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| موضوع: كتاب Fluoroelastomers Handbook - The Definitive User’s Guide السبت 18 نوفمبر 2023 - 10:50 | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluoroelastomers Handbook - The Definitive User’s Guide Second Edition Jiri George Drobny
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents Part I: Fluoroelastomers Overview 1. Fundamentals Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Scope: Fluorocarbon Elastomers 1.3 Nature of Fluoroelastomers 1.4 Fundamental Properties 1.5 Developmental History: Compositions, Cure Technology 1.6 Major Uses of Fluoroelastomers 1.7 Producers of Fluoroelastomers References 2. Market and Consumption Statistics and Future Trends Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Consumption, Demand, and Trends References 3. Fluoroelastomer Composition and Properties Abstract 3.1 Major Families of Fluorocarbon Elastomers 3.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Elastomers 3.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers 3.4 TFE/PMVE Perfluoroelastomers 3.5 TFE/P Elastomers 3.6 E/TFE/PMVE Elastomers References Part II: Fluoroelastomers Technology 4. Fluoroelastomer Monomers Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Vinylidene Fluoride 4.3 Tetrafluoroethylene 4.4 Hexafluoropropylene 4.5 Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) 4.6 Olefins: Ethylene and Propylene 4.7 Cure-Site Monomers 4.8 Safety Aspects of Monomer Handling References 5. Production of Fluoroelastomers Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 General Process Description 5.3 Free Radical Copolymerization 5.4 Emulsion Polymerization 5.5 Suspension Polymerization 5.6 Process Conditions and Polymer Characteristics 5.7 Monomer Recovery 5.8 Isolation 5.9 Process Safety 5.10 Commercial Process Descriptions References 6. Cure Systems for Fluoroelastomers Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Copolymers: Diamine, Bisphenol, and Peroxide 6.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers: Peroxide (Bisphenol) 6.4 Perfluoroelastomers—Various Systems 6.5 TFE/Propylene Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol 6.6 Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol 6.7 Cross-Linking by Ionizing Radiation References 7. Processing of Fluoroelastomers Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Compounding 7.3 Mixing 7.4 Extrusion 7.5 Calandering 7.6 Curing 7.7 Molding 7.8 Other Processing Methods References Part III: Environmental Resistance and Applications of Fluoroelastomers 8. Fluid Resistance of VDF-Containing Fluoroelastomers Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluid Resistance Data 8.3 Discussion of Results 8.4 Fluid Service Recommendations References 9. Fluid and Heat Resistance of Perfluoroelastomers Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fluid Resistance Data 9.3 Heat Resistance Data 9.4 Resistance to Special Environment 9.5 Major Applications References 10. Fluid Resistance of TFE–Olefin Fluoroelastomers Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fluid Resistance of TFE/Propylene Elastomers 10.3 Fluid Resistance of ETP Elastomers References Part IV: Fluoroelastomer Applications and Compounds 11. Fluoroelastomer Applications Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Major End Uses 11.3 Fabrication Methods Further Reading 12. Compounds for O-Rings and Molded Goods Abstract 12.1 Compounds or O-Rings 12.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Compounds 12.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Compounds 12.4 Seal Design Considerations 12.5 Additional Fluoroelastomer Molding Compounds References 13. Compounds for Automotive Fuel Systems Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fuel Line Veneer 13.3 Fuel Tank Components 13.4 Fuel Injector Seals 13.5 Development Trends References 14. Compounds for Automotive Power Train Systems Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Oil-Seal Requirements 14.3 Compounds for Oil Seals 14.4 Compounds for Transmission Seals References 15. Compounds for Power Plant Service Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Flue Duct Expansion Joints 15.3 High-Fluorine Terpolymers References 16. Other Fluoroelastomer Applications and Processing Abstract 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Latex and Coatings 16.3 Thermoplastic Processing and Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers 16.4 Fluoroelastomer Caulks 16.5 