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| موضوع: كتاب Fluoroplastics - Volume 2 السبت 18 نوفمبر 2023, 11:44 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluoroplastics - Volume 2 Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User’s Guide and Data Book Second Edition Sina Ebnesajjad
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents Dedication Preface to Second Edition Acknowledgments to Second Edition 1. Introduction to Fluoropolymers 1.1. Coming of Age of Polymer Science 1.2. Roy Plunkett's Story 1.3. Commercialization of PTFE 1.4. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers 1.5. Trends in Application Development 1.6. Globalization: Present and Future 2. Production and Market Statistics 2.1. Growth of Fluoropolymers 2.2. Regional Consumption of Fluoropolymers 2.3. Consumption of Fluoropolymers 3. From Fundamentals to Applications 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Uniqueness of Fluorine 3.3. Fluorine Characteristics 3.4. What are Fluoropolymers? 3.5. Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers 3.6. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers 3.7. Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers 4. Fluoropolymers: Properties and Structure 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Impact of F and C–F Bond on the Properties of PTFE 4.3. Copolymers of TFE 4.4. Reaction Mechanism 4.5. Effect of Solvents on Fluoropolymers 4.6. Molecular Interaction of Fluoropolymers: Low Friction and Low Surface Energy 4.7. Conformations and Transitions of PTFE 4.8. Conformations and Transitions of PCTFE 4.9. Conformations and Transitions of FEP Copolymers 4.10. Conformations and Transitions of Perfluoroalkoxy Polymer 4.11. Conformations and Transitions of Polyvinylidene Fluoride 4.12. Conformations and Transitions of Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer 4.13. Conformations and Transitions of Ethylene–Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer 5. Operational Classification of Fluoropolymers 5.1. Introduction 5.2. TFE Homopolymers 5.3. TFE Copolymers 5.4. CTFE Polymers 5.5. VDF Polymers 5.6. VF Polymers 5.7. Process Classification 6. Preparation and Properties of Fluorinated Monomers 6.1. Introduction 6.2. TFE Preparation 6.3. Purification of TFE 6.4. Properties of TFE 6.5. Synthesis of HFP 6.6. Properties of HFP 6.7. Synthesis of PAVEs 6.8. Properties of PAVEs 6.9. Synthesis of CTFE 6.10. Properties of CTFE 6.11. Synthesis of VDF 6.12. Properties of VDF 6.13. Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride 6.14. Properties of VF 7. Polymerization Surfactants 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate 7.3. Issues with PFOS 7.4. Problem with PFOA 7.5. EPA Action 7.6. Alternative Surfactants for Fluoropolymer Polymerization 7.7. Summary 8. Polymerization and Finishing Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Polymerization Mechanism for TFE 8.3. Preparation of PFA Polymers 8.4. Preparation of Perfluorinated Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers 8.5. End Group Stabilization 8.6. Preparation of VDF Polymers 8.7. Preparation of ETFE Polymers 8.8. Preparation of ECTFE Polymers 8.9. Preparation of VF Polymers 8.10. Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 8.11. Characterization of Fluoropolymers 9. Commercial Grades of Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Perfluoroalkoxy Polymer 9.3. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Polymer 9.4. Polyvinylidene Fluoride 9.5. Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Polymer 9.6. Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Polymer 9.7. Terpolymer Fluoroplastics 9.8. Polyvinyl Fluoride 9.9. Fluoroplastic Films 10. Injection Molding 10.1. Introduction 10.2. General Considerations 10.3. Basic Technology 10.4. The Process 10.5. Injection Molding Machinery 10.6. Troubleshooting 10.7. Injection Molds 10.8. Materials of Construction 10.9. Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts 10.10. Processing of Fluoropolymers 11. Extrusion 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Fundamentals of Extrusion Processes 11.3. Fluoropolymer Wire Coating 11.4. Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion 11.5. Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion 11.6. Fluoropolymer Fibers 11.7. Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers 12. Rotational Molding and Linings 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Background 12.3. Basic Process Technology 12.4. Rotational Molding Equipment 12.5. Equipment and Process Design 12.6. Operation of Rotomolding Processes 12.7. Rotolining Process 12.8. Rotomolding and Rotolining of Fluoropolymers 12.9. Melting of Polymer and Part Formation 12.10. Troubleshooting 12.11. Conclusion 13. Other Molding Techniques 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Compression Molding 13.3. Transfer Molding 13.4. Blow Molding 14. Fluoropolymer Foams 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Background 14.3. Foaming Technology 14.4. Foam Manufacturing Processes 14.5. Benefits of Fluoroplastic Foams 14.6. Foaming Technology 14.7. Extrusion Foaming of Melt-Processible Perfluoropolymers 14.8. Summary 15. Chemical Properties of Fluoropolymers 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers 15.3. Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers 15.4. Permeation Fundamentals 15.5. Permeation Measurement and Data 15.6. Environmental Stress Cracking 16. Properties of Fluoropolymers 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics 16.3. Mechanical and Dynamic Properties 16.4. Thermal Properties 16.5. Weatherability 16.6. Electrical Properties 16.7. Optical and Spectral Properties 16.8. Radiation Effect 16.9. Flammability 16.10. Biofilm Formation 17. Surface Treatment of Fluoropolymers for Adhesion 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Sodium Etching of Fluoroplastics 17.3. Plasma Treatment of Fluoropolymers and PTFE 17.4. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment 17.5. Corona Treatment 17.6. Flame Treatment 18. Fabrication of Fluoropolymers 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Machining 18.3. Adhesive Bonding Methods 18.4. Welding and Joining 18.5. Heat-Sealing Films 18.6. Heat Bonding 18.7. Metallization 18.8. Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Films 18.9. Cross-Linking 18.10. Thermoforming 18.11. Other Processes 19. Applications in Microelectronics Industry 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Review of Microelectronics Manufacturing 19.3. Geometry Trends 19.4. Use of Fluoropolymers 19.5. Purity Measurement Methods and Standards 19.6. Trends for the Use of Fluoropolymers in the Semiconductor Industry 20. Applications of Fluoropolymers 20.1. Chemical Processing 20.2. Piping 20.3. Vessels 20.4. CPI Components 20.5. Self-Supporting Components 20.6. Trends in Using Fluoropolymers in Chemical Service 20.7. Semiconductor Processing 20.8. Electrical Applications 20.9. Mechanical Applications 20.10. Automotive and Aerospace 20.11. Medical Devices 20.12. Summary 21. Safety, Health, Environmental, Disposal, and Recycling 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Toxicology of Fluoropolymers 21.3. Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers 21.4. Emission during Processing 21.5. Safety Measures 21.6. Food Contact 21.7. Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling 21.8. Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods Glossary General Semiconductor Glossary Index . GLOSSARY 731Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively. A Abrasion, 492e514 resistance, 507e510 of fluoroplastics, 515t of thermoplastics, 515t ABS. See Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) Absence of catalyst, 76 Absorption constant, 614 index, 605 AC. See Alternating current (AC) Accelerators, 160, 165 Accordion, 107 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 311 Activators, 159e160, 165 Acyl fluoride groups, 142 Adherends, 611e612 Adhesive bond, 564 Adhesive bonding methods, 590e591. See also Machining; Welding Adhesive-less joining. See Welding Adjustable ducting hood, 683f ADONA surfactant, 95, 95f Advanced hot runner gates, 258, 258f Aerospace, 677 braided hose, 676f data cables, 673f AFM. See Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Alternating current (AC), 642 American Kuhne cutaway extruder, 283f American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), 117 Ammonia (NH3), 568 plasma, 574e575 Ammonium perfluoro 3, 6- dioxaoctanoate (APFDO), 116 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), 83, 102, 684 special characteristics of, 91 Ammonium persulfate (APS), 103, 105, 128, 145 Amorphous plastics, 619 Angioplasty catheter application, 677f Anion contamination, 650 Annealing. See Dimensional stabilization APFDO. See Ammonium perfluoro 3,6-dioxaoctanoate (APFDO) APFO. See Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) Applications in microelectronics industry, 640 comparison of metal extraction, 657t fluoropolymers use, 653e656 trends for, 658e659 geometry trends, 645e651 microelectronics manufacturing, 640e645 performance values using rinse test and cycle test, 657t purity measurement methods and standards, 656e658 TOC contamination requirements, 659t Applications of fluoropolymers, 661, 675f automotive and aerospace, 677 CPI, 661 components, 664e665 electrical applications, 672e674 mechanical applications, 674e675 medical devices, 677e678 piping, 661e662 self-supporting components, 666e667 semiconductor processing, 668e672 trends in using fluoropolymers in chemical service, 667e668 vessels, 662e664 APS. See Ammonium persulfate (APS) APT. See Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment (APT) Arc tracking, 533 ASTM. See American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) ASTM Method D3123, 267 Atmospheric glow discharge treatment effect, 574t Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment (APT), 577e583 comparison with low-pressure plasma treatment, 579t functional principles, 581f Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 31e32 Attrition factor (Af), 135 Automotive, 677 sensor, 675f Automotive PTFE-lined fluid transfer hose, 676f fuel hose, 676f Auxiliary-ram molds, 383 Auxiliary-ram transfer process. See Plunger molding Azeotropic copolymerization, 109 B Bagley correction, 266 Balanced runner, 254, 255f Bare-roll, 583e584 Barrier screws, 284, 284f Basic melt indexer, 269f Batch system, 352 BCDS. See Bulk chemical dispense systems (BCDS) BCF. See Bioconcentration factor (BCF) Bearing pads, 674 Bed, 606 Bent strip test, 192 Beta-hydroxypropyl tertiary butyl peroxides, 165 Biaxial orientation, 285, 311 Biaxially oriented film, 288e290 Bioconcentration factor (BCF), 92, 92te93t Biofilm formation, 559e561 Birefringence, 334e335 2,2-bis-trifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3- dioxole, 42, 46f Blade ejectors, 261 733Blow molding, 392e393, 393f. See also Compression molding; Transfer molding blow molds, 402 blowing and calibrating devices, 403e404 cooling, 404 features, 402 pinch-off zone, 403, 403f venting and surface finish, 404 coextrusion blow-molding techniques, 400e401, 401f operating conditions, 406t dip blow-molding process, 400, 400f extrusion blow molding, 395e397 fluoropolymer parts, 404e410 injection blow molding, 398, 398f multiblock blow molding, 400, 400f processes, 393e395 sequential extrusion, 401e402, 401f stretch blow-molding process, 398e399 Blow pin, 403 Blowing agent, 425 Blowing devices, 403e404 Blown film, 287e288 Blown process, 288e289, 289f Blowup ratio, 311 BN. See Boron nitride (BN) Boeing Specification Support Standard (BSS), 632e633 Bond strength, 598 Bonding adhesives, 591 Boranes (B2H6), 432 Boron (B) atoms, 641 Boron nitride (BN), 270, 318e319, 414e417, 420 on foaming efficiency FEP, 420t nucleating and blowing agents, 426e427 triple nucleating package of extrusion process, 429 Branched perfluorinated vinyl ethers, 185 Break stress, 333 BSS. See Boeing Specification Support Standard (BSS) Bubble process. See Blown process Buildup time, 356 Bulk chemical dispense systems (BCDS), 645e650 Burnout hood, 683f Butt weld, 617f C Cables aerospace data cables, 673f coaxial, 673f plenum, 672e673 for signal transmissions, 673f Calcium tetraborate (CTB), 318e319 Calibrating devices, 403e404 Capacitance, 642 Capacitors, 640, 642, 643f Capillary viscometers, 266 Capture velocity, 682e683 Carbon, 475 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 140, 421, 613 foaming extruder design and processing conditions, 422t Carbonefluorine bond (CeF bond), 11 Carbonyl fluoride (COF2), 69, 140, 682t Cardoid type, 394 Carlson’s method, 147 Carousel machines, 352 Carriers, 668 Cashew gate. See Winkle gate Cast film, 285e287, 285f Catalysts. See Initiators CClF2-CHF2. See 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethane (CClF2-CHF2) Cell growth, 414 Cellular polymers. See Foamed plastics Centrifugal casting, 350 CeF bond. See Carbonefluorine bond (CeF bond) CF3COF. See Trifluoroacetyl fluoride (CF3COF) Chain transfer agent (CTA), 104 CHClF2. See Chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) Chemical foaming, 414 Chemical process industry (CPI), 661 components, 664e665 Chemical processing, 661 Chemical properties of fluoropolymers, 432 chemical compatibility partially fluorinated fluoropolymers, 436e438 perfluoropolymers, 432e436 chemical resistance, 432f environmental stress cracking, 471e473 permeation fundamentals, 438e470 measurement and data, 470 Chemical resistance, 216, 227 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 643 Chill roll, 285, 286f, 287t Chip geometry, 643e644 Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), 432 Chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2), 48e49 Chlorodifluoromethane, 59 Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), 39, 48, 102, 421 polymers, 42e45 properties, 74e75, 75t synthesis, 72e74 Chlorotrifluoroethylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer (CTFE-VDF copolymer), 9e10 Choker bar. See Restrictor bar Circuit density, 669 Clamp force conversion table, 240t Clamp unit, 237e239, 238f Clamshell machines, 353 ClF3. See Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) Closed-loop principle, 247 CMC. See Critical micelle concentration (CMC) Coagulum, 92 Coat hanger design, 308, 309f Coat hanger die, 290 Coaxial cables, 673f Coextrusion, 292e294 COF2. See Carbonyl fluoride (COF2) Cold flow. See Creep Cold runner, 253e254, 254f Comonomer, 42 Compression molding, 371, 371fe372f. See also Blow molding; Transfer molding fluoropolymers, 375e379 press, 374e375 rectangular compression mold, 377f types, 372e374 Compression ratio, 283e284 Computing industry, 640 Concentricity, 294 Conduction, 605 Conductors, insulation structures on, 633t Cone and plate viscometer, 266e267 Conformational disorder. See Molecular relaxation Conquest technology, 619e620 Contact adhesives, 591 Control systems, 245e247 Convection, 605 Conventional crosshead design, 297f Conventional screw design, 296f Conversion, 49e50 734 INDEXConvoluted PTFE-lined braided hoses, 669f Cooling, 259e261, 259fe260f, 404 cycle, 357e358 Copolymer, 23, 39 Copper-beryllium (CueBe), 