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عدد المساهمات : 18962 التقييم : 35392 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Fluoropolymers Applications in Chemical Processing Industries - The Definitive User’s Guide and Databook الأربعاء 08 نوفمبر 2023, 10:48 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluoropolymers Applications in Chemical Processing Industries - The Definitive User’s Guide and Databook Sina Ebnesajjad, Ph.D. DuPont Fluoroproducts Wilmington, Delaware Pradip R. Khaladkar DuPont Engineering Technology Wilmington, Delaware
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Fluoropolymers 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 What are Fluoropolymers? 1 1.3 Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers .2 1.4 Developmental History of Fluoropolymers 3 1.5 Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers .5 References 6 2 Materials of Construction 7 2.1 Introduction .7 2.2 Historical Background 7 2.3 Definition of Polymer-based Materials 8 2.4 Comparison Between Polymer-based Materials and Metals 8 2.4.1 Position of Fluoropolymers in the Materials Spectrum 10 2.5 Applications of Polymer-based Materials for Corrosion Control 10 2.5.1 Applications of Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control .10 References 14 3 Properties of Neat (Unfilled) and Filled Fluoropolymers .15 3.1 Introduction .15 3.2 Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics 15 3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Fluoropolymers .15 3.3.1 Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers .15 3.3.1.1 Effect of Ozone on Fluoropolymers 16 3.3.1.2 Oxygen Compatibility of PTFE .17 3.3.2 Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers .17 3.3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 18 3.4 Permeation Fundamentals .18 3.4.1 Permeation Measurement and Data .20 3.5 Environmental Stress Cracking .21 3.6 Properties and Characteristics of PTFE 23 3.6.1 Introduction to Filled PTFE Compounds 23 3.6.1.1 Granular-based Compounds 23 3.6.1.2 Fine Powder-based Compounds 25 3.6.1.3 Compounding with Engineering Polymers 25 3.6.1.4 Reinforced Gasketing Material 26 3.6.1.5 Co-Coagulated Compounds .26 3.6.1.6 Fabrication of Parts from Compounds 26 3.6.1.7 Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers 27 3.6.2 Mechanical Properties of PTFE 28 3.6.2.1 Deformation Under Load (Creep) and Cold Flow 35 3.6.2.2 Fatigue Properties 36 3.6.2.3 Impact Strength 36 3.6.2.4 Hardness 36 3.6.2.5 Friction .36xii CONTENTS 3.6.2.6 PV Limit 47 3.6.2.7 Abrasion and Wear 47 3.6.3 Electrical Properties of PTFE 47 3.6.4 Thermal Behavior of PTFE .47 3.6.4.1 Thermal Stability .47 3.6.4.2 Thermal Expansion 51 3.6.4.3 Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity .51 3.6.4.4 Heat Deflection Temperature 51 3.6.5 Irradiation Resistance of PTFE .51 3.6.6 Standard Measurement Methods for PTFE .52 3.7 Properties and Characteristics of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics 55 3.7.1 Mechanical and Dynamic Properties .55 3.7.1.1 Tensile Properties 55 3.7.1.2 Moduli 55 3.7.1.3 Deformation Under Load (Creep) .69 3.7.1.4 Poisson’s Ratio 69 3.7.1.5 Flex Fatigue Properties 69 3.7.1.6 Impact Strength 70 3.7.1.7 Hardness 82 3.7.1.8 Friction, Wear, and Abrasion .82 3.7.2 Thermal Properties of Melt-processible Fluoropolymers .86 3.7.2.1 Thermal Stability .86 3.7.2.2 Temperature-related Properties .89 3.7.2.3 Thermal Aging .89 3.7.3 Weatherability of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics .94 3.7.4 Electrical Properties of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics 96 3.7.4.1 Perfluoroalkoxy Polymers .96 3.7.4.2 FEP .98 3.7.4.3 PVDF .98 3.7.4.4 ETFE 100 3.7.4.5 ECTFE .100 3.7.5 Optical and Spectral Properties of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics 100 3.7.6 Radiation Effect on Melt-processible Fluoroplastics 100 3.7.7 Flammability of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics . 110 3.7.8 Biofilm Formation of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics . 110 References 112 4 Selecting Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control 117 4.1 Introduction . 117 4.1.1 Corrosion of Metals . 117 4.1.2 Corrosion of Polymer Materials 117 4.1.3 Approaches to Selection 117 4.2 Economics of Selecting Fluoropolymers 118 4.3 Preparing to Determine Compatibility 118 4.4 Current Technology for Determining Compatibility 118 4.4.1 Experience . 118 4.4.2 Manufacturers’ Literature . 119 4.4.3 Testing .149 4.4.3.1 Coupon Testing 149CONTENTS xiii 4.4.3.2 Simulated Testing 150 4.4.3.3 Special Testing .154 4.4.4 Fabrication Considerations in Materials Selection .154 4.4.5 Inspection and Maintenance Aspects of Materials Selection .157 References 157 5 Manufacturing of Parts from Polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 161 5.1 Granular Resin Processing 161 5.1.1 Resin Selection 161 5.1.2 Compression Molding .162 5.1.2.1 Equipment 162 5.1.2.2 Densification and Sintering Mechanism .163 5.1.2.3 Billet Molding 164 5.1.3 Automatic Molding 167 5.1.4 Isostatic Molding .168 5.1.4.1 Introduction to Isostatic Molding 168 5.1.4.2 Comparison of Isostatic with Other Fabrication Techniques 169 5.1.4.3 Wet- and Dry-Bag Isostatic Molding .170 5.1.5 Ram Extrusion .170 5.1.5.1 Introduction to Ram Extrusion 170 5.1.5.2 Ram Extrusion: Basic Technology 170 5.2 Fine Powder Resin Processing 174 5.2.1 Resin Handling and Storage 174 5.2.2 Paste Extrusion Fundamentals .175 5.2.3 Extrusion Aid or Lubricant 176 5.2.4 Wire Coating 176 5.2.4.1 Blending the Resin with Lubricant 176 5.2.4.2 Preforming .176 5.2.4.3 Extrusion Equipment and Process .177 5.2.5 Extrusion of Tubing .178 5.2.5.1 Spaghetti Tubing 178 5.2.6 Pressure Hoses .178 5.2.6.1 Blending Lubricant and Pigment and Preforming .183 5.2.6.2 Extrusion Process for Pressure Hoses .183 5.2.6.3 Quality Control of Pressure Hoses 183 5.2.7 Unsintered Tape .185 5.3 Fluoropolymer Dispersion Processing 185 5.3.1 Dispersion Applications 186 5.3.2 Storage and Handling of Dispersions 186 5.3.3 Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics .187 5.3.3.1 Formulation 188 5.3.4 Glass Cloth Coating by Dispersion .188 5.3.4.1 Equipment 189 5.3.4.2 Processing 189 5.3.5 Dispersion Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide .191 5.3.5.1 Processing 191 5.3.6 Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces with Dispersion .191 References 192xiv CONTENTS 6 Manufacturing Parts from Melt-processible Fluoropolymers .193 6.1 Introduction .193 6.2 