Processing Aids for Hydrocarbon Plastics References 17. Fluoroelastomer Safety and Disposal, Sustainability Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Safety in Production 17.3 Safety in Applications 17.4 Disposal 17.5 Sustainability References 18. New Developments and Current Trends Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 New Developments in Chemistry and Processing 18.3 New Products 18.4 Other Developments 18.5 C8 Issues References Appendix 1. PDL Resistance Ratings Appendix 2. Examples of FKM-Based Compounds Appendix 3. Acronyms and Abbreviations Bibliography Fluoropolymers Elastomer & Rubber Science and Technology Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively. A Accelerators, 82, 86, 447, 449 phosphonium, 9 quaternary phosphonium salt, 108 Accumulator, 59, 61 Acetone, 118 Acetone methyl ethyl ketone, 495 Acids organic and inorganic, 406 Acrylic elastomers seals, 483 Acrylic rubbers oil seals, 485 Addition reactions tetrafluoroethylene, 3132 Additional cross-linking, 133 Additives, 497 engine oils, 484 Adhesion to metal inserts, 484 Adhesive systems, 484 Adiabatic reactor, 56 Advanced Polymer Architecture (APA) technology, 78, 503 Aeration effect on oil seals, 485486 Aeronautical applications, 406407 Air entrapment, 125 Aliphatic peroxides, 8889 Alkylphenol amines engine oil additives, 484 Amine-free radical inhibitors, 92 Amines engine oil additives, 484 oil-soluble, 430 water-soluble, 430 Amino phosphinic derivatives, 86 Aminosilane-coated wollastonite, 9394 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), 506 Ammonium salt of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 506 Amorphous elastomer compounds, 472473 Amorphous polymers, 2021 Amyl acetate, 495 Analysis methods, 19 Applications aeronautical, 407 automotive, 3 automotive power train, 483 automotive transmission, 488 chemical processing, 406407 of fluoroelastomers, 1013, 500 oil fields, 407 of perfluoroelastomers, 6, 23, 406407 pharmaceutical industry, 407 seals, 3 semiconductor fabrication industry, 407409 Aqueous brine, 430 Aqueous oligomeric radical growth, 51 Aqueous phase oligomerization rates, 54 Aqueous phase termination, 4950 Aromatic dihydroxy compounds, 82 ASTM, 501 classification, 34 suppliers, 7 Atomic force microscopy, 505 Autoclave curing, 475 Automotive applications, 15 fluids service, 327328 fuel system requirements, 471 fuel tanks, 475478 lubricants, 82 shaft seals, 436 Automotive automatic transmission oil comparison, 128t Automotive seals, 483484 Automotive shaft seals, 436, 487488 B Backbone perfluoroelastomer, 9 Backrinding, 119 Banbury mixer, 109111 Barwell Precision Preformer, 115116 Base-resistant fluoroelastomers, 35 Base-resistant product, 100101 Bases organic and inorganic, 406 Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, 443444 Bifluoride, 83 Bimodal blends, 109 Bimodal polymers, 475 Biobased plastics, 501 Biobased products, 501 Biocides, 125 Bio-ethanol, 501 Biomass, 501 Bio-methane, 501 Bio-naphta, 501 Bisphenol, 8192 bulk systems, 8586 commercial, 84 curing, 2021, 36, 6465, 8287, 115, 118, 329, 411 precompounds, 447449, 475 vulcanizates, 84 Bisphenol AF, 9, 443444, 474475 Bisphenol curing system, 484485, 505506 Bisphenol precompounds, 486 Bisphenol-containing precompounds, 487 Bisphenol-curable dipolymers, 475 gums, 486, 491 polymers, 133 precompounds, 474475 terpolymers, 475478 VDF/HFP, 116117 Bisphenol-cured compounds, 6 elastomers, 483484 fluoroelastomers, 34, 83 terpolymers, 486487 2,20-Bis(t-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene, 411427 Bis(triarylphosphin)iminium salts, 86 Black compounds, 107, 441 Blisters, 119120 Branching, 453454 excessive, 36 Breaker plate, 114115 Brittle point, 21 Bromine cure sites, 2223, 118 553Bromine-containing cure-site monomers, 93 Bromine-containing fluoroelastomers, 8889 Bromine-containing monomers, 9 Bromine-containing olefins, 36 BTFB monomer, 36 C C8 issues, 506 Calandering, 491, 512 Calcium hydroxide level adhesion effect, 484 Calendering, 116117 Ca(OH)2/MgO ratio, 443 Carbon black levels, 442 Carbon dioxide environment, 407 Carbonyl fluoride for synthesis of PMVE, 35 Caulks, 497 Chain branching, 63 Chain-transfer agents, 41, 59, 62 Channel sealants, 78 Charging, 6061, 63 Chemical attack by additives, 486 Chemical processing applications, 406407 Chemical resistance, 404t, 411 engine seals, 487 FFKM fluoroelastomer, 330t vulcanizates, 329 Chemistry and processing new developments in, 503504 Chemours, 503 Chlorofluorocarbons, 