273 Corona treatment, 583e584. See also Flame treatment; Plasma treatment Corrosion-resistant metals and suppliers, 262t Couette viscometer, 266e267 CPI. See Chemical process industry (CPI) “Cradle-to-grave” rules, 688 Creep, 482e487 Critical micelle concentration (CMC), 89 Critical shear rate, 262, 282 Critical solvent content, 325 Cross-linking, 631e633 Cryolite. See Cryolith Cryolith, 12 Crystallinity, 236, 470, 472, 475 CTA. See Chain transfer agent (CTA) CTB. See Calcium tetraborate (CTB) CTFE. See Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) CTFE-VDF copolymer. See Chlorotrifluoroethylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer (CTFE-VDF copolymer) CueBe. See Copper-beryllium (CueBe) CVD. See Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) Cycle test, performance values using, 657t D D -limonene, 77, 77f “d” coefficients, 535 Daikin technology, 61 Davis Standard grooved feed throat, 284f DC. See Direct current (DC) DDR. See Drawdown ratio (DDR) Decompression foaming, 415 Decompression screws. See Vented screws Deformation-under-load, 482e487 of FEP, 496fe498f PFA, 493fe495f Degating, 252 Denier, 291 DF. See Dissipation factor (DF) DFE. See 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE) DH. See Hydraulic diameter (DH) DHP. See Di-(w-hydrodecafluoroheptanol) peroxide (DHP) 1,1-DHPPTE. See 1,1-dihydropentafluoropropyl trifluorovinyl ether (1,1 DHPPTE) Di-(w-hydrodecafluoroheptanol) peroxide (DHP), 138 Diaphragms, 274 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CClF2-CHF2), 1 Dichlorodifluoromethane, 48 Die. See Parison head Die coextrusion, 293e294 Die head. See Parison head Die lips, 308 DielseAlder adducts, 69e70 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 112 Diffusion, 644e645 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE), 77 Diglutaric acid peroxide, 160 Diglyme, 570 1,1-dihydropentafluoropropyl trifluorovinyl ether (1,1 DHPPTE), 71 Dimensional stabilization, 145e147 Dimethylformamide (DMF), 51e54, 166e168 Dipole polarization, 606 Direct current (DC), 642 Direct hot runner gate, 258, 258f Direct positive mold. See Fully positive Direct sprue gating. See Sprue gating Dispersion grade fluoropolymers, 684 Dispersion polymerization. See Emulsion polymerization Dispersion processes, 39 Displacement-controlled welding. See Welding by distance Disposal methods, 688e689 Dissipation factor (DF), 524e525, 606 Disuccinic acid peroxide, 160 DMF. See Dimethylformamide (DMF) Doping, 640e641, 644e645 Draft ratio, 333 Draw-ratio balance (DRB), 301 Drawdown ratio (DDR), 300e301, 300te301t DRB. See Draw-ratio balance (DRB) Drilling, 590 DSC. See Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Dual laminate, 661 E ECF. See Electrochemical fluorination (ECF) ECTFE. See Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Eddy currents, 597 EHMW. See Extra-high molecular weight (EHMW) Ejection, 261 Ejection half. See Moving half Elastomer-supported PTFE gaskets, 665f Electrical applications, 672e674 Electrochemical fluorination (ECF), 67, 84 Electrochemical method, 13, 14f Electromagnetic materials, 598f Electromechanical coupling coefficient, 535 Electronegativity, 11 Electronic devices, 640 packaging, 640 polarization, 606 Electrophiles, 27 Elevated temperature etching, 570e572 etching, 571 shelf life of etch surfaces, 572 storage and preparation, 571 washing, 571e572 Emission during processing, 681 Emulsifiers, 197 Emulsion polymerization, 83, 102 End group stabilization, 140, 148t, 150t extractable fluorine ion content, 153t FEP stabilization, 140e145 fluorination effect and ammoniation, 152t infrared wave number, 140t PFA stabilization, 145e154 thermal stability, 149t Enflurane, 14e15 Environmental protection, 688e689 EPA. See US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ePTFE aortic repair graft, 676f vascular graft configured for pediatric shunt, 676f Equipment cleaning and maintenance, 685 Etching, 571, 644 ETFE. See Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Ethylene (Et), 110 INDEX 735Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), 7, 36, 206, 227, 348, 361, 391, 415e416, 432, 437e438, 477, 565, 623, 653, 661. See also Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA polymer); Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) conformations and transitions, 36 copolymer chemical compatibility, 469t dielectric constant, 546fe547f dissipation factor, 547fe548f electrical properties, 536, 546t films, 315e316 flexural modulus, 489f g-radiation effect, 556t high-purity fluid water piping system, 655f polymers preparation, 191e196 polymerization conditions and characteristics of, 193t properties, 194te195t Solvay Solexis ECTFE polymers properties, 230t stress relaxation, 510f tensile creep, 508fe509f thermal properties, 524t transmission, 552 transmittance, 555f weathering effect, 532f welding, 623 yield and tensile strength, 484f yield and ultimate elongation, 485f Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 7, 35, 39e42, 112e113, 113f, 205e206, 227, 348, 361e365, 378, 415e416, 432, 436, 477, 661. See also Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA polymer); Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) adhesion improvement, 573 AGC ETFE resins compositions, 229t properties, 229t apparent flexural modulus, 493f chemical compatibility, 440te447t conformations and transitions, 35e36 convoluted tubing, 670f creep-apparent flex modulus vs. time and temperature, 508f Daikin ETFE resins properties, 229t dielectric constant, 543fe544f temperature effect comparison, 545f dielectric strength vs. thickness, 545f dissipation factor, 543fe544f DuPont ETFE resins properties, 228t Dyneon ETFE resins properties, 230t electrical properties, 535e536, 542t films, 315e316 flex fatigue behavior, 512f flexural creep behavior, 506fe507f flexural modulus, 489fe490f hydrolytic stability, 451t, 528t effect of immersion, 448t infrared scan, 554f polymers preparation, 178e191 copolymerization results, 179t polymerization conditions and characteristics, 182t properties, 180t, 183te184t reaction ingredients and conditions, 180t effect of termonomer, 186t thermal stability, 181t tensile modulus, 491f tensile properties, 531t tensile strength, 483f thermal properties, 523t transmittance vs. wavelength, 554t ultimate elongation, 484f welding, 622e623 Euromap international size classification, 242 Exclusion model, 110 Exhaust scheme for blow molding, 682f system, 683f typical setup for, 683f Expandable foaming, 415 Expanded plastics. See Foamed plastics Extended mandrel technique, 305, 306f Extra-high molecular weight (EHMW), 377 Extraction, 645e650 Extrudate. See Extrusion Extruder, 282e285, 393 Extrusion, 282e294 blow molding, 395e397, 395f fluoropolymer fibers, 328e344 film extrusion, 308e328 thermal stability of, 344e345 tube extrusion, 303e308 wire coating, 294e303 fundamentals, 282e294 stretch blow molding, 399 welding, 612e613, 613f, 621 F F/C. See Fluorine-to-carbon ratio (F/C) F22. See Dichlorodifluoromethane Fabrication of fluoropolymers, 683e685 adhesive bonding methods, 590e591 comparison of piezoelectric materials, 631t cross-linking, 631e633 encapsulation of metal parts, 633 heat bonding, 625e626 heat-sealing films, 623e624 hot stamping, 634 machining, 589e590 metallization, 626e627 piezoelectric films, 627e631 pyroelectric films, 627e628, 631 thermoforming, 633, 634f welding ECTFE, 623 ETFE, 622e623 FEP, 618 and joining, 591e623 PFA, 618e620, 619f PTFE, 615e617, 619f PVDF, 620e622 Fabs, 653 Family mold, 254 Far-field welding, 603, 603f FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Feed block