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| موضوع: كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications الأربعاء 22 نوفمبر 2023, 11:38 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications Second Edition Liesl K. Massey
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Introduction 1.0 Packaging Materials . 2 Uses of Packaging Materials 2 2.0 Test Methods . 3 Tests for Physical Properties 3 Tests for Permeability Properties 5 Tests for Optical Properties 6 3.0 Units . 8 4.0 Regulations 8 2.4 Tests for Electrical Properties . 7 The rmop I ast i cs Acrylic Resin Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer . AMA . Chapter 1 9 Tabular Information 10 Cellulosic Plastic Cellulosic . Chapter 2 13 Tabular Information 13 Fluoroplastic Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer . ETFE . Chapter 3 15 Tabular Information 16 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer . FEP . Chapter 4 17 Tabular Information 18 Perfluoroalkoxy Resin . PFA . Chapter 5 . 21 Tabular Information 22 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene . PCTFE . Chapter 6 25 Tabular Information 26 vi Polytetrafluoroethylene . PTFE . Chapter 7 . 29 Tabular Information 29 Polyvinyl Fluoride . PVF . Chapter 8 31 Graphical Information 31 Tabular Information 32 Ionomer lonomer . Chapter 9 . 33 Tabular Information 34 Graphical Information 36 Polyamide Nylon Overview . Chapter 10 . 41 Tabular Information 42 Amorphous Nylon . Chapter 11 . 43 Tabular Information 44 Nylon 6 . PA 6 . Chapter 12 . 47 Tabular Information 48 Nylon 66 . PA 66 . Chapter 13 . 51 Tabular Information 52 Nylon 6/66 . PA 6/66 . Chapter 14 . 55 Tabular Information 55 Nylon 6/12 . PA 6/12 . Chapter 15 . 57 Tabular Information 58 Nylon 6/69 . PA 6/69 . Chapter 16 . 59 Tabular Information 60 Nylon 661610 . PA 661610 . Chapter 17 . 63 Tabular Information 64 Polyester Polyethylene Napthalate . PEN . Chapter 18 65 Tabular Information 66 Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate . PCTG . Chapter 19 71 Tabular Information 72 vi i Po lye t h y I e n e Te re p h t h a I ate Glycol-Modified . PETG . Chapter 20 . 73 Tabular Information 73 Polyethylene Terephthalate . PET . Chapter 21 . 75 Tabular Information 76 Polyimide Polyimide . Chapter 22 79 Tabular Information 80 Graphical Information 84 Polyolefin Polyethylene . Overview . Chapter 23 . 89 Tabular Information 89 Ultra Low Density Polyethylene . ULDPE . Chapter 24 91 Tabular Information 92 Low Density Polyethylene . LDPE . Chapter 25 95 Tabular Information 97 Graphical Information 96 Linear Low Density Polyethylene . LLDPE . Chapter 26 . 99 Tabular Information 100 Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene . mLLDPE . Chapter 27 103 Tabular Information 104 Graphical Information 105 Linear Medium Density Polyethylene . LMDPE . Chapter 28 . 111 Tabular Information . 112 High Density Polyethylene . HDPE . Chapter 29 . 113 Tabular Information . 114 Polyolefin Plastomers . POP . Chapter 30 . 117 Graphical Information . 117 Tabular Information . 118 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer . COC . Chapter 31 125 Tabular Information 126 Graphical Information 127 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer . EVA . Chapter 32 . 129 Tabular Information 131 viii Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer . EVOH . Chapter 33 135 Tabular Information 136 Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer . EAA . Chapter 34 . 139 Tabular Information 140 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene . BOPP and OPP . Chapter 35 141 Tabular Information 142 Polybutene . PB . Chapter 36 . 145 Graphical Information 146 Tabular Information 147 Vinyl Resin Polyvinyl Alcohol . PVOH . Chapter 37 149 Tabular Information 150 Polyvinyl Chloride . PVC . Chapter 38 . 153 Tabular Information 153 Polyvinylidene Chloride . PVDC . Chapter 39 . 155 Tabular Information 156 Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films . PVDC Coated Films . Chapter 40 . 159 Tabular Information 162 Mu I ti layer Structures Multilayer Films Mylar Films . Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier . Chapter 41 . 165 Tabular Information 166 Thermoplastic Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers . TPO . Chapter 42 167 Tabular Information 168 ix Polyether Block Amide Polyether Block Amide . PEBA . Chapter 43 . 169 Tabular Information 170 Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer . Chapter 44 171 Tabular Information 171 Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer . Chapter 45 173 Tabular Information 174 Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer . Chapter 46 . 177 Additional Materials Metallized Films . Chapter 47 . 179 Tabular Information 179 Biodegradable or Organic Films . Chapter 48 181 Appendix Glossary of Terms . 183 Indices Trade Names . 219 References 221 Glossary of Terms A ABS: SeeAcrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. ABS Nylon Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Nylon Alloy. ABS PC Alloy: SeeAcrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Poly- mer Polycarbonate Alloy. ABS Resin: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Poly- mer. Accelerant: SeeAccelerator. Accelerator: A chemical substance that accelerates chemical, photochemical, biochemical, etc., reactions or processes, such as cross-linking or degradation of polymers, that is triggered andor sustained by another substance, such as a curing agent or catalyst, or environmental factor, such as heat, radiation, or a microorganism. Also called accelerant, promoter, and cocatalyst. Acetal Resins: Thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of formaldehyde or its trioxane trimer. Acetals have high impact strength and stiffness, low fiiction coefficient and permeability, good dimensional stability and dielectric properties, and high fatigue strength and thermal stability. Acetals have poor acid and UV resistance and are flammable. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in mechanical parts such as gears and bearings, automotive components, appliances, and plumbing and electronic applications. Also called acetals. Acetals: SeeAcetal Resins. Acetone: A volatile, colorless, highly flammable liquid with molecular formula CH,COCH,. Acetone has an autoignition temperature of 537"C, mixes readily with water and some other solvents, and is moderately toxic. Acetone dissolves most thermoplastics and some thermosets. Used as organic synthesis intermediate, e.g., in the manufacture of bisphenol A and antioxidants, as solvent in paints and acetate fiber spinning and for cleaning of electronic parts. Also called dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone. Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer: Acrylic rubber-modified thermoplastic with high weatherability. Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer has good heat and chemical resistance, toughness, rigidity, and antistatic properties. Processed by extrusion, thermoforming, and molding. Used in construction, leisure, and automotive applications such as siding, exterior auto trim, and in outdoor furniture. Acrylic Resins: Thermoplastic polymers of alkyl acrylates such as methyl methacrylates. Acrylic resins have good optical clarity, weatherability, surface hardness, chemical resistance, rigidity, impact strength, and dimensional stability. They have poor solvent resistance, poor resistance to stress cracking, flexibility, and thermal stability. Processed by casting, extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in transparent parts, auto trim, household items, light fixtures, and medical devices. Also called polyacrylates. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: ABS resins are thermoplastics comprised of a mixture of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and SAN-grafted butadiene rubber. They have high impact resistance, toughness, rigidity, and processability,but low dielectric strength, continuous service temperature, and elongation. Outdoor use requires protective coatings in some cases. Plating grades provide excellent adhesion to metals. Processed by extrusion, blow-molding, thermoforming, calendaring, and injection molding. Used in household appliances, tools, nonfood packaging, business machinery, interior automotive parts, extruded sheet, pipe, and pipe fittings. Also called ABS, ABS resin, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Nylon Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection molding, with properties similar to ABS, but higher elongation at yield. Also called ABS Nylon Alloy. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Polycarbon- ate Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection molding and extrusion, with properties similar to ABS. Used in automotive applications. Also called ABS PC alloy.Acrylonitrile Copolymer: A thermoplastic prepared by copolymerization of acrylonitrile with small amounts of other unsaturated monomers. Has good gas barrier properties and chemical resistance. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in food packaging. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: See Acry- lonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. Activation Energy: An excess energy that must be added to an atomic or molecular system to allow a process to proceed such as diffusion or chemical reaction. Adsorption: Retention of a substance molecule on the surface of a solid or liquid. Alcohols: A class of hydroxy compounds in which a hydroxy group(s) is attached to a carbon chain or ring. Alcohols are produced synthetically from petroleum stock, e.g., by hydration of ethylene, or derived from natural products, e.g., by fermentation of grain. The alcohols are divided in the following groups: monohydric, dihydric, trihydric, and polyhydric. Used in organic synthesis, as solvents, plasticizers, fuels, beverages, and detergents, etc. AMA: SeeAcrylonitrile Methyl Acrylate. Amorphous Nylon: Transparent aromatic polyamide thermoplastics. Produced by condensation of hexamethylene diamine, isophthalic and terephthalic acid. Annulus Test: An ozone resistance test for rubbers that involves a flat-ring specimen mounted as a band over a rack, stretched 0 to loo%, and subjected to ozone attack in the test chamber. The specimen is evaluated by comparing to a calibrated template to determine the minimum elongation at which cracking occurred. Anthraquinone: An aromatic compound comprising two benzene rings linked by two carbonyl (C=O) groups, C,H,(CO),C,H,. Combustible. Used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, mainly in the manufacture of anthraquinone dyes and pigments. One method of preparation is by condensationof 1,4-naphthaquinone with butadiene. Antioxidant: A chemical substance capable of inhibiting oxidation or oxidative degradation of another substance such as plastic in which it is incorporated. Antioxidants act by terminating chain-propagating free radicals or by decomposing peroxides, formed during oxidation, into stable products. The first group of antioxidants include hindered phenols and amines; the second group includes sulfur compounds, such as thiols. Ar: See argon. Arc Resistance: Arc Resistance is the relative ability of a material to withstand arcing across its surface when electrodes placed on the specimen are impressed with high voltage (low amperage) current. Area Factor: The ratio between the total area of pore openings on the surface of a membrane that is in contact with the incoming flow of a penetrant, to the area of this surface. Argon (Ar): A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, noncombustible monoatomic gas. Argon is often used to characterize permeability of polymeric films, such as carrier gas in gas chromatography, as inert gas shield in welding, in electric bulbs such as neon, lasers, and as a process environment. Aroma Barrier: A plastic film or its component preventing the escape of aromatic volatiles from foodstuffs or cosmetics seal-packaged in the film. Aromatic Polyester Estercarbonate: A thermoplastic block copolymer of an aromatic polyester with polycarbonate. Has higher heat distortion temperature than regular polycarbonate. Aromatic Polyesters: Engineering thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of aromatic polyol with aromatic dicarboxylic anhydride. They are tough with somewhat low chemical resistance. Processed by injection and blow-molding, extrusion, and thermoforming.Drying is required. Used in automotive housings and trim, electrical wirejacketing, printed circuit boards, and appliance enclosures. ASA: SeeAcrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer. ASTM International: Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D96: (Discontinued Test Method) Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials suchas paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 31 mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the185 specimen is placed airtight on a test dish with a desiccant that is weighed to determine the gain of weight due to water vapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water is placed in the dish that is weighed to determine the loss of water due to evaporation through the specimen. ASTM D149: StandardTest Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies may be used to determine dielectric strength of solid insulating materials. The frequency of the tests is generally at commercial power frequencies of 60 Hz, but the method is appropriate for any frequency from 25 through 60 Hz. Various temperatures and any suitable gaseous or liquid medium may be used. D149 is used for determining the dielectric breakdown voltage most often through the thickness of a test specimen (puncture), but also along the interface between a solid specimen and a gaseous or liquid surrounding medium (flashover). Proof testing may be performed through the use of Section 12 modifications instruction. ASTM D150: Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation includes the determination of relative* permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle through specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range that can be covered extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz. *In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped. ASTM D256: Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics. Used to determine the resistance of a plastic specimen to impact by a pendulum-type hammer. Specimens contain a milled notch and depending upon the test method, failure may be brittle or ductile. Testresults are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under the notch. ASTM D257: Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. Used to determine DC insulation resistance, volume resistance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding conductances and conductivitiesof insulating materials. D256 is not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistivitylconductivity of moderately conductive materials. ASTM D471: An American Society for Testing of Materials. Standard method for determining the resistance of nonporous rubber to hydrocarbon oils, fuels, service fluids, and water. The specimens are immersed in fluids for 22-670 hours at -75 to 250"C, followed by measuring of the changes in mass, volume, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness for solid specimens and the changes in breaking strength, burst strength, tear strength, and adhesion for rubber-coated fabrics. ASTM D495: Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation. Recommended