Materials of Construction .193 6.3 Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts 193 6.3.1 Characterization of Rheology of Fluoropolymers .194 6.4 Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers .198 6.5 Melt Extrusion .199 6.5.1 The Extruder 199 6.5.2 Film Extrusion .202 6.5.3 Sheet Extrusion 202 6.5.3.1 Production 202 6.5.4 Pipe and Tube Extrusion .202 6.5.4.1 Production 203 6.5.5 Coextrusion 203 6.5.6 Drawdown Ratio (DDR) 205 6.6 Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion .206 6.6.1 Sizing of Tubes 206 6.6.1.1 Small Diameter Tubes .207 6.6.1.2 Medium Diameter Tubes .207 6.6.1.3 Large Diameter Tubes .208 6.6.2 Heat Shrink Tubes .208 6.7 Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion .209 6.7.1 PVDF Films .210 6.7.2 ETFE and ECTFE Films .214 6.7.3 Perfluoropolymer Films .217 6.8 Injection Molding 219 6.8.1 Injection Molding of Fluoropolymers .219 6.8.1.1 Injection Molding Equipment 219 6.8.1.2 Process Conditions and Operations .222 6.8.1.3 Dimensional Stability of Parts .225 6.9 Rotational Molding .226 6.9.1 Basic Process Technology .229 6.9.2 Rotomolding and Rotolining Processing Conditions 229 6.9.2.1 ECTFE .231 6.9.2.2 ETFE 232 6.9.2.3 PFA 232 6.9.3 Conclusion .233 6.10 Other Part Manufacturing Techniques 235 6.10.1 Compression Molding of Fluoropolymers 235 6.10.2 Transfer Molding of Fluoropolymers 237 6.10.2.1 Mold Design 237 6.10.2.2 Operation of the Mold .239 6.10.2.3 Transfer Molding Process Variables 239 6.10.3 Examples of Transfer Molded Parts 241 6.10.4 Blow Molding Fluoropolymers .244 6.11 Vacuum Bagging .248 References 250CONTENTS xv 7 Fabrication Techniques for Fluoropolymers 253 7.1 Introduction .253 7.2 Machining .253 7.2.1 Sawing and Shearing .254 7.2.2 Drilling (Tapping and Threading) .254 7.2.3 Skiving .254 7.3 Adhesive Bonding Methods 255 7.3.1 Contact Adhesives .255 7.3.2 Bonding Adhesives 255 7.3.3 Sodium Etching .256 7.3.4 Plasma Treatment 258 7.3.5 Flame Treatment 261 7.3.6 Corona Discharge (Hybrid Plasma) Treatment .262 7.4 Welding and Joining 265 7.4.1 Welding Techniques 266 7.4.2 Welding PTFE .267 7.4.3 Welding FEP 269 7.4.4 Welding PFA 269 7.4.5 Welding PVDF .271 7.4.6 Welding ETFE .273 7.5 Heat Bonding .273 7.5.1 Sheet Liners .274 7.6 Thermoforming .274 7.7 Other Processes .274 References 276 8 Design and Construction of Linings and Vessels .279 8.1 Introduction .279 8.2 Lining of Vessels .279 8.2.1 Adhesively Bonded Linings for Vessels 280 8.2.2 Rotolining 281 8.2.3 Spray and Baked Coatings .286 8.2.3.1 Powder Coating Processes .287 8.2.3.2 Liquid Dispersion Coatings .295 8.2.4 Loose Lining 295 8.2.5 Dual Laminate .296 8.3 Lining of Pipes and Fittings 299 8.4 Lined Valves .299 8.4.1 Plug Valves 301 8.4.2 Ball Valves .301 8.4.3 Butterfly Valves .301 8.4.4 Diaphragm Valves 301 8.4.5 Clamp Valves .301 8.5 Lined Hoses .301 8.6 Lined Expansion Joints .304 8.7 Lining or Coating of Internals .304 8.8 Design and Fabrication of Vessels for Lining 304 8.9 Shop Versus Field Fabrication 304xvi CONTENTS References 309 9 Operations and Maintenance 311 9.1 Operations . 311 9.2 Maintenance . 311 9.2.1 Visual Examination . 311 9.2.1.1 Visual Inspections of Vessels 311 9.2.1.2 Visual Inspection of Piping and Fittings .312 9.2.1.3 Visual Inspection of Valves .312 9.2.1.4 Visual Inspection of Hoses 312 9.2.1.5 Visual Inspection of Expansion Joints 312 9.2.2 Nondestructive and Destructive Examination .312 9.2.3 Non-Intrusive Examination .313 9.2.4 Risk-based Inspection Strategy (RBI) .313 9.3 Repairs .314 10 Failure Analysis 315 10.1 Introduction .315 10.2 Part Failure .315 10.3 Defect Analysis .316 10.4 Application of Failure Analysis Methodology .322 10.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 324 10.4.2 Electron Microscopy Techniques 328 10.4.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 328 10.4.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) .328 10.4.2.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy .328 10.4.3 Mass Spectroscopy (MS) .328 10.4.4 Gas Chromatography (GC) 331 10.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) .331 10.4.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) .331 10.4.7 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) .332 10.4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) .339 10.4.9 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .342 10.5 Surface Analysis .342 10.5.1 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) 342 10.5.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) .345 10.6 Examples of Failure Analysis .345 10.6.1 Case 1: Failed Lined Pipe 345 10.6.2 Case 2: Failed Check Valves .345 10.6.3 Case 3: Black Spots on FEP Coating 348 10.6.4 Case 4: Braided Hose Failure 348 10.7 Physical Defects Due to Part Fabrication .350 10.7.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 350 10.7.2 Melt-processible Fluoropolymers 352 10.7.2.1 Injection Molding 352 10.7.2.2 Rotational and Transfer Molding 352 10.7.3 Measurement of Flaws 352 References 356CONTENTS xvii 11 Modeling and Mechanical Analysis of Fluoropolymer Components .359 J. S. Bergström and S. Brown, EXPONENT Engineering, Inc. 11.1 Introduction .359 11.2 Review of Modeling Techniques 359 11.3 Currently Available Material Models .360 11.3.1 Linear Elasticity .362 11.3.2 Hyperelasticity .362 11.3.3 Linear Viscoelasticity 363 11.3.4 Dual Network Fluoropolymer (DNF) Model 364 11.4 Failure and Deformation Predictions 368 11.4.1 Failure under Monotonic Loading .369 11.4.2 Failure under Cyclic Loading 370 11.5 Examples .371 11.5.1 Corrugated PTFE Hose 371 11.5.2 Threaded Connection Gasket 372 11.6 Summary .378 References 380 12 Cost Analysis .381 12.1 Introduction .381 12.2 Cost Analysis .381 References 384 13 Safety, Disposal, and Recycling of Fluoropolymers .385 13.1 Introduction .385 13.2 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers .385 13.3 Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers .385 13.4 Emission During Processing .386 13.5 Safety Measures 386 13.5.1 Ventilation 386 13.5.2 Processing and Fabrication 389 13.5.2.1 Sintering .389 13.5.2.2 Paste Extrusion 389 13.5.2.3 Dispersion Coating 389 13.5.2.4 Melt Processing .389 13.5.2.5 Machining 390 13.5.2.6 Soldering and Melt Stripping 390 13.5.2.7 Welding Fluoropolymer .390 13.5.2.8 Welding and Flame-Cutting Fluoropolymer-Lined Metals .390 13.5.3 Spillage Cleanup 390 13.5.4 Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance 390 13.5.5 Protective Clothing 390 13.5.6 Personal Hygiene .390 13.5.7 Fire Hazard 390 13.5.8 Material Incompatibility 391 13.6 Food Contact and Medical Applications 391 13.7 Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling 391xviii CONTENTS 13.8 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods 391 References 392 14 Future Trends 393 14.1 Introduction .393 14.2 Fluoropolymer Applications 393 14.3 Fluoropolymer Resin Manufacturing 393 14.4 Growth of Fluoropolymer Industries .393 14.5 Technological Needs of Chemical Processing Industry .394 14.5.1 Non-destructive and Non-intrusive Condition Assessment 394 14.5.2 Accelerated Testing for Compatibility .394 References 394 Appendix I: Permeation Properties of Perfluoroplastics .395 I.1 Perfluoroalkoxy Resin .395 I.1.1 Permeability to Gases .395 References 400 Appendix II: Permeation Properties of Partially Fluorinated Fluoroplastics .401 II.