coextrusion, 293e294, 294f Feedback, 247 FEP. See Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Fiber extrusion, 291 Fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP), 661 Fibrillation, 325 Filled compounds, 679 Film extrusion, 285e290 biaxially oriented film, 288e290 blown film, 287e288 cast film, 285e287, 285f fluoropolymer, 308e328 Film flame treater, 584f Filter cartridge, 658 Fire hazard, 685 Fixed half, 251e252 Flame nozzle design, 584 Flame treatment, 584e586, 585t. See also Corona treatment; Plasma treatment Flame-ionization detector-analyzed gases, 55 Flammability, 557e559 Flash type, 372e373 Flex fatigue properties, 491e492 736 INDEXFlex life, 491 Flexible foam, 413 Flexural life. See Flex life Floating-plate, 383 Flory model, 110 Flow length, 267 Fluff, 135 Fluorinated emulsifier, 114e115 Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 15, 218e219, 476, 507, 555, 565, 661, 673. See also Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA polymer); Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) coefficient of friction, 514f compression stressestrain behavior, 478f convoluted tubing, 670f creep behavior, 499f Daikin EFEP resins properties, 225t Daikin FEP resins properties, 223t deformation-under-load, 496fe498f dielectric constant, 537fe538f dissipation factor, 537fe538f DuPont FEP resins properties, 222t Dyneon FEP resins properties, 224t electrical properties, 536t flex fatigue resistance, 511t flexural modulus, 486f infrared transmittance spectrum, 551f radiation effect, 556t stressestrain behavior of various grades, 479fe480f tensile properties, 529t retention, 530t tensile strength, 481f tensile stress relaxation, 509fe510f tensile stressestrain behavior, 478f thermal properties, 522t transmission of visible light, 551fe552f transmittance comparison, 549f ultimate elongation, 481f wear and PV data, 515t welding, 618 Fluorinated monomers, 48 CTFE properties, 74e75, 75t synthesis, 72e74 HFP properties, 69e70, 70t synthesis, 64e69 PAVEs properties, 72, 73t synthesis, 70e71, 72t TFE preparation, 48e59 properties, 62e64, 63t purification, 59e61 VDF properties, 76, 76t synthesis, 75e76 VF estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity, 79t flammability properties, 79t properties, 77e78, 78t solubility, 78t synthesis, 76e77 Fluorinated surfactants, 83e84, 84f Fluorination, 145 Fluorine, 11, 12t, 475 characteristics, 11e15 organic chemistry, 13e15 preparation, 13 fluorine-containing compounds, 14e15 fluoropolymers, 15e16 uniqueness, 11 Fluorine-to-carbon ratio (F/C), 586 Fluoroaromatics, 14 Fluoroelastomer applications, 675f Fluoroplastic(s), 348, 357e358, 499e502, 516, 590, 633 abrasion resistance, 515t degradation products, 520t degradation rate, 518f, 519t films, 227, 626e627 g-radiation effect, 559f glass transition temperatures and melting points, 521t hardness, 513t impact strength, 513t radiation resistance, 560f Fluoropolymer(s), 1, 4f, 7, 9t, 15e16, 17t, 20t, 103, 348, 371, 564, 679. See also Applications of fluoropolymers; Chemical properties of fluoropolymers; Properties of fluoropolymers age of polymer science, 1e2 alternative surfactants for fluoropolymer polymerization, 91 alternative chemical structures, 93e97 requirements, 91e93 special characteristics of APFO, 91 characterization, 201 ECTFE polymer, 206 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene polymer, 205e206 FEP, 201e205 PFA polymer, 201 polyvinyl fluoride, 208 polyvinylidene fluoride, 206e208 compression molding, 375e379 compression profile, 376t consumption, 9e10 regional, 8e9 developmental history, 3e5, 16e18 emission during processing, 681 environmental protection and disposal methods, 688e689 examples of uses, 18e20 fibers, 328e344 perfluoropolymer fibers, 337e340 PVDF fibers, 330e337 ultrafine fibers, 340e344 film extrusion, 308 ETFE and ECTFE films, 315e316 perfluoropolymer films, 316e319 PVDF films and sheets, 309e315, 310te311t PVF, 319e328 fluoropolymer-lined components, 663f fittings, 662f FRP pipe and fittings, 663f pipe, 662f pump, 664f food contact, 686 fundamental properties, 16, 18t globalization, 5e6 growth of, 7e8 melting points, continuous use, and processing temperatures, 680t molecular interaction of, 28e30 onset decomposition, peak mass loss rate and ignition temperatures, 681t Poisson ratio of, 511t process classification, 46 PTFE commercialization, 3 resins, 686, 688 rotolining, 360e365 rotomolding, 360e365 Roy Plunkett’s story, 2e3 safety measures, 681e685 scrap and recycling, 686e688 effect of solvents on, 27e28 specialty valves and control components, 654f thermal properties, 679e681 toxicology, 679 INDEX 737Fluoropolymer(s) (Continued) trends in application development, 5 tube extrusion, 303e308 heat shrink tubes, 307e308 large diameter tubes, 307 medium diameter tubes, 307 sizing of tubes, 303e305 small diameter tubes, 307 use in microelectronics industry, 653e656 special considerations, 655e656 weight loss, 680f wire coating, 294e303 DDR, 300e301 melt flow, 298e300 melt fracture, 298e300 process control, 298, 298t processing conditions, 303 processing equipment, 294e298 shear rate and stress calculation, 301 tooling design, 301 Fluorotelomers, 85e86 Fluorspar, 12, 13f, 48e49 Fluroxene, 14e15 Foam-insulated wire, 430 Foamed fluoropolymers, 412 benefits, 415 cells, 413 foam manufacturing process, 415 foaming technology, 413e425 melt-processible perfluoropolymers extrusion foaming, 426e430 Foamed plastics, 412 Foaming ECTFE, 423e424 ETFE, 423e424 melt-processible perfluoropolymers, 416e423 PTFE, 423 PVDF, 424e425 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 19 Food contact, 686 Four-pair FEP plenum cable, 688f Freon, 2 Friction, 492e514 FRP. See Fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) Fully positive, 373, 373f Fume fever, 681 Fusion time, 356e357 G Gate, 253, 255e257, 256f Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 168 General Motors (GM), 2 General-purpose screw, 239 Geometry trends, 645e651. See also Microelectronics manufacturing detection limit of metal ions, 652t DRAM half-pitch projection, 646t nature of impurities, 645e651 particle contamination and chemical impurity requirements, 647t recommended ultrapure water quality, 649t semiconductor industry association technology roadmap, 645t silicon wafer fabrication, chemicals used in, 651t Globalization, 5e6 Glow discharge method, 573 Glyme-based etchant, 571e572 Glymes, 570 GM. See General Motors (GM) Gore-Tex GR sheet gasketing, 667f Gore-Tex film, 627 GPC. See Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) Gylon sheet gasketing material, 666f H HagenePoiseuille equation, 266 Halex reaction, 13e14 Halogenated solvents, 433 Halogens, 11, 14 Hardness, 492 of fluoroplastics, 513t Haze in transmission, 542 HCFC-22. See Chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) HCl. See Hydrogen chloride (HCl) HDPE. See High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Head-to-head and tail-to-tail units, 196 Health hazards, 682t Heat, 236 bonding, 625e626 heat-sealing films, 623e624 shrink tubes, 307e308 Heated tool welding, 593e595, 615, 620 Heating elements, 611 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP), 8, 25, 39e42, 48, 110, 218, 227, 476, 534 epoxide, 69 properties, 69e70, 70t synthesis, 64e69 Hexafluoropropylene index (HFPI), 138 Hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), 71, 93, 199e201 HF. See Hydrogen fluoride (HF) HFP. See Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) HFPI. See Hexafluoropropylene index (HFPI) HFPO. See Hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 405 High-energy radiation, 554 Homogeneous