503 Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), 6 copolymers, 8 Clamp unit, 121123 Closed cell foam, compound for, 513 Coagent, 90 TAIC, 8990 Coagulants, 42 Coal-fired power plants, 491 Coatings latex, 495 Coefficient of linear expansion, 406 Cold feed extruder, 113114 Combustion products from fluoroelastomer compounds, 500 Commercial elastomeric products, 20 Commercial fluorocarbon elastomers, 5 Commercial fluoroelastomers, 41 Components addition of, 61 Composition determination of, 19 determines characteristics, 17 Compounding, 102, 107, 436 of fluorocarbon elastomers, 107 Compression, 457 Compression molding, 117118, 436437 advantages, 119 disadvantages, 119 shaft seals, 483 Compression set, 442, 444445 resistance, 453454, 475478, 480 tests, 439441 Compression stress relaxation measurements, 441 Computer-controlled mixing lines, 109111 Conjugated diene structure, 83 Consumption, 15, 16t market drivers, 1516 Continuous emulsion polymerization process, 44, 4648, 51, 5357, 54f Continuous mixing, 112 Continuous reactor control of, 56 design and operation, 5455 operation, 4142, 55 Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR), 5355 Control systems, 124 Cooling jackets, 55, 58 Copolymer composition relationship, 43, 45 Copolymerization, 43 with ethylene, 1819 with propylene, 1819 Copolymers, 1718, 2124 elastomeric, 428 gums, 475 peroxide-cured TFE/P, 24 TFE/P, 2324 TFE-propylene, 411 VDF/HFP, 19, 8283, 495 VDF/TFE, 1920 vinylidene fluoride (VDF), 8 Counter-rotating rolls, 108109 Cracking products tetrafluoroethylene, 34 Creaming, 125, 495 Creep, 495496 Critical length, 49 Critical micelle concentration (cmc), 49 Cross-head die, 114115, 472 Cross-link density, 8284 Cross-linker, 444445 Bisphenol AF, 108 Cross-linking, 6, 9, 23, 102103, 480 reactions, 90 temperatures, 81 Cross-linking agent, 2224, 82, 88 radical trap, 404405 Cross-links, 439441 Crystalline aluminosilicates, 93 Crystalline plastics, 496 Crystallinity affected by monomers, 17 Crystallization, 126127 CSTR, 5758 monomer feeds, 55 polymerization systems, 56 shutdown, 56 startup procedures, 55 steady states polymerization systems, 56 CTFE-based plastics, 6 Curative master batches, 445447 Curatives, 111112 dispersion of, 108 Cure characteristics, 487 Cure kinetics, 81 Cure rates, 449 Cure sites, 6, 9, 2021 monomers, 3637 perfluorophenyl, 2122 Cure system effects, 430431 Cure systems bisphenol, 329 characteristics, 81 peroxide, 329 Cure times, 444 Cured stock, 118 Cure-site monomer, 2022, 3637, 41, 6365 ETP curing, 24 Curing, 1718, 117118 characteristics, 457 ETP, 24 fluoroelastomers, 36 by irradiation, 495496 peroxide systems, 1718 systems, 9 Curing time, 117118 Cyano FVE, 37 Cyclic amidine base, 8386 D DAI-EL Fluoro TPV, 126127, 495496, 496t, 504 electrical properties, 128t typical properties, 128t DAI-EL G-101, 497 Dai-el LT-303, 457 Decomposition rate first order, 56 Degree of polymerization (DP), 126127 Dehydrofluorination, 83, 428, 451453 Demand, 1516 Demolding, 453454 Detergents engine oil additives, 484 Deuterated tetrahydrofuran solution, 101 Dewatering, 112 Diamine, 125 Diamine cure system, 8182 554 INDEXDie coating, 497 Die entrance, 497498 Die rheometer, 117118 Die-cut gaskets, 441 Diels-Alder adducts, 34 Dienic phenyl ether cross-links, 8384 Dienone, 84 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1920 Difluoroacetamides, 3132 Diiodide transfer, 126127 Dimethylacetamide, 83 Dipolymer compositions, 1719 Dipolymers commercial, 84 curing of, 445 gums, 445 heat-treated TFE/P, 98 TFE/P, 411 VDF/HFP, 81, 109, 118119 Dispersants engine oil additives, 484 Dispersion stability, 5455, 57 stabilizer, 48 volume, 60 Disposal of fluoroelastomers, 500 Divinylperfluoroalkane cross-links, 404405 DLVO model of colloid science, 50 Drying extruder, 112 Duct expansion joints, 491 DuPont Dow Vertex seal, 497 DuPont Fluoropolymer Solutions, 12 DuPont Viton fluoroelastomers, 503 Dust lips, 483484 Dynamar Polymer Processing Additives, 497 Dynamic vulcanization, 125, 495496 Dynamic vulcanization characteristics of fluoroelastomer, 504505 Dyneon FC 2210X, 497 Dyneon Fluoroelastomer FX 10180, 495 Dyneon precompounds properties of, 475 Dyneon THV fluorothermoplastic, 496 E Elastomeric behavior, 5 Elastomeric seals, 457 Elastomers, 504 cure systems, 81 definition, 1920 ethylene acrylic, 497 ETP, 102 extrusion, 123124 fluorinated thermoplastic, 495497 pellets, 111112 synthetic, 107108 VDF/HFP/TFE, 447, 454 Elastoplastics, 1920 Electron beam (EB) irradiation, 