as a preliminary screening method to differentiate among similar materials with respect to their resistance to the action of a high-voltage, low-current arc close to the surface of insulation, intending to form a conducting path therein or in causing the material to become conducting due to the localized thermal and chemical decomposition and erosion. D495 will not, in general, permit conclusions to be drawn concerning the relative arc resistance ranking of materials that may be subjected to other types of arcs: for example, high voltage at high currents, and low voltage at low or high currents. ASTM D523: Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss. Used to determine the specular gloss ofnonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 20", 60", and 85". ASTM D542: StandardTest Method for Index of Refiaction of Transparent Organic Plastics. Used to measure the index of refiaction of transparent organic plastic materials throughuse of arefiactometer. D542 requires optically homogeneous specimens of uniform refractive index. This test method and IS0 489 are technically equivalent. ASTM D570: Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. Used to determine the relative rate of absorption of water by plastics when immersed. D570 is applicable to the testing of all types of plastics, including cast, hot-molded, and cold-molded resinous products, and both homogeneous and laminated plastics in rod and tube form and in sheets 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) or greater in thickness. IS0 62 is technically equivalent to this test method. ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics is used to determine the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed. Specimens are dumbbell-shaped and can be of any thickness up to 14 mm. However, test Method D882 is the preferred test method for testing filmsless than 1.O mm. Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining. D638 also includes the option of determining Poisson's ratio at room temperature. This test method and IS0 527-1 are technically equivalent. ASTM D696: Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -30°C and 30°C. With a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer. Used to determine the coefficient of linear thermal expansion by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 x lo6 1°C. Plastic materials generally have negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both at the temperatures and stresses herein imposed. ASTM D774: StandardTest Method for Bursting Strength of Paper is used to measure the bursting strength of paper and paper products whose bursting strength lies between 30kPa and 1400kPa. These products shall be single or laminated flat sheets not over 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) in thickness. This method is similar to IS0 2758 and TAPPI 403. ASTM D790: Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Used to determine flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, and is generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. D 790 uses a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam, and is valid for those materials that break or fail in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0% strain limit of these test methods. It should be noted that these test methods are not technically equivalent to IS0 178. ASTM D792: Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement. Used to determine the specific gravity and density of solid plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items. It should be noted that this standard is not equivalent to IS0 11 83 method A. ASTM D882: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting. Used to determine tensile properties of plastics in the form of thin sheeting, including film having a nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). InD882, specimenextensionmaybemeasuredby grip separation, extension indicators, or displacement of gage marks. This test method is similar to IS0 527-3, but is not considered technically equivalent. ASTM D1709: Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method. Provides two methods for the determination of the energy, expressed as weight (mass), that causes plastic film to fail under the impactof a fiee-falling dart. Specified conditionsinclude height fiom whichthe dart will fallas well as the weight of the dart. Failure energy is when 50% of the tested specimens fail with a specific weight of dart. Both methods, the staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results with respect to the dart impact weight at failure as well as to the precisions with which they are determined. This method is similar to IS0 7765-1, IS0 7765-1 which has several differences. ASTM D1746: Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting. Used to determine the regular transmittance (Tr) of plastic sheeting. The primary use of D 1746 is with nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting, but the method is generally applicable to any translucent or transparent material. ASTM D1922: Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheetingby Pendulum Method. Used to determine the average force to propagate tearing after the tear has been started using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens of a specified length of plastic film or nonrigid sheeting are used, one rectangular type and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter is the preferred or referee specimen. Provisions are made in the test method to compensate for oblique directional tearing, which may be found with some materials. ASTM D1938: Standard Test Method for Tear-Propagation Resistance (Trouser Tear) of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by a Single-Tear Method. Used to determine the force necessary to propagate a tear in plastic film and thin sheeting (thickness of 1 mm or less) by a single-tear method. D1938 employs a constant rate of separation of the grips holding the test specimen and the specimen extension may be measured in this test method by grip separation. The method is not applicable for film or sheeting material where brittle failures occur during testing. ASTM D2176: Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T. Tester.Used to determine the folding endurance of paper using the M.1.T.-typefolding apparatus. This test method is the technical equivalent of TAPPI T511. ASTM D2457: Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics. Used for the measurement of gloss of opaque and transparent plastic films and solid plastics. D2475 contains three separate gloss angles: 60", recommended for intermediate-gloss films,187 20", recommended for high-gloss films, and 45", recommended for intermediate gloss and low-gloss films. Note: The 60" and 20" apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in ASTM D523; those for the 45" procedure are similarly taken from ASTM C346. ASTM D2863: Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). Used to measure the minimum concentration of oxygen that willjust support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygenandnitrogen. Methods are provided for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5 mm thick as well as flexible sheet or film materials supported vertically. ASTM D3420: Standard Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film. Used to determine the resistance of film to impact-puncture penetration at ambient conditions. Also called Spencer Impact. ASTM D3985: Standard test method for determining the steady-state transmission rate of oxygen gas through a plastic film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions, or plasticcoated paper or fabric. An American Society for Testing of Materials. ASTM D5214: Withdrawn Standard