6/66 films, 177t Honeywell Plastics Aegis Nylon 6 films, 160t Honeywell Plastics Capron Nylon 6 films gas permeation, 160t water vapor permeation, 160t Honeywell Series R PMP films, 207t Hostaphan RN 25 Biaxially Oriented PET Release film (Mitsubishi) aroma permeation, 120t barrier properties, 119t gas permeation, 120t typical properties, 119t vapor permeation, 120t Hot roll/belt lamination, 67, 67f Hydrogen bonding, 7e8 Hyflon MFA (Solvay Solexis) oxygen and water permeation, 278f vapor permeation, 277t Hyflon PFA (Solvay Solexis), 277f Hygroscopic expansion of plastic films, 21 Hytrel Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (DuPont), 345t I Immersion coating, 66, 66f Immiscible blends, 11 Impact copolymers, 199 Impact modifiers, 16 Imperm 105 nanoclay-filled nylon-MXD6 PAA films (Nanocor), 187f Industrial films, 77 INEOS ABS Lustran 246 ABS gas permeability coefficients, 84f INEOS Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers gas permeation, 249t water vapor permeation, 249t INEOX Barex film grades, 246 Innovative Plastics see SABIC Innovia Cellophane films, 358t Instron Universal Materials Testing Machine, 27 Insulating materials, plastic films as, 40 Inter/intramolecular attractions, 7e8 Ionomers, 250e252 DuPont Surlyn, 251 ExxonMobil Chemical, 252 Iotek ionomer films, 252, 253t ISO 178:2001 Plastics, 30 ISO 527-3 Plastics, 27 ISO 2813:1994 Paints and varnishes, 24 Isomers, 6e7 geometric isomers, 6 stereoisomers, 6e7 structural isomers, 6, 6f Isotactic polypropene, 7 structure of, 7f Isotropic film, 21 J JIS K 7127:1999 Plastics, 27 K Kapton film (DuPont), 133, 136t, 137t AC dielectric strength vs. RH, 144f AC dielectric strength vs. temperature, 145f dielectric constant vs. frequency, 146f, 147f dielectric constant vs. RH, 144f dielectric constant vs. temperature, 145f dissipation factor vs. frequency, 146f, 147f dissipation factor vs. RH, 144f dissipation factor vs. temperature, 145f elongation, 142f vs. temperature, 147 gas permeation, 139t isothermal weight loss vs. time, 143f, 144f modulus vs. temperature, 148f oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 148f physical properties, 138t, 139t retained dielectric strength, 143f tensile creep properties, 141f tensile strength, 141f tensile strength vs. aging, 142f tensile stressestrain curves, 140 INDEX 385Kapton film (DuPont) (Continued) thermal properties, 138t voltage endurance, 147f volume resistivity vs. temperature, 146f water vapor permeation, 139t, 140t weight loss vs. temperature, 143f Kinetic coefficient of friction, 24e25 Kinetic diameter, 43 Knife on roller coating, 63e64 Kuraray EVAL, 225, 226t, 231f, 231t, 232f L Lactic acid to polylactic acid conversion, 373f Lamination, 67 flame lamination, 67 hot roll/belt lamination, 67, 67f Langmuir model, 46 LCP see Liquid crystalline polymers LDPE see Low-density polyethylene Lexan PC films, 97, 98t Light source, 21 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test, 36e38 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 190, 194t Linear polymers, 3, 3f Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), 91e93 applications, 93 carbon dioxide permeation, 94t chemical structure, 92f hydrogen permeation, 93t oxygen permeation, 93t Ticona Vectra A950 LCP, 92f, 93t Ticona Vectra LCP films, 94t water vapor transmission, 94t LISIM Technology, 70f LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 190, 194t LlyondellBasell Adflex PP carbon dioxide permeation, 204t oxygen permeation, 205t LlyondellBasell polyolefins polyethylene, 204t gas permeation, 191f solvent vapor transmission, 191f water vapor transmission, 192f Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 190 gas permeation, 195t properties, 195t solvent vapor permeation, 195t Lubricants, 15 Lubrizol Estane TPU gas/vapor permeation, 342t Lucite Diakon Polymethyl Methacrylate gas permeation, 246t Lumirror PET film, 121t Luran S ASA films gas permeation, 84t, 85t water vapor permeation, 85t Luran SAN oxygen permeation, 89 water vapor permeation, 89 LyondellBasell, 195e197 LyondellBasell Alathon