505 Elongation at break, 444445 Embrittlement, 82, 480 Emissions, 478479, 482 Emulsion polymerization, 4563, 46f free-radical, 41 soapless, 51 End groups iodine, 6263 ionic, 5657, 82 sulfonate, 47 Engine oil additives, 484 Engineering controls, 499 Environmental conditions for engine seals, 487 Environments aggressive, 407409 in deep wells, 407 fluid, 457 harsh, 406 temperature, 457 Epichlorohydrin, 474 Epoxysilane, 9394 E/TFE/PMVE elastomers, 2425 Ethylene copolymerization, 1819 flammability, 37 properties, 36t tetrapolymer, 6 Ethylene/TFE/PMVE (ETP), 102, 411, 428431 curing, 24 elastomers, 102, 428430 fluid resistance, 428431 fluoroelastomers, 430 vulcanizates, 102 Exothermic decomposition, 500 Expansion joints, 491 elastomeric, 491 flue duct, 436, 438 Explosion hazards, 499 tetrafluoroethylene, 31 Explosion potential, 3738 Explosive decompression, 407 Explosivity, 3738 Exposure to severe environments, 430t Extruder barrels, 114 Extrusion, 437, 475 Extrusion characteristics, 475 F Fabrication, 436438 Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM), 112 Feed section, 113114 Feed zone, 114 FEPM elastomers, 487488 FFKM fluoroelastomer chemical resistance, 330t Fick’s Laws, 472 Filler neck hose, 478479 Filler system, 471 Filler-filler interaction, 505506 Fillers, 442 Fires during post curing, 500 FischerTropsch fuel production, 501 Fissures, 9293 75 FKM 260 466, 504 FKM diaphragms, 437f FKM elastomers seals, 483 FKM fluoroelastomers, 134t FKM shaft seals, 485 FKM sparkplug boot, 437f FKM-based compounds, 511 calandering compound, 512 for closed cell foam, 513 compounds based on TFE/P elastomer, 513 injection moldable compound, 511 for low-temperature service, 512 for molded goods, 511 steam-resistant compound, 514 FKM/TFE fluoroelastomers, 134t Flammability ethylene and propylene, 35 hazards, 37 Flash, 119 Flexible fuels, 482 Flexural modulus, 496 Flow characteristics, 453454 Flue duct expansion joints, 436, 438 Flue duct system, 491 Flue gases, 491 Fluid resistance, 56, 9, 102, 126127, 129 HK classification, 34 vulcanizates, 329 Fluid resistance of fluoroelastomer families, 327t Fluorinated matrix, 81 Fluorinated monomers, 24, 29, 504 Fluorinated thermoplastic elastomers (FTPEs), 126127, 495496, 496f, 500 Fluorinated thermoplastic vulcanizates (FTPVs), 126127, 496497, 504 Fluorinated vinyl ethers, 37 Fluorine content, 1720, 126127, 447 affects chemical resistance, 486 TFE/P elastomers, 23 varying, 18 Fluorine thermoplastic vulcanizates (FTPEs), 504 fluid resistance of, 504 Fluoroalkoxyphosphazene, 78 Fluorocarbon elastomers, 35, 7, 1719, 102103, 129 commercial, 107 INDEX 555Fluorocarbon elastomers (Continued) compounding, 107 curing, 117 examples of, 435t manufacturers, 2426 Fluorocarbons, 4546 Fluoroelastomers, 17 applications, 1011 base-resistant thermoplastic, 129 bisphenol-curable, 474475 characteristics, 81 components, 471 compounding, 107 consumption, 15, 15t copolymerization, 1819 gums, 495 high-fluorine, 457 incorporated iodine units, 63 without ionic end groups, 64 latex, 125 low-viscosity, 495, 495t, 497 operating conditions, 121 O-rings, 471 peroxide-curable, 439, 451454 PMVE-containing, 480 polymerization, 4546 processing methods used, 107 producers, 1113 resistance to fluids, 15 sales, 1718 for seals, 483484 setting and controlling, 52 TFE-olefin, 411 thermoplastic, 125129 VDF-based FKM, 411 VDF/HFP, 81 VDF/HFP/TFE, 439, 451454 VDF/PMVE/TFE, 480 veneer stock, 475 worldwide production, 3 Fluoromonomers toxicity, 37 Fluoroplastics, 129, 496497 production volumes, 29 Fluoropolymers melt-processible, 113 processing, 497498 Fluorosilicone, 7 mechanical properties, 7 physical properties, 7 FluoroXprene, 129, 496497, 504 Fouling, 90 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 19 Four-roll calander, 116f Free radicals, 88, 480 curing, 56, 9, 1718, 36 polymerization, 910, 4142 Freudenberg NOK-GP, 504 Fuel compositions, 471 emission limits, 475 methanol-containing, 474 oxygenated, 472 partially oxidized, 472 Fuel hose, 435t, 471472 additional layers of, 474 estimation of M15 fuel loss, 474 veneer, 475 Fuel injector O-rings, 479480 seals, 479482 Fuel permeability, 473 Fuel permeation resistance, 129 Fuel pipe with FKM lining, 436f Fuel pump, 471 seals, 475478 Fuel sender module, 475478 Fuel swell measurements, 480 Full (black) compounds, 441 Functional vinyl ethers, 37 Furnace blacks, 442 FVE cyano, 37 FVMQ O-rings, 480 G Gas deposition processes, 407409 Gaskets, 11, 471 cured-in-place, 497 Gasoline, 