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| موضوع: كتاب Fluoroelastomers Handbook - The Definitive User’s Guide and Databook الأربعاء 22 نوفمبر 2023, 11:22 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluoroelastomers Handbook - The Definitive User’s Guide and Databook Albert L. Moore, Sc.D. Wilmington, Delaware
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Series Editor’s Preface . ix Preface . xi Acknowledgments xiii Part I. Fluoroelastomers Overview 1. Fundamentals . 3 1.1 Introduction . 3 1.2 Scope: Fluorocarbon Elastomers 4 1.3 Nature of Fluoroelastomers . 5 1.4 Fundamental Properties 6 1.4.1 VDF Copolymers 6 1.4.2 TFE/Olefin Copolymers 6 1.4.3 Perfluoroelastomers . 6 1.4.4 Other Compositions . 6 1.5 Developmental History: Compositions, Cure Technology . 7 1.6 Major Uses of Fluoroelastomers . 9 1.7 Producers of Fluoroelastomers . 11 References 12 2. Fluoroelastomer Composition and Properties . 13 2.1 Major Families of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 13 2.2 VDF/HFP/(TFE) Elastomers 15 2.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers . 17 2.4 TFE/PMVE Perfluoroelastomers . 17 2.5 TFE/P Elastomers . 19 2.6 E/TFE/PMVE Elastomers 20 References 22 Part II. Fluoroelastomers Technology 3. Fluoroelastomer Monomers 25 3.1 Introduction . 25 3.2 Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) . 25 3.2.1 VDF Properties 25 3.2.2 VDF Synthesis . 26iv Contents 3.3 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) . 26 3.3.1 TFE Properties . 27 3.3.2 TFE Synthesis 27 3.4 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) 29 3.4.1 HFP Properties 29 3.4.2 HFP Synthesis . 29 3.5 Perfluoro(Methyl Vinyl Ether) (PMVE) . 31 3.5.1 PMVE Properties . 31 3.5.2 PMVE Synthesis 31 3.6 Olefins: Ethylene and Propylene . 32 3.7 Cure-site Monomers 32 3.7.1 Types of Cure-site Monomers 32 3.7.2 Halogenated Vinyl Monomers 32 3.7.3 Functional Vinyl Ethers 33 3.8 Safety Aspects of Monomer Handling . 33 3.8.1 Toxicity Considerations 33 3.8.2 Flammability . 34 3.8.3 Explosivity 34 References 35 4. Production of Fluoroelastomers 37 4.1 Introduction . 37 4.2 General Process Description 37 4.3 Free Radical Copolymerization . 38 4.3.1 General Reaction Scheme . 38 4.3.2 Copolymer Composition Relationships 39 4.3.3 Monomer Reactivity Ratios 40 4.4 Emulsion Polymerization . 41 4.4.1 Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics 42 4.4.2 Continuous Emulsion Polymerization 49 4.4.3 Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization 53 4.5 Suspension Polymerization . 59 4.5.1 Polymer Compositions . 61 4.5.2 Polymerization Mechanism and Kinetics . 61 4.5.3 Reactor Design and Operation 63 4.5.4 Polymerization Control . 63 4.6 Process Conditions and Polymer Characteristics . 65 4.6.1 Molecular Weight Distribution 65 4.6.2 End Groups 68 4.6.3 Composition and Monomer Sequence Distributions 68 4.7 Monomer Recovery . 71 4.8 Isolation . 71Contents v 4.9 Process Safety 73 4.10 Commercial Process Descriptions 74 References 75 5. Cure Systems for Fluoroelastomers . 77 5.1 Introduction . 77 5.2 VDF/HFP/(TFE) Copolymers: Diamine, Bisphenol, Peroxide . 77 5.2.1 Diamine Cure . 77 5.2.2 Bisphenol Cure 78 5.2.3 Peroxide Cure 83 5.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers: Peroxide (Bisphenol) 89 5.4 Perfluoroelastomers – Various Systems . 93 5.5 TFE/Propylene Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol . 95 5.6 Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol 99 References 101 6. Processing of Fluoroelastomers . 103 6.1 Introduction . 103 6.2 Mixing 103 6.2.1 Compounding Ingredients 103 6.2.2 Mill Mixing 103 6.2.3 Internal Mixers . 105 6.3 Extrusion . 106 6.4 Molding 110 6.4.1 General Considerations . 110 6.4.2 Compression Molding 111 6.4.3 Transfer Molding 112 6.4.4 Injection Molding 113 6.5 Calendering . 117 6.6 Other Processing Methods 119 6.6.1 Latex 119 6.6.