tempering, 261 “Hopper”, 323e325 Hose brake lines, 675f Hot air welding. See Hot gas welding Hot gas welding, 595e596, 596f, 597t, 616 Hot plate welding. See Heated tool welding Hot runner manifold tool, 255f Hot runner systems, 257e259, 257f velocity profiles in, 258f Hot stamping, 634 HPA. See Hydroxyl propyl acrylate (HPA) Hydraulic diameter (DH), 253, 254f Hydrochloric acid, 1 Hydrofluoric acid, 140 Hydrogen, 475 Hydrogen chloride (HCl), 59 Hydrogen fluoride (HF), 54, 682t Hydrolytic stability, 148 Hydroxyl propyl acrylate (HPA), 195 Hysteresis, 597 I IC. See Integrated circuit (IC) ICP-MS. See Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) Imaging. See Photolithography Implanted pace maker, 677f Inclusion model, 110 Incubation period, 105 Induction welding, 596e599 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), 650 comparison of metal extraction, 657t Infrared welding, 604e605, 622 Initiators, 159 Injection pressure conversion table, 243t stretch blow-molding process, 398 unit, 239e242 Injection half. See Fixed half 738 INDEXInjection molding, 236, 241f, 246f, 247t, 275t basic technology, 236e237 considerations, 236 fluoropolymers processing, 267, 275te276t dimensional stability of parts, 279e280 injection molding equipment, 267e274 process conditions and operations, 274e279 machinery, 237e247, 237f clamp force conversion table, 240t clamp unit, 237e239, 238f control systems, 245e247 injection pressure conversion table, 243t injection unit, 239e242 material residence times, 246f power systems, 242e245 shot volume conversion table, 244t shot weight conversion factors, 245t materials of construction, 261e262 parameters for PVDF, 277t process, 237, 237t settings for ETFE, 278t rheology of fluoropolymer melts, 262e267 troubleshooting, 247, 248t Injection molds, 247e261 components, 250 cooling, 259e261, 259fe260f ejection, 261 feed system, 253e259 materials, 259 types, 250e253 venting, 261 Inks, 634 Insulated runner, 257e258 Insulation structures on conductors, 633t Integrated circuit (IC), 642e643 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), 90 Intermittent accumulator extrusion blow-molding, 397 Intermittent extrusion blow molding, 396 International Standards Organization (ISO), 201 Intrinsic viscosity, 174 Inversions. See Head-to-head and tail-to-tail units Ion implantation, 644e645 IRIS. See Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Iserson process, 162 ISO. See International Standards Organization (ISO) iso-PPVE, 71 Isoflurane, 14e15 J Jacketing, 294 Jetting avoidance, 274 Joining, 591e623 K K-416, 3 kilonewtons (kN), 242 Knot strength, 335 Krytox, 71 L L/D ratio. See Length to diameter ratio (L/D ratio) Land area, 308 Land length, 256 Landed positive, 373, 373f Large diameter tubes, 307 Laser welding, 613e614, 614f Latent solvents, 166e168 LCP. See Liquid crystal polymer (LCP) LD. See Longitudinal direction (LD) Le Chatelier-Braun principle. See Le Chatelier’s principle Le Chatelier’s principle, 49e50 Leaching, 645e650 Length to diameter ratio (L/D ratio), 239, 283e284, 309, 316e318 Lennard-Jones potential, 28 Limiting oxygen index (LOI), 557e559, 560t Line drawing, 325 Linear low-density polyethylene, 110, 110f Linear vibration welding, 608f Lined FRP piping, 662 Lined plug valve, 664f Liquid crystal polymer (LCP), 408 Liquid oxygen (LOX), 437e438 LOI. See Limiting oxygen index (LOI) Longitudinal direction (LD), 309 Low friction, 28e30 Low surface energy, 28e30 Low-pressure plasma treatment (LPT), 564 LOX. See Liquid oxygen (LOX) LPT. See Low-pressure plasma treatment (LPT) Lumiflon resins, 42, 46f M Machining, 589e590, 685. See also Adhesive bonding methods; Welding cutting tool for machining tape, 591f drilling, 590 sawing, 590 shearing, 590 skiving, 590 Manhattan Project, 2e3 MarkeHouwink equation, 1e2, 174 Masking. See Photolithography Mass polymerization, 105e106 Material incompatibility, 685 Mechanical applications, 674e675 Mechanical foaming, 414 Medical devices, 677e678 Medium diameter tubes, 307 Megapascals (MPa), 242 Melt blowing technology, 342e343, 343f flow, 298e300 fracture, 168, 262, 262t, 282, 298e300 processing, 684e685 techniques, 42e45 viscosity, 297 Melt flow index (MFI). See Melt flow rate (MFR) Melt flow rate (MFR), 70, 96e97, 124e125, 236, 262e263, 299, 377, 420, 476 compression stressestrain behavior, 483f flexural modulus, 490t tensile stressestrain behavior, 483f Melt-processible fluoroplastics, 198, 589, 617, 625 Melt-processible fluoropolymers, 216, 662, 687e688 ECTFE polymers, 227 ETFEs, 227 FEP polymers, 218 fluoroplastic films, 227 PFA polymers, 216e218 PVDF polymers, 219 PVF polymers, 227 terpolymer fluoroplastics, 227, 231t Melt-processible resin, 8 Mercerization, 197 Metal contamination, 650 Metal heater, 620 Metal spring, 665f Metal-oxide-silicon (MOS), 641 Metallization, 626e627 INDEX 739MFA. See also Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) creep behavior, 499f dielectric constant, 535f electrical properties, 534t film thickness effect on transmittance, 550f haze comparison, 550f isochronous stressestrain curves, 501f MIT flex life, 511t Solvay Solexis MFA resins properties, 220t tensile creep curves, 500fe501f tensile modulus, 492f thermal properties, 521t transmittance comparison, 549f Young’s modulus, 492t MFR. See Melt flow rate (MFR) Microelectronics manufacturing, 640 microelectronic components, 641e642, 642t semiconductor fabrication stages, 642e645 semiconductors, 640e641 Micropowders, 5, 681, 685 Microwave welding, 609e611 Mixing head, 296f MMH. See Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) Modified PTFE, 615, 619f Modifiers, 487, 615 Moduli of fluoropolymers, 477e482 Modulus test, 632 Moissan’s reactions, 13, 14f Mold design, 273e274 Mold heating, 352 Moldability, 366 index, 267 Molding powder, 371e372 process, 370 Molecular relaxation, 518e519 Molecular weight distribution (MWD), 264 Molecular weights (MWs), 5, 102 Molten layer thickness, 595 Monofilament, 328 yarns, 292, 292f Monoglutaric acid peroxide, 160 Monoglyme, 570 Monomethylhydrazine (MMH), 437e438 Monosuccinic acid peroxide, 160 MOS. See Metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) Moving half, 251e252 MPa. See Megapascals (MPa) Multifilament, 328 yarns, 291e292 MWD. See Molecular weight distribution (MWD) MWs. See Molecular weights (MWs) N n-methyl pyrolidine (NMP), 170 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 32, 437e438 Nd-YAG. See Neodymium ions in medium of yttriumealuminume garnet (Nd-YAG) Near-field welding, 603, 603f Neodymium ions in medium of yttriumealuminumegarnet (Nd-YAG), 613 Net effect, 354 Nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), 437e438 NMP. See n-methyl pyrolidine (NMP) Nonmelt techniques, 42e45 Nonoriented Tedlar SP films, 227 NPN transistor, 642f NTO. See Nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) Nucleation, 414 Nucleophiles, 27 O Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 681 1-octanecarbonyl fluoride, 84e85 OF2. See Oxygen difluoride (OF2) Oil hydraulics, 245 Organic halogen compounds, 11 peroxide initiators, 156 solvent, 564 OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) Oven dwell time, 356e357 Oven residence cycle, 356 Oxidation, 643 Oxygen difluoride (OF2), 432 P Packaging disposal and recycling, 688e689 Parison head, 394e395, 394f Parison process, 393 Part formation, 365e366 Part stripping, 358 Partially fluorinated fluoropolymers, 16, 555e557 chemical compatibility, 436e438 Particle contribution testing, 657 Parting line, 402 PAS. See Polyarylsulfone (PAS) PAVE. See Perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PAVE) PCTFE. See Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) PE. See Polyethylene (PE) Pendulum technique, 618 Perfluorinated fluoroplastics, 482e487 fluoropolymers, 554e555 olefins, 185 surfactants, 84 vinyl ethers, 185 Perfluorinated ethylene propylene, 7, 25, 39e42, 130, 284, 348, 432, 684, 687e688 chemical compatibility, 438t conformations and transitions, 33e34 preparation, 130e140 stabilization, 140e145 Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA polymer), 4e5, 34, 39e42, 96e97, 216e218, 284, 348, 365, 375, 410, 432, 475, 555, 617, 661, 684, 687e688. See also Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) AGC Chemicals America PFA resins properties, 218t components for high-purity fluid handling systems, 653f conformations and transitions, 34 Daikin PFA resins properties, 219t deformation-under-load, 493fe495f dielectric constant, 533f dissipation factor, 533f distribution block, 654f DuPont PFA resins properties, 217t DuPont ECCtreme ECA 3000 Fluoropolymer Resin, 221t Dyneon PFA resins properties, 218t electrical properties, 533e534, 534t flare tube fittings, 655f flex life, 512f flexural modulus, 486f, 490t haze comparison, 550f high-purity fluid handling components from, 670f high-temperature PFA, 216 740 INDEX150-mm PFA wafer handling systems, 671f immersion effect in inorganic chemicals, 433t in organic chemicals, 434t infrared transmittance spectrum, 549f isochronous strainestress curves, 495f MIT flex life, 511t modulus as temperature function, 485f nonaqueous polymerization media PFA, 216e218 optical properties, 549t polymers preparation, 116e130 aqueous polymerization, 122e130, 128t nonaqueous polymerization, 116e122, 118te119t in perfluorinated solvents, 117t radiation effect, 556t semicon wafer carrier, 655f Solvay Solexis PFA resins properties, 219t stabilization, 145e154 strainestress curves, 477f tensile creep curves, 494f tensile modulus, 492f thermal properties, 521t ultimate elongation, 476f wear and friction data, 513t welding, 618e620, 619f yield stress retention vs. exposure time, 525f Perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PAVE), 34, 69, 114, 216 properties, 72, 73t synthesis, 70e71, 72t Perfluorobutyl ethane (PFBE), 110 Perfluorobutyl ethylene (PFBE), 110 Perfluorobutylsufonate (PFBS), 86 Perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE), 110, 216 1-H-perfluoroheptane, 87 Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB), 67, 298, 682t Perfluoromethyl perfluorovinyl ether (PMPVE), 129 Perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE), 110 Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 83e86, 84f issues with, 86 PFOA, 84e86 physical and chemical properties, 85t Perfluorooctanoate ammonium (PFOA), 189 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 83e86, 84f PFOA-based salts and compounds, 85t physical and chemical properties, 85t problem with, 86e90 degradation, 87e89 toxicity, 89e90 Perfluoroolefins, 27 Perfluoropolymers, 15, 415, 516, 653. See also Fluoropolymer(s) chemical compatibility, 432e436 fibers, 337e340 films, 316e319 melt-processible extrusion foaming, 426e430 Perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE), 48, 110, 121, 131t, 216, 661 Permeation fundamentals, 438e470 measurement and data, 470 Personal hygiene, 685 PEVE. See Perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE) PFA polymer. See Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA polymer) PFBE. See Perfluorobutyl ethane (PFBE); Perfluorobutyl ethylene (PFBE) PFBS. See Perfluorobutylsufonate (PFBS) PFF. See Polymer fume fever (PFF) PFIB. See Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) PFOA. See Perfluorooctanoate ammonium (PFOA); Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) PFOS. See Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) Phosphorous (P), 641 phosphorous-doped silicon crystal, 641f Photolithography, 643e644, 644f Photoresist layer, 644 Physical foaming, 414e415 Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 643 Piezoelectric films, 627e631 Piezoelectricity, 534e535, 627e628 Piezofilm, 629 properties, 630t Pinch-off zones, 402e403, 403f Pipe extrusion, 292, 294f Piping, 661e662 Planartron source, 575f Plasma treatment, 572e577. See also Corona treatment; Flame treatment Plasmodul device, 574f Plastic corona treatment machine, 598f Plastic foams, 413 Plastication unit design, 270e273 Plasticity number, 330 Plastics, 607 Plateeplate viscometer, 266e267 Plenum cables, 672e673, 687 Plug flow, 308 Plunger molding, 380e382, 381f PMMA. See Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) PMPVE. See Perfluoromethyl perfluorovinyl ether (PMPVE) PMVE. See Perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE) Pock marks, 358 Poisson ratio of fluoropolymers, 491, 511t Poly[tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene] film, 581e582 Poly[tetrafluoroethylenecoperfluoroalkyl vinyl ether] film, 581e582 Polyarylsulfone (PAS), 611e612 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 9, 22, 25e26, 42e45, 48, 377 conformations and transitions, 32e33 Polycrystalline silicon, 643 Polyethylene (PE), 22, 24t, 227 films, 287e288 Polymer fume fever (PFF), 681 Polymeric foams, 412, 412t Polymerization aid, 83 mechanism for TFE, 103 with APFO replacements, 114e116 copolymer equation, 108e110 homopolymerization reactions, 103e105 monomer for copolymerization with TFE, 110e114 preparation of PTFE by emulsion polymerization, 106e108 suspension polymerization, 105e106 surfactants EPA action, 90e91 fluoropolymer polymerization, alternative surfactants for, 91e97 issues with PFOS, 86 PFOS, 83e86 problem with PFOA, 86e90 technologies, 83 Polymers mechanical properties, 42t melting, 365e366 effect of organic chemicals, 45t physical and mechanical properties, 40t thermal and electrical properties, 43t water absorption and effect of inorganic chemicals, 44t INDEX 741Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 309 Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 360 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 1, 7, 15, 22, 24t, 39, 48, 83, 102, 216, 377, 415, 432, 487, 564, 589, 661, 665, 674, 679, 687. See also Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE); Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); Fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP); Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) autoignition temperature, 680 bridge bearing, 674f commercialization, 3 conformations and transitions, 30e32 images of PTFE molecule, 31e32 convoluted tubing, 670f creep behavior, 499f crystalline structure, 31f impact of F and CeF bond on properties of, 22e24 fundamental properties, 16t high performance aerospace PTFE tapewrapped wire, 672f micromachining, 590 peel strength, 582f plasma treatment, 572e577 poppet valves for high-purity applications, 654f properties unaffected by molecular weight, 686t PTFE-lined braided hose, 669f PTFE-lined expansion joints, 662f PTFE/PFA valve, 671f radiation effect, 556t sodium etching chemistry, 565e568 surface chemistry, 568f surface, 626e627 temperature effect comparison on dielectric constants, 545f tensile properties, 531t useful attributes, 16t wafer carrier, 671f welding, 615e617, 619f Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 4f, 9e10, 102, 206e208, 216, 219, 227, 319e328, 436, 528, 565 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 7, 34, 140, 348, 415e416, 432, 437, 476e477, 593, 628, 653, 661. See also Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA polymer) Arkema PVDF homopolymer resins properties, 226t characteristics, 542t chemical compatibility, 451te468t