HDPE, 197t LyondellBasell Lupolen EVA oxygen permeation, 224f water vapor permeation, 224f LyondellBasell Polybutene-1 Resins, 206t LyondellBasell Ultrathene EVA copolymers, 220e221, 223t M Machine direction orientation (MDO), 69 Makrolon PC (Bayer MaterialScience), 100t, 101t Marlex HDPE (Chevron Philips), 201t MDO (machine direction orientation), 69 MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), 190 Mechanical testing of plastic films, 27e34 flexural properties, 30 folding endurance, 31 puncture properties, 31e33 drop dart impact test, 33 high-speed puncture test, 31e33 tear properties, 33e34 Elmendorf tear strength, 33e34 trouser tear resistance, 34 tensile properties, 27e30 Medical molds/packaging, 77 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 190 Melinex PET films, 108 Melt Flow Index, 35e36 test apparatus, 36f Melting point of plastic films, 36 fluoropolymers, 257t Membranes purpose, 73 see also Films Metering rod coating, 64, 65t Meyer rod coating, 64, 65t MFA copolymer, 268 Mica, 17 Migrating slip additives, 15 Mirrex PVC (VPI) oxygen permeation, 239t water vapor permeation, 238t MIT Flex Test, 31, 32f Mitchell, John Kearsley, 41 Mitsubishi gas chemical nylon-MXD6 PAA films, 187f Mitsubishi Polyester film Hostaphan RN 25 Biaxially Oriented PET Release film aroma permeation, 120t barrier properties, 119t 386 INDEXgas permeation, 120t typical properties, 119t vapor permeation, 120t Mitsui Chemicals TPX, 205, 208f, 208t Modified atmosphere packaging, 77 Moisture protection, packaging, 73 Molar-mass dispersity index, 9 Molecular polarity, prediction of, 4 Molecules dipole moments, 4t molecular weight, 9e10 steric hindrance, 5e6 see also Polymers Molybdenum disulfide, 15 Monomers, 1 molecular arrangement, 2 Mulch films, 74 Multilayered films, 58, 79 Multiphase polymer blends, 11e12 Multiple-layer films, 48e49 Mylar 92A Polyester film, 109t Mylar film, 108 Mylar PET (DuPont), 118f N Nanocor Imperm 105 nanoclay-filled nylon-MXD6 PAA films, 187f Neoflon DF-0050C1 CTFE film, 292t Neoflon FEP film (Daikin), 272f Neoflon PCTFE film (Daikin Industries), 292t Network polymers, 3 see also Crosslinked polymer Nine-layer blown film die, 60f Nippon Gohsei Bovlon PVOH Film, 236t Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH, 225 chloroform permeation, 234t gas permeation, 233t kerosene permeation, 234t liquid permeation, 234t oxygen permeation vs. ethylene content, 235f film thickness, 234f relative humidity, 235f temperature, 235f standard grades, 233t water vapor permeation, 234t Nitrocellulose, 357 chemical structure, 359f gas permeation, 360t Nollet, Abbe´ Jean-Antoine, 41 Norton ECTFE fluoropolymer film, 307t NOVA Chemicals Sclair HDPE films, 201t Nylon 1010, 169e171 Nylon PACM-12, 180e184 applications, 184 chemical structure, 184f Nylons see Polyamide O Odor permeation, packaging, 74 Olefinic TPEs (TPO), 340e342 applications, 342 gas permeation, 342t water vapor transmission, 342t OPS films, 85e86 Optical brighteners, 16 Opulent PMP Films, 208f, 208t Orientation of polymers, 11, 67e70 Oriented/un-oriented nylon 6, 163t P Packaging atmospheric gas transmission, 73e74 barrier films, 73e79 categories, 73 flavor permeation, 74 odor permeation, 74 oxygen transmission, 73e74 water vapor protection, 73 Parylene (poly(p-xylylene)), 326e328 applications, 328 gas permeation, 334t polymer molecule structures, 332f properties, 332te334t water vapor permeation, 334t PBI Performance Products Inc. Celazole PBI membrane carbon dioxide permeation, 332f hydrogen permeation, 331f PBI see Polybenzimidazole PBT see Polybutylene terephthalate PC see Polycarbonate PCT see Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate PCTFE see Polychlorotrifluoroethylene PDMS see Polydimethyl siloxane PE see Polyethylene PE shrink film, 77e78 PEBA see Thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers PEBAX films see Arkema PEEK see Polyetheretherketone PEI see Polyetherimide PEN see Polyethylene naphthalate Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 268e271 applications, 270 chemical structure, 