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers . 119 References 122 Part III. Environmental Resistance and Applications of Fluoroelastomers 7. Fluid Resistance of VDF-containing Fluoroelastomers . 125 7.1 Introduction . 125 7.2 Fluid Resistance Data . 125 7.3 Discussion of Results 125 7.4 Fluid Service Recommendations 126 Table 7.1 Chemical Resistance - FKM, VDF/CTFE, FKM/TFE Fluoroelastomers . 127 Acetaldehyde to Butyl Cellosolve . 127vi Contents Butyl Ether to Ethylene Trichloride . 138 Ethylenediamine to Lime Sulfur . 150 Lindol to Ramjet Fuel . 165 Rapeseed Oil to Zinc Sulfate . 178 Table 7.2 Fluid Resistance of Fluoroelastomer Families . 192 References 193 8. Fluid and Heat Resistance of Perfluoroelastomers . 195 8.1 Introduction . 195 8.2 Fluid Resistance Data . 195 8.3 Heat Resistance Data . 195 8.4 Resistance to Special Environments . 196 8.5 Major Applications . 196 Table 8.1 Chemical Resistance: FFKM Fluoroelastomer . 198 Abietic Acid to Lithium Hypochlorite . 198 Lithium Nitrate to Zirconium Nitrate 212 Table 8.2 Chemical Resistance . 223 Table 8.3 Upper Continuous Service Temperatures for Perfluoroelastomer Compounds 223 Table 8.4 Tecnoflon PFR: Heat Aging . 224 Table 8.5 Perfluoroelastomer Black Compounds for Chemical Processing Industry 224 Table 8.6 Perfluoroelastomer Compounds for Semiconductor Applications 225 References 226 9. Fluid Resistance of TFE-olefin Fluoroelastomers . 227 9.1 Introduction . 227 9.2 Fluid Resistance of TFE/Propylene Elastomers 227 9.2.1 TFE/P Dipolymer 227 9.2.2 TFE/P/VDF Terpolymers 233 9.2.3 TFE/P/TFP Terpolymers 234 9.2.4 Service Recommendations 236 9.3 Fluid Resistance of Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomer 236 9.3.1 Fluid Resistance Data 237 9.3.2 Resistance to Oil Field Environments 237 9.3.3 Cure System Effects 237 9.3.4 Service Recommendations 237 References 239 10. Fluoroelastomer Applications 241 10.1 Introduction . 241 10.2 Major End Uses . 241 10.3 Fabrication Methods 241Contents vii 11. Compounds for O-rings and Molded Goods . 243 11.1 O-rings 243 11.1.1 Specifications . 243 11.1.2 Compression Set Measurement 243 11.1.3 VDF/HFP Dipolymer Compounds 245 11.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Compounds . 253 11.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Compounds 259 11.4 Seal Design Considerations 260 11.5 Additional Fluoroelastomer Molding Compounds . 260 References 277 12. Compounds for Auto Fuel Systems 279 12.1 Introduction . 279 12.2 Fuel Line Veneer . 280 12.3 Fuel Tank Components . 287 12.4 Fuel Injector Seals 288 12.5 Development Trends . 289 References 290 13. Compounds for Auto Power Train Service 291 13.1 Introduction . 291 13.2 Oil Seal Requirements 291 13.3 Compounds for Oil Seals 294 13.3.1 FKM Elastomers 294 13.3.2 FEPM Elastomers 295 13.4 Compounds for Transmission Seals . 296 References 298 14. Compounds for Power Plant Service 299 14.1 Introduction . 299 14.2 Flue Duct Expansion Joints . 299 14.3 High-fluorine Terpolymers . 299 References 302 15. Other Fluoroelastomer Applications and Processing 303 15.1 Introduction . 303 15.2 Latex and Coatings . 303 15.3 Thermoplastic Processing . 303 15.4 Fluoroelastomer Caulks 304 15.5 Processing Aids for Hydrocarbon Plastics 304 References 305 16. Fluoroelastomer Safety and Disposal . 307 16.1 Introduction . 307 16.2 Safety in Production 307viii Contents 16.3 Safety in Applications 308 16.4 Disposal 308 References 309 Appendix: PDL Ratings 311 Glossary 313 Trademarks . 