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| موضوع: كتاب Dynamic Mechanical Analysis - for Plastics Engineering الثلاثاء 24 أكتوبر 2023, 12:51 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Dynamic Mechanical Analysis - for Plastics Engineering Michael P. Sepe
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents i Figures .iii Graphs xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Principles of Polymer Structure And Instrument Operation .• • .3 2.1 Data Presentation 6 2.2 Structural Characteristics of Polymers 7 3 Properties Measured By DMA 11 3.1 Storage Modulus Versus Temperature 11 3.2 The Meaning of Loss Modulus and Tan Delta 12 3.3 The Relationship of DMA to HDT and Vicat Softening 14 3.4 The Effect of Fillers 17 3.5 Polymer Blends 18 4 Time Dependent Behavior 21 4.1 The Equivalency of Temperature and Time • 21 4.2 Creep and Stress Relaxation 23 4.3 The Relationship of Time to Frequency 25 4.4 Using the Master Curve for Practical Problem Solving 28 5 The Effects of Processing and Environment 31 6 Conclusions 35 Appendix 1 - DMA Data Collection 36 Acetal resin 36 acetal homopolymer (POM) 36 acetal copolymer (POM copolymer) 38 Acrylic resin 42 acrylic (PMMA) 42 acrylic copolymer 44 Polyamide 44 amorphous nylon 44 nylon 12 46 nylon 6 48 nylon 612 58 nylon 66 62 nylon 6/66 74 nylon MXD6 78 nylon, aromatic copolymer 78 nylon, partially aromatic 80 Polycarbonate 80 polycarbonate (PC) 80 Polyester 86 polybutylene terephthalate (polyester PBT) 86 polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 90ii Table of Contents Polyim.ide 98 polyetherimide (PEl) 98 Polyketone 102 polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 102 Polyolefin 104 polypropylene (PP) 104 polypropylene copolymer (PP copolymer) 114 cyclic olefin copolymer 116 Polyphenylene ether 118 syrene modified polyphenylene ether (modified PPE) 118 Polysolfide 122 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 122 Polysulfone 128 polyethersulfone (PES) 128 Styrenic resin 130 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 130 high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 140 styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) 142 Plastic alloy 142 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/ nylon alloy (ABS/ nylon alloy) 142 acrylic/ polycarbonate alloy (acrylic/ PC alloy) 144 polycarbonate/ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene alloy (PC/ ABS alloy) 144 polycarbonate polybutylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PBT alloy) 146 polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 148 polypropylene/ polystyrene alloy (PP/ PS alloy) 154 Appendix 2 - Data Sheet Properties For Materials in the DMA Data Collection 158 Glossary of Terms 171iii Figures Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6a. Figure 6b Figure 6c. Figure 7a. Figure 7b Figure 8a. Figure 8b. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 20a. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Relationship of stress and strain with time for a pure elastic system. . 3 Relationship of stress and strain with time for a purely viscous system 3 Relationship of stress and strain with time for a viscoelastic system 4 The behavior of an elastic system under oscillatory stress. Stress and strain and in phase 4 The behavior of a viscous system under oscillatory stress. Stress and strain are 90° out of phase 5 Relationship of the stress and strain vectors in a dynamic experiment. 5 Stress vectors resolved into the loss and storage components 5 Corresponding modulus vectors with loss vector transposed to form a right triangle 5 Storage and loss properties for an unfilled polycarbonate 7 Expanded plot of storage and loss properties for polycarbonate at Tg. . 8 Storage and loss properties for unfilled nylon 6 8 Storage and loss properties for an unfilled nylon 6/12 showing the rapid rise in tan delta as the material softens 9 Storage and loss properties for an epoxy circuit board material. 9 Storage and loss properties for a thermoset elastomer 9 Storage modulus vs. temperature for a 30% glass fiber-reinforced PET polyester 11 Comparison of storage modulus properties for PET polyester, PBT polyester, nylon 6, and nylon 6/6, all with 30% glass fiber reinforcement. 12 Generalized plot of the effects of structure on storage modulus properties 12 Storage and loss properties for amorphous nylon. Tan delta does not resolve to a peak in the glass transition region but rises rapidly starting at Tg 13 Comparison of tan delta properties for PES and PEl from -50 to 160°C. The higher tendency for viscous flow is part of the reason for the superior impact resistance of PES 14 Storage and loss properties for an impact-modified acrylic. The low-temperature transition in the loss modulus curve is due to the rubbery impact modifier 14 Storage and loss properties for a flame-retardant ABS/polycarbonate blend. The HDT values are shown on the storage modulus plot. 15 Storage and loss modulus plot for unfilled nylon 6 showing the two HDT values in relation to Tg and the melting point. 