471 Gates, 124 Gelation, 8586 Glass transition temperature, 57, 910, 126127 E/TFE/PMVE, 24 fluoroelastomers, 10 Green strength, 445447 Grit-blasting, 484 Grommets, 471 Grooves in seals, 23 Gum fluoroelastomers, 109 Gum polymer, 42 VDF/HFP/TFE, 447 H Halloysite clay mineral, 505506 Halogen cure site, 6 Halogenated vinyl monomers, 36 Handling precautions fluoroelastomers, 499500 Handling procedures fluoromonomers, 37 Hard chrome plating, 118 Hazardous monomer mixtures, 3738 Hazards explosion, 58, 60 safety, 56 Heat exchange limits, 60 of polymerization, 5354, 56, 60 removal of, 55 Heat of reaction TFE deflagration, 32 Heat resistance, 329 HK classification, 34 Heat sealable tubing, 435t Heats of fusion, 1920 Helix angle, 114 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP), 1718 in fluoroelastomers, 29 properties, 3334 synthesis, 34 Hexamethylenediamine, 81 HFP-based fluoroelastomers, 6, 8 HFP-containing fluoroelastomers adequate seal performance, 480 HFP-containing polymers, 485486 High-fluorine elastomers, 482 High-fluorine product, 457 High-molecular-weight PMTFPS, 78 High-VDF elastomers chemical resistance, 488 HK classification properties, 34 HNBR oil seals, 485 O-rings, 480 seals, 483 Homogeneous nucleation, 4950 Hoses, 436 automobile fuel, 64 2H-Pentafluoropropylene, 102 Hydraulic clamp, 121123 Hydrocarbon fuel mixtures, 472, 475 Hydrocarbon swell, 411 Hydrocarbon thermoplastics, 497 Hydrocarbons resistance to, 17, 24 Hydrogen sulfide environment, 407 Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), 504 Hydropentafluoropropylene, 93 Hydroperoxides, 480 Hydroxides, 108 I Ignition sources, 3738 Immersion testing, 485 Incineration, 500 Initiation, 47, 49 constant rate, 62 by thermal decomposition, 53 Initiator, 41, 59, 61 decomposition, 8990 molar feed rate of, 5657 Injection moldable compound, 511 Injection molding, 8283, 120125 machinery, 121 556 INDEXrole of, 505 shaft seals, 483 troubleshooting, 124125 Injection unit, 121124 Inorganic acids, 406 Inorganic backbones, 7 Inorganic bases, 406 Intermeshing rotors, 109111 Internal mixer, 107, 109112 Intrinsic viscosity, 52 Iodine cure sites, 2223 Iodine end groups, 9, 6263, 486487 Iodine groups, 404405 Iodine-containing transfer agents, 36 Ionic end-group level see also End groups optimizing, 62 Ionizing radiation, 102103 Irradiation curing FTPE, 495496 Isobutene, 118 ITFB monomers, 36 J Jamak stress relaxation jigs, 480 Jigs, 439441 Shawbury-Wallace, 441 K Ketones, 495 Kinetic analysis, 42 Kinetic models, 5152, 57 L Landfill, 500 Latex processing, 495 Lips seals, 483484 Liquid feeds, 55 Liquid fluoroelastomers, 503 Living radical copolymerization, 125 “Living radical” polymerization, 96 Loading fixtures, 120 Loss of properties, 133 Low-fluorine polymers, 486 Low-pressure extrusion, 497 Low-temperature characteristics, 18, 2021 Low-temperature flexibility, 56, 2224 Low-temperature fluoroelastomer, 503 Low-temperature service, compound for, 512 Lube oils amine additives, 133 M M15 fuel, 473474 loss estimation, 474 Magnesium oxide level adhesion effect, 484 Maintenance procedures, 499 Mandrel, 472 Market and consumption statistics, 15 Master batches, 443447 Material Safety Data Sheets, 499500 Mechanochemical milling, 505 Medium-molecular-weight PMTFPS, 78 Melt fracture, 497 Melting endotherm, 495496 Melting points of elastomers, 1920 Melting temperature THV, 496 Melt-processible fluoropolymers, 113 Metal oxides, 93, 108 Metering zone, 114 Methyl bromide, 8990, 89t, 118 Methyl isobutyl ketone, 495 Methyl radicals, 8990 Methyltributylammonium Bisphenol AF salt, 100101 Micellar entry, 49 mechanism, 50, 50f Microemulsion process, 63 Mill mixing, 108109, 111 Mineral fillers, 102, 442 Mixed stock, 112 Modulus, 445447 Mold cavities, 118 closing, 124 designs, 124 flash, 125 fouling, 118 opening, 124 platens, 118 precision extruded shapes, 437 release, 118 sticking, 90 Molded composite parts, 443 Molded goods, compound for, 511 Molded parts, 436 Molding, 118125 compression, 436437 injection, 436437 of shaft seals, 483 temperatures, 81 transfer, 436437 Molecular sieve zeolites, 93 Molecular weight distribution, 7071, 78 Molecular weights controlling, 4748 Monitoring systems, 499 Monomer, 4142 affect on characteristics, 17 charge, 63 combinations, 5 compositions, 54, 61 concentration, 51 CSTR feeds, 55 fugacity, 5152 gaseous, 5455 recovery and recycle, 53 Monomer handling safety aspects of, 3738 Monomer sequence distribution, 7274 Mooney viscosity, 99t MT black, 8182 N