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride .401 II.1.1 Permeability .401 II.1.2 Permeability To Gases .401 II.1.3 Permeability To Liquids .401 II.2 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer 410 II.3 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer 412 II.3.1 Permeability to Gases and Water Vapor .412 II.4 Polyvinyl Fluoride .417 II.5 Fluorinated Polyethylene .417 II.5.1 Permeability to Oxygen 417 References 420 Appendix III: Permeation of Automotive Fuels Through Fluoroplastics 421 III.1 Test Method .421 III.1.1 Fuel Types 421 References 422 Appendix IV: Permeation of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals Through Fluoroplastic Films .423 References 426 Appendix V: Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics .427 V.1 Chemical Resistance of Fluoropolymers 427 V.2 PDL Resistance Rating 427 Glossary .521 Trademarks 549 Index 551 Chemical Resistance Tables 429 Index A ABAQUS 374 Abrasion 82 mechanical 255 Abrasion resistance 25 83 data 83 testing 154 Abrasive slurries 154 Acetone 265 Acid gases exposure 94 Acids 17 214 Additives 25 Adhesion 253 266 journals 255 Adhesion bond 273 Adhesive bond strength 258 Adhesive ring 269 Adhesiveless bonding 267 Adhesiveless joining 265 Adhesively bonded linings success factors 281 Advanced constitutive models advantages 361 Advanced finite element techniques 378 Aerospace 6 Aerospace applications 176 Aging stability 47 Agitators 150 304 Air gap width 263 Airports 6 Alkali metal 16 Alkalis 17 Alloy 20 7 Alternating copolymer 55 Alumina 24 Amine-resistant fluoroelastomers 393 Amines 16 18 hot 18 Amorphous phase 183 permeability 20 Amorphous plastics 271 393 Anisotropy 8 28 Annealing 167 226 254 Annular parts 163 Applications 209 automotive fuels 16 conduit 247 containers 247 dispersions 186 fine powder PTFE 176 fluoropolymer films 209 fluoropolymers 391 rotomolding 226 Arc tracking 96 Architectural fabric 6 ARDROX P135E 356 Asbestos 191 ASTM D149 96 D256 36 D257 96 D495 96 D671 69 D758 82 D790 55 D792 351 D813 21 D1044 83 D1238 196 D1505 351 D1708 55 D2176 69 96 D2240 82 D2512 17 D2863 110 D3123 197 D3884 154 D4895 184 F739-81 21 Atlas cells 151 apparatus 150 tests 154 Atomic oxygen 16 Atoms 258 Attenuated total internal reflectance (ATIR) 325 Automotive applications 24 176 182 Automotive fuels permeation 422 Axial pressure 272 B Bacteria 110 187 Bacterial adhesion 110 111 Bacterial growth 187 Baffles 304 Bagley correction 197 Bakelite 7 Balanced runners 239552 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Ball valves 299 PFA-lined 345 Bare roll 263 Barrier (linings) 10 Barrier applications 118 Barrier film 248 Barrier screws 200 Basic properties 86 Beer-Lambert's law 100 214 Belleville washers 312 Bellows 168 Bending mode 340 Biaxial orientation 202 Biaxially oriented films 209 Biaxially oriented PVDF films 98 Biaxially oriented sheets 26 Billets cracking 165 molding 162 molding equipment 162 Bimodal particle size distribution 161 Biofilm formation 110 Biofouling 111 Biopharmaceutical 1 Bioprocessing 110 Bisphenol A fumarate 7 Bladder 168 Bleeder cloth 248 Blind flange test 150 Blistering 8 16 117 311 Blisters 316 Blow molding 235 352 technology 247 Blowup ratio 211 214 Boltzmann’s superposition principle 363 Bond failure 258 strength 255 261 Bonded sheet lining fabrication 281 Bonding adhesives 255 Bore hoses 301 Boron nitride in FEP 217 Bottle blending 176 Braided hose failure 348 Braiding 178 Brake 172 Break elongation 89 350 351 Breaker plate type die 203 Breather cloth 249 Brittle fatigue crack 316 Bromine trifluoride inertness 16 Bronze 24 Bubble process 211 Bubble-free lining 233 Bubbles 311 Burst strength 184 Butt fusion technique 269 welding 273 Butt joint 256 Butt tensile test 258 Butt welding 271 272 Butterfly valve 299 301 312 C Calcium tetraborate in FEP 217 Calendaring 185 Calibration experiments 332 368 Capillary viscometer 197 Capture velocity 387 Carbon fiber 24 Carbon filled compounds 23 Carbon filled PTFE 301 Carbon steels 118 Carbon-carbon bonds (C–C) 3 Carbon-filled 23 Carbon-fluorine bonds (C–F) 3 Carbon-graphite 23 Carbonyl fluoride 48 385 Catalytic oxidation 324 Centrifugal casting 229 Ceramics 7 Chain scission effect 100 Chain stretch 369 370 Chalking 117 Char 198 Charging automatic 167 Check ring valve 221 Chemical attack 117 Chemical bonds 324 Chemical changes 315 Chemical compatibility testing 151 Chemical degradation 117 Chemical etching 255 Chemical handling applications 7 Chemical handling processes 315 Chemical mechanisms 94 Chemical processing industry 1 7 117 Chemical resistance 5 15 28 393 fluoropolymers 119 lining technology 279INDEX 553 Chill rolls 210, 211 Chips 229 Chloralkali industry 7 Chlorendic anhydride 7 Chlorinated solvents 17 Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) inertness 16 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene 7 See also Hypalon Choker bar 202 Circuit boards flexible 186 Clamp valve 299 301 Clamped modes 340 Clamps tonnage 221 Cleaning injection molding machines 225 Cleanrooms molding 162 164 Cloth protective 390 woven glass 186 Co-coagulation 26 Coagulated dispersion powder 174 Coagulation 26 of dispersions 187 of PTFE particles 186 Coalescence 161 164 Coat hanger die 202 209 211 Coatings on glass cloth 189 unfilled 192 Coefficient of friction 3 36 82 83 393 dynamic 36 static 36 Coextrusion 203 204 blow molding technology 247 sheet and film 244 Cohesion mechanism 266 Cold flow 23 26 Cold plasma 258 Cold-rolled steel 263 Colloidal emulsions 187 Color formation 198 Column internals 10 Compaction 170 176 Compatibility with chemicals 119 Compatibility testing 149 simulated 150 Complex modulus 340 Composite parts 248 Compounding techniques 25 Compression molding 161 352 PTFE 