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عدد المساهمات : 18962 التقييم : 35392 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Workplace Safety - Volume 4 of the Safety at Work Series الإثنين 13 نوفمبر 2023, 6:44 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Workplace Safety - Volume 4 of the Safety at Work Series Edited by John Ridley and John Channing Contents Foreword ix Preface xi List of contributors xiii Introduction 4.1 1 Science in engineering safety J. R. Ridley 4.3 1.1 Introduction 4.3 1.2 Structure of matter 4.3 1.3 Properties of chemicals 4.5 1.4 Physical properties 4.9 1.5 Energy and work 4.15 1.6 Mechanics 4.16 1.7 Strength of materials 4.17 1.8 Modes of failure 4.19 1.9 Testing 4.20 1.10 Hydraulics 4.20 1.11 Summary 4.21 2 Fire precautions P. Waterhouse and revised by Ray Chalklen 4.23 2.1 Introduction 4.23 2.2 Basic combustion chemistry 4.23 2.3 The combustion process 4.27 2.4 Classification of fires 4.29 2.5 Ignition sources and their control 4.30 2.6 Protection against fire 4.38 2.7 Extinction 4.42 2.8 Firefighting 4.46 2.9 Fire risk 4.55 2.10 Means of escape in case of fire 4.55 2.11 Legal requirements 4.60 2.12 Liaison with the fire brigade 4.643 Safe use of machinery J. R. Ridley 4.68 3.1 Introduction 4.68 3.2 Strategy for selecting safeguards 4.68 3.3 Safeguarding techniques 4.78 3.4 Powered trucks 4.79 3.5 Lifting equipment 4.95 3.6 Pressure systems and gas containers 4.100 3.7 Conclusion 4.104 4 Electricity E. G. Hooper and revised by Chris Buck 4.107 4.1 Alternating and direct currents 4.107 4.2 Electricity supply 4.108 4.3 Statutory requirements 4.110 4.4 Voltage levels 4.111 4.5 Electrical accidents 4.111 4.6 The basic electrical circuit 4.112 4.7 Dangers from electricity 4.113 4.8 Protective means 4.116 4.9 Competency 4.118 4.10 Permits-to-work 4.120 4.11 Static electricity 4.120 4.12 Use of electricity in adverse or hazardous environments 4.123 4.13 Electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres 4.123 4.14 Portable tools 4.126 4.15 Residual current devices 4.127 4.16 Maintenance 4.127 4.17 Conclusion 4.128 5 Statutory examination of plant and equipment J. McMullen 4.130 5.1 Introduction 4.130 5.2 Legislation 4.131 5.3 Pressure systems 4.131 5.4 Lifting and handling plant 4.139 5.5 Power presses and press brakes 4.148 5.6 Local exhaust ventilation 4.149 5.7 Electrical equipment and installations 4.152 5.8 Other considerations 4.153 5.9 Conclusions 4.156 6 Safety on construction sites R. Hudson 4.161 6.1 Construction accidents 4.161 6.2 Safe working in the industry 4.162 6.3 Site hazards 4.171 6.4 Access 4.176 6.5 The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961 4.178 6.6 Welfare facilities 4.184 6.7 Other relevant legislation 4.185 vi Contents7 Managing chemicals safely John Adamson 4.192 7.1 Introduction 4.192 7.2 Chemical data 4.192 7.3 Source of information 4.193 7.4 Risk assessments 4.194 7.5 The management of risk 4.198 7.6 Legislative requirements 4.202 7.7 Storage of substances 4.212 7.8 Transport 4.216 7.9 Plant and process design 4.217 7.10 Further safety studies 4.226 7.11 Plant modifications 4.226 7.12 Safe systems of work 4.226 7.13 Laboratories 4.228 7.14 Emergency procedures 4.230 7.15 Conclusions 4.231 8 The environment - issues, law and management J. E. Channing 4.234 8.1 Introduction 4.234 8.2 Major environmental issues 4.234 8.3 Environmental regulation 4.248 8.4 Environmental management systems 4.245 8.5 Conclusion 4.247 Appendix 1 Institution of Occupational Safety and Health 4.249 Appendix 2 Reading for Part 1 of the NEBOSH Diploma examination 4.250 Appendix 3 List of Abbreviations 4.251 Appendix 4 Organizations providing safety information 4.257 Appendix 5 List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 4.259 Appendix 6 List of Cases 4.267 Appendix 7 Safety at Work Series - Index 4.272 Appendix 7 Series Index Note: This index covers all four volumes of the Series. Entries and page numbers in bold are entries specific to this volume. The prefix number indicates the volume and the suffix number the page in that volume. Abatement notices, chemicals nuisances, 4.212 ACAS (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service), advisory handbook, 1.99-1.101 Accident control systems, 2.44 Accident costing/cost management, 2.47-2.49, 2.52-2.53 Accident investigations: information collection: interviewing for, 2.81-2.84 what happened, 2.80-2.84 why it happened, 2.84-2.88 purpose, 2.79-2.80 report writing, 2.88-2.90 Accident prevention: Accident Prevention Advisory Unit (APAU), 2.51 economic reasons for, 2.18-2.19 humanitarian reasons, 2.17-2.18 legal reasons, 2.17 Accident/incident data: accident statistics, 2.23 accident triangles, 2.59-2.61 checking non-reporting, 2.63-2.64 collection of, 2.61-2.65 ensuring reporting of, 2.62-2.63 epidemiological analysis, 2.78-2.79 frequency/severity relationship, 2.59-2.60 recording details, 2.64 for risk measurement, 2.77 trend analysis, 2.69-2.77 types of, 2.57-2.61 use of, 2.69-2.77 Accidents: causation models, 2.14-2.16 definition, 2.3-2.4, 2.57 electrical, 4.111-4.112 failure modes, 2.16 fatal, 1.160-1.161 fault tree analysis, 2.16 and incidents, 2.3-2.4 inevitable, 1.139 modelling, 2.36 multiple causation theory, 2.15-2.16 prevention of, 2.3-2.4 sex/ethnic differences in liability, 2.131 susceptibility with change, 2.131-2.132 UK notification requirements, 2.65-2.69 use of data on, 2.44-2.45 at work, benefits available, 1.134-1.136 zero tolerance to, 2.143-2.144 see also Incident Accommodation, of eye, 3.164 Acid rain, 4.236 Acids and bases, 4.7-4.8 Acne, 3.34 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 3.66 Activity centres, young persons, 1.58 Acts of Parliament, 1.29-1.30 Actus reus, 1.37 Administrative law, 1.5-1.7 Adopted legislation, 1.31-1.33 Adrenaline, 3.23 Adversary law system, 1.18 Advertising: Advertising Standards Authority, 1.127 broadcast, 1.128 misleading, 1.127-1.128 truth in, 1.120-1.121 Advisory Committee of Toxic Substances (ACTS), 3.88 Advisory services, health, 3.6 Affidavits, 1.22 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 3.66 Air, composition, 4.9 Air pollution/sampling/control: air pollution control (APC), 4.240 atomic absorption spectrometry, 3.81 breathing apparatus, 3.101 control measures, 3.94-3.103 direct monitoring, 3.82-3.84 dust, 3.74, 3.81, 3.82, 3.83-3.84, 3.96, 3.150-3.152 environmental legislation, 4.242-4.243 4.272fibre monitoring, 3.81-3.82 fibres, 3,81, 3.83-3.84 gas chromatography, 3.80 gases and vapours, measurement, 3.75-3.78, 3.82-3.83, 3.153 grab, 3.75-3.78 hygrometry, 3.85-3.86 Inspectorate of Pollution, 1.56 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), 1.56, 4.240 international standards, 3.93 limit changes, 3.93-3.94 long-term, 3.78-3.82 Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs), 3.87-3.88 mixtures, 3.90 neurophysiological changes, 3.93 Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs), 3.87-3.88, 3.89 oxygen analysers, 3.84-3.85 personal protective equipment (PPE), 3.97-3.98 planned strategies, 3.78 reduced time exposure, 3.96 respirators, 3,99 safety specification, 3.94 segregation, 3.95 stain detector tubes, 3.75-3.80 Threshold Limit Values (TLV), 3.87, 3.92-3.93 Time Weighted Average concentrations (TWA), 3.89 time weighted average (TWA), 3.89, 3.150, 3.155 toxic substance substitution, 3.94-3.95 UK exposure limits, 3.87-3.90 ventilation: dilution, 3.96, 3.149 local extract, 3.95, 3.149 Air receivers see Steam and air receivers Air velocity measurement, 3.158-3.161 Alkyl mercury, disease from, 3.44 All England Reports (All ER), 1.18 Alpha radiation, 3.106 Alternative dispute resolution, 1.22 Alveolitis, extrinsic allergic, 3.41-3.42 