Test Method for Polyimide Resin Film for Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Application (Withdrawn 1995). Replaced by D2305: StandardTest Methods for Polymeric Films Used for Electrical Insulation ASTM E96: Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials such as paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 3 1mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method, are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the specimen is placed airtight on a test dish with a desiccant that is weighed to determine the gain of weight due to water vapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water is placed in the dish that is weighed to determine the loss of water due to evaporation through the specimen. ASTM E398: Standard test method for the determination of water vapor transmission rate of sheet materials with at least one side being hydrophobic, such as plastic film, by a rapid dynamic method. The specimen is mounted between two chambers, one of known relative humidity and another of dry air. The response of an electrical sensor capable of detecting water vapor accumulation in the dry chamber is recorded and used, with the help of a calibrating curve, to determine the water vapor transmission rate. Also called ASTM E398-70. ASTM E398-70: SeeASTME398. ASTM E424: Standard Test Method for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials. Used to determine solar energy transmittance and reflectance of materials in sheet form using one of two procedures. Method A, the referee method, is applicable for both transmittance and reflectance and uses a spectrophotometer. Method B is applicable only for measurement of transmittance and uses a pyranometer in an enclosure and the sun as the energy source. Both test methods have given essentially equivalent results for those materials studied by the task group who prepared the method. ASTM F372: Standard test method for the rapid determination of water vapor transmission rate of flexible barrier films and thin sheeting consisting of single or multilayer synthetic or natural polymers and metal foils including coated materials. The specimen is mounted between two chambers, one of known relative humidity and another of dry air. The time for a given increase in water vapor concentration of the dry chamber is measured by monitoring the differential between two bands in the infrared spectral region, one in which water molecules absorb and the other where they do not. The values obtained are used to calculate the water vapor transmission rate. ASTM F1249: Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission rate through plastic film and sheeting up to 3 mm in thickness using a pressure-modulated infrared sensor. In addition, this method provides for the determination of the permeance of the film to water vapor and the water vapor permeability coefficient. The specimen is placed as a sealed semi-barrier between two chambers at ambient atmospheric pressure. One chamber is wet and another is dry. As water vapor penetrates through the film from the wet chamber into the dry one it is carried by air into the sensor. It measures the fraction of infrared energy absorbed by the vapor and produces an electric signal that is proportionalto water vapor concentration ASTM F456: Withdrawn Standard Test Method for Pinhole Flex Life of Films by Axial Vibration of a Tubular Sample (Withdrawn 1987). No replacement.Atmosphere: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equal to 1.013250 x 1.OE+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.013250 x 1.OE+05pascals, which is the air pressure measured at mean sea level. It has a dimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called atm, standard atmosphere, and std atm. Azo: A prefix indicating an organic group of two nitrogen atoms linked by a double bond, -N=N-, or a class of chemical compounds containing this group, like azo dyes. B Bar: A metric unit of measure of pressure equal to 1.OE+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.OE+05pascals. It has a dimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Barrier Material: Materials such as plastic films, sheeting, wood laminates, particle board, paper, fabrics, etc., with low permeability to gases and vapors. Used in construction as water vapor insulation, food packaging, and protective clothing, etc. Benzene: An aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-atom carbon ring, C,H,. Highly toxic and flammable (autoignition point 562°C). A colorless or yellowish liquid under normal conditions (b.p.SO.l"C), soluble inmany organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, tetrachlorocarbon, etc. Used for synthesis of organic compounds. Bisphenol A Polyester: A thermoset unsaturated polyester based on bisphenol A and fumaric acid. Blowup Ratio: In extrusion blowing of film, it is the ratio of the extrusion die diameter and the diameter of the tubular film. In blow-molding, it is the ratio between the diameter of a parison and the maximum diameter of the mold cavity. Blown Film: A plastic film produced by extrusion blowing, wherein an extruded plastic tube is continuously inflated by internal air pressure, cooled, collapsed by rolls, and wound up. The thickness of the film is controlled by air pressure and rate of extrusion. BOPP: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene. Bubbling: The presence of bubbles of trapped air andor volatile vapors in nonmetallic coating or plastic specimen or article. Bubbling is often caused by improper application or excessive mixing of paints or degassing. Bursting Strength: Bursting strength of a material is the maximum hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of the material when a controlled and constantly increasing pressure is applied through a rubber diaphragm to a circular area. C CA: See Cellulose Acetate. CAB: See Cellulose Acetate Butyrate. Carbon Black: A black colloidal carbon filler made by the partial combustion or thermal cracking of natural gas, oil, or another hydrocarbon. There are several types of carbon black depending on the starting material and the method of manufacture. Each type of carbon black comes in several grades. Carbon black is widely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to W light, and reduces static charging. Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO,, is found in the atmosphere. It is produced as a result of metabolism (e.g., oxidationof carbohydrates) and is used by plants in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide has low toxicity and is noncombustible. Derived industrially from synthesis gas in ammonia production and from cracking of hydrocarbons. Used widely in refrigeration, carbonated beverages, chemical synthesis, water treatment, medicine, fire extinguishing, and as inert atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO. Highly flammable (liquid autoignition point, 609°C) and toxic. Found in automobile exhaust gases and is a major air pollutant. Manufactured from coke by action of oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam. Used in organic synthesis, synthetic fuels, and metallurgy. Cast Film: Film produced by pouring or spreading resin solution or melt over a suitable temporary substrate, followed by curing via solvent evaporation or melt cooling and removing the cured film from the substrate. Cellulose Acetate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with acetic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, stiffness, hardness, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blowmolding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CA.Cellulose Acetate Butyrate: Thermoplastic mixed esters of cellulose with acetic and butyric acids. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire, and water resistance, and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CAB. Cellulose Propionate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with propionic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CP. Cellulosic Plastics: Thermoplastic cellulose esters and ethers. Has good toughness, gloss,clarity, processability,and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire, and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Centimeter of Mercury: See cm Hg. CFR: See Code of Federal Regulations. Chain Scission: Breaking of the chainlike molecule of a polymer as a result of chemical, photochemical, etc., reaction such as thermal degradation or photolysis. Chalking: Formation of a dry, chalk-like, loose powder on or just beneath the surfaceof paint film or plastic caused by the exudation of a compounding ingredient such as pigment, often as a result of ingredient migration to the surface and surface degradation. Channel Black: Carbon black made by impingement of a natural gas flame against a metal plate or channel iron, from which a deposit is scraped. Used as a reinforcing filler in rubbers. Also called Gas Black. Chemical Saturation: Absence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of most polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Saturation makes the molecule less reactive and polymers less susceptible to degradation and cross-linking. Also called Chemically Saturated Structure. Chemical Unsaturation: Presence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of some polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Unsaturation makes the molecule more reactive, especially in freeradical addition reactions such as addition polymerization, and polymers more susceptibleto degradation, crosslinking, and chemical modification. Also called Polymer Chain Unsaturation. Chemically Saturated Structure: See Chemical Satu- ration. Chlorendic Polyester: A chlorendic anhydride-based unsaturated polyester. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride: Thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride. Has increased glass transition temperature, chemical and fire resistance, rigidity, tensile strength, and weatherability as compared to PVC. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, casting, and calendering. Used for pipes, auto parts, waste disposal devices, and outdoor applications. Also called CPVC. Chloroethyl Alcohol(2-): See Ethylene Chlorohydrin. Chloroform: Trichloromethane, CHC1,. Chloroform is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with characteristic pungent smell. It is toxic and carcinogenic. Derived by chlorination of methane. Formerly used as an anesthetic, it is now used mainly as a solvent and in organic synthesis to manufacture fluorocarbon plastics and insecticides. Chlorohydrins: Halohydrins with chlorine as a halogen atom. One of the most reactive of halohydrins. Dichlorohydrins are used in the preparation of epichlorohydrins, important monomers in the manufacture of epoxy resins. Mostchlorohydrins are reactive colorless liquids, soluble in polar solvents such as alcohols. Note: Chlorohydrins are a class of organic compounds, not to be mixed with a specific member of this class, l-chloropropane-2,3-diol sometimes called Chlorohydrin. Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber: Thermosetting elastomers containing 20-40% chlorine. Has good weatherability and heat and chemical resistance. Used for hoses, tubes, sheets, footwear soles, and inflatable boats. Cm Hg: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equal to 13332.2 dynes/cm2 or 1333.22 pascals at 0°C. Onecentimeter of mercury is the pressure that would support a column of mercury of length one centimeter and density 12,595 kg/m3 under the standard acceleration of free fall. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called Centimeter of Mercury. COC: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer. CoF: Coefficient of Friction Cocatalyst: SeeAccelerator. Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 177: The 21 CFR 177 establishes specific guidelines for materials that come into “indirect food contact”, i.e., materials that contact food but are not ingredients. 21CFR 177 sets guidelines for the manufacture of these materials and requires independent laboratory testing of the materials to ensure that they do not exceed specified levels of extractables. Coefficient of Friction (CoF): The coefficientof fiiction is definedas the ratio ofthe weightof anobject being moved along the surface of a specimen to the force that is required to maintain contact between the object and the surface. Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity: The coefficient of thermal conductivity, sometimes called the K-factor, is defined as the quantity of heat that passes through a unit cube of the substance in a given unit of time when the difference in temperature of the two faces is 1 “C. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Linear): The coefficient of thermal expansion (linear) is the change in length per unit length of material for a 1°C change in temperature. Coextruded Film: A film made by coextrusion of two or more different or similar plastics through a single die with two or more orifices arranged sothat the extrudates merge and weld together into a laminar film before cooling. Each ply of coextruded film imparts a desired property, such as impermeability or resistance to some environment and heat-sealability, usually unattainable with a single material. Color Change: SeeDiscoloration. Coloration: SeeDecoloration Compatibilizer: A chemical compound used to increase the compatibility or miscibility and to prevent the separation of the components in a plastic composition, such as the compatibility of a resin and a plasticizer or of two polymers in a blend. Block copolymers bearing blocks similar to the polymers in the blend are often used as compatibilizers in the latter case. Concentration Units: The units for measuring the content of a distinct material or substance in a medium other than this material or substance, such as solvent. Note: The concentration units are usually expressed in the units of mass or volume of substance per one unit of mass or volume of medium. When the units of substance and medium are the same, the percentage is often used. Conditioning: Process of bringing the material or apparatus to a certain condition, e.g., moisture content or temperature, prior to further processing, treatment, etc. Also called Conditioning Cycle. Conditioning Cycle: See Conditioning. Corona Discharge Treatment: Treating the surface of an inert plastic such as polyolefin with corona discharge to increase its affinityto inks, adhesives, or coatings.Plastic films are passed over a grounded metal cylinder with a pointed high-voltage electrode above it to produce the discharge. The discharge oxidizes the surface, making it more receptive to finishing. Also called Corona Treatment. Corona Treatment: See Corona Discharge Treatment CONEG: The Coalition of Northeastern Governors is a nonpartisan association of the Governors of the eight Northeastern states that encourages intergovernmental cooperation in the Northeast on issues relating to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of the Northeast states. COPE: See Copolyester Ether. Copolyester Ether: Copolyester ethers (COPE) are clear, tough copolymers with elastomeric-like properties. They provide strength and durability and resist puncturing. Covulcanization: Simultaneous vulcanization of a blend of two or more different rubbers to enhance their individual properties such as ozone resistance. Rubbers are often modified to improve covulcanization. CP: See Cellulose Propionate. CPVC: See Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride. 