162 sheets, blocks, and cylinders 162 stock shapes 162 Compression ratio of extruder screws 200 Compression stress 315 Compressive loading 36 Compressive modulus 24 Conductivity of dispersions 187 Cone-and-plate viscometer 197 Contact adhesive 255 280 Continuous-use temperature ETFE 4 Conventional configuration 263 Conveyer belts 186 Cooling 170 350 quenching 183 stack 202 Copper stabilizers 198 Core material 244 Corner radius 231 Corners of molds 239 Corona charging 287 Corona discharge 255 262 Corona treatment 263 Corrosion 10 metals 117 pitting 117 of process surfaces 199 Corrosion control applications 10 fluoropolymers 10 materials of construction 7 Corrosion of metals phenomenology 8 Corrosion rates 117 Corrosion resistance 10 117 118 equipment 381 metals 193 199 molds 237 Corrosion terminology 8 Corrosive compounds 209 Corrosive degradation products 199 Corrosive environments 208 Corrosive fluoropolymers 193 Corrugated tubing 247 Cost analysis 381 Cost per molding 352 Couette viscometer 197 Coulomb stress 369 Coupons 149 154554 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Cracking 8 21 117 165 311 324 critical thickness 188 Creep 23 24 26 35 55 69 215 217 reducing 82 variables 35 viscosity 166 Crevice corrosion 117 Critical shear rate 193 241 Crosslinked elastomers behavior 363 Crosslinking 100 101 radiation effects 101 Cryogenic properties 5 Cryogenic temperatures 70 Crystalline phase impermeability 20 Crystalline polymer permeability 401 Crystalline structures 166 Crystallinity 15 36 55 69 166 350 and specific gravity 351 effect 55 stress cracking 21 Crystallization temperature 167 Cycle time 235 Cyclic loading failure 370 D Damaged systems repairability 314 repairs 314 De-molding 167 Decision making processes 381 Decomposition of fluoropolymers 385 products 386 389 391 rate 47 Decompression screws 200 Defect analysis methodology 319 Defects 316 part analysis 316 Deformability of tape 185 Deformation under load (creep) 26, 55, 69, 82 Degassing 165 Degradation 47 48 51 86 chemical 117 metals 117 products 385 386 radiation effects 101 Degradation mechanisms underlying 311 Degradation products 198 209 214 239 of molten fluoropolymers 199 Degree of crystallinity 15 350 Degree of orientation 350 Delamination 117 221 255 311 Design 315 parts analysis 315 procedures 7 Destructive testing 312 Deviatoric flow rate effective 367 Diaphragm gates 222 Diaphragm valves 299 301 312 Die cone angle 176 Die gap 202 Die land length 176 Die lips 202 209 Dielectric breakdown strength 23 96 Dielectric constant 5 47 96 100 210 393 ETFE 100 FEP 98 Dielectric heating 271 Dielectric loss factor 210 Dielectric strength 350 ECTFE 100 Dies coat hanger 209 coextrusion 204 extrusion 199 extrusion head 245 for pipe production 203 multimanifold coextrusion 204 slit 202 Differential calorimetry 339 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 183 332 345 349 Differential thermal analysis (DTA) 331 332 Diffusion molecular size 20 nonpolar polymer 20 nonpolar species 20 permeant 20 polar chemical 20 swell 20 Diffusivity 154 Dimensional changes 51 Dimethylacetamide 18 Dimethylformamide 18 Dip tank 189 Dip tubes 304 Discoloration 8 23 117 187 311 Disk tensile test 258 Disk joint 256INDEX 555 Dispersion coating 186 389 Dispersions 185 applications 186 discoloration 187 odor 187 processing steps 189 properties of 187 storage 186 Disposal fluoropolymer 392 Dissipation factor 96 ETFE 100 FEP 98 Doctor blade 189 Dorno rays 214 Double bevel welding 272 Double bubble process 211 Double dielectric 263 Draw ratio balance 205 207 Drawdown ratio 205 207 211 214 Drilling 254 Drucker-stable 363 Dry bag 170 Dry blends 290 Drying ovens 177 DSC 183 Dual laminate construction 296 fabrication critical success factors 299 job sequence 296 supply chain 296 structures 7 Dual Network Fluoropolymer (DNF) model 362 368 372 374 calibration simulations 374 micromechanism-inspired approach 364 uniaxial data 378 validation simulations 378 Ductile fatigue crack 316 Dunk test 151 DuPont Company 1 Durability of insulation. See Insulation Durameter 36 Durameter scales 82 Dust particulates 390 Dwell time 164 Dye penetration 355 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 331 339 nomenclature 340 Dynamic mechanical analyzers 340 E Economics of fluoropolymers 118 ECTFE 10, 83, 89. See also Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) chemical resistance 18 119 electrical properties 100 films 100 214 increase in bond strength 262 melting point 198 properties 215 and solvents 18 tensile creep behavior 69 vs temperature 55 EHMW-FEP 235 EHMW-FEP/PTFE 237 Elastic modulus 8 Elasticity 244 Elastomers 7 8 21 Electrical applications 5 Electrical cables tape 185 Electrical insulation material 96 Electrical properties data 96 FEP 98 Electrochemical reaction 117 Electrode width 263 Electron capture detection 331 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis 256, 342. See alsoESCA equipment 344 Electronic applications 5 Electrostatic charge 290 Electrostatic spray 287 application 287 coating 286 Electrostatic wrap 286 Elongation 55 Encapsulation 274 Energized atomic fragments 255 Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) 328 349 Energy-based failure models 369 Engineering polymers 25 Environmental emission standards 393 Environmental stress cracking 21 154 Epoxy adhesive 280 ESCA 256. See Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis Escape slot 239 Escherichia coli 110556 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Esters 17 Etch rate 16 Etching 256 solutions 258 ETFE 2, 10, 17, 89. See also Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene adhesion improvement 258 break elongation 101 chemical resistance 17 119 electrical properties 100 films 214 flex modulus 55 glass-filled 83 infrared scan 100 melt viscosity 245 melting point 245 molecular structure 4 properties 215 radiation resistance 101 resins 83 stability 17 tensile moduli 55 thermal stability 198 ultrasonic welding 273 Ethylene 55 Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 2 See also ECTFE Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer 17 412 Ethylene propylene diene monomer 7 See also Nordel Ethylene propylene terpolymer 245 Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene 17 410 See also ETFE melt viscosity 194 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer 245 Evaluation methods 394 Exhaust air 387 Exotic metal alloys 5 118 Expandability of tubing 208 Expander 245 Expansion joints 10 304 312 lining 150 Exposure aging 47 climatic