273f comonomers, 268 gas permeation, 275t INDEX 387Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) (Continued) Solvay Solexis Hyflon PFA, 276f water vapor permeation, 276t Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) synthetic oil, 15 Permeant, 40e41 Permeation of films, 40e55 effusion, 42e43 history, 41e42 multiple-layer films, 48e49 permeation and vapor transmission testing, 49e55 gas permeation test cells, 53 standard tests for permeation and vapor transmission, 0230 units of measurement, 49e50 vapor permeation cup testing, 53e55 solution-diffusion and pore-flow models, 43e48 Arrhenius equation, 47e48 dependence of permeability, diffusion, and solubility pressure, 45e47 transport of gases and vapors through solid materials, 42 PFA comonomers, 273t PFA resin specifications, 274t PH3B, 369e372, 377t PHA see Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Pharmaceutical blister packs, 77, 78f PHBV, chemical structure, 353, 369 PHV, 369 Physical property testing of plastic films, 19e26 coefficient of friction, 24e26 coefficient of thermal expansion, 21 color, 21e23 dimensional stability on heating, 20e21 gloss measurement, 23e24 haze measurement, 24 hygroscopic expansion, 21 residual shrinkage/strain relief, 21 specific gravity and density, 19e20 PI see Polyimide Pigments, 17 PLA see Polylactic acid Plastic beads, 57, 57f Plastic compositions, 11e18 Plasticizers, 16e17 Plastics, 1 Plastomers (POPs), 209e211 PLEXIGLAS PMMA Lamination Films, 245t Plexiglas Product Range, 244t PMMA see Polymethyl methacrylate Polar bond, 3e4 Polarity, 3e5 Polyacrylics, 237e244 Polyamic acid, 128f Polyamide 1010 (PA1010), 169e171 applications, 171 structure, 180f Polyamide 12 (nylon 12), 162e164 applications, 164 chemical structure, 164f gas permeation, 165t, 166f natural gas permeation vs. temperature, 166f water vapor permeation, 165t Polyamide 6 (nylon 6), 157e161 applications, 158 carbon dioxide permeation, 163f, 183f chemical structure, 159f EMS-Grivory, 159e161 gas permeation, 160t, 161t Honeywell, 159 hydrogen sulfide permeation, 164f oxygen permeation, 161t, 163f, 183f, 184f UBE, 162t water vapor permeation, 160t Polyamide 6/12 (nylon 6/12), 167 applications, 167 chemical structure, 171f nitrogen permeation, 174t oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation, 173t, 174t water vapor permeation, 174t Polyamide 6/69 (nylon 6/69), 167e169 Polyamide 66 (nylon 66), 164e167 applications, 167 carbon dioxide permeation, 169t chemical structure, 166f gas permeation, 169t oxygen permeation, 169t water vapor permeation, 169t Polyamide 66/610 (nylon 66/610), 167 applications, 167 chemical structure, 170f gas/water vapor permeation, 170t Polyamide 666 (nylon 666 or 6/66), 167 Polyamideeimide (PAI), 125e128 applications, 128 carbon dioxide permeation, 130f chemical structures, 125f gas permeation, 128t, 129f methane permeation, 130f nitrogen permeation, 129f oxygen permeation, 129f permeability coefficients of gases, 128t Polyamides (nylons), 157e188 amino acids, 158f amorphous polyamide, 171e180 diacids, 158f diamines, 158f generalized reaction, 157f monomers, 157t 388 INDEXPACM-12, 180e184 polyamide 1010, 169e171 polyamide 6, 157e161 polyamide 6/12, 167 polyamide 6/69, 167e169 polyamide 12, 162e164 polyamide 66, 164e167 polyamide 666, 167 polyamide 66/610, 167 polyarylamide, 184e187 Polyanhydrides, 353, 353f Polyarylamide, 184e187 applications, 187 chemical structure, 186f Polybenzimidazole (PBI), 325e327 applications, 326 carbon dioxide permeation, 332f chemical structure, 331f hydrogen permeation, 331f PBI Performance Products Inc. Celazole PBI membrane, 331f, 332f Polybutene-1 (PB-1), 201e205, 205f, 206t Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 94 applications, 94 chemical structure, 94f elastic modulus vs. temperature of, 96f gas/water vapor permeation, 96t Polycaprolactone, 361 applications, 361 chemical structure, 371f oxygen permeation, 372t, 373t starch and glycerol blends, 372t, 373t water vapor permeation, 372t Polycarbonate (PC), 97e101 applications, 97 carbon dioxide permeation, 