16 Storage modulus versus temperature behavior showing the effect of filler content on the softening point for polycarbonate 16 Storage modulus versus temperature behavior showing the effect of filler content on the properties of nylon 6 17 Figure 20 showing the modulus levels for the HDT measured by ISO 75 Methods A, B, and C. 17 Storage modulus versus temperature for an unfilled polycarbonate showing the two HDT values and the Vicat softening point. 17 Effect of filler type and level on the storage modulus properties of nylon 6 17 Effect of filler type and level on the tan delta properties of nylon 6. Note the reduction in peak heights as the elastic contributions of the filler increase 18 Effect of fiber length and coupling technology on the tan delta properties of a short glass and long glass PBT polyester. The long glass system has higher elastic properties using the same amount of reinforcement. 18iv Figures Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Figure 30. Figure 31. Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Figure 35. Figure 36a. Figure 36b. Figure 36c. Figure 37. Figure 38a. Figure 38b. Figure 39. Figure 40. Figure 41. Figure 42. Figure 43. Figure 44. Figure 45. Loss modulus versus temperature plots for various blends of PPO and high impact polystyrene. The single Tg indicates a miscible blend with Tg rising as PPO content increases 19 Loss modulus plots for PBT polyester, polycarbonate, and a PBTIPC blend. Two phases are detectable but the shift of Tg's toward one another indicates a semi-miscible blend 19 Storage modulus plot comparing an unfilled PBT with a PBTIPC blend 19 Storage and loss modulus plots of a nylon 6/6 and a blend of nylon 6/6 and PPO. The lack of a shift in the Tg of the nylon and the well-defined modulus plateau between transitions indicates an immiscible blend 20 A linear plot of apparent modulus vs. time for a 100-hour creep test. 21 A semi-log plot of apparent modulus vs. time for the 100-hour creep test shown in Figure 29 21 A log-log plot of apparent modulus vs. time for the 100-hour creep test shown in Figure 29 21 Apparent modulus vs. time data for short-term creep tests conducted on a thermoset vinylester at multiple temperatures. The data is plotted in log-log format. The equivalency between time and temperature is shown for a thirty minute loading at 111°C and a temperature increase of 10°C. 22 Storage and loss properties for a 30% glass fiber-reinforced PEEK 22 Apparent modulus data at multiple temperatures superimposed over the storage modulus plot from Figure 33. The short-term time-dependent behavior parallels the temperature-dependent properties .22 Comparison of storage modulus properties of ABS and polycarbonate. The more stable modulu and higher Tg of the polycarbonate equate to superior time-dependent properties 23 Raw apparent modulus data shown in Figure 32 24 Master curve in process for a reference temperature of 100°C 24 Completed master curve for a reference temperature of 100°C. 24 Comparison of first 125 hours of master curve prediction for a rigid thermoset polyurethane with three real-time 125-hour creep tests. Data is shown on linear scales 24 Raw apparent modulus data from a stress relaxation test on polycarbonate 25 Stress relaxation master curve for polycarbonate in Figure 38a using a reference temperature of 135°C 25 Loss modulus measurements at multiple frequencies for the glass transition region of a 50% long glass fiber-reinforced nylon 6. The Tg shifts to slightly higher temperatures as the frequency increases 26 Loss modulus measurements at multiple frequencies for a 40% long glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene 26 Storage modulus measurements at multiple frequencies for an unfilled polycarbonate. Modulus increases with frequency. Frequency-dependent behavior is most pronounced in the glass transition region 26 Storage modulus measurements at multiple frequencies for a polycarbonate showing the effects of Tg in greater detail. 27 Loss modulus master curve vs. frequency for a 30% carbon fiber-reinforced nylon 6/6 at a reference temperature of 40°C 27 Loss modulus master curve vs. time for the material characterized in Figure 43. Time and frequency are related inversely and this plot is a mirror image of Figure 43. The time at peak is the relaxation time associated with the glass transition when the material is at the reference temperature 27 Plot of peak frequency vs. reference temperature for the material characterized in Figures 43 and 44. The data points describe a straight line and the slope of the line is the activation energy of the glass transition 27v Figures Figure 46a. Figure 46b. Figure 47a. Figure 47b. Figure 48. Figure 49. Figure 50. Figure 51. Figure 52. Figure 53. Figure 54. Figure 55. Figure 56. Figure 57. Tensile stress-strain curves for an unfilled polypropylene copolymer tested at strain rates of 5, 50, and 500 mm/min. Note the increase in modulus and peak stress and the decrease in ultimate elongation as strain rate increases. . 