compression modulus and ultimate compressive strength, 488f conformations and transitions, 34e35 creep behavior, 499f creep under tensile stress, 505fe506f development of extinction coefficient, 553f dielectric constant, 540fe541f dissipation factor, 540fe541f electrical properties, 534e535, 539t experimental values for creep, 505f fibers, 330e337 films and sheets, 309e315, 310te311t flare tube fittings, 655f flexural creep, 503fe504f flexural modulus, 487fe488f, 491t high-purity fluid water piping system, 655f g-rays effect, 557f infrared absorption spectrum, 553f insoluble fraction, 558f mechanical properties, 558f modeled isochrones, 504f optical properties, 553t piezoelectric and pyroelectric constants, 629t properties, 630t Solvay Solexis PVDF copolymer resins properties, 225t Solvay Solexis PVDF homopolymer resins properties, 225t tensile creep, 502fe503f tensile modulus, 487f tensile properties, 517te518t, 529f tensile strength, 482f thermal properties, 522t thermogravimetric analysis, 520t ultimate elongation, 483f ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light transmittance spectra, 552f volume resistivity, 540f welding, 620e622 Young’s modulus, 487f Porter Process, 569 Positive-type mold, 373e374 Powder. See Fluff Power factor, 606 Power systems, 242e245 PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) PPVE. See Perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE) Precut-filled PTFE gaskets, 666f Preform, 398e399 Press. See Injection molding Pressure and velocity limit (PV limit), 492e499, 511e514 Pressure die, 297f Pressure-sensitive adhesives. See Bonding adhesives Primary insulation, 294 Process G, 216 Projected area of mold, 237e238 Properties of fluoropolymers, 475, 475t biofilm formation, 559e561 biofilm removal, 561t electrical properties, 532e536 ECTFE, 536 ETFE, 535e536, 542t perfluoroalkoxy polymers, 533e534 PVDF, 534e535, 539t TFE/HFP copolymer, 534 flammability, 557e559 mechanical and dynamic properties, 475 deformation-under-load, 482e487, 493f flex fatigue properties, 491e492 friction, wear, and abrasion, 492e514 hardness, 492 impact strength, 492 moduli of fluoropolymers, 477e482 Poisson ratio, 491 tensile properties, 475e477 microbial fouling of materials, 561f optical and spectral properties, 536e552 processing influence on fluoroplastics, 475 radiation effect, 554e557 thermal properties, 514e522 temperature-related properties, 518e520 thermal aging, 520e522 thermal stability, 516e518 weatherability, 522e532 Protective clothing, 685 PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Purging, 278e279 Purity measurement methods and standards, 656e658. See also Microelectronics manufacturing PV limit. See Pressure and velocity limit (PV limit) PVD. See Physical vapor deposition (PVD) PVDF. See Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) PVF. See Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) Pyroelectric films, 627e628, 631 742 INDEXPyroelectricity, 534e535, 627e628 Pyrolysis, 48e50 R R22. See Dichlorodifluoromethane Radiation, 605 effect, 554e557 Radiation-induced polymerization of VDF, 176, 177t Radio-frequency heating (RF heating), 592 Radiolysis, 26 RC318. See TFE dimer Reaction mechanism, 27 Reciprocating screw injection unit, 239, 241f Recrystallization, 357e358 Recycling, 686e688 Redox system, 160 Reflection index, 605 Reheat injection stretch blow-molding process. See Two-stage stretch blow-molding process Repro polymers. See Reprocessed polymers (Repro polymers) Reprocessed polymers (Repro polymers), 686 Residence time, 242 Resistant welding, 611e612 Resistors, 640, 642f Restrictor bar, 290 Reynolds number (Re), 259e260 RF heating. See Radio-frequency heating (RF heating) Rheology of fluoropolymer melts, 262e267 characterization, 263e267 Rigid foam, 413 Ring gates. See Diaphragms Rinse test, performance values using, 657t “Rock and roll” motion, 349e350 Rod welding, 620 Rotation rate, 358e359 Rotation ratio, 358e359 Rotational casting. See Rotational molding Rotational lining, 359e360, 664 Rotational molding, 348, 349f adhesion of polymer, 350f equipment, 352e353 mold surface preparation, 355 molds, 353e355 and process design, 353 fluoropolymers rotomolding and rotolining, 360e365 melting of polymer, 365e366 operation, 355 cooling cycle, 357e358 oven dwell time, 356e357 part stripping, 358 rotation rate and ratio, 358e359 venting, 358 part formation, 365e366 process technology, 349e352 rotolining process, 359e360 slush molding process, 348 troubleshooting, 366e367 Rotolined transition component, 663f Rotolining. See Rotational lining Rotomolding. See Rotational molding S SAE. See Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Safety devices, 584 Safety measures of fluoropolymers, 681e685 equipment cleaning and maintenance, 685 fire hazard, 685 health hazards, 682t limiting oxygen index values, 686t material incompatibility, 685 personal hygiene, 685 processing and fabrication, 683e685 protective clothing, 685 spillage cleanup, 685 types of exposure limit, 684t ventilation of degradation products, 682e683 SAP. See Solvent-aided pelletization (SAP) Saturated perfluorinated solvents, 132 Sawing, 590 SCC. See Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCC) Scrap, 686e688 and recycling of fluoropolymer, 686e687 melt-processible fluoropolymers, 687e688 PTFE, 687 Screw transfer molding, 382 SEBS. See Styrene-ethylene-butadienestyrene (SEBS) Second-order transitions, 518e519 Self-centered die crosshead design, 297f Self-supporting components, 666e667 SEMI, 656e657 proposed list of anions, 658t of metals, 658t proposed part surface roughness specification, 659t Semiconductor manufacturing industry (semicon), 640 Semiconductor(s), 640e641 fabrication stages, 642e643 wafer manufacturing, 643e645 wafer test and assembly, 645 manufacturing processes, 640 processing, 668e672 trends for fluoropolymers use in semiconductor industry, 669e672 Semicrystalline plastics, 604 polymers, 236 Semipositive horizontal flash, 373, 373f Semipositive vertical flash, 373, 374f Semipositive-type mold, 374 Sevoflurane, 14e15 SG. See Specific gravity (SG) Shark skinning, 282, 318e319 Sharkskin, 299 Shear rate calculation, 301 Shear thinning, 266 Shearing, 590 Sheathing. See Jacketing Sheet extrusion, 290 production, 290e291 Shelf life of etch surfaces, 572 Short chain fluoroether, 93 Shot volume conversion table, 244t Shot weight conversion factors, 245t Shrinkage, 279 Shuttle machines, 352e353, 352f Silicon chemicals used in silicon wafer fabrication, 651t crystals, 641 wafers, 642e643, 643f Simons Electro-Chemical Fluorination. See Electrochemical fluorination (ECF) Single-mode microwave system, 611f Single-screw extruder, 283f Single-stage injection stretch blowmolding process, 398e399, 399f Sintering, 684 Skiving, 590 Sleeve ejectors, 261 Slurry capping, 141 Slush molding process, 348 Small diameter tubes, 307 Smear head design, 272e273, 272f INDEX 743Smooth PTFE-lined braided hoses, 669f Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 632e633 Society of Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI), 679 Sodium, 564 Sodium etching of fluoroplastics, 564e572 apparent defluorination depth, 568f elevated temperature etching, 570e572 new chemistry, 570 skived PTFE film etched on one side, 569f sodium etching chemistry of PTFE, 565e568 sodium etching process description, 568e570 Sodium naphthalenide, 569, 569f Sodium naphthalide. See Sodium naphthalenide Solid reaction products analysis, 56, 56t Solubility parameter, 607 Solvent cement, 607 solvent-aided extrusion of polyvinyl fluoride, 328f welding, 607 Solvent-aided pelletization (SAP), 