American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 3.87, 3.155 American Industrial Hygiene Association, 3.74 Ammonia, effects of, 3.53 Anatomy see Human body, structure and functions Angiosarcoma, 3.57 Animal handler’s lung, 3.42 Antecedent/behaviour/consequence (ABC) model, 2.146-2.148 Anthrax, 3.67-3.68 Anthropometry, 3.183-3.184 Aplasia, 3.25 Appeal, right of, 1.101 Appellate Committee, 1.23 Appellate jurisdiction, 1.7 Approved codes, status of, 1.50 Approved Codes of Practice (ACOP), 1.67 ventilation, 3.156 Aptitude tests, 2.107 Arc welding, fumes from, 3.95 Arsenic, skin cancer from, 3.45 Arsine, diseases from, 3.45 Arthritis, 3.190 Artificial respiration, 3.16 Asbestos: construction sites, 4.189 disposal legislation, 4.189, 4.245 Asbestos dust control, and local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 4.150-4.151 Asbestosis, 3.27-3.28, 3.39 Asphyxia, simple and toxic, 3.52 Association of British Insurers, 1.85 Astigmatism, 3.164 Atkinson, J.W., 2.101 Atomic absorption spectrometry, 3.81 Atomic numbers, 4.4 Attendance Allowance, 1.135 Attitudes, 2.129-2.130 and behaviour, 2.143-2.144 Attorney General, 1.4,1.23,1.24 Audits, independent, 2.22-2.23 Back problems, 3.188-3.190 Bagassosis, 3.42 Barometer, mercury, 4.10 Barrier creams, 3.34, 3.102-3.103 Barristers, and representation, 1.8 Bases and acids, 4.7-4.8 Basle Convention, 4.238-4.239 Behaviour see Human function and behaviour Behavioural science: aims of, 2.96 and health and safety, 2.97-2.98 Bends, 3.16 Benzene, toxic effects, 3.51 Beryllium dust, Pneumoconiosis from, 3.37 Best available techniques not entailing excessive costs (BATNEEC), 4.240-4.241 Best practical environmental option (BPEO), 4.241 Beta radiation, 3.106-3.107 Bills, House of Commons, 1.29-1.30 Binet, A., 2.107 Biological agents, as hazards, 3.91-3.92 Biological danger, immediate/long-term, 2.14 Bird fancier’s lung, 3.42 Bird, F.E., 2.9, 2.10, 2.15, 2.32, 2,38, 2.44, 2.52, 2.55 Bladder, and cancer, 3.71 Series Index 4.273Blindness, temporary, 3.164 Blood cells, red and white, 3.18 Boilers: competent persons, 4.155 defects, typical, 4.136-4.137 definition, 4.134 examinations, 4.135-4.136, 4.155 patent and latent defects, 4.154-4.155 reports, 4.155-4.156 safe operating limits, 4.134 safety valves, 4.134 sound material, 4.155 Bone, osteolysis and necrosis, 3.71 Brain, 3.20 brain damage, 3.16 narcosis and encephalopathy, 3.71 Brainstorming, 2.136 Breach of statutory duty, 1.38,1.39 Breathing apparatus, types of, 3.100, 3.101 Bremsstrahlung radiation, 3.106, 3.107 British Occupational Hygiene Society, 3.8, 3.74, 3.87 British Standard Specifications, and regulations, 1.49 British Standards: BS 1025, 4.225 BS 1042, 4.20 BS 2769, 4.127 BS 4142, 3.136 BS 4275, 3.101 BS 4293, 4.127 BS 5228, 3.135 BS 5304, 4.74, 4.171 BS 5306, 4.46, 4.51 BS 5345, 4.124 BS 5378, 4.58 BS 5499, 4.58 BS 5501, 4.124 BS 5588, 4.56 BS 5744, 4.101, 4.184 BS 5750, 2.12, 2.42 BS 5958, 4.120 BS 5973, 4.176, 4.177, 4.179 BS 6100, 3.165 BS 7071, 4.127 BS 7121, 4.184 BS 7355, 3.98 BS 7375, 4.123 BS 7430, 4.116, 4.123 BS 7671, 4.116, 4.152 BS 7750, 2.12, 2.42 BS 7863, 4.64 BS CP 3010, 4.184 BS CP 6031, 4.167, 4.168, 4.169 BS EN 3, 4.46 BS EN 81, 4.141 BS EN 292, 4.77, 4.79 BS EN 294, 3.184, 4.75, 4.90 BS EN 349, 3.184, 4.75, 4.99 BS EN 574, 4.89 BS EN 614, 3.184 BS EN 811, 4.90 BS EN 953, 4.74 BS EN 999, 3.184, 4.75, 4.88 BS EN 1050, 4.78, 4.224 BS EN 1088, 4.74, 4.80 BS EN 1400, 2.42 BS EN 8800, 2.42 BS EN 9000, 2.160 BS EN 9001, 2.12, 2.42, 2.160 BS EN 14001, 2.12, 2.42, 2.160 BS EN 24869, 3.99 BS EN 45004, 4.154 BS EN 60079, 4.124 BS EN 60529, 4.123 BS EN 60825, 3.120 Broadcast advertising, 1.128 Bronchial asthma, 3.40-3.41, 3.54 Building materials, and fires, 4.36-4.37 Building site safety see Construction site safety Burden of proof, 1.21,1.25,1.37 Burns, electrical, 4.115 Business interruption, 2.12-2.13 Cadmium, illness and diseases from, 3.46 Cancer, 3.25-3.26 and bladder, 3.71 carcinogen classification, 3.56 carcinogenicity tests, 3.30-3.31 causes of, 3.56 from coal tar and pitch, 3.35-3.36 occupational, 3.55-3.57 and pneumonia, 3.55 and radiation, 3.108 of scrotum, 3.34-3.35 Candela, 3.165 Capability, of employees, 1.103 Carbohydrates, 3.11 Carbon, and organic compounds, 4.5 Carbon dioxide, effects of, 3.53 Carbon disulphide, toxic effects, 3.51 Carbon monoxide, dangers of, 3.52 Carbon tetrachloride: harmful effects, 3.50 and ozone depletion, 4.236 uses and metabolism, 3.50 ventilation for, 3.94 Carcinogens see Cancer Cardiovascular, illnesses with causes of, 3.71 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 3.186-3.187 Carter R.L., 2.44 Case law interpretation, 1.38 Cattell’s trait theory/personality factors, 2.130 Causal networks, 2.121-2.122 CE mark, 1.47 Central nervous system, 3.20 Cerebellum, 3.20 Chancery, 1.11 4.274 AppendicesChange, causes and effects: and accident susceptibility, 2.131-2.132 by environmental change, 2.134 cultural factors, 2.129 from environmental factors, 2.128-2.129 from learned characteristics, 2.128-2.129 from learning and training, 2.134-2.136 genetic factors, 2.128 goals and objectives, 2.134 maladaptation, 2.134 methods of, 2.133-2.134 personality and attitudes, 2.129-2.130 situational factors, 2.129 stimuli and resistance to, 2.133 Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), 3.168-3.169 Chemical Industries Association (CIA), 4.231, 4.245 Chemicals: chemical reactions, 4.5 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 4.194 COSHH regulations, 4.192 emergency procedures, 4.230-4.231 exposure monitoring, 4.201-4.202 exposure prevention: enclosure, 4.199 local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 4.199 personal protective equipment (PPE), 4.199-4.201 quantity minimising, 4.199 respiratory protective equipment (RPE), 4.200 substitution, 4.198-4.199 hazardous substance lists, 4.192 hazards, types of, 4.193 immediate/long-term dangers, 2.14 laboratories, 4.228-4.230 legislation, 4.202-4.212 carriage requirements, 4.204 Coshh regulations, 4.206-4.208 environmental protection, 4.208-4.212 hazardous site control, 4.203-4.204 information and packaging, 4.204-4.206 installation notification, 4.202-4.203 labelling, 4.204-4.206 pollution control, 4.208-4.211 statutory nuisances, 4.212 supply requirements, 4.204 waste disposal, 4.211 new substances, 4.193-4.194 plant/process design, 4.217-4.226 computer control systems, 4.221-4.222 functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), 4.225-4.226 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), 4.219-4.220 modification procedures, 4.226 plant control systems, 4.221-4.222 risk assessment, 4.222-4.225 safety, 4,218-4.221 properties, 4.5-4,9 risk, 2.26 risk management, 4.198-4.202 risk/hazard assessment, 4.194-4.198 COSHH, 4.195-4.197 definitions, 4.194 forms for, 4.196-4.197 manual handling, 4.197 process of, 4.195 safe systems of work, 4.226-4.228 instruction documentation, 4.226-4.227 permits to work, 4.227-4.228 training, 4.227 safety information, 4.193-4.194 safety monitoring, 4.201 safety records, 4.201 safety training, 4.201 storage, 4.212-4.216 drum compounds, 4.212-4.215 gas cylinders, 4.216 storage tanks, 4.212-4.215 underground tanks, 4.215 warehousing, 4.215-4.216 tanker off-loading, 4.215 transport, 4.216-4.217 Chlorine, illness from, 3.52 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and ozone depletion, 4.236 Chromium, skin problems from, 3.45 Circadian rhythm, 2.110-2.111 Circuit judges, 1.23 Circulatory system, 3.16-3.18 Civil actions: applications, 1.5 burden of proof for, 1.5 defences to, 1.41 for injury, 1.3-1.4 time limits for, 1.41 Civil law, 1.4-1.5 Civil liability, 1.147-1.161 claim defences, 1.156-1.158 the common