191 Cracking: Appearance of external andor internal cracks in the material as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material. The stress can be external andor internal and canbe caused by a variety of adverse conditions: structural defects, impact, aging, corrosion, etc., or a combination thereof. Also called Cracks. See also Processing Defects. Cracks: See Cracking. Crazes: See Crazing. Crazing: Appearance of thin cracks on the surface of the material or, sometimes, minute frost-like internal cracks, as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material, impact, temperature changes, degradation, etc. Also called Crazes. Cross-linked Polyethylene: Polyethylene thermoplastics partially photochemically or chemically cross-linked. Has improved tensile strength, dielectric properties, and impact strength at low and elevated temperatures. Cross-linking: Reaction of formation of covalent bonds between chain-like polymer molecules or between polymer molecules and low-molecular compounds such as carbon black fillers. As a result of cross-linking, polymers, such as thermosetting resins, may become hard and infusible. Cross-linking is induced by heat, UV or electron-beam radiation, oxidation, etc. Cross-linking can be achieved either between polymer molecules alone as in unsaturated polyesters or with the help of multifunctional cross-linking agents such as diamines that react with functional side groups of the polymers. Cross-linking can be catalyzed by the presence of transition metal complexes, thiols, and other compounds. Crystal Polystyrene: See General Purpose Polystyrene. Crystalline Melting Point: The temperatureofmelting of the crystallite phase of a crystalline polymer. It is higher than the temperature of melting of the surrounding amorphous phase. Cycle Time: SeeProcessing Time. Cyclic Compounds: A broad class of organic compounds consisting of carbon rings that are saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, in which some carbon atoms may be replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. D d-Limonene: One of two optical isomers of limonene, a naturally occurring terpene closely related to isoprene. Limonene is a colorless liquid that oxidizes to film in air. Derived from lemon, orange, and other essential oils. Used as flavoring, fragrance, solvent, and wetting agent. DAP: See Diallyl Phthalate Resins. Dart Drop: See Impact Resistance, Dart Drop Decoloration: Complete or partial loss of color of the material as a result of degradation or removal of colored substances present. Also called Decoloring. Decoloring: SeeDecoloration. Defects: See Processing Defects. Deflection Temperature Under Load: SeeHeat Deflec- tion Temperature. Degradation: Loss or undesirable change in the properties, such as color,of a material as a result of aging, chemical reaction, wear, exposure, etc. See also Stability. Diallyl Phthalate Resin: Thermoset supplied as diallyl phthalate prepolymer or monomer. Hashigh chemical, heat and water resistance, dimensional stability, and strength. Shrinks during peroxide curing. Processed by injection, compression, and transfer-molding. Used in glass-reinforced tubing, auto parts, and electrical components. Also called DAP. Dielectric Constant: The ability of an insulator to store electrical energy can be measured through the dielectric constant. Better insulating materials have lower dielectric constants. Dielectric Strength: The maximum electric field strength that an insulator can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties. Differential Scanning Calorimeter: Used to determine the specific heat of a specimen by measurement of the thermal response of the unknown specimen as compared with a standard when the two are heated uniformly at a constant rate. The ratio of the departure of the standard and unknown from the baseline is used to calculate the specific heat of the unknown. Also called DSC.192 Diffusion: Spontaneous slow mixing of different substances in contact without influence of external forces. E EAA: See Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer. Diffusion Coefficient: Weight of a substance diffusing through a unit area in a unit time per a unit concentration gradient. Also called Diffusivity. Diffusivity: SeeDiffusion CoefJicient. Dihydric Alcohols: See Glycols Dihydroxy Alcohols: See Glycols. Dimethyl Ketone: SeeAcetone. Dimensional Stability: Dimensional stability is often represented as a percentage change in the specimen shape when the specimen is subjected to varying degrees of stress for example: temperature, moisture or pressure. DIN 53122: A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of flat materials such as plastic film and sheeting. DIN 53380: A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining gas permeability of flat materials such as plastic film and sheeting. Discoloration: A change in color due to chemical or physical changes in the material. Also called Color Change. Disperse Dyes: Nonionic dyes insoluble in water and used mainly as fine aqueous dispersions in dying acetate, polyester, and polyamide fibers. A large subclass of disperse dyes comprises low-molecular-weight aromatic azo compounds with amino, hydroxy, and alkoxy groups that fix on fibers by forming van der Waals and hydrogen bonds. Displacement: Process of removing one object, e.g., a medium in an apparatus, or its part, and replacing it with another. Also called Displacement Cycle. Displacement Cycle: SeeDisplacement. Dissipation Factor: The ratio of the power loss in a dielectric material to the total power transmitted through the dielectric material. ECTFE: See Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copoly- mer. Elastic Modulus: The force needed to elongate a material, or the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body. Elmendorf Tear: A measurement of the tear resistance of sheet materials including paper, packaging, foils, textiles, non-wovens, and plastic films. Elongation: The change in length (lengthening, stretch) of a material when subjected to tensile stress. Elongation at Break (ultimate tensile strength): Elongation at break isthe strain at failure, or the percent change in length at failure. (IS0 527) Elongation at Yield: Elongation at yield is the strain that the material undergoes at the yield point, or the percent change in length that occurs while the material is stressed to its yield point. EMA: Ethylene Methyl Acrylate. EMAC: See Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer. Embrittlement: A reduction or loss of ductility or toughness in materials such as plastics resulting from chemical or physical damage. EP: Ethylene Propene. SeeEPDMRubber. EPDM: See EPDM Rubber. EPDM Rubber: Sulfur-vulcanizable thermosetting elastomer produced from ethylene, propylene, and a small amount of nonconjugated diene such as hexadiene. Has good weatherability and chemical and heat resistance. Used as impact modifiers and for weather stripping, auto parts, cable insulation, conveyor belts, hoses, and tubing. Also called EPDM. Epoxides: Organic compounds containing three-membered cyclic group(s) in which two carbon atoms are linked with an oxygen atom as in an ether. This group is called an epoxy group and is quite reactive, allowing the use of epoxides as intermediates in preparation of certain fluorocarbons and cellulose derivatives and as monomers in DSC: See Differential Scanning Calorimeter. 