347 Index 349 Index Index terms Links Index terms Links A Accelerators 78 83 253 phosphonium 8 quaternary phosphonium salt 103 Accumulator 55 57 Acetone 111 Acids organic and inorganic 196 Acrylic elastomers seals 291 Acrylic rubbers oil seals 293 Addition reactions tetrafluoroethylene 27 Additives 305 engine oils 292 Adhesion to metal inserts 292 Adhesive systems 292 Adiabatic reactor 52 Aeration effect on oil seals 293 Aeronautical applications 196 197 Air entrapment 117 Aliphatic peroxides 85 Alkylphenol amines engine oil additives 292 Amine-free radical inhibitors 87 Amines engine oil additives 292 oil-soluble 237 water-soluble 237 Amino phosphinic derivatives 83 Aminosilane-coated wollastonite 90 Amorphous elastomer compounds 280 Analysis methods 15 Applications aeronautical 197 automotive 3 automotive power train 291 automotive transmission 296 chemical processing 197 of fluoroelastomers 9 11 308 oil fields 197 of perfluoroelastomers 6 19 196 pharmaceutical industry 197 seals 3 semiconductor fabrication industry 197 Aqueous brine 237 Aqueous oligomeric radical growth 47 Aqueous phase oligomerization rates 50 Aqueous phase termination 46 Aromatic dihydroxy compounds 78 ASTM classification 3 Autoclave curing 283 Automotive fluids service 126 fuel system requirements 279 fuel tanks 287 lubricants 78 shaft seals 241 Automotive seals 291 Automotive shaft seals 295 B Backbone perfluoroelastomer 8 Backrinding 112 Banbury mixer 105 Barwell Precision Preformer 110 Base-resistant fluoroelastomers 32350 Index terms Links Index terms Links Base-resistant product 96 Bases organic and inorganic 196 Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride 250 Bifluoride 79 Bimodal blends 105 Bimodal polymers 287 Biocides 119 2,2’-Bis(t-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene 227 Bis(triarylphosphin)iminium salts 83 Bisphenol 77 bulk systems 82 commercial 82 curing 16 32 61 78 79 110 111 195 227 precompounds 253 283 vulcanizates 82 Bisphenol AF 8 250 282 Bisphenol curing 293 Bisphenol precompounds 294 Bisphenol-containing precompounds 295 Bisphenol-curable dipolymers 287 gums 299 polymers 125 precompounds 282 terpolymers 287 288 VDF/HFP 110 Bisphenol-curable gums 294 Bisphenol-cured compounds 6 fluoroelastomers 3 79 Bisphenol-cured elastomers 291 292 Bisphenol-cured terpolymers 294 Black compounds 245 Blisters 112 Branching 254 excessive 33 Breaker plate 108 Brittle point 17 Bromine cure sites 18 110 Bromine-containing cure-site monomers 90 Bromine-containing fluoroelastomers 85 Bromine-containing monomers 8 9 Bromine-containing olefins 32 BTFB monomer 33 C Ca(OH)2/MgO ratio 249 Calcium hydroxide level adhesion effect 292 Calendering 117 299 Carbon black levels 246 Carbon dioxide environment 197 Carbonyl fluoride for synthesis of PMVE 31 Caulks 304 Chain branching 59 Chain-transfer agents 37 55 58 Charging 57 59 Chemical attack by additives 294 Chemical processing applications 196 197 Chemical resistance engine seals 295 vulcanizates 195 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 6 copolymers 7 Clamp unit 114 Coagulants 38 Coal-fired power plants 299 Coatings latex 303 Coefficient of linear expansion 196 Cold feed extruder 108351 Index terms Links Index terms Links Combustion products from fluoroelastomer compounds 308 Commercial elastomeric products 16 Commercial fluorocarbon elastomers 5 Commercial fluoroelastomers 37 Components addition of 57 Composition determination of 15 determines characteristics 13 Compounding 99 241 Compression 260 Compression molding advantages 111 disadvantages 111 shaft seals 291 Compression set 246 250 resistance 254 288 289 tests 243 245 Compression stress relaxation measurements 245 Computer-controlled mixing lines 105 Conjugated diene structure 79 Continuous emulsion polymerization process 40 43 44 47 48 49 50 Continuous reactor control of 52 design and operation 50 operation 37 51 Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) 49 50 Control systems 117 Cooling jackets 51 54 Copolymer composition relationship 39 41 Copolymerization 39 with ethylene 15 with propylene 15 Copolymers elastomeric 234 TFE-propylene 227 VDF/HFP 78 vinylidene fluoride 7 Counter-rotating rolls 104 Cracking products tetrafluoroethylene 29 Creaming 119 303 Creep 304 Critical length 