law, 1.147 damage assessment, 1.159-1.160 employer’s liability, 1.153-1.155 fatal accidents, 1.160-1.161 health and safety at work, 1.156 no fault liability, 1.161 occupier’s liability, 1.151-1.152 supply of goods, 1.152-1.153 time limitations, 1.158-1.159 tort, law of, 1.148-1.151 volenti non fit injuria, 1.158 Clean air see Air pollution/sampling/control Cleanliness of premises and equipment, 1.58 Clerk to the Justices, 1.23 Clothing, protective, 3.101-3.102 Series Index 4.275Coal tar, cancer from, 3.35-3.36 Cobalt, pneumoconiosis from, 3.37 Code for Interior Lighting (CIBSE), 3.168-3.169 Codes of practice: HSW definition, 1.53 and trade descriptions, 1.119 Collective agreements, 1.82 Colour blindness, 3.164 Combustion see Fire(s) Committe European de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC), 1.70, 1.71 Committee on Consumer Protection report (Cmnd 1781), 1.114 Committee on Product Safety Emergencies (EU), 1.124 Common law, the, 1.147, 2.157 Communication, face to face/written/visual, 2.136-2.138 Compensation: and contracts, 1.80 and dismissal, 1.110 for injury, 1.3 see also Insurance cover and compensation Competent persons, 4.153-4.154 Complete Health and Safety Evaluation (CHASE), 2.53 Complex man, 2.101-2.102 Compressed air, on construction sites, 4.176 Computers, use of: alphanumeric data, 2.92-2.93 choosing software, 2.94 free format text programs, 2.91-2.92 hardware and software, 2.90 numeric data, 2.94 programs, nature of, 2.90-2.91 question/answer programs, 2.93 Concept learning, 2.135-2.136 Conditional fee agreements, 1.22 Conditioning, and stimulus response learning, 2.135 Conjunctivitis, 3.164 Consideration, and contracts, 1.78 Constant Attendance Allowance, 1.135 Constitutional law, 1.5-1.7 Construction site safety, 4.161-4.189 accident rates, 4.161 asbestos legislation, 4.189 cold and wet conditions, 4.173 compressed air hazards, 4.176 drinking water, 4.185 dusty conditions, 4.174 electrocution dangers, 4.172 eye protection, 4.185 fire, 4.173 fire certificates, 4.186-4.187 fire legislation, 4.186-4.187 first aid boxes, 4.184-4.185 food legislation, 4.188 fumes, 4.174 glare problems, 4.173 head protection, 4.185-4.186 hot conditions, 4.174 industrial dermatitis, 4.174-4.175 ionising radiations, 4.175 lasers on, 4.176 mines, 4.188-4.189 non-destructive weld testing, 4.175 notification of work, 4.164-4.165 personal protective equipment (PPE), 4.185 petroleum spirit legislation, 4.188 planning supervisors, 4.162 principal contractor responsibilities, 4.162, 4.163-4.164 quarries, 4.188-4.189 sewers, 4.175 vibration white finger (VWF), 4.175 washing facilities, 4.188 Well’s disease, 4.175 welfare facilities, 4.184-4.185 see also Excavation site safety Consumer contracts, 1.129-1.130 Consumer credit advertising, 1.120-1.121 Consumer protection: consumer redress, 1.130-1.131 exclusion clauses, 1.128-1.130 fair contract conditions, 1.114-1.121 fair quality of goods, 1.121-1.122 fair quality of services, 1.122 misleading advertising, 1.127-1.128 product liability, 1.126-1.127 product safety, 1.122-1.124 Consumer redress, 1.130-1.131 Consumer Safety Unit (DTI), 1.126 Contaminated land, 4.237 Contracts/contract law, 1.5,1.78-1.87 consumer contracts, 1.129-1.130 contract formation, 1.78-1.79 employment, 1.39-1.40, 1.81-1.84 fair conditions of, 1.114-1.121 faults in, 1.79-1.80 insurance, 1.85 law of sale, 1.84-1.86 and occupational safety advisers, 1.86-1.87 remedies, 1.80-1.81 of service and services, 1.81 unfair contracts, 1.85 Contributory negligence, 1.146 defence, 1.143,1.157 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) see Appendix 6 Controlled Waste, 1.56 Cooper, M.D. et al, 2.150 Corporate killing proposals, 1.22 Corporate liability, 1.37 Corrected Effective Temperature (CET) index, 3.154 4.276 AppendicesCortisone, 3.23 Cost benefit analysis, risk, 2.50 Costs, insured/uninsured, 2.18 Coughing, 3.14, 3.26 Courts: of Appeal, 1.9,1.10,1.11,1.13,1.14,1.15, 1.16,1.20,1.23 appellate jurisdiction, 1.7 of Auditors (EU), 1.27,1.69 Civil: England, 1.7-1.11 Northern Ireland, 1.14-1.16 Scotland, 1.12-1.14 County, 1.9 Court of First Instance (EU), 1.27 Court of Justice (EU), 1.26-1.27 Criminal: England, 1.8,1.9,1.10,1.11 Northern Island, 1.14, 1.16 Scotland, 1.13-1.14 Crown, 1.10,1.11,1.20,1.23 District, 1.13 first instance jurisdiction, 1.7 High Court, 1.9,1.10,1.11,1.14,1.15 High Court of Justiciary, 1.13,1.14 Inferior courts, 1.7-1.8 Magistrates Courts, 1.10,1.11,1.14,1.15 personnel: England, 1.22-1.24 Northern Ireland, 1.24 Scotland, 1.24 procedures, 1.18-1.22 Sheriff Court, 1.13 Superior courts, 1.7-1.8 Supreme Court of Judicature, 1.11 see also European courts Cramp, from heat, 3.64 Cranes: access, 4.100 bare conductors, 4.99 checklists, 4.180-4.182 controls, 4.99 definition, 4.95 emergency escape, 4.99 hand signals, 4.100, 4.101 inspection, 4.98 load indicators, 4.99, 4.181 overtravel switches, 4.99 passengers, 4.100 safe use, 4.99-4.100, 4.180-4.182 safe working load, 4.100 safety catches, 4.99 see also Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment Credit and hire advertising, truth in, 1.120-1.121 Crimes, definition, 1.4 Criminal cases: burden of proof for, 1.4 proceedings for, 1.20 rules of evidence for, 1.5 where held, 1.4 Criminal law, 1.4-1.7 Criminal liability, 1.7 Criminal offences away from work, 1.106, 1.107 Criminal proceedings, 1.8 Crown immunity, 1.58-1.59 Crown Notices, 1.58 Crown premises, legislation for, 1.58-1.59 Crown Prosecution Service, 1.4 Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), 3.186 Current Law, abbreviation list, 1.18 Customs officers, powers of, 1.51 Cyclones, 3.151 Damage: from negligence, 1.150-1.151 laws of, 1.144-1.146 Damage control, 2.10 reporting/investigating/costing, 2.46-2.47 Damages: assessment of, 1.159-1.160 and contracts, 1.80 provisional damage, 1.159 special damage, 1.159 Danger: action plans, 2.127 action plans for, 2.127 assessment of, 2.126 choice to expose to, 2.123-2.124 definition, 2.5 forseeability of, 2.125 and personal control, 2.124 prediction, 2.116-2.117, 2.119-2.121 probability assessment, 2.126 reactions to, 2.122-2.126 reactions to perceived risk, 2.122-2.126 responsibility for action, 2.126-2.127 see also Hazards Dangerous goods, carriage of, 1.57 Dangerous occurrences, UK notification requirements, 2.65-2.66 de Quervam’s disease, 3.187 Deafness, occupational, 3.64, 3.190 Debris, fire danger from, 4.33 Decibel, 3.125-3.126 Decision making and intelligence, 2.107-2.108 Defences, to civil action, 1.41,1.156-1.158 Dehydration, 3.64 Delegated legislation, 1.29-1.30 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 3.107-3.108 Dermatitis, non-infective, 3.33-3.34 Design: health and safety in, 2.40-2.42 influence on behaviour, 2.138-2.139 for safety, 2.116 Development risks defence, 1.127 Digestive system, 3.12-3.13 Directives, European Union (EU), 1.32-1.34 Series Index 4.277Director disqualification, 1.36 Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), 1.4, 1.24 Disabilities: disability discrimination laws, 1.95-1.96, 3.190, 3.193 and ergonomics, 3.190-3.191 Disabled people, fire escape, 4.56 Disciplinary procedures, 1.99-1.101 AC AS Code of Practice, 1.99 Disciplinary rules, 1.82, 1.100 Disclaimers, and false descriptions, 1.118 Discrimination see Disabilities; Race discrimination; Sex discrimination; Young persons Diseases: de Quervain’s disease, 3.187 Legionnaire’s disease, 3.67 from metals, 3.42-3.46 from micro-organisms, 3.65-3.69 from pesticides, 3.46-3.47 respiratory, 3.36-3.42 skin, 3.33-3.36, 3.70 from solvents, 3.47-3.51 UK notification requirements, 2.68 Weil’s disease, 4.175 see also occupational diseases Dismissal, 1.102-1.105 and capability of employees, 