elements 47 hazards 389 limits 386 radiation 52 thermal 47 vacuum 48 weathering 47 Extended mandrel technique 206 208 Extensiometry 267 Extensometer 184 Extinction coefficient 100 324 Extrudate 199 Extruded sheet 202 Extruder 170 177 199 screws 200 210 systems 200 Extrusion 193 352 aids 174 blowing 202 casting 202 pressure 175 200 of PVDF films 210 speed 176 Extrusion conditions ETFE and ECTFE 214 FEP 217 polyethylene 217 Extrusion head 245 Extrusion temperatures FEP 217 PFA 217 PVDF/PMMA 214 Extrusion varibles 176 Extrusion welding 272 F Fabrication decision tree 157 Fabrics 185 architectural 6 polyaramide 186 Failure 8 of parts 315 predict 368 root cause(s) 315 safety, environmental, and financial 359 Failure analysis examples 345 Failure models damage-based 370 371 develop for predictions 368 Faraday Cage effect 286 Fatigue 316 Feed block coextrusion 204 FEP 2 10 55 89 100 25 295 See also Fluorinated ethylene propylene black spots 348 break elongation 101 chemical resistance 119 corona discharge treatment 263 264 dissipation factor 96 extra-high molecular weight 235 237 fillers 83INDEX 557 film adhesion 264 molecular structure 2 shrink tubing 208 thermal stability 342 treated 264 Fiber additives 7 Fibrillation 25 174 of fine powder particles 175 Fibrils 174 Fick’s law mass transfer 18 Field application and cost lining technology 279 Field fabrication 304 Field testing for compatibility 149 Filaments extrusion 199 Filled compounds 23 Filled PTFE 25 Fillers 25 83 characteristics 82 material 23 Film coextrusion 244 Film extrusion 202 PFA 217 Film formation techniques 210 Film thickness 100 Film/web speed 263 Films 202 perfluoropolymer 217 preparation 162 PVDF 210 release sheets 209 Filter bags 185 Fine cut resins 161 Fine powder 25 applications 176 processing 175 PTFE 25 174 Finishes PTFE 185 Finite element analysis 359 Finite element packages 363 Finite element simulations constitutive model 368 Flame ionization detector (FID) 331 Flame resistant 110 Flame test vertical 110 Flame treatment 255 261 Flammability 17 Flange flares 312 Flanges 26 Flare 312 Flaws 352 physical 18 Flax 191 Flex life 36 69 96 PTFE 36 Flex modulus 55 Flexibility 70 Flexibility characteristics 36 Flexural characteristics 69 Flexural creep behavior 69 Flight depth 200 Flow fusion technique 295 Flow rate 241 Fluidization finer particle-size coatings 290 purposes 287 Fluorescent dyes 356 Fluorinated ethylene propylene 2. See also FEP melt viscosity 194 molecular structure 2 Fluorinated polyethylene 417 Fluorinated polymers 10 393 Fluorinated polyolefins 16 Fluorine 16 content 17 in fluoropolymers 385 sheath 3 Fluorine peak 349 Fluorine-to-carbon ratio (F/C) 262 Fluoroacrylate 1 Fluoroalkenes 385 Fluoroelastomers 7 8 Fluoroplastics 3 82 failure analysis 322 hardness 82 limitation of 315 partially fluorinated 209 tensile properties 55 variety of parts 316 Fluoropolymers 1 8 10 17 21 additives 290 behavior 361 bond 266 bond values 256 discovery of 1 disposal of 392 examination 311 fillers 290 films 209 finishes 185 handling and processing 385 history 3558 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES lining 8 mechanical analysis 371 melt viscosity 194 melt-processible 253 269 melt-processible films 273 modeling 359 moduli 55 nonlinear response 360 outdoor exposure 94 pigments 290 powder coatings 290 stabilizers 290 structure-rheology-fabrication 10 tanks 232 visual examination 394 water-based suspensions 295 welding 265 world consumption 393 Fluorosilicone 1 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 6 Food contact 391 Food processing applications 6 Forces hydrogen bonding 20 van der Waals 20 Fouling of surfaces 111 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 325 liner sample analysis 348 Fracture mechanics-based models 369 Free extrusion techniques 207 Free flow resins 161 Free radicals 258 Friction 3 24 welding 271 Frobenius norm 367 Fuel transport 182 Fully fluorinated polymers 10 Fume fever 386 Furans 7 G Gamma rays 52 Gas chromatography (GC) 86 331 permeation analysis 21 Gas flame 261 Gaskets 10 26 150 151 185 compatibility testing 152 Gates design 222 239 location 222 239 Geometry 359 368 Glass cloth 188 coating 189 Glass fibers 23 83 186 Glass transition 89 temperature 339 Glow discharge 16 261 Glycidyl compounds 244 Grain attack 8 Granular filled 23 Granular powders 23 Granular PTFE properties 27 Granular resins 161 Graphite 24 Grinding compounds 254 Grooved mandrel 254 H Hagen-Poiseuille equation 197 Halogenated solvents 16 Hardness 24 82 radiation effects 101 Health hazards 386 Heat bonding 273 274 Heat flux DSC 332 Heat of fusion (Hf0) 86 183 332 350 Heat sealing 271 Heat shrink 215 tubing 208 Heat transfer consideration lining technology 279 Heated console ovens 177 Heated tool (hot plate) welding techniques 266 Heating and cooling cycles 235 Heating rate 166 Heaviside step function 363 Helium leak test 152 High density polyethylene 245 High energy radiation 100 254 High nickel alloys 118 High temperature limit 117 High temperature resins 393 Hollow objects fabrication 226 Homogeneity 8 Hoods ventilation 387 Hopper 287 Hoses 10 inspection 312 lining 150 Hot air gun 272 Hot air welding 271INDEX 559 Hot flocking 287 289 Hot gas method 269 Hot gas welding 281 hand 295 PFA 269 techniques 266 Hot runner systems 222 Hot stamping 274 Hot tool welding device 267 Hourglassing 164 Houseware applications 6 Hydraulic transfer applications 182 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 214 Hydrofluoric acid (HF) 193 198 199 214 239 345 390 Hydrogen bonding forces 20 Hydrolytic stability 89 Hydrophones 98 Hydrostatic molding 168 Hydrostatic stress 369 370 Hydrostatic test 281 Hyperelasticity 361 362 I Ignition 17 Imines 16 Impact fracture 316 Impact strength 36 55 70 Izod 36 Impact tester 17 Imperial Chemical Industries 1 Impregnation 186 asbestos 191 Induction welding 273 Industrial applications 176 Infrared absorption spectrum 100 324 Infrared spectrometers 325 342 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 86 324 356 Infrared welding 266 machine 273 mechanical testing 273 Inherent specific gravity 351 Injection molding 10 352 cleaning of machines 225 defects 352 machines 193 219 process 219 224 Injection pressures 224 Injection speed 224 Ink printing 274 Inorganic chemicals permeation 426 Insoluble fraction PVDF 101 Inspection mean time between (MTBI) 117 Insulation 390 Intergranular attack 8 Intergranular corrosion 117 Internals 150 Iodine pentafluoride inertness 16 Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) 