101t, 103f chemical structure, 91f, 94f, 97f helium permeation, 102f methane permeation, 102f nitrogen permeation, 100t, 101t oxygen permeation, 100t, 101t Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 280e282 applications, 281 chemical structure, 290f gas permeation, 291t, 292t water vapor permeation, 291t Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate (PCT), 101e103 applications, 103 chemical structure, 103f Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) gas permeation, 320f, 321f helium and nitrogen permeation, 321f Polydispersity (PDI) see Molar-mass dispersity index Polyesters, 2, 91e124 liquid crystalline polymers, 91e93 polybutylene terephthalate, 94 polycarbonate, 97e101 polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate, 101e103 polyethylene naphthalate, 103 polyethylene terephthalate, 108e122 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 315e316 amorphous/crystalline permeation, 316t chemical structure, 315f VICTREX Morphology PEEK-Based APTIV film, 315, 316t water vapor transmission, 317t Polyetherimide (PEI), 130e133 applications, 133 chemical structures, 131f, 132f gas/water vapor permeation, 135t SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PEI, 135t Westlake Plastics Tempalux PEI film, 135t Polyethersulfone (PES), 323e325 applications, 324 carbon dioxide permeation, 331f chemical structure, 331f gas permeation, 329t helium permeation, 330f methane permeation, 330f SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PES, 329t Polyethylene (PE), 189e198 applications, 190 crystal structure, 190f fuel vapor transmission, 191f gas permeation, 191f, 192f high-density polyethylene, 190e198 linear low-density polyethylene, 190 low-density polyethylene, 190 medium-density polyethylene, 190 solvent vapor transmission, 192f sulfur dioxide permeation, 192f types, 190f ultra-low density polyethylene, 190 unclassified polyethylene, 190 water vapor transmission, 191f Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 103 applications, 103 chemical structure, 105f Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 108e122 applications, 108 aroma permeation, 120t carbon dioxide permeation, 111t chemical structure, 108f elastic modulus, 122f gas permeation, 120t, 122f hydrogen sulfide permeation, 118f INDEX 389Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (Continued) Mitsubishi Polyester Film Hostaphan RN Biaxially Oriented PET Release film, 120t nitrogen permeation, 112t oxygen permeation, 112t vapor permeation, 120t water vapor permeation, 112te113t Polyglycolic acid (PGA), 354 Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 353, 369 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHA), 369e372 permeability coefficients, 370t Polyimide (PI), 125e156 applications, 133 chemical structures, 140f monomer structures, 132f polyamideeimide, 125e128 polyetherimide, 130e133 polyimide, 133e148 Polyketones see Polyetheretherketone Polylactic acid (PLA), 353 applications, 365 carbon dioxide permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 376f carbon dioxide permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 376f conversion from lactic acid, 373f methane permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 375f nitrogen permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 376f oxygen permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 376f Polymerization, 1e2 Polymers additives, 12e18 blends, 11e12 chain entanglement, 8 classification, 8e11 definition, 1 degradation, 18 film-casting processes, 62t hydrogen bonding, 7e8 inter/intra molecular attractions, 7e8 molecular weight, 9e10 orientation, 11 orientation, 67e70 polarity, 3e5 unsaturation, 5 Van der Waals forces, 8 see also Molecules Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 237e244 argon permeation, 247f carbon dioxide permeation, 247f chemical structure, 244f gas permeation, 246t hydrogen permeation, 247f Lamination Films, 245t Lucite Diakon Polymethyl Methacrylate, 246t oxygen permeation, 247f Polymethyl pentene (PMP), 205 applications, 205 chemical