1.103 and compensation, 1.110 and continuing absences, 1.104 for contravention of an enactment, 1.109 effective date of termination, 1.102 fair/unfair reasons, 1.83, 1.102-1.103, 1.109-1.110 and ill-health, 1.103-1.104 for lack of skill, 1.104-1.105 Display screens, 3.180-3.181 legal requirements, 3.192 Diurnal rhythm, 2.110-2.111 Domestic premises, HSW definition, 1.53 Domino theory, 2.85-2.88 Domino theory of accidents, 2.14-2.15 Doors: for fire escape, 4.57 and fire prevention, 4.39 Double vision, 3.164 Douglas H.M., 2.55 Draeger tube, 3.153 Due diligence defence, false trade descriptions, 1.116 DuPont Safety Training Observation Programme (STOP), 2.152 Dust: air pollution/sampling/control, 3.74, 3.81, 3.82, 3.83-3.84, 3.96, 3.150-3.152 airborne dust lamps, 3.83-3.84 asbestos dust control, 4.150-4.151 fire danger from, 4.35 flammable, 4.28, 4.29 Duty: practicable, 1.37 standards of, 1.37-1.38 Duty of care, 1.38-1.39 by employers, 1.39-1.40 environmental, 4.241 and negligence, 1.149-1.150 Ear-muffs, 3.98-3.99, 3.144 Ear-plugs, 3.98-3.99, 3.144 Ears, 3.21-3.22 inner ear, 3.21-3.22 working of, 3.133 see also Hearing Eczema, 3.34 Electricity: accidents, 4.111-4.112 in adverse/hazardous environments, 4.123 alternating current, 4.107 burns from, 4.115 cable fires, 4.39 circuit breakers, 4.118 circuits, 4.112-4.113 competency for working, 4.118-4.119 construction site fires, 4.173 construction site safety, 4.172 direct current, 4.107-4.108 earth leakage circuit breaker, 4.118, 4.119 earthing, 4.116 electric discharge lamps, 3.166 electric fields, 3.121-3.122 electric shock, 3.18, 4.113-4.115 in explosive atmospheres, 4.123-4.124 as a fire danger, 4.31 fires from, 4.30, 4.115-4.116 fittings, 4.125 flameproof equipment, 4.126 in flammable atmospheres, 4.123-4.124 fuses, 4.117-4.118 hazardous areas classification, 4.124-4.125 impedance, 4.113 inspection and test of equipment, 4.152-4.153 insulation, 4.117 intrinsically safe systems, 4.125 maintenance of equipment, 4.127-4.128 Ohm’s law, 4.112 overhead lines, HSE notes, 4.118 permits to work (PTW), 4.116, 4.120, 4.121-4.122 personal protective equipment (PPE), 4.117 portable tools, 4.126-4.127 pressurising, 4.125 purging, 4.125 residual current devices (RCDs), 4.127 static, 4.120, 4.123 statutory requirements, 4.110-4.111 4.278 Appendicessupply, 4.108-4.110 type ‘n’ and V equipment, 4,125 underground cables, HSE notes, 4.118 voltage, 4.108, 4.111 work precautions, 4.116-4.117 Electrons, 3.105-3.106, 4.3-4.4 Emissions, control of, 1.46 Employee, HSW definition, 1.53 Employee dismissal see Dismissal Employee responsibility for H&S, 74 and legislation, 1.82 Employee rights, 1.91-1.92 Employee suspension, 1.82-1.83 Employers: and blatant disregard of H&S proposals, 1.22 civil liability of, 1.153-1.156 for fellow employee selection, 1.155 for place of work, 1.154 for plant and equipment, 1.154-1.155, 1.156 for supervision/instruction, 1.155 for system of work, 1.153-1.154 and vicarious liability, 1.153 duty of care, 1.39-1.40, 1.46 duty legislation, 1.82, 1.138 general duties on, 1.46-1.48 HSW requirements, 1.49-1.50 liability insurance, 1.136-1.141 responsibility to observe legislation, 1.45 Employment: contracts for, 1.81 documents and agreements, 1.92 Employment Appeal Tribunal, 1.25 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 1.53 law, 1.90-1.92 legislation, 1.81-1.84 see also Dismissal Encephalopathy, 3.43 Endothermic reactions, 4.5 Energy, work and power, 4.15-4.16 Enforcement notices, environmental, 4.240-4,241 Engines, as a fire danger, 4.31-4.32 Environment, change to, 2.134 Environmental Agency (EA), 4.244 Environmental issues/legislation, 4.234-4.238, 4.238-4.245 acid rain, 4.236 air pollution control (APC), 4.240 Basle Convention, 4.238-4.239 chemicals, protection from, 4.208-4.212 clean air legislation, 4.242-4.243 contaminated land, 4.237 controlled waste legislation, 1.56, 4.242 duty of care legislation, 4.241 Environmental Agencies, 1.56 global warming, 4.234-4.235 Inspectorate of Pollution, 1.56 integrated pollution control (IPC), 4.240 Montreal Protocol, 4.240, 4.238 noise legislation, 4.243 noise and nuisance, 4.238 ozone depletion, 4.235-4.236 photochemical smog, 4.236 protection legislation, 4.239-4.241 resource depletion, 4.238 special waste legislation, 4.243-4.244 waste classification, 4.239 waste disposal, 4.237, 4.240 waste management legislation, 4.243-4.244 water pollution, 4.237 water resources legislation, 4.241-4.242 see also Pollution Environmental management systems, 4.245-4.247 BS EN ISO 1400 series of standards, 4.245-4.247 objectives, 4.247 Epicondylitis, 3.186 Epidemiological analysis: with limited data, 2.79 purpose of, 2.78 single/multi-dimensional, 2.78-2.79 techniques for, 2.78-2.79 Epidemiology, 3.32-3,33 Equal opportunities see Disabilities; Race discrimination; Sex discrimination; Young persons Equal pay legislation, 1.96 Equipment: food, cleanliness, 1.58 see also Plant Ergonomics, 3.176-3.194 allocation of function, 3.183 anthropometry, 3.183-3.184 and back problems, 3.188-3.190 by design, 3.179 controls, 3.182-3.183 definition, 3.176-3.177 and the disabled, 3.190-3.191 displays, 3.180-3.181 and error, 3.184-3.185 history of, 3.177-3.179 human-machine interface, 3.180 legal requirements, 3.191-3.193 text clarity, 3.181-3.182 unstability, 3.179-3.180 and work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 3.185-3.188 in the workplace, 3.185 Errors: causes of, 2.112-2.116, 2.121 and ergonomics, 3.184-3.185 quantification of, 2.121 Erythema, 3.119 European Agency for Health and Safety at Work, 1.33,1.69 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC), 4.124 European courts, 1.9, 1.11, 1.12, 1.15 mobile machinery on, 4.167-4.168, Series Index 4.279European community courts (ECJ), 1.25-1.28 European Court of Human Rights, 1.27-1.28 European Court of Justice, and judicial precedent, 1.18 European Union (EU): Court of Auditors, 1,27,1.69 Court of Justice, 1.69 European Parliament, 1.33, 1.68, 1.69 European standards, 1.70-1.71 European Union (EU): Commission, 1.68 Committee of Permanent Representatives, 1.68 Council of, 1.67 Decisions and Recommendations of, 1.69 Directives, 1.32-1.34,1.69 Economic and Social Committee (EcoSoc), 1.68 and employer employee relationships, 1.71-1.72 influence on HSW legislation, 1.36-1.37 legislation, 1.31-1.33,1.69-1.70 applied to individuals, 1.33 machinery directives, 4.69-4.73 and product information exchange, 1.123-1.124 Regulations of, 1.69 Examination of plant and equipment: boilers, 4.134-4.137 competent persons, 4.153-4.154 cranes and lifting machines, 4.141-4.144 defects, latent and patent, 4.154-4.155 electrical equipment and installations, 4.152-4.153 gas containers, 4.131-4.134 history of, 4.130-4.131 legislation, 4.131 lifting and handling equipment, 4.139-4.148 operations regulations, 4.147-4.148 records of tests regulations, 4.146-4.147 lifting tackle, 4.145-4.146 lifts and hoists, 4.139-4.141 power presses and press brakes, 4.148-4.149 pressure systems, 4.131-4.139 process of, 4.155 reporting, statutory requirements, 4.155-4.156 steam and air receivers, 4.137-4.139 ventilation, 4.149-4.151 Excavation site safety, 4.165-4.171 battering the sides, 4.165, 4.166 benching the sides, 4.165, 4.166 flooding risks, 4.166 guardrails and barriers, 4.166 4.170, 4.171 overhead cables, 4.168 portable tools, 4.171 pre-planning, 4.170-4.171 public access, 4.167 steel trench sheet runners, 4.169 underground cables, 4.168-4.170 walling poling frames, 4.168 see also Construction site safety Exchange and barter, 1.84 Exclusion clauses, 1.128-1.130 Excretion, 3.13 Expert witnesses/evidence, 1.22 Explosive material, 1.55 Exposure limits, air contamination see