28 Tensile stress-strain curves for an unfilled polypropylene copolymer tested at strain rates of 5, 50, and 500 mm/min. The curves have been expanded to show the detail of the yield section of the test. 28 A creep master curve for a 43% glass-reinforced nylon 6/6 generated at 50°C. 29 A stress-strain curve for a 43% glass-reinforced nylon 6/6 generated at 50°C. The maximum strain is transposed to the modulus line in order to simulate the linear behavior characterized by the creep master curve 29 Effects of melt temperature on the storage modulus properties of an unfilled polypropylene run in a cool mold 31 Effects of melt temperature on the storage modulus properties of an unfilled polypropylene run in a hot mold. Note that the modulus of the cold melt samples is reduced significantly in the hotter mold while the high melt product is unchanged 31 The effects of fiber orientation on the storage modulus properties of a 30% glass fiber-reinforced polyurethane 31 Effect of mold temperature on the storage modulus properties of a 40% glass fiber reinforced PPS. The reduced modulus and lower glass transition temperature are the result of incomplete crystallization during molding 32 Tan delta properties for the samples from Figure 50. The reduced crystallinity results in a higher potential for viscous flow as the material passes through Tg' 32 Effects of short-term heat aging on the viscoelastic properties of 30% glass fiber reinforced PEEK. The increased storage modulus and decreased tan delta values indicate the occurrence of secondary crystallization 32 The effect of moisture content on the storage modulus properties of an unfilled nylon 6 33 The effect of plasticizer loss on the storage and loss properties of a flexible PVc. The rise in Tg results in the embrittlement of the compound 33 Effects of immersion in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) on the storage properties of an unfilled PBT/polycarbonate blend. Properties are partially restored after a 30-day drying out period 33 Effects of solvent immersion on tan delta properties of PBT/polycarbonate blend. The disappearance of the polycarbonate Tg indicates that permanent damage was done to this phase of the blend 34vi Graphs Graph 1. Graph 2. Graph 3. Graph 4. Graph 5. Graph 6. Graph 7. Graph 8. Graph 9. Graph 10. Graph 11. Graph 12. Graph 13. Graph 14. Graph 15. Graph 16. Graph 17. Graph 18. Graph 19. Graph 20. Graph 21. Graph 22. Graph 23. Graph 24. Graph 25. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Delrin 500 unfilled acetal homopolymer (POM) 36 Storage and loss properties for DuPont Delrin 577 20% glass fiber filled, UV stable acetal homopolymer (POM) 36 Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celcon M90 unfilled acetal copolymer (POM copolymer) 38 Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celcon M90 unfilled acetal copolymer (POM copolymer) showing low temperature behavior 38 Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celcon TX90 unfilled, impact modified acetal copolymer (POM copolymer) .40 Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celcon GC25A 25% glass fiber filled acetal copolymer (POM copolymer) 40 Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celcon CFX-Ol08 25% glass fiber filled, UV stable acetal copolymer (POM copolymer) 42 Storage and loss properties for AtoHaas Plexiglas MI-7 unfilled, impact modified acrylic (PMMA) 42 Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zylar ST94-580 unfilled, impact modified acrylic copolymer 44 Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel ST901 unfilled, impact modified amorphous nylon tested at 0.6% moisture content. 44 Storage and loss properties for EMS Grilamid TR55LX unfilled, amorphous, transparent nylon 12 tested dry as molded 46 Storage and loss properties for EMS Grilamid TR55LX unfilled, amorphous, transparent nylon 12 tested at I% moisture content 46 Storage and loss properties for Allied Signal Capron 8202C unfilled, nucleated nylon 6 tested at 0.15% moisture content 48 Storage and loss properties for Allied Signal Capron 8231 G 6 - 14% glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.15% moisture content : 48 Storage and loss properties for Bayer Durethan BKV030 30% glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.47% moisture content . 50 Storage and loss properties for EMS Grilon PVN-3H 30% glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.4% moisture content 50 Storage and loss properties for Allied Signal Capron 8233G 33% glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.3% moisture content. .52 Storage and loss properties for BASF Ultramid B3EG6 30% glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.5% moisture content 52 Storage and loss properties for LNP Thermocomp PF 1006HI 30% glass fiber filled, impact modified nylon 6 tested at 0.3% moisture content 54 Storage and loss properties for DSM Engineering Fiberfil 17-33 33% glass fiber filled, impact modified nylon 6 tested at 0.3% moisture content 54 Storage and loss properties for Allied Signal Capron 8267G 40% glass fiber/ mineral filled nylon 6 tested at 0.3% moisture content 56 Storage and loss properties for Allied Signal Capron 8234G 44% glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.4% moisture content 56 Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celstran N6G50 50% long glass fiber filled nylon 6 tested at 0.4% moisture content .58 Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel 151 unfi lied nylon 612 58 Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel 77G43L 43% glass fiber filled nylon 612 tested at 0.35% moisture content 60vii Graphs Graph 26. Storage and loss properties for LNP Therrnocomp IF100-12 60% glass fiber filled nylon 612 tested at 0.4% moisture content. 