342 Ionic contamination 245 Ionic strength of dispersions 187 ISO test methods 154 Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 176 Isostatic molding 10 168 169 J Jacketed vessels 151 Jar blending 176 Joining 266 K Kalrez 7 Ketones 17 Kevlar 182 Klebsiella aerogenes 110 L Lap shear 256 bond strength 256 test configuration 258 Lapping compounds 254 Laser micro-mass analysis method 331 Lathe 162 Leak testing 152 Life cycle cost 117 Light transmission comparison 100 through films/sheets 214 Limiting oxygen index (LOI) 17 110 Limulus amoebocyte lysate 110 Linear elastic fracture mechanics 369 Linear elasticity 361 362 Linear viscoelasticity 361 363 experimental data 364 Lined fitting 299 Lined hoses 301 Lined piping 299 Lining applications 10560 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Linings 7 10 150 compatibility testing 150 fabrication 279 infrared spectra 345 spray and baked 157 systems costs 381 technology 279 Liquid coatings 185 Liquid crystal polymer (LCP) 247 248 Liquid dispersion coatings 286 295 Liquid oxygen (LOX) 18 contact surface condition 17 Loading conditions 359 368 Loose lining critical success factors 295 Loss factor measurements 211 Loudspeakers 98 Low earth-orbit environment 16 Low-temperature fluoroelastomers 393 Lubricants 176 389 M Machining 253 high speed 390 Macroscopic flaws 352 Maintenance items 314 Major axis 229 Mandrels 163 176 extended 206 Manhattan Project 1 Manufacturing processes 219 technologies 7 Mass spectrometry 331 Mass spectroscopy (MS) 86 328 permeation analysis 21 Mass spectrum 331 Mass transfer Fick's law 18 Master curve 340 Matched-die forming 274 Materials behavior 359 of construction 7 impregnation 186 lining technology 279 safety data sheets 390 selection 117 Maximum principal strain 369 Maximum principal stress 369 Measuring corrosion rates 117 permeation rate 21 Mechanical analysis 359 compatibility tests 149 failures 315 properties 55 117 strength 8 Medical applications 6 391 Melt creep viscosity 166 Melt extraction screws 200 Melt flow index (MFI) 193 Melt flow rate (MFR) 55, 86, 193, 196, 324 PFA 233 Melt fracture 193 symptoms of 193 Melt pots 241 Melt preparation for extrusion 199 Melt processes 389 Melt processible PTFE 3 Melt-processing methods 352 Melt stagnation 221 Melt temperatures 224 Melt viscosity 193 194 266 PVDF films 211 Melting point ECTFE 198 PFA 217 PTFE 178 Metals 7 corrosion 117 hydrides 16 n-Methylpyrrolidone 18 MFA 100 electrical properties 96 MFA (perfluoroalkoxy) (perfluoromethyl vinyl ether) 10 Mica particles 24 Micromachining 254 Microorganisms 110 films 110 Microphones 98 Microporosity 350 measuring 356 visually detected 355 Microscopic flaws 352 Microtensile bar specimen quality 267 Microvoids 350 351 355 Microwaves 394 Minor axis 229 Mises stress 369 MIT flex life 96 Mixing elements 200INDEX 561 Modeling of materials 359 360 Modified PTFE 36 393 Modifiers 69 Modulus 8 55 Modulus of elasticity 244 339 Moisture weatherability 94 Moldability index 198 tests 197 Molding 167 areas 162 injection 219 isostatic 168 machines 219 pressure 164 PVDF 198 rotational 226 techniques 161 wet- and dry-bag 170 Molds cavities 222 cooling 241 corrosion resistant 237 design 163 222 239 filling 194 196 229 nickel 237 operations 239 temperature 225 venting 239 Molecular weight (MW) 349 Molybdenum disulfide 24 Monoaxially oriented films 209 Monomethylhydrazine 18 Monotonic loading 370 predicting failure 369 Motion sensors 98 Multicoat applications 295 Multilayer coextrusion 244 245 Multimanifold coextrusion 204 Multimodal particle size distribution 161 N Naphtha 176 Nelder-Mead simplex minimization algorithm 368 Neoprene 7. See alsoPolychloroprene adhesive 280 Newtonian fluid 197 Nitric acid 16 Nitrogen tetroxide 18 Non-intrusive examination 313 Non-resonance technique 339 Non-stick surfaces 192 Nondestructive testing methods 312 Nonoxidizing 24 Nonrigid polymers 8 Nozzle 219 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 331 Nucleating agents 217 Nylon 7 O Odor of dispersion 187 Ogden model strain energy density 363 Operating costs limit designer's choice 381 Operational safety 258 Operations of piping 311 Operations of tanks 311 Operations of vessels 311 Optical microscopy (OM) 319 348 Organic chemicals permeation 426 Organic chemistry 8 342 Organic solvents 17 Orientation 350 after sintering 184 Orientation Index 183 184 Oriented films 209 210 211 heat shrinkable 215 Oriented tape 185 OSHA 386 Outgassing 48 Oven temperature 244 Ovens 177 Oversintered 183 Overspray 286 Oxidation products 385 Oxidizers 17 Oxygen difluoride (OF2) inertness 16 Oxygen exposure 94 Oxygen uptake 16 Ozone 16 391 reactive substance 16 resistance of polymers 16 P Packings 150 185 pump 186 valve 186 Parison programming 245 thickness 245 weight control 245562 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Part failures analysis 315 categories 316 outcome 316 reasons 315 Part geometry 287 Part manufacturing flaws 315 Partially fluorinated 2 10 Particle morphology ease of fluidization 290 Particle shape ease of fluidization 290 Particle size distribution 161 Particulate additives 7 Particulates 386 Paste extrusion 174 389 PCTFE 2 18 255 See also Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) molecular structure 2 Peel strength 231 258 Peel-pull test 151 Peeling 255 Peening 221 Pelletized resins 161 Pendulum Technique 269 Perfluorinated fluoroplastics 69 Perfluorinated fluoropolymers 48 101 Perfluorinated polymers 2 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) 2, 55, 339. See also PFA melt viscosity 194 thermal properties 89 Perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether 55 Perfluoroammoniumoctanoate 186 Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) 48 Perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE) 55 Perfluoroplastics adhesion treatment 262 Perfluoropolymers 1 86 chemical resistance 15 16 films 217 Perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE) 348 See also PPVE Permeability 401 to gases 401 412 to liquids 401 to oxygen 417 to water vapor 412 Permeation 15 18 154 of gases 395 molecular structure 20 rates 20 21 117 testing 154 variables 21 Personal protective equipment 389 PFA 55 100 255 269 271 See also Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) break elongation 89 101 chemical resistance 119 critical success factors 295 molecular structure 2 rotomolding 232 tensile strength 89 typical fillers 295 wear data 82 PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) (perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) 