Air pollution/ sampling/control Extinction, management technique, 2.145 Extinguishers see Firefighting Extremely low frequency fields (ELF), 3.121-3.122 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 3.41-3.42 Eyes, 3.20-3.21 burns of, 3.21 cataracts, 3.21 conditions/disorders, 3.164-3.165 eye strain, 3.164 illnesses with causes of, 3.70 protection, 3.101 protection on construction sites, 4.185 Facilities, and false descriptions, 1.116-1.117 Factories, early safety legislation, 1.34-1.35 Facts, and the law, 1.7 Failure modes, accidents, 2.16 Fairbairn, Sir W., 4.130 False trade descriptions: code of practice for, 1.119 disclaimers, 1.118 due diligence defence, 1.116,1.119 list of descriptions, 1.115-1.116 penalties, 1.118,1.120 price indications, 1.120 pricing offences, 1.118-1.120 reckless statements, 1.117-1.118 services, facilities and accommodation, 1.116-1.118 strict liability offence, 1.116 truth in lending, 1.120-1.121 Farmer’s lung, 3.41-3.42 Fatal accidents, 1.160-1.161 fatal accident frequency rates (FAFRs), 2.39-2.40 Fatalities, UK notification requirements, 2.67 Fatigue, muscular and mental, 2.109-2.110 Fault tree analysis: accidents, 2.16 risk, 2.37-2.38 4.280 AppendicesFeedback, of discussions, 2.22 Fibres, sampling for, 3.81, 3.83-3.84 Financial accountability, for risk management, 2.51 Fire(s): alarms, 4.40-4.41 and building materials, 4.36-4.37 chemistry of, 4.23-4.27 class A, solid organic materials, 4.29 class B, liquids and liquifiable solids, 4.29 class C, gases, 4.30 class D, flammable metals, 4.30 combustion process, 4.27-4.29 combustion products, 4.35 on construction sites, 4.173 construction sites, 4.186-4.187 detectors, 4.41-4.42 dusts, flammable, 4.28, 4.29 electrical, 4.30, 4.115-4.116 extinction methods, 4.42-4.46 cooling, 4.45 fuel starvation, 4.43-4.44 with halons, 4.45-4.46 smothering, 4.44-4.45 extinguishing agents, 4.30 Fire point temperature, 4.26 Fire triangle, 4.24-4.25 flameproof electrical equipment, 4.126 flammable substances, 4.27 flash point temperature, 4.26 fuel for, 4.25 ignition/ignition temperature, 4.25, 4.26 liquids, flammable, 4.28 lower flammable (explosive) limit, 4.26 and oxygen, 4.25 risk levels, 4.55 smoke, 4.28 solids, flammable, 4.28 spontaneous combustion, 4.28-4.29 spread of, 4.35-4.36 structural precautions, 4.38-4.40 upper flammable (explosive) limit, 4.26 see also Fire escape; Fire legal requirements; Firefighting; Flammable substances, control and storage; Ignition sources Fire Authority, 1.55 Fire certificates, 1.54-1.56 construction sites, 4.186-4.187 improvement and prohibition notices, 1.55 Fire escape: disabled people, 4.56 doors, 4.57-4.58 emergency plans, 4.58-4.59 exits, 4.56 gangways, 4.57 instruction and training, 4.59-4.60 lighting, 4.58 maintenance and record keeping, 4.60 notices, 4.58 panic bolts and latches, 4.57-4.58 passages, 4.57 principals of, 4.55-4.56 signs, 4.58 stairways, 4.57 travel distances, 4.36, 4.57 Fire legal requirements, 1.54-1.56, 4.60-4.64 appeals and offences, 4.62 designated premises, 4.61 fire authority duties, 4.60 fire authority powers, 4.62-4.63 fire certificates, 4.61-4.63 regulations, 1.50 risk assessments, 4.63 Fire precautions/prevention, 4.23-4.67 loss control, 2.10-2.11 Firefighting, 4.46-4.55 fixed equipment: automatic sprinklers, 4.52-4.55 carbon dioxide systems, 4.54 drencher systems, 4.54 dry pipe sprinklers, 4.53 fixed foam systems, 4.54 halon systems, 4.54 hose reels, 4.51 pre-action sprinklers, 4.54 rising mains, 4.51-4.52 wet pipe sprinklers, 4.53 liaison with fire brigade, 4.64 portable extinguishers, 4.46-4.51 carbon dioxide type, 4.48 dry powder type, 4.49 foam type, 4.49 operation, 4.46-4.50 provision, location and maintenance, 4.50-4.51 water type, 4,47, 4.48 First aid boxes, 3.10 construction sites, 4.184-4.185 First aid/first aiders at work, 3.9-3.10 First instance jurisdiction, 1.7 Fitness for purpose, 1.121-1.122 Fitts, P.M., 3.183 Flame detectors, 4.42 Flameproof electrical equipment, 4.126 Flammable material, 1.55 Flammable substances, control and storage dusts, 4.34-4.35 gases, 4.33-4.35 liquids, 4.34-4.35 waste, debris and spillage, 4.33 Fletcher, J.A., 2.55 Floors, and fire prevention, 4.39 Fluids: compressible see Gases incompressible see Liquids Fluorescent lights, 3.167 Series Index 4.281Fog Index, Gunning, 3.181-3.182 Food: building site legislation, 4.188 safety regulations, 1.126 Foodstuffs, 3.11-3.12 Force, work and power, 4.15-4.16 Forfeiture Orders, goods, 1.125 Forseeability of danger, 2.125 Frequency rates, 2.75 Freudian psychology, 2.130 Friction: as a fire danger, 4.31 static and sliding, 4.16-4.17 Fuel, 4.25 Fumes, noxious or offensive, 1.47 Functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), chemical plants, 4.225-4.226 Gamma-rays, 3.107 Ganglions, 3.187 Gangways, for fire escape, 4.57 Gas chromatography, 3.80 Gas containers: regulations for, 4.100-4.102 transportable definition, 4.102 safe usage, 4.103-4.104 Gas cylinders, storage, 4.216 Gases: compression of, 4.20 fire danger from, 4.33-4.35 flow measurement, 4.20-4.21 General Gas Law, 4.11 physical properties, 4.11-4.12 sampling for see Air pollution/sampling/control specific gravity, 4.12 Gassing: accidents from, 3.51-3.53 see also named gases Germain, G.L., 2.10 Gilbreth, F.B, 3.178 Glare, 3.170-3.171 glare index, 3.171 protection from, 3.171 Glendon, A.I., 2.98, 2.116 Global warming, 4.234-4.235 Gloves: neoprene, 3.101 polyvinyl alcohol, 3.102 Goal setting, 1.66-1.67 Goods: fair quality, 1.121-1.122 forfeiture orders, 1.125 notices to warn, 1.125 and product liability, 1.126-1.127 Prohibition Notices, 1.125 Suspension Notices, 1.125 Gordon, J.E., 2.16 Grab sampling, 3.75-3.78 Green Papers, 1.31 Greenhouse effect, 4.235 Greenhow, Dr E.H., 3.4 Grievance procedure, 1.82 Gross misconduct, 1.101 Guards and interlocks, 3.191 adjustable guards, 4.80 distance guards, 4.79 fixed enclosing guards, 4.80 fixed guards, 4.79 hazard identification, 4.76-4.77 interlocked guards: automatic, 4.88 cam-operated, 4.81-4.85 captive key, 4.85 control guards, 4.89 direct manual, 4.81 features and choice, 4.80-4.81 limit switches, 4.83-4.85 magnetic switch, 4.86 mechanical, 4.81, 4.82 mechanical scotches, 4.86-4.87 time delayed, 4.86-4.87 trapped key, 4.83-4.85 trip devices, 4.88 two-hand control, 4.88 materials for, 4.89-4.90 openings, 4.90 reaching over, 4.90 risk assessment, 4.77-4.78 selection and monitoring, 4.77-4.78 tunnel guards, 4.79 Guilty plea, 1.21 Gunning Fog Index, 3.181-3.182 Hale, A.R., 2.84, 2.98, 2.116 Hale, M., 2.84 Halons, and ozone depletion, 4.236 Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), 3.57-3.58 Hands/arms, illnesses with causes of, 3.70 Hazards: definition, 2.4 degrees of, 2.13-2.14 hazard analysis (HAZAN), 2.39 hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies/techniques, 2.23, 2.38, 2.119-2.120 chemical plant, 4.219-4.220 Hazard and Risk Explained HSE leaflet, 2.4-2.5 inspections for, 2.119 prediction techniques, 2.119-2.121 and risk, 2.4-2.5 routine detection, 2.118-2.119 warnings of, 2.118-2.119 see also Danger; Health hazards; Risk 4.282 AppendicesHead protection, construction sites, 4.185-4.186 Health, dismissal for ill-health, 1.103-1.104 Health assessments, 3.6 Health hazards, classes of, 3.75 Health promotion, 2.124-2.125 Health and safety, in design and planning, 2.40-2.42 Health and safety at work legislation, 1.44-1.59 administration of 1974 act, 1.48-1.49 definitions of 1974 act, 1.53-1.54 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 3.194 enforcement, 1.50-1.51 extensions to act, 1.52 formal risk assessment, 2.161 framework for, 1.64-1.65 general duties on employers and others, 1.46-1.48 goal setting for, 1.66-1.67 offences, 