45 Critical micelle concentration (cmc) 45 Cross linking agent radical trap 196 Cross-head die 108 280 Crosslinker 250 Bisphenol AF 103 Crosslinking 288 reactions 86 temperatures 77 Crosslinks 243 Crystalline aluminosilicates 90 Crystalline plastics 304 Crystallinity affected by monomers 13 CSTR 54 monomer feeds 51 polymerization systems 52 shutdown 51 startup procedures 51 steady states polymerization systems 52 CTFE-based plastics 7 Curative masterbatches 250 Curatives 106 dispersion of 103 Cure characteristics 295 Cure kinetics 77 Cure rates 253 Cure-site monomers 32 37 59 61352 Index terms Links Index terms Links Cure sites 6 8 17 monomers 32 perfluorophenyl 18 Cure systems bisphenol 195 characteristics 77 peroxide 195 Cure times 250 Cured stock 111 Curing 14 characteristics 260 ETP 20 fluoroelastomers 32 by irradiation 304 peroxide systems 14 systems 8 Cyano FVE 33 Cyclic amidine base 82 D Dai-el G-101 304 Dai-el LT-303 260 Decomposition rate first order 52 Dehydrofluorination 79 234 254 Demolding 254 Detergents engine oil additives 292 Deuterated tetrahydrofuran solution 98 Dewatering 106 Diamine 119 Diamine cure system 77 78 Die coating 304 Die entrance 305 Die-cut gaskets 245 Diels-Alder adducts 29 Dienic phenyl ether crosslinks 82 Dienone 82 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 15 Difluoroacetamides 27 Diiodide transfer 119 Dimethylacetamide 79 Dipolymer compositions 14 15 Dipolymers commercial 82 curing of 250 gums 250 282 heat-treated TFE/P 96 TFE/P 227 VDF/HFP 77 104 106 303 Dispersants engine oil additives 292 Dispersion stability 51 53 stabilizer 44 volume 56 Disposal of fluoroelastomers 308 Divinylperfluoroalkane crosslinks 196 DLVO model of colloid science 46 Drying extruder 106 DuPont Dow Vertex seal 304 Dust lips 291 Dynamar Polymer Processing Additives 304 Dyneon FC 2210X 304 Dyneon Fluoroelastomer FX 10180 303 Dyneon precompounds properties of 282 Dyneon THV fluorothermoplastic 304 E E/TFE/PMVE elastomers 20 Elastomeric behavior 5 Elastomeric seals 260 Elastomers cure systems 77 definition 15353 Index terms Links Index terms Links Elastomers (Continued) ethylene acrylic 304 ETP 100 extrusion 114 fluorinated thermoplastic 303 pellets 106 synthetic 103 VDF/HFP/TFE 253 254 Elastoplastics 16 Elongation at break 250 Embrittlement 78 288 Emissions 288 289 Emulsion polymerization 41 42 44 free-radical 37 soapless 47 End groups iodine 59 ionic 52 53 78 sulfonate 43 Engine oil additives 292 Engineering controls 307 Environmental conditions for engine seals 295 Environments aggressive 197 in deep wells 197 fluid 260 harsh 196 temperature 260 Epichlorohydrin 282 Epoxysilane 90 Ethylene copolymerization 15 flammability 34 properties 32 tetrapolymer 6 Ethylene/TFE/PMVE 99 227 236 ETP 237 curing 20 elastomers 100 236 237 fluid resistance 236 fluoroelastomers 237 vulcanizates 100 Exothermic decomposition 308 Expansion joints 299 elastomeric 299 flue duct 241 Explosion hazards 307 tetrafluoroethylene 27 Explosion potential 34 Explosive decompression 197 Exposure to severe environments 237 Extruder barrels 108 Extrusion 241 283 Extrusion characteristics 287 F Fabrication 241 Feed section 108 Feed zone 108 FEPM elastomers 295 Fick’s Laws 280 Filler neck hose 288 Filler system 279 Fillers 245 Fires during post curing 308 Fissures 89 FKM elastomers seals 291 FKM shaft seals 293 Flammability ethylene and propylene 32 hazards 34 Flash 111 Flexible fuels 289 Flexural modulus 304 Flow characteristics 254 Flue duct expansion joints 241354 Index terms Links Index terms Links Flue duct system 299 Flue gases 299 Fluid resistance 6 8 9 100 HK classification 3 vulcanizates 195 Fluorinated matrix 77 Fluorinated monomers 25 Fluorinated vinyl ethers 33 Fluorine content 14 15 16 253 affects chemical resistance 294 TFE/P elastomers 19 varying 14 Fluoroalkoxyphosphazene 7 Fluorocarbon elastomers 13 Fluorocarbons 41 