structure, 207f water transmission, 207t Polyolefins, 189e218 LlyondellBasell polyolefins polyethylene, 191f, 192f LlyondellBasell polyolefins polypropylene, 204t monomer structures, 189f Polyone Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film, 239f Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 318e321 applications, 321 chemical structure, 321f gas permeation, 323t liquid vapor transmission, 323t Polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), 328e330, 335t applications, 330 Evonik Industries Europlex HPF 99211 PPSU film, 335te336t Polypropene atactic, 7, 7f isotactic, 7, 7f structure of, 7f syndiotactic, 7, 8f Polypropylene (PP), 7, 198e201 applications, 201 carbon dioxide permeation, 204t gas permeation, 204t oxygen permeation, 205t Polysiloxane, 317e318 chemical structure, 319f helium permeation, 320f Polystyrene (PS), 83e86 chemical structure, 85f gas/water vapor permeation, 87t, 88f and polybutadiene, 11 Polystyrol 168 N GPPS film (BASF AG), 87t Polysulfone (PSU), 321e323 applications, 323 carbon dioxide permeation, 327f chemical structure, 324f gas permeation, 326t helium permeation, 326f methane permeation, 327f water vapor permeation, 326t Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 15, 255e257 ammonia permeation, 259t CHEMFILM DF1100 and DF1200 multilayer cast, 258t chemical structure, 257f gas permeation, 261t hydrogen chloride permeation, 262t hydrogen permeation, 259t nitrogen permeation, 260t NORTON 124 sintered extruded, 257t 390 INDEXNORTON 125 unsintered extruded, 257t NORTON premium grade skived, 258t NORTON R128 and R129 premium extruded, 258t oxygen permeation, 259t permeation comparisons, 261t sulfur dioxide permeation, 262f water vapor permeation, 261t, 262t Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), 225 applications, 225 Nippon Gohsei Bovlon PVOH Film, 236t oxygen permeation, 236f water vapor transmission, 236f Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 237 applications, 237 carbon dioxide permeation, 239f hydrogen permeation, 240f oxygen permeation, 239t plasticizer level, 240f temperature, 239f Polyone Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film, 239f property range, 237t VPI Mirrex PVC, 238t, 239t water vapor permeation, 238t Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 278e280 applications, 278 chemical structure, 281f gas permeation, 285t hydrogen permeation, 290f vapor permeation, 285t Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), 237 applications, 237 coated cellophane film, 358t chemical structure, 240f Dow Saranex PVDC, 243f Dow Saranex PVDC Multilayer films, 241t Dow Saran PVDC, 241t, 243f gas permeation, 242t, 243f hydrogen sulfide permeation, 243f oxygen permeation, 241t oxygen transmission, 243f water permeation, 242t, 243f water vapor permeation, 242t Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 282e289 applications, 289 chemical structure, 293f gas permeation, 295t, 297f resins specifications, 293t Solvay Solexis Solef 1008 PVDF, 296t Solvay Solexis Solef PVDF film, 297f, 298f water permeation, 298f water vapor permeation, 297f Polyvinyls, 219e254 monomer structures, 189f Post film formation processing, 61e63 PP see Polypropylene PP liners, 74 PPS see Polyphenylene sulfide PS see Polystyrene PSU see Polysulfone PTFE see Polytetrafluoroethylene PVC see Polyvinyl chloride PVDC see Polyvinylidene chloride PVDF see Polyvinylidene fluoride PVF see Polyvinyl fluoride Q Qualitative ranking of polymer polarities, 4, 4f R Random copolymers, 3, 198e199 Reinforced plastics, 12e13 Release agents, 14e15 Renewable plastics, 353 Renewable resource and biodegradable polymers, 353e378 cellophane, 356e357 cellulose acetate, 357e360 cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 360e361 ethyl cellulose, 361 nitrocellulose, 357 polycaprolactone, 361 poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, 369e372 polylactic acid, 363e365 trademarks, 354te356t Residual shrinkage see Strain relief Reverse roller coating, 63 Riteflex Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (Ticona), 