1.51-1.52 post 1974, 1.45-1.46 pre 1974, 1.44-1.45 regulations and codes of practice, 1.49-1.50 see also Construction site safety; Occupational health, hygiene and safety Health and Safety Commission (HSC), 1.46, 1.63-1.64 ‘ duties of, 1.48 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) duties of, 1.48-1.49 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL), 3.155 operation of, 1.63-1.64 Hearing: audiogram, 3.63, 3.133 deafness and noise, 3.70 ear sensitivity, 3.61 hearing protectors, 3.99 mechanism of, 3.61 noise exposure limits, 3.62-3.63 noise induced loss claims, 1.140-1.141 occupational deafness, 3.64, 3.134 protection for, 3.63, 3.98-3.99, 3.137 titnnitus, 3.134 see also Ear Heart, 3.16-3.18 Heat, as a form of energy, 4.15 Heat detectors, 4.41-4.42 Heat Stress Index (HSI), 3.154 Heat stroke, 3.64 Heated environment see Thermal environment Heating systems, as a fire danger, 4.31 Heinrich, H.W., 2.14, 2.15, 2.22 Hepatitis A/B/C, 3.65-3.66 Herbicides, dangers of, 3.47 Hire and credit advertising, truth in, 1.120-1.121 Hire-purchase agreements, 1.87 HIV +ve, 3.66 Hoists see Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment Hooke’s Laws, 4.17 Hormones, 3.23-3.24 Houldsworth, H., 4.130 House of Lords, 1.8,1.9,1.10,1.11,1.12, 1.14 Human body, structure and functions, 3.3-3.28 anatomy and physiology, 3.10-3.25 cancer, 3.25-3.26 central nervous system, 3.20 circulatory system, 3.16-3.18 defence mechanisms, 3.26-3.27 digestion, 3.12-3.13 ear, 3.21-3.22 excretion, 3.13 eye, 3.20-3.21 heart, 3.18 history, 3.3-3.5 hormones, 3.23-3.24 muscles, 3.19 poisons, effects of, 3.27-3.28 respiratory system, 3.13-3.16 skin, 3.24-3.25 smell and taste, 3.22-3.23 special senses, 3.20 Human factor and health and safety, 2.96-2.142 behaviour modification, 2.144-2.152 human being as a system, 2.98-2.99 and performance management, 2.145-2.150 Human function and behaviour aptitude tests, 2.107 attitude, 2.132-2.133, 2.143 behaviour intervention process, 2.149-2.150 behaviour observation and counselling, 2.151-2.152 behavioural analysis, 2.147 behavioural process, future for, 2.152-2.155 and communication, 2.136-2.138 complex man, 2.101-2.102 decision making and intelligence, 2.107-2.108 design, influence of, 2.138-2.139 diurnal and arcadian rhythm, 2.110-2.111 environmental effects, 2.108-2.109 error quantification, 2.121 errors, causes of, 2.112-2.116, 2.121 expectancy, 2.104-2.105 fatigue, muscular and mental, 2.109-2.110 goals, objectives and motivation, 2.100-2.102 human actions, 2.108 intelligence quotient (IQ), 2.107 Series Index 4.283Human function and behaviour – continued Maslow A.H. and Self Actualising Man, 2.101 Mayo E. and Social man, 2.100-2.101 memory, short/long-term, 2.105-2.106 performance degradation causes, 2.109-2.110 routines and skills, 2.106-2.107 sense organs, 2.102-2.103 stress, 2.111-2.112, 3.23, 3.69-3.70, 3.187 switching/attention mechanisms, 2.103-2.104 Taylor F.W. and Economic Man, 2.100 see also Behavioural science; Change; Danger Humidifier fever, 3.68 Hydraulics, 4.20-4.21 hydraulic power transmission, 4.13-4.14 Hydrochloric acid, illness from, 3.52 Hydrogen sulphide, effects of, 3.53 Hygiene standards, 3.86-3.87 see also Air pollution/sampling/control Hygrometry/hygrometers, 3.85-3.86, 3.154 Hypermetropia, 3.164 Hyperplasia, 3.25 Ignition sources: electricity, 4.31 engines, 4.31 friction, 431 heating systems, 4.31 hot surfaces, 4.31 smoking, 431 tools, 4.31 Ignition/ignition temperature, 4.25, 4.26 Ill health, and dismissal, 1.103-1.104 Illuminance, 3.165 see also Lighting Immune system, body, 3.26-3.27 Impairment assessment, 1.134 Implied terms/conditions in contracts, 1.83-1.84 in sales, 1.84-1.86 Improvement Notices, 1.51 fire, 1.55 Incandescent lamps, 3.165, 3.167 Incapacity benefit, 1.135 Incident, at Hazards Ltd, 1.3-1.4,1.5,1.20 Incident recall technique, and loss control, 2.10 Incidents, 2.3-2.4 and accidents, 2.3-2.4 definition, 2.57 incidence rates, 2.74 possible legal proceedings from, 1.18-1.21 UK notification requirements, 2.65-2-69 see also Accidents Independent audits, 2.22-2.23 Induction lamp, 3.166, 3.167 Industrial dermatitis, on construction sites, 4.174-4.175 Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit, 1.134 Industrial relations law, 1.7,1.90-1.112 disciplinary procedures, 1.99-1.101 discrimination, 1.92-1.99 dismissal, 1.102-1.105 and employment law, 1.90-1.92 and enactment contravention, 1.109 misconduct, 1.105-1.107 redundancy, 1.107-1.109 unfair dismissal, 1.109-1.112 Industrial Tribunals, 1.24-1.25 and accidents, 1.4 and Improvement/Prohibition notices, 1.51 Inevitable accidents, 1.139 Information exchange on products, EU requirements, 1.123-1.124 Infrared radiation, 3.120 Injuries, UK notification requirements, 2.65-2.69 Injury prevention, 2.10 Inorganic compounds, 4.6-4.7 Insecticides, illnesses from, 3.46-3.47 Inspection, for hazards, 2.119 Inspections techniques, for reports, 2.63 Inspectorate of Pollution, 1.56 Inspectors, 1.18 of accidents, 1.3 powers of, 1.50-1.51 Instruction, employer’s liability for, 1.154-1.155 Insulin, 3.23 Insurance contracts, 1.85,1.85-1.86 Insurance cover and compensation, 1.133-1.146 Employers liability insurance, 1.136-1.141 investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage, 1.143-1.146 Public Liability insurance, 1.142-1.143 State insurance scheme, 1.133-1.136 Workmen’s Compensation scheme, 1.133-1.136 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), 1.56, 4.240 Intelligence and decision making, 2.107-2.108 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 2.107 Intention, and contracts, 1.78-1.79 International Atomic Energy Agency, 3.118 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 3.109, 3.110, 3.118 International Safety Rating System, 2.169 International Safety Rating System (ISRS), 2.53 Interviews, for reports, 2.63, 2.81-2.84 Investigation, for insurance, 1.143-1.146 Ionising radiation see Radiation 4.284 AppendicesJastrzebowski, W., 3.179 Job safety (Hazard) analysis, 2.23, 2.148-2.150, 2.174-2.175 analysis chart, 2.27-2.28 job breakdown, 2.29-2.30 procedure, 2.26-2.30 safe systems of work, 2.31 safety instructions, 2.30 Joint consultation, 1.98-1.99 Joint tortfeasors, 1.157-1.158 Judges, 1.22-1.23 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1.17 Judicial precedent, 1.17-1.18, 1.147 and European Union, 1.26 Justices of the Peace, 1.23 Kidneys, toxicity and infection, 3.71 Kirwan, B., 2.121 Knowledge-based work, errors during, 2.115-2.116 Komaki, J. et al, 2.145 Krause, T.R. et al, 2.145 Lamps see Lighting Land-fill: legislation for, 4.244 waste disposal, 4.211 Landlords, duties of, 1.47 Laser nephelometer, 3.84 Laser radiation, 3.121 Lasers, on construction sites, 4.176 Law, sources of, 1.28 Law making, power delegation for, 1.63-1.64 Lead, diseases from: biological monitoring, 3.43 fume or dust hazard, 3.42, 4.151 inorganic lead, 3.42-3.43 organic lead, 3.43 Learning, psychological principles, 2.134-2.136 Legal aid, targeting proposals, 1.22 Legal reform proposals, 1.22 Legge, T., 3.4-3.5 Legionnaire’s disease, 3.67 Legislation: Acts of Parliament, 1.29-1.30 adopted, 1.31-1.33 asbestos, 4.189, 4.202-4.212, 4.245 Crown premises, 1.58-1.59 enforcement, 1.50-1.51 equal pay, 1.96 European Union (EU), 1.31-1.34 mines, 1.35, 1.56, 4.188-4.189 noise, 4.243 petroleum spirit, 1.58 pollution, 1.56 quarries, 1.35,1.56 statutory interpretation, 1.30-1.31 water, 4.241-4.242 White/Green Papers, 1.31 see also Chemicals, legislation; Environmental issues/legislation; Health and safety at work legislation; Safety legislation; Waste legislation Lending, truth when, 1.120-1.121 Leptospirosis, 3.67 Liability, 1.126-1.127 absolute and strict, 1.37 corporate, 