Nanometer-sized rubber particles, 505 Natural rubber/fluoroelastomer/highdensity polyethylene (NR/FKM/ HDPE), 504 Nitrile rubber, 17, 473 hydrogenated, 473 Nitrogen leakage, 481482 Nonionic radical, 47 Nozzle flash, 125 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 19, 83 Nucleophiles, 93 Nucleophilic attack, 427428 Nucleophilic diamine, 81 Nylon 12, 474 O Octafluorocyclobutane cracking product, 34 Octafluoroisobutylene cracking product, 34 ODR modulus, 89 Oil fields applications, 406407 Oil resistance, 487 Oil seals, 483 testing, 485 Olefin monomers, 35, 37 Operating procedures, 499 Organic acids and bases, 406 O-ring compounds, 439441 O-ring seals, 3, 1011, 436, 441, 479480 O-rings, 475478, 481482 applications, 437f specifications, 439 Oscillating disk, 117118 Oscillating disk rheometry, 82 Oxidizing agents resistance to, 406 Oxygenated fuels, 472, 474 P Particles determining number of, 48, 5152 entry into, 49 formation, 51, 59 formation and growth, 48 formation by homogeneous nucleation, 49 micellar entry mechanism, 50, 50f INDEX 557Particles (Continued) polymerization rate, 51 precursor, 49 by secondary nucleation, 51 PDL Ratings, 133, 329 PDL resistance ratings, 509 Pelletizing die, 112 Pendant vinyl groups, 404405 Perfluorinated polymer backbone, 9 Perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl vinyl ether), 18 Perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers), 29 Perfluorocarbon diiodides, 6263 Perfluoroelastomers, 6, 18, 4445, 55, 81, 103, 428430, 504505 applications, 23 FFKM, 431 and fluoroelastomers, 505 Perfluoroisobutylene, 32 Perfluoromethoxy vinyl ether, 504 Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (PMVE), 18, 29, 3435 Perfluorophenyl cure sites, 2122 Perlast ICE G75LT, 503504 Perlast ICE G90LT, 503504 Permeation rate, 472 Permeation test method Thwing Albert cup, 473 Peroxide curing, 6, 1718, 8990, 89t, 96, 98, 329, 411, 453454 fluoroelastomers, 89 study, 8889 vulcanizate properties of, 90 Peroxide level, 89 Peroxide systems, 118 Peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers, 9, 36, 92, 503 Peroxide-curable gums, 486, 491 Peroxide-curable perfluoroelastomers, 97 Peroxide-curable products, 486487 Peroxide-curable VDF/HFP/TFE fluoroelastomers, 486487 Peroxide-curable VDF/PMVE/TFE elastomers, 93 Peroxide-cured fluoroelastomer, 117 Peroxide-cured terpolymer, 100 Peroxide-cured vulcanizates, 93 Peroxide-initiated curing, 56 Peroxides, 8192 Persulfatesulfite redox initiation systems, 9496 Pharmaceutical applications, 406407 Phenolates engine oil additives, 484 Phenolformaldehyde resin, 504 Phosphatizing, 484 Phosphonium accelerators, 86 Phosphonium salts, 86 Photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturing process, 505 phr, 107 Piston injection unit, 121 Plant tests, 499 Plasma processes, 407409 Plasticization, 481482 Plastics high-fluorine, 496 Polar fluids, 406 resistance, 24 Polyamine curative, 125 Polycaprolactone, 497498 Polyethylene high density, 497 linear low density, 497 Polymer composition, 5758 degradation, 98 desired composition, 61 dispersion, 4142 estimates of composition, 57 formed in the reactor, 41 isolation, 42 optimizing viscosity, 62 pellets, 111112 radical propagation of particles, 50 radicals, 90 scale-up, 60 VDF/HFP/TFE, 455 VDF/PMVE/TFE, 439, 455 viscosity control, 57 Polymer-filler interaction, 505506 Polymeric peroxide, 3132 Polymerization, 4546, 5859 commercial production, 43 conditions, 53 emulsion, 41 heat of, 5354, 56, 60 inhibitors, 32 living radical, 6263 process, 503 process safety, 499 rate in a CSTR, 56 removal of heat, 55 shutdown, 59 Polymerization rate, 4748, 51, 5758, 60, 6263 second stage, 64 semibatch reactors, 60 Polymerization systems, 43, 4546 Polytetrafluoroethylene thermoplastics, 9496 Postcure temperatures adhesion systems, 484 Postcuring, 89, 9497, 102, 117 Postvulcanized fluoroelastomer, 505 Pot, 120 Power generation facilities, 491 Power systems, 124 Power train systems, 435436 Precision Polymer Engineering Ltd, 503504 Precompounded grades, 107 Precompounds bisphenol-cured fluorinated rubber, 503 Dai-El, 449 VDF/HFP, 441, 443, 447 VDF/HFP/TFE, 449 Premature cross-linking (scorch), 82 Premature curing, 92 Press heating system, 119 Primer curing, 484 Production worldwide, 3 Propagation rate coefficient, 4445, 48 Propagation reactions, 43 Properties by varying composition, 17 Propylene copolymerization, 1819 copolymers, 910 flammability, 37 properties, 36t Pyrolysis products, 32 tetrafluoroethylene, 34 Q