193 preparation of epoxy resins. Also called Epoxy Compounds. Epoxies: SeeEpoxy Resins. Epoxy Compounds: SeeEpoxides. Epoxy Resins: Thermosetting polyethers containing cross-linkable glycidyl groups. Usually prepared by polymerization of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin or reacting phenolic novolaks with epichlorohydrin. Can be made unsaturated by acrylation. Unmodified varieties are cured at room or elevated temperatures with polyamines or anhydndes. Bisphenol A epoxy resins have excellent adhesion and very low shrinkage during curing. Cured novolak epoxies have good W stability and dielectric properties. Cured acrylated epoxies have high strength and chemical resistance. Processed by molding, casting, coating, and lamination. Used as protective coatings, adhesives, potting compounds, and binders in laminates and composites. Also called Epoxies. EPR: SeeEthylene Propene Rubber. ESCR: Environmental-stress-crack resistance. ETFE : SeeEthylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer Ethane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH,CH,. A colorless, odorless, flammable gas. Relatively inactive chemically. Obtained from natural gas. Used in petrochemical synthesis and as fuel. coatings and plastics, organic synthesis, artificial flavors, and pharmaceuticals. Ethyl Alcohol: An aliphatic alcohol, CH,CH,OH. A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature, 422°C). Toxic by ingestion at high concentrations. Derived by catalytic hydration of ethylene, fermentation of biomass such as grain, or enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Used as an automotive fuel additive, in alcoholic beverages, as solvent for resins and oils, in organic synthesis, cleaning compositions, cosmetics, antifreeze, and antiseptic. Also called Ethanol. Ethylene: An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH,=CH,. A colorless, highly flammable gas with sweet odor (autoignition temperature, 543°C). Derivedby thermal crackingof hydrocarbon gases or from synthesis gas. Used as monomer in polymer synthesis, refrigerant, and anesthetic. Also called Ethene. Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer: Specialtythermoplastic created by high-pressure copolymerization of ethylene (E), methacrylic acid (MAA), or acrylic acid (AA). Also called EAA. Ethylene Acrylic Rubber: Copolymers of ethylene and acrylic esters. Has good toughness, low temperature properties, and resistance to heat, oil, and water. Used in auto and heavy equipment parts. Ethylene Alcohol: SeeEthylene Glycol. Ethylene Copolymers: SeeEthylene Polymers. Ethanediol(l,2-): SeeEthylene Glycol. Ethanol: SeeEthyl Alcohol. Ethene: SeeEthylene. Ethers: A class of organic compounds in which an oxygen atom is interposed between two carbon atoms in a chain or a ring. Ethers are derived mainly by catalytic hydration of olefins. The lower molecular weight ethers are dangerous fire and explosion hazards. Note: Major types of ethers include aliphatic, cyclic, and polymeric ethers. Ethyl Acetate: An ethyl ester of acetic acid, CH,CO,CH,CH,. A colorless, fragrant, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature, 426°C). Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Derived by catalytic esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. Used as solvent in Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer: Thermoplastic copolymers of ethylene with <40% methyl- acrylate. Has good dielectricproperties, toughness, thermal stability, stress crack resistance, and compatibility with other polyolefins. Transparency decreases with increasing content of acrylate. Processed by blown film extrusion and blow and injection molding. Used in heat-sealable films, disposable gloves, and packaging. Some grades are FDAapproved for food packaging. Also called EMAC. Ethylene Oxide: A colorless gas at room temperatures, ethylene oxide is used in a sterilization process. Ethylene Polymers: Ethylene polymers include ethylene homopolymers and copolymers with other unsaturated monomers, most importantly, olefins such as propylene and polar substances such as vinyl acetate. The properties and uses of ethylene polymers depend on the194 molecular structure and weight. Also called Ethylene Copolymers. Ethylene Propene Rubber: Stereospecific copolymers of ethylene with propylene. Used as impact modifiers for plastics. Also called EPR. Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene. Has good impact strength, abrasion and chemical resistance, weatherability, and dielectric properties. Processed by molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in tubing, cables, pump parts, and tower packing in a wide temperature range. Also called ETFE. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Athermoplasticprepared by hydrolysis of ethylene-vinylacetatepolymers. Has good barrier properties, mechanical strength, gloss, elasticity, weatherability, clarity, and abrasion resistance. Barrier properties and processibilityimprove with increasing content of ethylene due to lower absorptionof moisture.Ethylene contentofhigh-barriergrades range fiom32to 44mol%. Processed by extrusion, coating,blow and blow-film molding, and thermoforming. Used as packaging films and container liners. Also calledEVA. ETO: See Ethylene Oxide. EVA: SeeEthylene Mnyl Acetate Copolymer. EVOH: Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer. Extenders: Relatively inexpensive resin, plasticizer, or filler such as carbonate used to reduce cost andor to improve processing of plastics, rubbers, or nonmetallic coatings. Extrusion Coating: Coating by extruding a layer of molten resin onto a substrate with sufficient pressure to bond. Used in coating paper and fabrics with polyolefins by extruding a web directly into the roller nip through which the substrate is passing. Extrusion Temperature: Temperature of the molten thermoplastic maintained in the extruder barrel during the extrusion by means of barrel heating and internal friction of the melt pushed along by a screw or a ram. The temperature may vary along the length of the barrel. F FEP: See Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer: Fick’s First Law: A physics law that states that the volume (V) of a penetrant, such as gas, that penetrates a barrier wall is directly proportional to the area (A) of the wall, partial pressure differential (p) of the penetrant, and time (t); and inversely proportional to the wall thickness (s), if the wall is homogeneous in the direction of penetration. The coefficient P in the equation representing Fick’s first law, V = P . (A . p . t)/s, is the permeability coefficient. Fireproofing Agent: SeeFlame Retardant. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of five atoms. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of five atoms, some of which are nitrogen. Five-Membered Heterocyclic Oxygen Compounds: A class of heterocyclic compounds containing rings that consist of five atoms, some of which are oxygen. Flame-Retardant: A substance that reduce the flammability of materials such as plastics or textiles in which it is incorporated. There are inorganic flame retardants such as antimony trioxide (Sb,O,) and organic flame retardants such as brominated polyols. The mechanisms of flame retardation vary depending on the nature of material and flame retardant. For example, some flame retardants yield a substantial volume of coke on burning, which prevents oxygen from reaching inside the material and blocks hrther combustion. Also called fireproofing agent, flame retardant chemical additives, and ignition resistant chemical additives. Flame-Retardant Chemical Additives: See Flame Re- tardant. Flammability Classification: This classification system defines the level of ignition and burning resistance of a specimen. Flaw: See Processing Defects. Flexural Modulus: The ratio, within the elastic limit, of the applied stress on a test specimen in flexure, to the corresponding strain in the outermost fibers of the specimen.195 Flexural Strength: The strength of a material in bending, expressed as the stress on the outermost fibers of a bent test specimen, at the instant of failure. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer: Thermoplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. Has decreased tensile strength and wear and creep resistance, but good weatherability, dielectric properties, fire and chemical resistance, and friction. Decomposes above 204°C (400"F), releasing toxic products. Processed by molding, extrusion, and powder coating. Used in chemical apparatus liners, pipes, containers, bearings, films, coatings, and cables. Also called FEP. Fluoro Rubber: SeeFluoroelastomers. Fluoroelastomers: Fluorine-containing synthetic rubber with good chemical and heat resistance. Used in underhood applications such as fuel lines, oil and coolant seals, and fuel pumps, and as a flow additive for polyolefins. Also called Fluoro Rubber. Fluoroplastics: SeeFluoropolymers. Fluoropolymers: Polymers prepared from unsaturated fluorine-containing hydrocarbons. Has good chemical resistance, weatherability, thermal stability, antiadhesive properties, low friction, and flammability, but low creep resistance, strength, and difficulty processing. The properties vary with the fluorine content. Processed by extrusion and molding. Used as liners inchemical apparatus, in bearings, films, coatings, and containers. Also called Fluoroplastics. Fluorosilicones: Polymers with chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms and trifluoropropyl pendant groups. Most are rubbers. FMQ: SeeMethyljluorosilicones. Folding Endurance Test: The folding endurance test is a measure of strength in that a specimen under a constant tensile load is continually folded until it is severed. Formaldehyde: The simplest aldehyde, H,CO. A readily polymerizable, toxic, skin irritating, carcinogenic gas with strong, pungent odor (autoignition temperature, 430°C). Derived by oxidation of methanol or low-boiling olefins. Used as monomer in manufacture of phenolic, acetal, and amino resins; as fertilizer, disinfectant, reducing agent, biocide, sterilant, corrosion inhibitor; in wood products such as plywood, foam insulation, and organic synthesis as an intermediate. FPC: Flexible printed circuit. Fractional Melt Index Resin: Thermoplastics having a low melt index of4. These resins have higher molecular weights and are harder to extrude because of lower rate and greater force requirements compared to the lower molecular weight resins. They are mainly used for heavy duty applications such as pipe. Furnace Black: The most common type of carbon black made by burning vaporized heavy oil fractions in a furnace with 50% of the air required for complete combustion. It comes in high abrasion, fast extrusion, high modulus, general purpose, semireinforcing, conducting,high elongation, reinforcing,and fast-extruding grades, among others. Furnace black is widely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to W light, and reduces static charging. b Gas Black: See Channel Black. Gas-Permeability Coefficient: A measure of gas permeability of a barrier wall such as plastic film. Gas permeability coefficient, P, is a coefficient in Fick's first law that states that the volume (V) of a substance that penetrates a barrier wall is directly proportional to the area (A) of the wall, partial pressure differential (p) of the penetrant, and time (t); and inversely proportional to the wall thickness (s), if the wall is homogeneous in the direction of penetration. Gas permeability coefficient depends on the test temperature. Gas-Transmission Rate: This is a measure of the steady state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form of film, sheeting or laminates. General-Purpose Polystyrene: General-purpose polystyrene is an amorphous thermoplastic prepared by homopolymerization of styrene. Has good tensile and flexural strengths, high light transmission, adequate resistance to water, detergents, and inorganic chemicals. It is attached by hydrocarbons and has a relatively low impact resistance. Processed by injection molding and foam extrusion. Used to manufacture containers, health care items such as pipettes, kitchen and bathroom housewares, stereo and camera parts, and foam sheets for food packaging. Also called Crystal Polystyrene. Gloss: Measured on a glossmeter, gloss is a measure of the light reflected by the surface of a plastic film.196 Glycols: Aliphatic alcohols with two hydroxy groups attached to a carbon chain. Can be produced by oxidation of alkenes followed by hydration. Also called Dihydric Alcohols and Dihydroxy Alcohols. G U S : Generally Recognized as Safe. GTR: See Gas Transmission Rate. H H: See Hydrogen. Halogen Compounds: A class of organic compounds containing halogen atoms such as chlorine. A simple example is halocarbons but many other subclasses with various functional groups and of different molecular structure exist as well. Halohydrins: Halogen compounds that contain a halogen atom (s) and a hydroxy (OH) group (s) attached to a carbon chain or ring. Can be prepared by reaction of halogens with alkenes in the presence of water or by reaction of halogens with triols. Halohydrins can be easily dehydrochlorinated in the presence of a base to give an epoxy compound. Hard Clays: Sedimentary rocks composed mainly of fine clay mineral material without natural plasticity, or any compacted or indurated clay. Haze: Measured on a hazemeter, haze is the scattering of light as it passes through a transparent material, resulting in poor visibility andor glare. HDPE: See High Density Polyethylene. HDT: See Heat Deflection Temperature. He: See Helium. Heat Deflection Temperature: The heat deflection temperature is defined as the temperature at which a specimen deflects a specified amount under specific heat and load conditions. Heat-Seal Temperature: Temperature of a thermoplastic film or sheet required to join two or more films or sheets in contact by fusion. Helium (He): A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, noncombustible monatomic gas. Helium is often used to characterize permeability of polymeric films, as carrier gas in gas chromatography,as inert gas shield in welding, in electricbulbs such as neon, as heat-transfer medium, in lasers, and as a process environment. Henry’s Law: A law that states that the weight of the gas that dissolves in a given quantity of liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid. The law holds true only for equilibrium conditions. Heptane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon)with sixcarbon atoms,CH,(CH,),CH,. A volatile, colorless, flammableliquid (autoignition temperature, 222°C).Toxicby inhalation. Obtained by fiactionation of petroleum. Used as a solvent and in organic synthesis. Also calledn-Heptane. n-Heptane: SeeHeptane. Heterocyclic Compounds: A class of cyclic compounds containing rings with some carbon atoms replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, sulhr, and nitrogen. High Density Polyethylene: A linear polyethylene with density 0.94-0.97 g/cm3.Has good toughness at low temperatures, chemical resistance, dielectric properties, and high softening temperature, but poor weatherability. Processed by extrusion, blow and injection molding, and powder coating. Used in houseware containers, food packaging, liners, cable insulation, pipes, bottles, and toys. Also called HDPE. High Impact Polystyrene: See Impact Polystyrene. High-Molecular-Weight, Low Density Polyethylene: Thermoplastic with improved abrasion and stress crack resistance and impact strength, but poor processibility and reduced tensile strength. Also called HMWLDPE. HIPS: See Impact Polystyrene. HMWLDPE: See High Molecular Weight Low Density Polyethylene. .
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers - A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications
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