1.37 see also Product liability; Public liability; Third party liability Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment, 4.95-4.100, 4.139-4.148 adequate strength, 4.155 approved codes of practice, 4.98 checklists, 4.182-4.184 definitions, 4.95, 4.140, 4.141 dock regulations, 4.141 examinations/inspections/reports, 4.98, 4.140, 4.142-4.144, 4.180 fishing vessel regulations, 4.141 in-service requirements, 4.140 load radius indicators, 4.143 miscellaneous equipment, 4.145-4.146 acceptable damage, 4.146 passenger, safety, 4.141 patent and latent defects, 4.154-4.155 record requirements, 4.146-4.147 regulations, 4.96-4.97, 4.139, 4.147-4.148, 4.178-4.184 reports, 4.155-4.156 safe use, 4.97-4.99 safe working loads (SWL), 4.143 sound material, 4.155 types of, 4.139 working load limit (SWL), 4.143 see also Cranes Liftshafts, and fire prevention, 4.39 Lighting, 3.163-3.174 Code for Interior Lighting, by CIBSE, 3.168-3.169 colour, 3.172-3.173 for fire escape, 4.58 glare, 3.170-3.171 light meters, 3.173-3.174 maintenance of, 3.169 quality, 3.170 shadow, 3.171 stroboscopic effect, 3.171-3.172 types of, 3.166, 3.167-3.168 Liquids: flammable, 4.28, 4.34-4.35 heats of vaporisation and fusion, 4.13 in hydraulic power transmission, 4.13-4.14, 4.21 physical properties, 4.12-4.14 Liver: hepatitis and cancer, 3.71 poison damage, 3.13 Series Index 4.285Local authorities, powers of for public health, 1.57-1.58 Local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 3.95, 3.149, 3.156, 4.149-4.151 asbestos dust control, 4.150-4.151 chemicals, 4.199 components of, 4.149-4.150 examination for need of, 4.150 purpose, 4.149 Tyndall (dust) lamp, 4.151 Local Procurator-Fiscal, 1.20 Loftus, R.G., 2.9, 2.10, 2.15, 2.32, 2.38 Lord Advocate, 1.4, 1.24 Lord Chancellor, 1.23, 1.24 Lord Justices of Appeal, 1.23 Los Alfaques Camping Site disaster, 4.13 Loss control: and business interruption, 2.12-2.13 damage control, 2.10 fire prevention, 2.10-2.11 incident recall, 2.10 injury prevention, 2.10 management in practice, 2.13 and occupational health and hygiene, 2.11-2.12 and pollution control/environmental protection, 2.12 principle of, 2.9-2.10 and product liability, 2.12 profiling, 2.53-2.54 security, 2.11 Losses, pecuniary/non-pecuniary, 1.145-1.146 Lower flammable (explosive) limit, 4.26 Lumen, 3.165 Luminaire, 3.166-3.167 Luminance, 3.165 Lungs, 3.13-3.16 illnesses of, 3.70 Maastricht Treaty, 1.26, 1.33 McClelland, D., 2.101 Machinery, safe use of existing machinery, regulations, 4.73-4.76 hazard identification, 4.76-4.77 hazard reduction, 4.77 legislative arrangements, 4.68-4.69 Machinery Directives, 4.68-4.69, 4.69 new machinery, regulations, 4.69-4.73 operator training, 4.78 residual risk assessment, 4.77-4.78 see also Guards and interlocks; Lifts/hoists /lifting equipment; Powered trucks; Pressure systems Magnetic fields, 3.121-3.122 Maintenance systems, and risk management, 2.45-2.46 Maladaptation, 2.134 Malt worker’s lung, 3.42 Man-made mineral fibres, pneumoconiosis from, 3.37 Management control, lack of, 2.87-2.88 Management/worker discussions, 2.22 Manchester Steam Users’ Association, 4.130 Manganese, diseases from, 3.46 Manometers, 3.161, 4.10 Manufacturers, civil liability of, 1.152 Maslow, A.H., 2.51 and Self Actualising Man, 2.101 Mason hygrometer, 3.86 Materials: failures in, 4.19 strength of, 4.17-4.19 Matter: changes of state, 4.11 structure, 4.3-4.5 Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs), 3.155, 4.150 air sampling, 3.87-3.88 Trichloroethylene, 3.50 Maximum potential loss (MPL), 2.24-2.25 Mayo, E. and Social man, 2.100-2.101 Mechanics, 4.16-4.17 Medical grounds suspension, 1.82 Medicines, safety regulations, 1.126 Memory, short/long-term, 2.105-2.106 Mens rea, 1.37 Merchantable quality, 1.121 Merchantable/unmerchantable goods, 1.85 Mercury lamps, 3.166 Mercury, poisoning and diseases from, 3.44-3.45 health surveillance for, 3.44-3.45 Mesothelioma, 3.40 Metal halide lamp, 3.166, 3.167 Metals: diseases from, 3.42-3.46 metal fume fever, 3.45 properties, 4.5-4.6 see also named metals Metaplasia, 3.25 Micro-organisms: diseases from, 3.65-3.69 see also named diseases from Mineral fibres, and pneumoconiosis, 3.37 Mines: early safety legislation, 1.35 legislation, 1.56, 4.188-4.189 Misconduct, 1.105-1.107 Misrepresentation, and contracts, 1.79 Mistake, and contracts, 1.79 Mobile towers, 4.178, 4.179 Mobility Allowance, 1.135 Molecular formulae, 4.4-4.5 Monday morning fever, 3.68 Montreal Protocol 1987, 4.238 Motivational theory, 2.51-2.52 Multiple accident causation theory, 2.15-2.16 4.286 AppendicesMunitions factories, 3.5 Murrell, K.F.H., 3.179 Muscle cramp, from heat, 3.64 Muscles, 3.19 Mutagenesis, 3.26 Myopia, 3.164 National Disability Council, 1.95 National Insurance schemes see State insurance schemes National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 3.118, 3.119 Negative reinforcement, management technique, 2.145 Negligence, 1.39,1.40 and breach of duty, 1.150 contributory, 1.146,1.157 and duty of care, 1.149-1.150 and resultant damage, 1.150-1.151 Negotiation, for insurance, 1.143-1.146 Neoplasia, 3.26 Nerves, illnesses with causes of, 3.71 Neutrons, 3.105, 3.107, 4.3-4.4 Nickel and nickel carbonyl, illness and diseases from, 3.46 Night working, 2.111 Nitrous fumes, effects of, 3.53 No fault liability, 1.76,1.161 Noise, 3.124-3.145 absorbent materials, 3.140 absorption coefficients, 3.140 absorption treatment, 3.142-3.143 acoustic enclosures, 3-140 community noise levels, 3.135-3.136 control techniques, 3.137-3.145 damping, 3.142 dosimeter, 3.135, 3.136 enclosure protection, 3.138-3.140 environmental legislation, 4.243 equivalent noise level, 3.134-3.135 lagging, 3.142 limits of exposure, 3.62-3.63 neighbourhood noise assessment, 3.136 noise cancelling, 3.145 noise induced hearing loss claims, 1.140-1.141 noise rating curves, 3.128 Noise and the Worker pamphlet, 1.140-1.141 and nuisance, 4.238 personnel protection, 3.144 reduction techniques, 3.144-3.145 screens, 3.142 sources/paths/receivers, 3.137-3.144 statistical analyser, 3.135 work area levels, 3.136-3.137 see also Hearing; Sound Northern Ireland Judgements Bulletin (NIJB), 1.18 Northern Ireland Law Reports (NI), 1.18 Nose, illnesses with causes of, 371 Nova causa, 1.151 Novus actus interveniens, 1.151 Nuisance, and civil liability, 1.148 Nurses, in occupational health departments, 3.6 Nystagmus, 3.164 Obiter dicta, 1.17,1.28 Occupational diseases, 3.29-3.71 cancer, occupational, 3.55-3.57 deafness, 3.64, 3.190 from heat, 3.64 from metals, 3.42-3.46 from micro-organisms, 3.65-3.69 gassing, 3.51-3.53 hearing, 3.61-3.64, 3.98-3.99 oxygen deficiency, 3.53-3.55 pesticides, 3.46-3.47 physical, 3.57-3.58 psycho-social/stress, 3.69-3.70 radiation, 3.58-3.61 respiratory system, 3.36-3.42 skin, 3.33-3.36 solvents, 3.47-3.51 target organs, 3.70-3.71 toxicology, 3.29-3.33 work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 3.64-3.65 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL), 3.155 Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs), 3.155, 4.150 air sampling, 3.87-3.88, 3.89 Occupational health departments functions of, 3.6 overseas developments, 3.6-3.7 Occupational health, hygiene and safety, 2.11-2.12, 3.8-3.9, 3.74-3.103 biological agents, 3.91-3.92 carcinogens, 3.91 classes of health hazard, 3.75 control measures, 3.94-3.103 control standards, 3.98 direct monitoring instruments, 3.82-3.84 exposure limits, 3.87-3.94 grab sampling, 3.75-3.78 hygiene standards, 3.86-3.87 hygrometry, 3.85-3.86 long-term sampling, 3.78-3.82 oxygen analysers, 3.84-3.85 personal hygiene, 3.96 personal protective equipment (PPE), 3.97-3.98 physical factors, 3.90-3.91 sensitisation, 3.91 skin absorption, 3.91 