135 Special halogenated solvents, 564 Specific gravity (SG), 477e482 Specific melt viscosity, 141e142 Specific viscosity, 174 Specific wear rate. See Wear factor Speed, 358 SPI. See Society of Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI) Spider-type die for pipe extrusion, 292, 293f Spillage cleanup, 685 Spin casting, 350e351 Spin stretch factor (SSF), 339e340 Spin welding, 599e601, 621 Sponge, 412 Sprue, 253e255, 255f gating, 256e257 Sputtering, 626 Square pitch screw, 283 SR. See Stretch ratio (SR) SSF. See Spin stretch factor (SSF) Stack mold, 252e253, 253f Stallings process, 166e168 Staphylococcus epidermidis film, 559 Steel vessels, 662 Storage modulus, 165 Stress calculation, 301 cracking, 607 relaxation, 487 Stretch ratio (SR), 309 Structure-rheology-fabrication process, 46, 46t Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS), 405 Submarine gate, 257 Super shear zone, 299 Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCC), 3e4, 4f polymerization in, 198e201 Surface energy, 582 Surface treatment of fluoropolymers for adhesion, 564 APT, 577e583 corona treatment, 583e584 effect on surface composition and adhesion bond strength, 566te567t flame treatment, 584e586, 585t fluorine content effect, 565t peel strength of adhesive bonded fluoropolymers, 572t plasma treatment of fluoropolymers and PTFE, 572e577 sodium etching of fluoroplastics, 564e572 Surface-to-volume ratio, 656 Suspension polymerization, 83, 102e103 Suspension processes, 39 T Tab gate, 257 TAIC. See Triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) Tapping, 590 TCAP. See Trichloroacetyl peroxide (TCAP) TCFM. See Trichlorofluoromethane (TCFM) TCTFE. See 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethane (TCTFE) TD. See Transverse direction (TD) Tedlar, 39, 227 Teflon AF, 16e17 Teflon, 1 Telomerization, 84e86 Temperature-related properties, 518e520 Tensile properties of fluoropolymers, 475e477 Tentered biaxially oriented film, 290, 290f Tenterhooks, 290 Tentering. See Biaxial orientation Tergital hydrocarbon surfactants, 96, 97f Terpolymer, 183e184 Terpolymer fluoroplastics, 227, 231t Tert-amyl perpivalates, 172 Tert-butyl perpivalates, 172 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 7, 23, 39, 65, 83, 102, 131t, 360, 476, 534, 679, 682t. See also Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) copolymers, 24 FEP, 25 polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 25e26 copolymers, 39e42 dimer, 67 homopolymers, 39 polymerization mechanism, 103e116 preparation, 48e59 review of developments for TFE synthesis, 51e59 properties, 62e64, 63t purification, 59e61 Tetraglyme, 570 Tetrahydrofuran, 569e570 Tex, 291 TFE. See Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) TGA. See Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Thermal aging, 520e522 Thermal conductivity, 236 Thermal degradation, 357 Thermal stability of fluoropolymers, 344e345, 516e518 Thermally induced discoloration, 154 Thermoforming, 633, 634f Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 516 Thermoplastic(s) abrasion resistance of, 515t materials, 611e612 polymers, 370 comparison of molding and extrusion techniques for, 370t Thread sealant tapes, 665f Threading, 590 3D blow molding, 402, 402f Three-multimanifold coextrusion die, 295f Three-plate mold, 252, 252f 3M FC series solvents, 564 Tiger of elements, 11 TOC. See Total organic carbon (TOC); Total oxidizable carbon (TOC) Total organic carbon (TOC), 659t Total oxidizable carbon (TOC), 650e651 744 INDEXTransfer molding, 379. See also Blow molding; Compression molding advantages for manufacturing, 379 examples, 390e392 fluoropolymers, 383 mold design, 383e386, 386t mold operation, 386 process variables, 387e390 plunger molding, 380e382, 381f screw transfer molding, 382 transfer molds types, 382e383 transfer-in compression mold, 380 versatile process, 379e380 Transfer-in compression mold, 380 Transistors, 640e641 Transition period, 105e106 section, 296 Transmission index, 605 Transverse direction (TD), 288 Triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), 631e632 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (TCTFE), 72e73 Trichloroacetyl peroxide (TCAP), 130 Trichlorofluoromethane (TCFM), 130 Trifluoroacetyl fluoride (CF3COF), 69 5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3-dioxole (TTD), 151 Triisobutylborane, 196 Triton hydrocarbon surfactants, 96, 96f Troubleshooting, 247, 248t, 366e367 TTD. See 5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3-dioxole (TTD) Tube die, 297f Tube extrusion, 292, 294f Tubular die, 300f, 303f Tubular extrusion, 311 Tubular process. See Blown process Tunnel gate. See Submarine gate Twin roll stretch device, 318f Two-plate mold, 251e252, 252f Two-stage screws. See Vented screws Two-stage stretch blow-molding process, 399 2003 process, 67 U Ubbelohde viscometer, 175 UF6. See Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) Ultrafine fibers, 340e344 Ultrahigh-purity fluoropolymer O-ringfree poppet check valves, 670f Ultrapure water (UPW), 641 Ultrasonic vibrations, 601e602 Ultrasonic welding, 601e604, 602f, 621e622 Ultraviolet (UV), 528 Unbalanced runner, 254, 255f Unique fabrication techniques, 4e5 UPW. See Ultrapure water (UPW) Uranium hexafluoride (UF6), 3 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 83 action, 90e91 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) V Vacuum trough method, 303e305, 306f Van der Waals forces, 28 Vapor capping, 141 VDF. See Vinylidene fluoride (VDF) VDF-based polymers, 628t Vented screws, 284e285 Ventilation of degradation products, 682e683 Venting, 261, 358 Vessel(s), 662e664 internals, 668f VF. See Vinyl fluoride (VF) VI. See Volatiles index (VI) Vibration welding, 607e609, 610f Vinyl chloride, 77 Vinyl fluoride (VF), 39, 76e77, 102 estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity, 79t flammability properties, 79t polymers, 45e46, 196e198 properties, 77e78, 78t solubility, 78t synthesis, 76e77 Vinylidene fluoride (VDF), 25, 39, 48, 102 polymers, 45, 154e178, 627e628 emulsion polymerization, 156e170, 163te164t high-temperature polymerization, 159t process conditions and polymer characteristics, 157te158t solution polymerization, 175e178 suspension polymerization, 170e175 properties, 76, 76t synthesis, 75e76 Viscosity, 236, 570 Volatiles index (VI), 142 W Wafer, 642e643 carriers, 653 manufacturing, 643e645 test and assembly, 645 Washing, 571e572 Water Quench, 286e288, 287fe288f Water-soluble dibasic peroxides, 160 Wear, 492e514 Wear factor, 499, 507 Weather-o-meters, 524 Weatherability, 522e532 Weld factor (WF), 592, 621 Weld induction time. See Weld initiation time (WIT) Weld initiation time (WIT), 600 Weld penetration, 609 Weld-quality analysis, 596f Welding, 591e623. See also Adhesive bonding methods; Machining ECTFE, 623 ETFE, 622e623 extrusion, 612e613, 613f factor, 620 FEP, 618 heated tool, 593e595 hot gas, 595e596, 596f, 597t induction, 596e599, 597f infrared, 604e605 laser, 613e614, 614f methods for welding fluoroplastics, 592t microwave, 609e611 PFA, 618e620, 619f of polymer, 685 PTFE, 615e617, 619f PVDF, 620e622 resistant, 611e612 RF, 605e607 sheets and skived films, 616f solvent, 607 spin, 599e601 techniques, 592e614 ultrasonic, 601e604, 602f vibration, 607e609, 610f “Welding by distance”, 594 “Welding by pressure”, 593e594 WF. See Weld factor (WF) Wheel machines, 396 White Knight air-operated doublebellows pumps (White Knight AODB pumps), 653f Winkle gate, 257 Wire insulation line equipment, 295t WIT. See Weld initiation time (WIT) Work coils, 599 Y Yield stress, 333
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