Fluoroelastomers 13 applications 9 base-resistant thermoplastic 120 bisphenol-curable 282 characteristics 77 components 279 compounding 103 copolymerization 15 gums 303 high-fluorine 260 incorporated iodine units 59 latex 119 low-viscosity 303 304 o-rings 279 operating conditions 114 peroxide-curable 243 254 PMVE-containing 289 polymerization 42 processing methods used 103 producers 11 sales 13 for seals 291 setting and controlling 48 TFE-olefin 227 thermoplastic 119 VDF-based FKM 227 VDF/HFP 77 VDF/HFP/TFE 243 254 VDF/PMVE/TFE 289 veneer stock 283 without ionic end groups 60 worldwide production 3 Fluoromonomers toxicity 33 Fluoroplastics production volumes 25 Fluoropolymers melt-processible 107 processing 305 Fluorosilicone 7 Fouling 87 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) 15 Free radicals 83 288 curing 6 8 14 32 polymerization 9 37 38 Fuel compositions 279 emission limits 287 methanol-containing 282 oxygenated 279 partially oxidized 280 Fuel hose 279 280 additional layers of 282 estimation of M15 fuel loss 282 veneer 287 Fuel injector o-rings 288 Fuel permeability 281 Fuel pump 279 seals 288 Fuel sender module 287 Fuel swell measurements 289 Fuel tank components 279355 Index terms Links Index terms Links Full (black) compounds 245 Furnace blacks 246 FVE cyano 33 FVMQ o-rings 288 G Gas deposition processes 197 Gaskets 10 cured-in-place 304 Gates 116 Gelation 82 Glass transition temperature 5 6 9 E/TFE/PMVE 20 fluoroelastomers 10 Green strength 250 Grit-blasting 292 Grooves in seals 19 Gum fluoroelastomers 104 Gum polymer 38 VDF/HFP/TFE 253 H Halogen cure site 6 Halogenated vinyl monomers 32 Handling precautions fluoroelastomers 307 Handling procedures fluoromonomers 34 Hard chrome plating 111 Hazardous monomer mixtures 34 Hazards explosion 54 56 safety 52 Heat exchange limits 56 of polymerization 50 52 56 removal of 51 Heat of reaction TFE deflagration 29 Heat resistance 195 HK classification 3 Heats of fusion 15 Helix angle 108 Hexafluoropropylene 13 in fluoroelastomers 25 properties 29 synthesis 29 30 Hexamethylene diamine 77 HFP-based fluoroelastomers 7 HFP-containing fluoroelastomers adequate seal performance 289 HFP-containing polymers 293 High-fluorine elastomers 289 High-fluorine product 260 High-VDF elastomers chemical resistance 296 HK classification properties 3 HNBR o-rings 288 oil seals 293 seals 291 Homogeneous nucleation 45 46 Hoses 241 automobile fuel 60 Hydraulic clamp 114 Hydrocarbon fuel mixtures 279 287 Hydrocarbon swell 227 Hydrocarbon thermoplastics 304 Hydrocarbons resistance to 13 20 Hydrogen sulfide environment 197 Hydropentafluoropropylene 90 Hydroperoxides 288 Hydroxides 103356 Index terms Links Index terms Links I Ignition sources 34 Immersion testing 293 Initiation 43 45 by thermal decomposition 49 constant rate 58 Initiator 37 55 57 decomposition 86 molar feed rate of 53 Injection molding 78 113 machinery 114 shaft seals 291 troubleshooting 117 Injection unit 114 Inorganic acids 196 Inorganic backbones 7 Inorganic bases 196 Intermeshing rotors 105 Intrinsic viscosity 48 Iodine cure sites 18 Iodine end groups 8 9 59 294 Iodine groups 196 Iodine-containing transfer agents 33 Ionic end-group level. See end groups optimizing 58 Irradiation curing FTPE 304 Isobutene 111 ITFB monomers 33 J Jamak stress relaxation jigs 288 Jigs 243 245 Shawbury-Wallace 245 K Kinetic analysis 38 Kinetic models 47 48 53 L Latex processing 303 Lips seals 291 Liquid feeds 51 "Living radical" polymerization 93 Loading fixtures 112 Low-fluorine polymers 294 Low-pressure extrusion 304 Low-temperature characteristics 14 17 Low-temperature flexibility 6 19 20 Lube oils amine additives 125 M M15 fuel 281 loss estimation 282 Magnesium oxide level adhesion effect 292 Maintenance procedures 307 Mandrel 280 Masterbatches 250 Material Safety Data Sheets 307 Melt fracture 305 Melt-processible fluoropolymers 107 Melting