344f Rowland Technologies, Inc., 246t Rubbers, 339e352 see also individual rubbers Ryton PPS films (Chevron Philips) gas permeation, 323t liquid vapor transmission, 323t S SABIC Advanced Plastics Ultem, 134t SABIC Innovative Plastics Lexan PC film, 98t Valox FR1 PBT film, 95t SABIC Innovative Plastics Cycolac ABS, 82t SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PEI, 135t SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PES, 329t SAN see Styrene-acrylonitrile SBC see Styrenic block copolymer Scairfilm LWS-1/LWS-2 Laminating MDPE films (Exopack), 196t Scairfilm LX-1 LLDPE film (Exopack), 194t Sclair HDPE films (NOVA Chemicals), 201t Selar amorphous polyamide (DuPont), 182f, 183f INDEX 391Selar PA Amorphous Nylon (DuPont), 182t Selar with nylon 6 (DuPont), 184f Shipping sacks, 76 Shrink bundling film, 78 Silage films, 74 Silicone rubber, 317e318 Simultaneous stretching line (LISIM Technology), 70f Skiving, 70 Slip additives, 15 Slot die coating, 64e66 Smoke suppressants, 14 Soarnol EVOH see Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH SolaTuf Impact Modified Acrylic Film, 246t Solef 1008 PVDF (Solvay Solexis), 296t Solef PVDF film (Solvay Solexis) gas permeation, 298f water permeation, 298f Solexis see Solvay Solexis Solvay Advanced Polymers Amodel PPA, 187t Solvay Ajedium HYLAR 9009 PVDF, 295t Solvay Ajedium SOLEF PVDF, 296t Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE ammonia permeation, 308t carbon dioxide permeation, 310f chlorine permeation, 311f helium permeation, 310f hydrogen chloride/sulfide permeation, 311f hydrogen permeation, 308t nitrogen permeation, 308t, 310f oxygen permeation, 309t, 310f solvent permeation, 309t water vapor permeation, 309f Solvay Solexis Hyflon MFA oxygen and water permeation, 278f vapor permeation, 277t Solvay Solexis Hyflon PFA, 278f Solvay Solexis Solef 1008 PVDF, 296t Solvay Solexis Solef PVDF film gas permeation, 298f water permeation, 298f Solvent-casting process, 60e61, 62f Specific gravity, 19e20 Squeeze bottles, 75 Stacked dies, 58f Static coefficient of friction, 24e25 Stationery films, 78 Step-growth polymerization see Condensation polymerization Stereoisomers, 6e7 Steric hindrance, 5e6 Sterile packaging, 77 Strain relief, 21 Stretch film, 78 Structural isomers, 6, 6f Styrene, chemical structure, 81f Styreneeacrylonitrile (SAN), 81, 86e89 chemical structure, 89 gas permeation, 89 water vapor permeation, 85t Styrenic block copolymer (SBC) TPEs, 346e347 applications, 347 carbon dioxide permeation, 349t nitrogen permeation, 349t oxygen permeation, 349t Styrenic plastics, 81e90 Styrolux films (BASF) carbon dioxide permeation, 349t nitrogen permeation, 349t oxygen permeation, 349t Styron PS film (Dow Chemical), 83t Styron Styron PS, 87t Surface resistivity, 40 measurement of, 40f Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer film (DuPont) oxygen permeation, 252t water vapor permeation, 253t Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer film (DuPont), 251 oxygen permeation, 252t water vapor permeation, 253t Syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene, 348 reaction producing, 350f Syndiotactic polypropene, 7 structure of, 8f Syndiotactic polypropylene, 6e7 T Tedlar PVF (DuPont), 285t typical properties of, 284t Teflon see DuPont Teflon Tefzel (DuPont), 302t Tefzel Type LZ, CLZ, and CLZ-20 ETFE Films, 301t Teijin DuPont films Q51 PEN films, 107t Teonix PEN films, 106t Tetoron G2 PET films, 111t Teijin films Mylar PET films (DuPont) carbon dioxide permeation, 111t dielectric constant vs. frequency, 117f dielectric constant vs. temperature, 117f dielectric strength vs. temperature, 116f dielectric strength vs. thickness, 117f dimension stability vs. relative humidity, 115f dimension stability vs. temperature, 114f dissipation factor vs. frequency, 118f dissipation factor vs. temperature, 117f nitrogen permeation, 112t oxygen permeation, 112t shrinkage vs. temperature, 114f stressestrain curves, 113f 392 INDEXtemperature effect on water removal, 116f tensile elongation, 115f, 116f tensile properties vs. temperature, 