Quaternary ammonium salts, 8687 Quaternary phosphonium accelerator, 445 Quick-connect seals, 475478 R Radial shaft seals, 504 Radial squeeze, 481482 Radiation promoters, 102103 Radiation-cured FFKM, 102103 Radical adducts, 8990 Radical growth aqueous oligomeric, 51 Radical trap, 88, 329, 404405, 430431 Radical-generation rate, 52, 56, 61 Radicals determining number of, 48 entry efficiency, 57, 61 estimating cumulative, 61 flux, 4647 lost by recombination, 47 nonionic, 47 propagation, 50 rate of conversion, 43 ratio of, 43 summation of generated, 62 Ram injection units, 121 Random copolymerization, 45 Rate of aqueous-phase oligomerization, 54 of constant initiation, 62 conversion, 43 of decomposition, 46, 56 determining, 5152 goals for monomer feed, 57 558 INDEXof incorporation of monomers, 43 of polymerization, 4748, 60. See also Polymerization of radical-generation, 61 of transfer, 53 Ratio of radical types, 43 Reaction temperature vinylidene chloride, 30 Reactions chain transfer-to-polymer, 63 kinetics relationships, 43 Reactive fluids, 327328 Reactivity ratios, 4445 estimating, 44 Reactor dynamics, 57 jacket cooling of temperature, 55 jacketed cylindrical, 59 volume, 60 Reciprocating screw injection unit, 123124 Recovery from strain, 5 Recycling, 500 Redox initiation, 98 persulfatesulfite, 2122 Redox initiator, 46 Redox rate, 4647 Reinforcing carbon blacks, 107 Relationships dependence, 52 Relative viscosity, 52 Relaxation from strain, 5 Renewable resource, 501 Reversion, 480 Rubber cure characteristics, 118 curing, 107 injection mold, 120121 mill, 108109, 108f Runners, 123124 S Safe handling of monomers, 499 Safety fluoroelastomer life cycle, 499 handling of monomers, 3738 tetrafluoroethylene, 31 Salt removal, 42 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 505 Scorch, 120 Screen pack, 114115 Seals for aggressive fluids, 407409 application, 457 automotive, 487488 automotive transmission, 488 FTPE, 495496 groove geometry, 23 for high-temperature, 406 oil retention, 483f O-rings, 3, 1011 performance at low temperature, 21 shaft, 11 Secondary nucleation, 51 Semibatch emulsion polymerization, 4547, 51, 54, 5763 control of, 60 Semibatch emulsion process, 126127 Semibatch reactors, 5758 charging, 60 design and operation, 5859 design considerations, 60 limitations, 58 operation, 4142 scale-up, 60 Semiconductor applications, 406409, 408t manufacturing operations, 431 Semicrystalline perfluoropolymers, 505 Service temperatures in chemical processes, 406407 Set resistance O-ring, 406 Shaft seals, 3, 11, 483f, 486488 automotive, 487488 Shaw Intermix, 109111 Shawbury-Wallace jigs, 441 load cell, 441 load stand, 480 Silane primers, 484 Silicone oil seals, 485 seals, 483 Simrit, 504 Single-screw extruder, 112113, 113f Soap, 41, 4748 concentration, 50 Sodium alginate, 125 Solubility equilibria, 472 Solubility limit, 57 Solution coating, 495 Solvent ozone-depleting, 6465 Sour fuel effect of, 480 Sprue, 120, 123124 Static seals, 439 performance, 455 Steady state permeability, 472473 Steam-resistant compound, 514 Sterilization steam, 407 Stock to rolls, 108109 temperature, 111 Straight head extruder, 114115 Stress recovery from, 5 relax, 117 Strip feeding, 116117 Strong bases and acids, 406 Succinimides engine oil additives, 484 Sulfides engine oil additives, 484 Supercritical carbon dioxide, 503 Supernatant, 125 Suppliers fluoroelastomer, 12 Surface cracking, 133 Surfactants, 4950 fluorinated anionic, 48 Suspension polymerization, 43, 6369 advantages, 63 Suspension products bisphenol-curable, 64 Sustainability, 500501 environmental, 500501 Sustained particle nucleation, 54 Swell, 133 varies with fluorine, 18 T TAIC radical trap, 89, 404405 Tangential rotors, 109111 Tecnoflon FOR 4391, 475 Tecnoflon FOR 50HS, 441 Tecnoflon FOR 80HS, 441 Tecnoflon N 535, 475 Tecnoflon PFR, 405t Tecnoflon TN Latex, 495 Temperature control systems, 56 cycling, 441 jacket-coolant, 61 Temperature environment seals, 483, 488 severe, 486 Temperature stability vulcanizate, 404405 Tensile strength, 505 and heat resistance, 404 Termination reactions, 47 Terpenes polymerization inhibitors, 32 Terpolymers, 99100 bisphenol-curable, 451453, 478479 composition, 1920 ethylene/TFE/PMVE, 411 TFE and PMVE, 45 TFE/P/VDF, 428 VDF/HFP/TFE, 18, 9092, 125, 439, 449451, 474475 Terpolymers and tetrapolymers compositions of, 43 Test block, 481482 INDEX 559Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, 8687 Tetrafluoroethers, 3132 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 