endotherm 303 Melting points of elastomers 15 Melting temperature THV 304 Metal oxides 90 103 Metering zone 108 Methyl bromide 86 111 Methyl radicals 86 Methyltributylammonium Bisphenol AF salt 96 Micellar entry 45 mechanism 46 Microemulsion process 59 Mineral fillers 100 249357 Index terms Links Index terms Links Mixed stock 107 Modulus 250 Mold cavities 110 closing 117 designs 117 flash 117 fouling 111 opening 117 platens 111 precision extruded shapes 241 release 110 sticking 87 Molded composite parts 249 Molding compression 241 injection 241 of shaft seals 291 temperatures 77 transfer 241 Molecular sieve zeolites 90 Molecular weights controlling 44 Monitoring systems 307 Monomer 37 affect on characteristics 13 charge 59 combinations 5 compositions 50 57 concentration 47 CSTR feeds 51 fugacity 48 gaseous 51 recovery and recycle 49 MT black 77 N Nitrile rubber 13 281 hydrogenated 281 Nitrogen leakage 289 Nonionic radical 43 Nozzle flash 117 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 15 79 Nucleophiles 90 Nucleophilic attack 234 Nucleophilic diamine 77 Nylon 12 282 O O-ring compounds 243 O-ring seals 3 10 241 288 O-rings 287 289 specifications 243 Octafluorocyclobutane cracking product 29 Octafluoroisobutylene cracking product 29 ODR modulus 85 Oil fields applications 196 197 Oil resistance 295 Oil seals 291 testing 293 Olefin monomers 32 34 Operating procedures 307 Organic acids and bases 196 Oscillating disk rheometry 78 Oxidizing agents resistance to 196 P Particles by secondary nucleation 47 determining number 48 determining number of 44 entry into 45 formation 47 55 formation and growth 44358 Index terms Links Index terms Links Particles (Continued) formation by homogeneous nucleation 45 micellar entry mechanism 46 polymerization rate 47 precursor 45 PDL Ratings 125 195 311 Pendant vinyl groups 196 2H-Pentafluoropropylene 100 Perfluorinated polymer backbone 8 Perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers) 25 Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (PMVE) 14 25 31 Perfluorocarbon diiodides 58 Perfluoroelastomers 6 14 40 51 77 236 applications 19 FFKM 237 Perfluoroisobutylene 28 Perfluorophenyl cure sites 18 Permeation rate 280 Permeation test method Thwing Albert cup 281 Peroxide curing 6 14 86 93 95 195 227 254 fluoroelastomers 86 study 85 vulcanizate properties of 86 Peroxide level 86 Peroxide systems 110 Peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers 8 32 87 Peroxide-curable gums 294 299 Peroxide-curable perfluoroelastomers 94 Peroxide-curable products 294 Peroxide-curable VDF/HFP/TFE fluoroelastomers 294 Peroxide-curable VDF/PMVE/TFE elastomers 90 Peroxide-cured terpolymer 96 Peroxide-cured vulcanizates 90 Peroxide-initiated curing 6 Peroxides 77 83 Persulfate-sulfite redox initiation systems 93 Pharmaceutical applications 196 197 Phenolates engine oil additives 292 Phosphatizing 292 Phosphonium accelerators 83 Phosphonium salts 83 Piston injection unit 113 Plant tests 307 Plasma processes 197 Plasticization 289 Plastics high-fluorine 304 Polar fluids 196 resistance 20 Polyamine curative 119 Polycaprolactone 305 Polyethylene high density 304 linear low density 304 Polymer composition 54 degradation 95 desired composition 57 dispersion 37 estimates of composition 53 formed in the reactor 37 isolation 38 optimizing viscosity 58 pellets 106 radical propagation of particles 46 radicals 86 scale-up 56 VDF/HFP/TFE 259 VDF/PMVE/TFE 243 259359 Index terms Links Index terms Links Polymer (Continued) viscosity control 53 Polymeric peroxide 27 Polymerization 42 55 commercial production 39 conditions 49 emulsion 37 heat of 50 52 56 inhibitors 29 living radical 58 process safety 307 rate in a CSTR 52 removal of heat 51 shutdown 55 Polymerization rate 44 47 53 54 56 59 second stage 61 semibatch reactors 56 Polymerization systems 39 42 Polytetrafluoroethylene thermoplastics 93 Post