strategy for protection, 3.102 see also Air pollution/sampling/control; Health and safety at work legislation Series Index 4.287Occupiers: and civil liability, 1.151-1.152 liability of, 1.40,1.86-1.87 and suppliers of articles to, 1.87 Office of Fair Trading (OFT), 1.127-1.128, 1.130 Offices, early safety legislation, 1.35 Ohm's law, 4.112 Orders (subpoenas), 1.20 Organic compounds, 4.7, 4.8 Organic dusts, pneumoconiosis from, 3.37 Organic vapour analyser, 3.83 Own branding, 1.127 Owners, duties of, 1.47 Oxygen: effects of starvation, 3.13-3.14 and fire, 4.25 normal requirements, 3.53-3.54 oxygen analyser, 3.84-3.85 response to deficiency, 3.55 Ozone depletion, 4.235-4.236 Pacemakers, 3.19 Pancreas, 3.23 Passages, for fire escape, 4.57 Passive smoking, 1.40 Pearson Commission, 1.76 Pecuniary/non-pecuniary losses, 1.145-1.146 Per curium, 1.18 Per incuriam, 1.18 Performance evaluation and appraisal, risk, 2.51-2.53 Performance management, 2.145-2.150 structural feedback approach, 2.150-2.151 Personal hygiene, 3.96 Personal injury, HSW definition, 1.53 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 3.97-3.98 chemicals, 4.199-4,201 construction sites, 4.185 for electricity, 4.117 legal requirements, 3.192 Personality, 2.129-2.130 Persuasive decisions, 1.17 Pesticides, diseases from, 3.46-3.47 Peterson, D.C., 2.16 Petroleum spirit construction sites, 4.188 legislation for, 1.58 Phon, 3.127 Photochemical smog, 4.236 Photokeratitis, 3.119 Physical danger, immediate/long-term, 2.13 Pitch, cancer from, 3.35-3.36 Pitot-static tubes, 3.161 Planned maintenance, and risk management, 2.45-2.46 Planning: for health and safety, 2.40-2.42 for safety, 2.116 Plant: employer's liability for, 1.154-1.155, 1.156 fire prevention for, 4.39 HSW definition, 1.53 Pleading guilty, 1.21 Pneumoconiosis, 3.36-3.38, 3,54 Pneumonia, and cancer, 3.55 Poisons: in body, 3.13, 3.27-3.28 see also Occupational diseases; Toxicology; also named poisons Political influences, 1.73-1.74 Pollution: control of chemicals, 4.208-4.211 control and environmental protection; 2.12 legislation for, 1.56 see also Air pollution/sampling/control; Water V Polytetrafluoroethylene(ptfe) fumes, 3.45 Pontiac fever, 3.67 Positive reinforcement, management technique, 2.145 Powell P.I. et al, 2.131 Power presses see Presses and press brakes Powered trucks: HSE guidance booklet, 4.93 operator training, 4.90-4.91 safe operating conditions, 4.91-4.94 Precedent see Judicial precedent Predicted four hour sweat rate (P4SR), 3.154 Premises: for food, cleanliness, 1.58 HSW definition, 1.53 Prescribed Industrial Diseases/Benefits, 1.134,1.135 claims for, 1.141 Presses and press brakes, 4.148-4.149 examination and testing, 4.148-4.149 power press regulations, 4.148 setting and adjusting, 4.149 Pressure, 4.10, 4.16 Pressure systems: codes of practice and guidance notes, 4.134 and competent persons, 4.154 definition, 4.133 regulations for safe use, 4.100-4.103, 4.131, 4.132 relevant fluids, 4.133-4.134 reporting requirements, 4.133-4.134 see also Boilers Pricing offences, 1.118-1.120 Private nuisance, 1.148 Privileged/not privileged documents, 1.20 Problem solving, 2.136 4.288 AppendicesProcurators-fiscal, 1.4 Product liability, 1.126-1.127 and loss control, 2.12 Product recall, product safety, 1.124 Product safety: EU information exchange, 1.123-1.124 food and medicines, 1.126 producer/distributor obligations, 1.122-1.123 product recall, 1.124 regulations for, 1.126 safe, definition of, 1.123 Prohibition Notices, 1.51, 2.5 environment, 4.240-4.241 fire, 1.55 goods, 1.125 Project design/commissioning, for health and safety, 2.41 Proportionality, principal of, 1.27 Protective clothing, 3.101-3.102 Proteins, 3.11 Protons, 3.105, 4.3-4.4 Psycho-social disorders see Stress Psychological danger immediate/long-term, 2.14 Psychology, 2.130 Public expectations, 1.72-1.73 Public law, 1.5-1.7 Public Liability insurance, 1.142-1.143 Public nuisance, 1.148 Punishment, as a management technique, 2.145 Purposive interpretations, 1.30-1.31 Quality, goods and services, 1.121-1.122 Quality culture, 1.75-1.76 Quality, environment, safety and health (QUENSH) management systems, 2.42-2.44 Quality and safety, 2.43-2.44 Quality systems, and BSI EN ISO 9001, 2.42-2.43 Quantum of damage, 1.144 Quantum meruit, and contracts, 1.80-1.89 Quarries, 4.188-4.189 early safety legislation, 1.35 legislation for, 1.56 Quarterly moving means, 2.70-2.72 Queen’s Bench, 1.11 Quota hopping, 1.26 Race discrimination laws, 1.94-1.95 exceptions, 1.95 Radiation, 3.105-3.122 absorbed dose, 3.109 activity of a radionuclide, 3.109 acute radiation syndrome, 3.60 approved dosimetry service (ADS), 3.115 and cancer, 3.108 contamination meters, 3.114 control principles, 3.61 dose limits, 3.60, 3.114-3.117 dose rate meters, 3.114 effective dose, 3.109 effects of, 3.59 equivalent dose, 3.109 from fires, 4.28 incidents and emergencies, 3.118-3.119 infrared, 3.120 internal, 3.60 ionising, 3.106-3.107 biological effects, 3.107-3.108 lasers, 3.121 legal requirements, 3.114-3.118 long term effects, 3.60 monitoring, 3.112-3.114 National Arrangements for Incidents involving Radioactivity (NAIR), 3.119 non-ionising, 3.119-3.122 optical, 3.119-3.121 pregnant women, 3.114 protection: from internal radiation, 3.111-3.112 principles, 3.110-3.111 quantities and units, 3.108-3.110 Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs), 3.115, 3.118 Radiation Protection Supervisor (RPS), 3.116-3.117 radioactivity, 3.106 tissue sensitivity, 3.59 transport regulations, 3.117-3.118 types of, 3.58-3.59 ultraviolet, 3.119-3.120 Radioactivity, 3.106 Radiotherapy, 3.107 Ramazzini, 3.4 Rasmussen, J., 2.113, 2.121 Ratio decidendi, 1.17,1.28,1.147 Reason, J.T., 2.113, 2.121 Reasonableness, test of, 1.101 Reasonably practical, meaning of, 2.157 Redundancy, 1.107-1.109 for other substantial reasons, 1.109 Reflectance factor, 3.165 Repair, contracts for, 1.84 Repetitive strain industry (RSI) see Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD) Reports, writing, accidents, 2.88-2.89 Representation, 1.8 Res ipsa loquitur: as a defence, 1.139 and negligence, 1.150 Residual current devices (RCDs), 4.127 Resource depletion, and the environment, 4.238 Series Index 4.289Respirators, types of, 3.99, 3.100 Respiratory diseases, 3.36-3.42 see also named respiratory diseases Respiratory protective equipment (RPE), chemicals, 4.200 Respiratory system, 3.13-3.16 Restraint clauses, contracts, 1.80 Right to silence, 1.21 Risk assessment/management by accident costing, 2.47-2.49 checklist method, 4.224 chemical plants, 4.222-4.225 control assessment, 2.26 control strategies for, 2.7-2.9 cost benefit analysis, 2.50 cost effectiveness of, 2.47-2.50 and damage control, 2.46-2.47 decisions concerning, 2.122-2.123 definition, 2.4-2.5 Dow-Mond index, 4.224 failure-mode and effects analysis (FMEA), 4.225 fault tree analysis, 2.37-2.38 fault tree analysis (FTA), 4.225 by financial accountability, 2.51-2.52 fire levels of, 4.55 legal considerations, 2.7 by loss control profiling, 2.53-2.54 magnitude of, 2.24 and maintenance systems, 2.45-2.46 mechanical, 2.26 motivational theory, 2.51-2.52 performance evaluation and appraisal, 2.51-2.53 and planned maintenance, 2.45-2.46 probabilistic risk assessment, 2.38-2.40 public perception of, 1.73 pure and speculative, 2.6 risk assessment, 2.23-2.25 risk avoidance, 2.7 risk evaluation, 2.7 risk identification, 2.7, 2.21-2.23 risk probability, 2.25 risk rating, 2.24, 2.25 risk reduction/loss control, 2.8-2.9 risk retention, 2.7-2.8 risk transfer, 2.8 role and process, 2.6-2.7 safe systems of work, 2.31 for safety management, 2.161 short/long term, 2.26 societal
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