114f tensile strength, 115f, 116f vapor permeation, 113t volume resistivity vs. temperature, 118f water vapor permeation, 112te113t Tempalux PEI film (Westlake Plastics), 135t Tenter frames, 69, 69f TEONEX Q51 PEN biaxially oriented film, 108t Teonix PEN films, 103, 106t Terluran ABS films (BASF AG) gas permeation, 83t water vapor permeation, 83t Terpolymers, 2 Tetoron PET films, 108, 110t, 111t Thermal property testing of plastic films, 34e38 glass transition temperature, 36 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test, 36e38 Melt Flow Index, 35e36 melting point, 36 Thermal shrinkage see Strain relief Thermal stabilizers, 17 Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers (TPE-E or COPE), 342e345 Thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers (PEBA), 346 applications, 346 oxygen permeation, 346t water vapor permeation, 348t Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU), 339e340 gas permeation, 342t, 344t Lubrizol Estane TPU, 341t molecular structure, 340f water vapor permeation, 342t water vapor transmission, 344t Thermoplastics, 10 Thermosets, 10 Thermx PCT film, 104t Three-layer blown film die, 60f Ticona Fortron PPS Films carbon dioxide permeability, 323t Ticona Riteflex Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer, 344f Ticona Vectra A950 LCP chemical structure, 92f oxygen permeation, 93t Ticona Vectra LCP films carbon dioxide permeation, 94t hydrogen permeation, 93t oxygen permeation, 94t properties, 93t water vapor transmission, 94t Time lag, 44e45 Topas Advanced Polymers TOPAS COC, 205e209, 211f properties of, 209te210t water vapor permeation, 211t Toray Industries Lumirror PET film, 121t Tortuous path effect, 13, 14f Tougheners, 16 TPE-E (thermoplastic copolyester elastomers), 344 TPO see Olefinic TPEs TPU see Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers Trans-isomer, 6, 6f Transverse direction orientation, 69 Trash bags, 78 Trogamid, 184, 185t, 186t Trouser tear resistance, 34 Trycite Oriented PS film (Dow Chemical), 87t Tyril Low Acrylonitrile Content SAN (Dow Chemical), 89 U UBE 303 XA Nylon 12 Resin, 164t UBE Industries Nylon 6 oxygen permeation, 162t properties, 162t water vapor permeation, 162t UBE Industries Upilex films electrical properties, 151t elongation vs. aging, 153f equilibrium water absorption vs. RH, 154f gas permeation, 151t grades, 140t, 149t hydroscopic expansion vs. RH, 154 mechanical properties, 149t tensile strength vs. aging, 153f tensile stress vs. strain, 152f thermal properties, 150t time of again vs. temperature, 154f water vapor permeation, 151t weight loss vs. temperature, 155 Udel PSU (BASF) gas permeation, 326t water vapor permeation, 326t Ultem 1000 PEI (SABIC Innovative Plastics), 135t Ultem 1000 PES (SABIC Innovative Plastics), 329t Ultradur PBT (BASF AG), 96t Ultra-low density polyethylene, 190 Ultramid C Blown Nylon 666 film, 176t Ultramid C35 Nylon 6/66 film, 177t Ultrathene EVA Copolymers, 220e221, 223t Unclassified polyethylene, 190 Unsaturation, 5 Upilex films (UBE Industries), 148 Upilex PI films, 148, 151t UV stabilizers, 16 INDEX 393V Vacuum deposition coating, 66e67, 66f Van der Waals forces, 8 Vapor permeation cup testing, 53e55 Vectra LCP films (Ticona) carbon dioxide permeation, 94t hydrogen permeation, 93t oxygen permeation, 94t properties, 93t water vapor transmission, 94t VenFILM, Blown Transparent Grade, 238t VERSIFY Plastomer Resins, 211 VICTREX Morphology PEEK-based APTIV film amorphous/crystalline permeation, 316t water vapor transmission, 317t Vinyl benzene see Styrene Viscose, conversion from cellulose, 357f Voltalef PCTFE film (Arkema), 292t Volume resistivity, 40 measurement of, 41f VPI Mirrex PVC oxygen permeation, 239t water vapor permeation, 238t W Water vapor protection, packaging, 73 Web coating, 61e63 Westlake Plastics Tempalux PEI film, 135t X XPS (extruded polystyrene), 83e85 Y Yield, 19 Z Zytel 42 Nylon 66 film (DuPont), 169t
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - 3rd Edition رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - 3rd Edition
|
|