cure temperatures adhesion systems 292 Post curing 118 Pot 112 Power generation facilities 299 Power systems 117 Power train systems 241 Precompounds Dai-el 253 VDF/HFP 245 249 250 VDF/HFP/TFE 253 Premature crosslinking (scorch) 78 Premature curing 87 Press heating system 112 Primer curing 292 Production worldwide 3 Propagation rate coefficient 41 44 Propagation reactions 39 Properties by varying composition 13 Propylene copolymerization 15 copolymers 9 flammability 34 properties 32 Pyrolysis products 28 tetrafluoroethylene 30 Q Quaternary ammonium salts 83 Quaternary phosphonium accelerator 250 Quick-connect seals 287 R Radial squeeze 289 Radical adducts 86 Radical growth aqueous oligomeric 47 Radical trap 83 195 196 237 Radical-generation rate 48 52 57 Radicals determining number of 44 entry efficiency 53 57 estimating cumulative 58 flux 43 lost by recombination 43 nonionic 43 propagation 46 rate of conversion 39 ratio of 39 summation of generated 58 Ram injection units 113 Random copolymerization 41 Rate of aqueous-phase oligomerization 50 of constant initiation 58360 Index terms Links Index terms Links Rate (Continued) conversion 39 of decomposition 42 52 determining 48 goals for monomer feed 53 of incorporation of monomers 39 of polymerization 44 56 See also Polymerization of radical-generation 57 of transfer 49 Ratio of radical types 39 Reaction temperature vinylidene chloride 26 Reactions chain transfer-to-polymer 59 kinetics relationships 39 Reactive fluids 126 Reactivity ratios 40 41 estimating 40 Reactor dynamics 53 jacket cooling of temperature 51 jacketed cylindrical 55 volume 56 Reciprocating screw injection unit 114 Recovery from strain 5 Redox initiation 95 persulfate-sulfite 18 Redox initiator 42 Redox rate 43 Relationships dependence 48 Relative viscosity 48 Relaxation from strain 5 Reversion 288 Rubber cure characteristics 110 injection mold 113 mill 104 Runners 116 S Safe handling of monomers 307 Safety fluoroelastomer life cycle 307 handling of monomers 33 tetrafluoroethylene 27 Salt removal 38 Scorch 112 Screen pack 108 Seals for aggressive fluids 197 application 260 automotive 295 automotive transmission 296 FTPE 304 groove geometry 19 for high-temperature 196 o-rings 3 10 oil retention 291 performance at low temperature 17 shaft 10 Secondary nucleation 47 Semibatch emulsion polymerization 42 43 47 50 53 55 control of 57 Semibatch reactors 54 charging 57 design and operation 55 design considerations 56 limitations 54 operation 37 scale-up 56 Semiconductor applications 196 197 Service temperatures in chemical processes 197361 Index terms Links Index terms Links Set resistance o-ring 196 Shaft seals 3 10 291 294 295 automotive 295 Shaw Intermix 105 Shawbury-Wallace jigs 245 load cell 245 load stand 288 Silane primers 292 Silicone oil seals 293 seals 291 Single-screw extruder 107 Soap 37 44 concentration 46 Sodium alginate 119 Solubility equilibria 280 Solubility limit 53 Solution coating 303 Solvent ozone-depleting 61 Sour fuel 288 effect of 288 Sprue 112 116 Static seals 243 performance 260 Steady state permeability 280 Sterilization steam 197 Stock to rolls 104 temperature 106 Straight head extruder 108 Stress recovery from 5 relax 118 Strip feeding 118 Succinimides engine oil additives 292 Sulfides engine oil additives 292 Supernatant 119 Suppliers fluoroelastomer 11 Surfactants 46 fluorinated anionic 44 Suspension polymerization 39 60 advantages 59 Suspension products bisphenol-curable 60 Sustained particle nucleation 50 Swell varies with fluorine 14 T TAIC radical trap 86 Tangential rotors 105 Tecnoflon FOR 4391 282 Tecnoflon FOR 50HS 245 Tecnoflon FOR 90HS 245 Tecnoflon N 535 283 Tecnoflon TN Latex 303 Temperature control systems 52 cycling 243 jacket-coolant 57 Temperature environment seals 291 296 severe 293 Temperature stability vulcanizate 196 Tensile strength and heat resistance 195 Termination