17, 3032, 503504 copolymers, 910 cracking, 34 epoxide, 3132 explosive hazards, 31 in fluoroelastomers, 29 properties, 3132 synthesis, 32 Tetraphenyltin, 96 TFE explosion potential, 37 particle formation, 49 TFE/olefin elastomers, 81 TFE/olefin FEPM elastomers, 486 chemical resistance, 486 TFE-olefin fluoroelastomers, 411 TFE/P, 6, 910, 2324 dipolymer vulcanizates, 9899 FEPMs, 428430 fluid resistance, 428430 peroxide-cured, 428 TFE/P copolymer, 487 TFE/P elastomer compounds based on, 513 TFE/P fluoroelastomers, 486 chemical resistance, 486 TFE/PMVE, 2123, 9496 TFE/propylene, 411427 TFE/P/TFP bisphenol-cured, 428 vulcanizates, 428 TFE/P/TFP elastomers chemical resistance, 488 TFE/P/VDF, 99100, 411, 427428 TFE/P/VDF elastomers chemical resistance, 488 TFE/P/VDF terpolymers, 487 Thermal black, 442 Thermal expansion, 406 Thermal resistance, 9 engine seals, 487 TFE/PMVE, 97 Thermal stability, 451454 Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), 112, 505 fluorinated, 126127, 129 Thermoplastics, 473 Thermoset fluorocarbon elastomers, 12, 13t Thermosetting resin, 504 Thermosetting rubbers, 107 Three-roll calander, 116f THV fluorothermoplastics, 496 Thwing Albert cup, 473 Tie-coats, 484 Toggle clamp, 121123 Toxicity fluoromonomers, 37 TR-10 test, 18 Transfer agents semibatch reactor, 53 Transfer coefficient, 53 Transfer mold three-plate multiple cavity, 120 Transfer molding process, 120, 120f Transfer pad, 107, 120 Transfer rate, 53 Transfer reactions, 52 Transition zone, 114 Transmission electron microscopy techniques, 505506 Transmission seals, 488 Trends, 1516 Triallyl cyanurate, 8889 Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), 8889, 430431, 453454 radical trap, 89, 404405 Triazine cross-links, 2122, 9697, 329, 404 Triethylenetetraamine, 125 Trifluoropropylene, 102, 411 Trifluorovinylethers, 3132 Trimethallyl isocyanurate (TMAIC), 8889, 430431, 453454 Triphenylphosphine oxide, 8384 Tubing die, 114115 Twin-screw extruders, 112, 129 Two-part liquid systems, 497 Two-roll mills, 108 Typical applications, 126127 U UV-curable fluoroelastomers, 503 V Valve seals, 436f Valve stem seals, 436 Valve stems, 436f Variable speed DC drive, 113 VDF copolymers, 56, 48, 5355 commercial, 52 continuous emulsion polymerization, 54 particle formation, 49 with soap, 52 systems, 4748 VDF homopolymer, 63 VDF production, 30 VDF-based fluoroelastomers, 22f VDF-containing fluoroelastomers, 131, 488 effects of fluids, 133 VDF/CTFE fluoroelastomers, 134t VDF/HFP, 1718, 116117 bisphenol-cured, 118119 copolymerization, 44 copolymers, 8283, 8586, 475, 497 dipolymers, 81 elastomers, 100 fluoroelastomers, 81 precompounds, 109, 441, 443, 447 VDF/HFP/PMVE/TFE, 93 VDF/HFP/TFE, 8182, 8586, 125, 439, 455, 491 bimodal polymers, 64 bisphenol-cured, 491 gum, 447 high-fluorine, 491 iodine-containing, 454 latex, 495 peroxide-curable, 451454 peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers, 64 precompounds, 447 terpolymers, 1920, 439, 449451, 475 vulcanizates, 94 VDF/HFP/(TFE), 6364 polymerization, 53 products, 54 VDF/HFP/TFE elastomers, 483484 VDF/HFP/TFE terpolymers, 484485 seals, 483 VDF/PMVE/TFE, 34, 439, 455457 peroxide-curable, 457 products, 54 ternary diagram, 2021 terpolymers, 9293 vulcanizates, 94 VDF/PMVE/TFE elastomers, 486 chemical resistance, 486 VDF/PMVE/TFE fluoroelastomer, 485486 VDF/TFE copolymers, 45 Veneer barrier layer, 474 Vent stacks, 491 Vented barrel design, 114 Ventilation, 499 Vertical ram machine, 121 Vinyl ethers, 37 Vinyl groups, 404405 Vinyl monomers, 36 Vinylidene fluoride, 17, 102103 physical properties, 29 production volume, 29 Vinylidene fluoride (VDF)-based FKMs, 503 Viscosity inherent, 52 intrinsic, 52 polymer, 56 relative, 52 stocks, 442 Viton B-202, 475 Viton Curative No. 50, 445 Viton E-60C, 109 Viton Extreme ETP-600S, 503 Viton Extreme TBR-605CS, 428 560 INDEXViton F605C, 475 Viton Fluoroelastomer, 327328 Viton FreeFlow additives, 497 Viton GF-600S, 503 Viton GLT, 457 Viton polymers high-fluorine, 454 Viton type nomenclature, 20 Viton VTR-9307, 503 Volatile materials, 89 Volatile products measurement of, 499500 Volume swell elastomers, 474 Vulcanizates chemical resistance, 329, 330t ETP, 102 fluid resistance, 329 heat resistance, 404405 peroxide-cured, 411 properties, 90, 444445, 454455, 457 temperature stability, 404405 with varying fluorine, 18 VDF/HFP/(TFE), 100 W Wide-angle X-ray scattering, 505506 Y Young’s modulus, 505 Z Z -mer, 49, 51
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