10 PFA-lined ball valves 345 Pharmaceutical 1 Phenol formaldehyde 7 Phosphorous acids 198 Photodegradation 94 Physical changes 315 key variables 316 Physics 342 Pickup heads 98 Piezoelectric films properties 98 Piezoelectricity 98 Pigments 290 Pinholes 151 Pinpoint gates 222 Pipe extrusion 203 Pipes sealing tape 185 Piping 10 312 costs 381 lining 150 operations of 311 Pitting 117 Plasma 258 Plasma etching 16 Plasma treatment 255 258 Plastic materials 381 Plastication 219 221 screws 219 241 Plastics extrusion 199 Plastics and elastomers physical and mechanical properties 8 Plate-like parts molding 235 Plate-plate viscometer 197 Plenums 5 Plug flow 210 Plug valves 299 301 Plunkett, Roy 1 Pneumatic test 281INDEX 563 Poisson’s ratio 35 69 362 368 Poker chipping 170 Polar solvents 18 Pollutants exposure 94 Polyamide-imide 25 Polyamides 83 Polyaramid yarns 182 Polyaramide 191 fibers 186 Polyarylates 25 Polyarylene plastics 25 Polycarbonates 83 Polychloroprene 7, 8. See alsoNeoprene Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 2 18 See also PCTFE Polyester resins initiatives in development 7 Polyetherketone (PEK) 25 Polyethylene extrusion conditions 217 high density 245 Polyethylene terphthalate (PET) 247 Polyethylene-vinyl acetate 245 Polymer-based materials phenomenology of applications 7 Polymer components failure 368 Polymer materials 10 Polymer system description 8 Polymer/chemical interaction 117 Polymeric components failure 369 Polymeric materials 7 Polymers 8 fatigue and failure behavior 371 fume fever 386 refractive index 100 yield strength 101 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 210 Polynomial model strain energy density 363 Polyolefins stress cracking 21 Polyphenylene sulfide 25 Polyphenylene sulfone 25 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 1 7 17 253 254 267 320 339 349 See alsoPTFE; Teflon applications 5 coefficient of expansion 51 coefficient of friction 36 design of parts 35 dispersions 186 electrical stability 47 fabrication conditions 350 fillers 36 51 heat deflection temperature 51 modified 267 molecular weight 349 paste extruded 356 properties 5 steam 356 test methods 52 thermoformed 274 transition temperature 51 unsintered 185 vacuum 48 void content 356 wear properties 47 Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) 17, 98, 417. See alsoPVF molecular structure 2 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 17 98 320 401 See also PVDF melt viscosity 194 piezoelectric film 98 sheet 202 welded 271 Powder coatings 185 additives 290 advantages and limits 286 fillers 290 material 287 pigments 290 stabilizers 290 Powder metallurgy technique 299 Powders 23 metal processing 168 voltage 287 Power compensation 332 PPVE 348. See alsoPerfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE) Precision molded parts 225 Preforming 164 350 and sintering 163 pressure 164 Preforms 176 snap back 163 Presses molding 163 Pressure 266 compaction 177 decay 169 forming 274 hoses 182 183 molding 168564 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES Pressure and velocity 83 Pressure-velocity 24 Pretension 340 Processing baking 189 calendaring 189 drying 189 Profile extrusion 199 Protective clothing 185 390 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 110 PTFE 10 253 255 See also Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) auto-ignition 17 bearers 235 chain stability 17 chemical resistance 119 coatings and fibers 186 corona discharge treatment 263 decomposition rates 48 degradation 48 deviatoric and volumetric flow 374 dielectric strength 47 dimensions 253 dispersions 23 187 enthalpy 51 experimental data 364 fabrication 174 finishes 185 gasket 372 granular 161 hardness 36 high bulk modulus 367 limiting oxygen index 17 melting point 178 molecular structure 1 perfluorinated 256 Poisson’s ration 35 processing 299 radiation stability 52 reinforced fine powder 26 resins 36 self ignition temperature 391 sintering temperatures 23 specific gravity 162 specific heat 51 stress-strain behavior 35 stress-strain curves 269 surface modification 261 surface treatment 256 Teflon AF 4 thermal conductivity 267 transition point 174 transition temperature 175 voids 164 weld line 269 Pulmonary edema 386 Pumps 10 lining 150 packing 186 Purity testing 151 PV (pressure × velocity) 83 convention 47 limits 47 82 PVDF 10 17 89 271 295 See also Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) break elongation 101 chemical resistance 17 119 films 100 210 211 molecular structure 2 orientation 211 parts 272 piezoelectric 99 thermal stability 198 PVF 17 98 101 See also Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) increase in bond strength 262 Pyroelectricity 98 Q Q-Panel Co 96 Quad-screw extruder 200 Quenching 170 QUV Weather-o-meter 96 R Radiation chain scission effect 100 stability 101 Radiation exposure 52 Radiation resistance 101 Ram extruder 170 172 177 199 Ram extrusion 10 Ram speeds 164 221 Rate of degradation 86 Reactors 10 Recycling fluoropolymers 391 Reduction ratio 174 176 Refractive index 100 Refrigerants 1 Reinforced material 26 Relaxation moduli 364 Relaxation of stresses 164 Release agent 248 Release film 248 Research and development 394 Residence time 210INDEX 565 Residual stresses 164 Resin converters 7 Resin type 176 Resins 86 compression 176 flow 161 removal 253 selection 161 Resistivity volume 96 Restrictor bar 202 Retention time 331 Rheology 193 melt 196 Rigid polymers 8 Ring gates 222 Rings 167 Risk-based inspection (RBI) 311 313 Rod welding 271 Roll cooling stack 202 Roll temperatures 202 Roofing 6 Room Temperature Tightness Test (ROTT) 152 Root cause analysis 316 Rotary extruders 199 Rotation ratio 229 Rotational casting 226 Rotational lining 281 Rotational molding 352 Rotational speed 272 Rotational viscometers 197 Rotolinings 157 229 281 critical success factors 284 Rotomolding 226 229 352 ROTT data 152 Rubber vulcanization properties 7 Runners design 222 and gates 222 shape and size 237 Rupture disks 389 S Sampling depth 345 Sawing 254 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 319 328 analysis 348 Scrap material 391 Screenpack 202 Screws 219 extruders 200 210 extrusion 200 plastication 219 plastification 241 types 200 Seals 10 26 150 151 167 Seals and gaskets compatibility testing 151 Seamless hollow plastic products 229 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) 342 345 Selection of resins 161 Self-supporting structures 10 Semicrystalline plastics 208 polymers 89 Semirigid polymers 8 Settling of dispersions 187 