reactions 43 Terpenes polymerization inhibitors 29 Terpolymers 96 bisphenol-curable 254 287362 Index terms Links Index terms Links Terpolymers (Continued) composition 15 ethylene/TFE/PMVE 227 TFE and PMVE 41 TFE/P/VDF 234 VDF/HFP/TFE 14 87 119 243 253 282 Terpolymers and tetrapolymers compositions of 39 Test block 289 Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate 83 Tetrafluoroethers 27 Tetrafluoroethylene 26 copolymers 9 cracking 29 epoxide 27 explosive hazards 27 in fluoroelastomers 25 properties 27 synthesis 27 Tetraphenyltin 93 TFE explosion potential 33 particle formation 45 TFE/olefin elastomers 77 TFE/olefin FEPM elastomers 293 chemical resistance 293 TFE/P 6 9 19 dipolymer vulcanizates 96 FEPMs 236 fluid resistance 236 peroxide-cured 234 TFE/P dipolymer 295 TFE/P fluoroelastomers 294 chemical resistance 294 TFE/P/TFP bisphenol-cured 234 vulcanizates 234 TFE/P/TFP elastomers chemical resistance 296 TFE/P/VDF 96 227 233 234 TFE/P/VDF elastomers chemical resistance 296 TFE/P/VDF terpolymers 295 TFE/PMVE 17 93 TFE/propylene 227 Thermal black 245 Thermal expansion 196 Thermal resistance 8 9 engine seals 295 TFE/PMVE 94 Thermal stability 254 Thermoplastics 281 THV fluorothermoplastics 304 Thwing Albert cup 281 Tie-coats 292 Toggle clamp 114 Toxicity fluoromonomers 33 TR-10 test 14 Transfer agents semibatch reactor 49 Transfer coefficient 49 Transfer mold three-plate multiple cavity 113 Transfer molding process 112 Transfer pad 112 Transfer rate 49 Transfer reactions 48 Transition zone 108 Triallyl cyanurate 85 Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) 85 237 254 radical trap 196 Triazine crosslinks 18 93 94 195 Triethylenetetraamine 119 Trifluoropropylene 100 227363 Index terms Links Index terms Links Trifluorovinyethers 27 Trimethallyl isocyanurate 85 237 254 Triphenylphosphine oxide 82 Tubing die 108 Two-part liquid systems 304 Two-roll mills 103 V Variable speed DC drive 108 VDF copolymers 6 44 49 51 commercial 48 continuous emulsion polymerization 50 particle formation 45 with soap 48 systems 44 VDF homopolymer 59 VDF production 26 VDF-based fluoroelastomers 18 VDF-containing fluoroelastomers 296 effects of fluids 125 VDF/HFP 13 118 bisphenol-cured 111 copolymerization 40 copolymers 78 82 287 dipolymers 77 304 elastomers 96 fluoroelastomers 77 precompounds 104 245 249 250 VDF/HFP/(TFE) 60 77 polymerization 49 products 50 VDF/HFP/PMVE/TFE 90 VDF/HFP/TFE 77 78 82 119 243 253 259 299 bimodal polymers 60 bisphenol-cured 299 gum 253 high-fluorine 299 iodine-containing 254 latex 303 peroxide-curable 254 peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers 60 precompounds 253 terpolymers 15 243 253 287 vulcanizates 90 VDF/HFP/TFE elastomers 291 292 VDF/HFP/TFE terpolymers 293 seals 291 VDF/PMVE/TFE 31 243 259 peroxide-curable 260 products 50 ternary diagram 17 terpolymers 89 vulcanizates 90 VDF/PMVE/TFE elastomers 293 chemical resistance 293 VDF/PMVE/TFE fluoroelastomer 293 VDF/TFE copolymers 41 Veneer barrier layer 282 Vent stacks 299 Vented barrel design 108 Ventilation 307 Vertical ram machine 113 Vinyl ethers 33 Vinyl groups 196 Vinyl monomers 33 Vinylidene fluoride 13 physical properties 25 production volume 25 Viscosity inherent 48 intrinsic 48 polymer 52 relative 48 stocks 246 Viton polymers high-fluorine 254364 Index terms Links Index terms Links Viton B-202 283 Viton Curative No. 50 250 Viton E-60C 104 Viton Extreme TBR-605CS 234 Viton F605C 282 Viton Fluoroelastomer 126 Viton FreeFlow additives 304 Viton GLT 260 Viton type nomenclature 16 Volatile materials 86 Volatile products measurement of 307 Volume swell elastomers 282 Vulcanizates chemical resistance 195 ETP 100 fluid resistance 195 heat resistance 195 peroxide-cured 227 properties 86 250 254 260 temperature stability 196 with varying fluorine 14 VDF/HFP/(TFE) 96 Z Z-mer 45 47
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