Shark-skinning 193 217 Shear damage 174 Shear rates 193 197 241 critical 193 PFA 217 Shear thinning 197 Shearing 254 Sheet 202 coextrusion 244 extruded 202 extrusion 199 grades 202 preparation 162 surface texture 202 Sheeting 26 Shock absorbers 24 Shrink tubing 208 Shrinkage 163 217 during molding 225 oriented films 215 preform 164 Silicones stress cracking 18 Single-screw extruders 200 Single-screw extrusion 214 Sink marks 224 Sintered PTFE 271 See also PTFE: sintering temperatures Sintering 27 164 170 267 350 cycle profiles 166 incomplete 328 ovens 163 temperatures 23 See also PTFE: sintering temperatures Sizing agents 188 sleeve method 206566 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES tank 203 of tubes 206 Sizing-plate method 206 Skiving 254 Skiving blades 162 Slider 239 Sliding speed 36 Slipstick behavior 36 Slurry abrasion 154 Small punch tests 374 378 Smear head 221 Soak time 269 Socket welding 271 272 Sodium 255 Sodium etching 258 effect 256 Sodium naphthalenide treatment 258 Solubility parameter 154 Solvents bonding 271 Spacers 167 Spaghetti tubing 178 Spark test 151 177 281 311 Specific gravity 350 356 Specific wear rate 82 Spherulite size 214 Spider type die 203 Spin-casting 229 Spin welding 272 ETFE 273 See also ETFE technique 269 Spiral mandrels die 203 Spray and baked coatings 286 Spray coating 286 Sprue 219 bushing 237 removal 221 Sprueless systems 222 Square pitch screw 200 Stability of dispersions 187 Stabilizers 290 copper 198 Stadium 6 186 Stainless steels 7 118 Standard specific gravity (SSG) 23 Staphylococcus aureus 110 Staphylococcus epidermidis 110 Static charge 182 Static discharge 301 Steel powder 24 Stochastic failure modeling 369 Stock shapes compression molding 162 Storage of dispersions 187 Storage vessels 10 Strain-based failure models 369 Strain energy density 362 Streak formation 221 Strength classifications 8 Stress 167 Stress cracking 21 corrosion 117 environmental 21 Stress relaxation 36 69 modulus 363 Stress-based failure models 369 Stress-strain 55 compressive 55 Stresses residual 21 Stretch ratio 210 215 Stretch Void Index 183 Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) 245 Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) 245 Sunlight weatherability 94 Supply chains 10 Surface analysis techniques 319 Surface attack 311 Surface energy 3 393 Surface finish of molded parts 224 Surface modification journals 255 Surface resistivity 96 Surface roughness 229 Surface science 342 Surface texture 202 Surfactants 186 188 Suter tester 264 Swelling 117 T T-fittings 244 Tabor abrader test 154 Tabor Test procedure 83 Tanks 232 operations of 311 Tape 255 oriented 185 unsintered 185 Teflon. SeePTFE Temperature 176 extrusion 210 roll 202 transfer molding 241INDEX 567 Tensile strength 35 55 350 351 Tensile stress 315 tests 272 Tensile stress-strain 55 Tension and compression true stress 360 Tentering 211 Testing compatibility 149 simulated 150 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 48, 55.See also TFE copolymers 35 molecular structure 1 Tetrafluoromethane 385 TFE 1, 48. See alsoTetrafluoroethylene (TFE) Thermal aging 89 Thermal analysis 331 Thermal conductivity 51 253 detectors 331 PTFE 163 Thermal cycling stress-crack 356 Thermal degradation 51 101 194 350 389 Thermal diffusivity 194 Thermal exposure 47 48 Thermal imaging analysis 394 Thermal processing 8 Thermal stability 5 86 385 ETFE 198 Thermal stabilizers ECTFE 198 Thermoforming 10 208 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 86 331 342 techniques 48 Thermoplastics 8 235 360 391 extrusion 199 low-end 7 molding 235 Thermosets 8 Thermosetting materials 7 Thermotropic liquid crystal 248 Thin walled articles 247 Threaded connection gasket 372 Threads sealing tape 185 Tie layers 244 245 Tightness parameter 152 Time of Flight (TOF) SIMS 345 Time-dependent deformation 339 Time-temperature superimposition 340 Tin powder 233 Tool wear 253 Torsion 340 Torsional damping 356 Toxic gases 391 Toxicity of fluoropolymers 385 Transducers 98 Transfer molding 237 239 241 352 melt-pot 241 Transfer pressures 241 Transfer rate 241 Transition temperature 51 Transmission 100 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 328 Transmittance spectra 100 Trapezoid runners 237 Tresca stress 369 Tribocharging 287 Triboelectric series 287 Tubes extrusions 206 large diameter 208 medium 207 size 206 small 207 Tubing 206 247 categories 178 pressure hoses 178 shrink 208 Tubular extrusion 211 film 214 oven 177 Tunnel gating 222 Twin-screw extruders 200 Two-stage screws 200 Types of degradation 311 U U.S. Food and Drug Administration 391 UHMWPE 370 Ultimate elongation 55 Ultra-purity water systems 111 Ultrasonic welding 266 271 272 Ultrasonics 356 Ultraviolet rays 6 US Bronze 24 V V-cone blenders 176 Vacuum bagging 248 249 exposure 48 forming 274 sizing tank 203568 FLUOROPOLYMERS APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES stress 315 trough 206 Valve diaphragms 36 Valve packing 186 Valve seats 167 Valves 10 221 299 312 lining 150 Vapor phase chemical 264 Velocity critical 193 Vent design 239 Vented screws 200 Ventilation 386 Venting mold 239 Vertical extrusion 183 Vessel internals agitators, baffles, and tip tubes 304 Vessel linings 314 design guidelines 304 inspected 312 Vessel size lining technology 279 Vessels costs 381 lining 150 151 lining options 279 operations of 311 Vibratory box feeder 287 Vinyl esters 7 Viscometers 197 cone-and-plate 197 Viscosity 194 measurement 197 melt 196 Visible light transmission 100 Visual inspection 319 Viton 7 Voids 36 183 formation 241 Volatile organic content (VOC) 286 Voltage 263 Volume resistivity 96 Volumetric strain 369 370 Vulcanized rubber 7 W Waste disposal 258 Waste fluoropolymer 391 Water contact angle 256 vapor permeation 21 Water pumps 24 Waterproof fabrics 185 Wear 23 24 data 82 factor 82 rate 82 rate and abrasion 83 Wear index 83 Weather-o-meters 94 Weatherability 94 Weathering 47 data 96 resistance 96 Weatherproof fabrics 185 Weep test 184 Weld high quality 271 joint 266 lines 203 224 penetration 272 strength 272 Weld factor (WF) 266 272 320 Weld initiation time (WIT) 272 Welding 10 265 267 390 double bevel 271 equipment 269 FEP 269. See also FEP methods 266 PTFE 267. See also PTFE: weld line techniques 266 technology 267 Wet bag 170 Wire 185 insulation 176 Wrapping electrical cables 185 X X-ray diffraction 356 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 256 342 Y Yield deformation 35 Young’s modulus 362 368
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