60 Graph 27. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel lOlL unfilled nylon 66 tested at 0.5% moisture content 62 Graph 28. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel CFE4003 unfilled, impact modified nylon 66 tested at 0.5% moisture content 62 Graph 29. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel ST80l unfilled, impact modified nylon 66 tested dryas molded 64 Graph 30. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel ST801 unfilled, impact modified nylon 66 tested at 0.6% moisture content 64 Graph 31. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel 70G13L 13% glass fiber filled nylon 66 tested at 0.2% moisture content 66 Graph 32. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel 70G33L 33% glass fiber filled nylon 66 tested at 0.4% moisture content 66 Graph 33. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celanese 1603-240% glass fiber filled nylon 66 tested at 0.5% moisture content 68 Graph 34. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celanese NFX-0102 40% glass bead filled nylon 66 tested at 0.6% moisture content 68 Graph 35. Storage and loss properties for DuPont MinIon 6122 40% mineral filled nylon 66 tested at 0.5% moisture content 70 Graph 36. Storage and loss properties for DuPont MinIon IOB40 40% mineral filled nylon 66 tested at 0.2% moisture content. 70 Graph 37. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel FE5128 43% glass fiber filled nylon 66 tested at 0.35% moisture content 72 Graph 38. Storage and loss properties for DuPont MinIon II C40 40% mineral filled, impact modified nylon 66 tested at 0.5% moisture content 72 Graph 39. Storage and loss properties for DuPont MinIon 12T 40% mineral filled, impact modified nylon 66 tested at 0.6% moisture content 74 Graph 40. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel 82G33L 33% glass fiber filled, impact modified nylon 6/66 tested at 0.2% moisture content 74 Graph 41. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel 72G33L 33% glass fiber filled nylon 6/66 tested at 0.4% moisture content 76 Graph 42. Storage and loss properties for LNP Verton RF700-l OEM 50% long glass fiber filled nylon 6/66 tested at I% moisture content 76 Graph 43. Storage and loss properties for Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Reny 1032 60% glass fiber filled nylon MXD6 78 Graph 44. Storage and loss properties for EMS Grivory 5H 50% glass fiber filled nylon, aromatic copolymer tested at 0.3% moisture content 78 Graph 45. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Zytel HTN51 G35HSL 35% glass fiber filled nylon, partially aromatic 80 Graph 46. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Lexan 141R unfilled polycarbonate (PC) 80 Graph 47. Storage and loss properties for MRC Polymers PC429MMHI-200 unfilled polycarbonate (PC) 82 Graph 48. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Makrolon T7435 unfilled, impact modified polycarbonate (PC) 82 Graph 49. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Lexan 500 10% glass fiber filled polycarbonate (PC) 84 Graph 50. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Lexan 3412 20% glass fiber filled polycarbonate (PC) 84viii Graphs Graph 51. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Valox 325 unfilled polybutylene terephthalate (polyester PBT) 86 Graph 52. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celanex 2016 unfilled polybutylene terephthalate (polyester PBT) 86 Graph 53. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Valox 744 10% glass fiber filled, impact modified polybutylene terephthalate (polyester PBT) 88 Graph 54. Storage and loss properties for LNP Thermocomp PDXW96630 10% glass fiber filled, impact modified polybutylene terephthalate (polyester PBT) 88 Graph 55. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Valox 420 30% glass fiber filled polybutylene terephthalate (polyester PBT) 90 Graph 56. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Rynite 530 30% glass fiber filled polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 90 Graph 57. Storage and loss properties for Plastics Engineering Pienco 50030 30% glass fiber filled polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 92 Graph 58. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Impet 330R 30% glass fiber filled polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 92 Graph 59. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Rynite FR530 30% glass fiber filled, flame retardant polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 94 Graph 60. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Rynite RE5211 30% glass fiber filled, color stable polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 94 Graph 61. Storage and loss properties for Allied Signal Petra 130 30% glass fiber filled, from recyclate polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 96 Graph 62. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Rynite 545 45% glass fiber filled polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 96 Graph 63. Storage and loss properties for DuPont Rynite 555 55% glass fiber filled polyethylene terephthalate (polyester PET) 98 Graph 64. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Ultem 1000 unfilled polyetherimide (PEl) tested dryas molded 98 Graph 65. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Ultem 1000 unfilled polyetherimide (PEl) tested at 0.5% moisture content . 100 Graph 66. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Ultem 2300 30% glass fiber filled polyetherimide (PEl) tested dryas molded 100 Graph 67. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Ultem 2300 30% glass fiber filled polyetherimide (PEI) tested at 0.5% moisture content 102 Graph 68. Storage and loss properties for Victrex PEEK 450G unfilled polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 102 Graph 69. Storage and loss properties for Exxon Escorene 1032 unfilled, homopolymer polypropylene (PP) 104 Graph 70. Storage and loss properties for Polypropylene 400121 unfilled, homopolymer polypropylene (PP) 104 Graph 71. Storage and loss properties for Polypropylene 400145 unfilled, homopolymer polypropylene (PP) 106 Graph 72. Storage and loss properties for Montell PF062-2 20% glass fiber filled polypropylene (PP) 106 Graph 73. Storage and loss properties for Montell PF072-3C 30% glass fiber filled polypropylene (PP) 108 Graph 74. Storage and loss properties for Montell PF072-4C 40% glass fiber filled polypropylene (PP) 108 Graph 75. Storage and loss properties for Ferro RPP40EA63UL 40% glass fiber filled, chemically coupled polypropylene (PP) 110 Graph 76. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celstran PPG40 40% long glass fiber filled polypropylene (PP) 110ix Graphs Graph 77. Storage and loss properties for Ferro HPP40GR09BK 10% glass fiber, 30% talc filled polypropylene (PP) 112 Graph 78. Storage and loss properties for Ferro TPP40AC45BK 40% talc filled polypropylene (PP) 112 Graph 79. Storage and loss properties for Ferro MPP40FJl5NA 40% mica filled, chemically coupled polypropylene (PP) 114 Graph 80. Storage and loss properties for Montell SB224-2C 20% glass fiber filled polypropylene copolymer (PP copolymer) 114 Graph 81. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Topas 5513 unfilled cyclic olefin copolymer 116 Graph 82. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Topas 6013 unfilled cyclic olefin copolymer 116 Graph 83. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Noryl N225X flame retardant, moderate heat resistance syrene modified polyphenylene ether (modified PPE) 118 Graph 84. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Noryl SEIX flame retardant, high heat resistance syrene modified polyphenylene ether (modified PPE) 118 Graph 85. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Noryl SEI-GFNI 10% glass fiber filled, flame retardant syrene modified polyphenylene ether (modified PPE) 120 Graph 86. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Noryl GFN2 20% glass fiber filled syrene modified polyphenylene ether (modified PPE) 120 Graph 87. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Noryl GFN3 30% glass fiber filled syrene modified polyphenylene ether (modified PPE) 122 Graph 88. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Fortron 1140 40% glass fiber filled polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 122 Graph 89. Storage and loss properties for Phillips 66 Ryton R4 40% glass fiber filled, branched polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 124 Graph 90. Storage and loss properties for Phillips 66 Ryton BR90A 40% glass fiber filled, impact modified polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 124 Graph 91. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celstran PPSG50 50% long glass fiber filled polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 126 Graph 92. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Fortron 4184 50% glass fiber/ mineral filled polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 126 Graph 93. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Fortron 6165 65% glass fiber/ mineral filled polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 128 Graph 94. Storage and loss properties for Amoco Performance Polymers Radel AG220 20% glass fiber filled polyethersulfone (PES) 128 Graph 95. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Cycolac T unfilled, high impact, general purpose acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 130 Graph 96. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Cycolac GSM unfilled, high impact acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 130 Graph 97. Storage and loss properties for Dow Chemical Magnum 9010 unfilled, medium impact acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 132 Graph 98. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Cycolac DFA-R unfilled, medium impact acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 132 Graph 99. Storage and loss properties for Dow Chemical Magnum 941 unfilled, very high impact acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 134 Graph 100. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Cycolac KJW unfilled, flame retardant acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 134x Graphs Graph 101. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Cycolac VW300 unfilled, halogen free flame retardant acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 136 Graph 102. Storage and loss properties for RTP 601 FR 10% glass fiber filled, flame retardant acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 136 Graph 103. Storage and loss properties for RTP 605 30% glass fiber filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 138 Graph 104. Storage and loss properties for RTP 60740% glass fiber filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 138 Graph 105. Storage and loss properties for Ticona Celstran ABS SS6 6% long stainless steel fiber acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 140 Graph 106. Storage and loss properties for Dow Chemical Styron 484 unfilled high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 140 Graph 107. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Lustran SAN3l unfilled styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) 142 Graph 108. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Triax 1125 unfilled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/ nylon alloy (ABS/ nylon alloy) 142 Graph 109. Storage and loss properties for Cyro Cyrex RDG200 unfilled, impact modified acrylic/ polycarbonate alloy (acrylic/ PC alloy) 144 Graph 110. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Bayblend FRI44l brominated flame retardant polycarbonate/ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene alloy (PC/ ABS alloy) 144 Graph 111. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Bayblend FRIIO halogen free flame retardant polycarbonate/ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene alloy (PC/ ABS alloy) 146 Graph 112. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Xenoy 6123 unfilled, impact modified polycarbonate polybutylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PBT alloy) 146 Graph 113. Storage and loss properties for GE Plastics Xenoy 6240 10% glass fiber filled, impact modified polycarbonate polybutylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PBT alloy) l 48 Graph 114. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Makroblend UTlOl8 unfilled, impact modified polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 148 Graph 115. Storage and loss properties for MRC Polymers Stanuloy ST125 unfilled, from recyclate polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 150 Graph 116. Storage and loss properties for MRC Polymers Stanuloy STiIOWCS impact modified, from recyclate polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 150 Graph 117. Storage and loss properties for MRC Polymers Stanuloy STl50 unfilled, impact modified, from recyclate polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 152 Graph 118. Storage and loss properties for Bayer Makroblend UT403 unfilled, impact modified, UV stabilized, low viscosity polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 152 Graph 119. Storage and loss properties for MRC Polymers Stanuloy STl70-30G 30% glass fiber filled, impact modified, from recyclate polycarbonate polyethylene terephthalate alloy (PC/ polyester PET alloy) 154 Graph 120. Storage and loss properties for Montell Hivalloy GXPA064 35% glass fiber filled, impact modified polypropylene/ polystyrene alloy (PP/ PS alloy) 154 Graph 121. Storage and loss properties for Montell Hivalloy GXPA065 35% glass fiber filled, impact modified polypropylene/ polystyrene alloy (PP/ PS alloy) 156ABS See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer. ABS nylon alloy See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer nylon alloy. ABS PC alloy See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer polycarbonate alloy. ABS resin See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer. absorption Taking up of matter in bulk by other matter, as in desolving a gas by a liquid. acetal resins Thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of formaldehyde or its trioxane trimer. Acetals have high impact strength and stiffness, low friction coefficient and permeability, good dimensional stability and dielectric properties, and high fatigue strength and thermal stability. Acetals have poor acid and UV resistance and are flammable. Processed by injection and blow molding and extrusion. Used in mechanical parts such as gears and bearings, automotive components, appliances, and plumbing and electronic applications. Also called acetals. acetals See acetal resins. acrylate styrene acrylonitrile polymer Acrylic rubber-modified thermoplastic with high weatherability. ASA has good heat and chemical resistance, toughness, rigidity, and antistatic properties. Processed by extrusion, thermoforming, and molding. Used in construction, leisure, and automotive applications such as siding, exterior auto trim, and outdoor furniture. Also called ASA. acrylic resins Thermoplastic polymers of alkyl acrylates such as methyl methacrylates. Acrylic resins have good optical clarity, weatherability, surface hardness, chemical resistance, rigidity, impact strength, and dimensional stability. They have poor solvent resistance, resistance to stress cracking, flexibility, and thermal stability. Processed by casting, extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in transparent parts, auto trim, household items, light fixtures, and medical devices. Also called polyacrylates. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer ABS resins are thermoplastics comprised of a mixture of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and SAN-grafted butadiene rubber. They have high impact resistance, toughness, rigidity and processability, but low dielectric strength, continuous service temperature, and elongation. Outdoor use requires protective coatings in some cases. Plating grades provide excellent adhesion to metals. Processed by extrusion, blow molding, thermoforming, calendaring and injection molding. Used in household appliances, tools, nonfood packaging, business machinery, interior automotive parts, extruded sheet, pipe and pipe fittings. Also called ABS, ABS resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer nylon alloy A thermoplastic processed by injection molding, with properties similar to ABS but higher elongation at yield. Also called ABS nylon alloy. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer polycarbonate alloy A thermoplastic processed by injection molding and extrusion, with properties similar to ABS. Used in automotive applications. Also 171 Glossary of Terms acrylonitrile copolymer A thermoplastic prepared by copolymerization of acrylonitrile with small amounts of other unsaturated monomers. Has good gas barrier properties and chemical resistance. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in food packaging. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer. adsorption Retention of a substance molecule on the surface of a solid or liquid. amorphous nylon Transparent aromatic polyamide thermoplastics. Produced by condensation of hexamethylene diamine, isophthalic and terephthalic acid. amorphous polymer Amorphous polymers are polymers having noncrystalline or amorphous supramolecular structure or morphology. Amorphous polymers may have some molecular order but usually are substantially less ordered than crystalline polymers and subsequently have inferior mechanical properties. Materials in this class do not have a detectable melting point. Examples are PVC, acrylic, and polycarbonate. aromatic polyester estercarbonate A thermoplastic block copolymer of an aromatic polyester with polycarbonate. Has higher heat distortion temperature than regular polycarbonate. aromatic polyesters Engineering thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of aromatic polyol with aromatic dicarboxylic anhydride. They are tough with somewhat low chemical resistance. Processed by injection and blow molding, extrusion, and thermoforming. Drying is required. Used in automotive housings and trim, electrical wire jacketing, printed circuit boards, and appliance enclosures. aromatic polymer Aromatic polymers are polymers, the backbone of which consist of repeating aromatic ring units. Aromatic rings in a unit may be single, fused, or joined by a chemical bond, bridging atom, or a group of atoms. Aromatic rings are 6 carbon rings containing three double bonds and are typified by benzene. Some hydrogen atoms in these rings may be substituted by other atoms or atom groups. ASA See acrylate styrene acrylonitrile polymer. ASTM 0256 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard method for determination of the resistance to breakage by flexural shock of plastics and electrical insulating materials, as indicated by the energy extracted from standard pendulumtype hammers in breaking standard specimens with one pendulum swing. The hammers are mounted on standard machines of either Izod or Charpy type. Note: Impact properties determined include Izod or Charpy impact energy normalized per width of the specimen. Also called ASTM method 0256-84. See also impact energy. ASTM method 0256-84 See ASTM D256. ASTM 0412 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard methods for determining tensile strength, tensile stress, ultimate elongation, tensile set and set after break of rubber at low, ambient and elevated temperatures using straight, dumbbell172 ASTM 0638 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard method for determining tensile strength, elongation and modulus of elasticity of reinforced or unreinforced plastics in the form of sheet, plate, moldings, rigid tubes and rods. Five (IV) types, depending on dimensions, of dumbbell-shaped specimens with thickness not exceeding 14 mm are specified. Specified speed of testing varies depending on the specimen type and plastic rigidity. Note: Tensile properties determined include tensile stress (strength) at yield and at break, percentage elongation at yield or at break and modulus of elasticity. Also called ASTM method 0638-84. See also tensile strength. ASTM 0638, type IV See ASTM D638. ASTM method 0638-84 See ASTM D638. ASTM method 0648 See ISO 75. ASTM 0671 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard test method for determination of the flexural fatigue strength of rigid plastics subjected to repeated flexural stress of the same magnitude in a fixed-cantilever type testing machine, designed to produce a constant-amplitude-of-force On the test specimen each cycle. The test results are presented as a plot (SN curve) of applied stress vs. number of stress cycles required to produce specimen failure by fracture, softening, or reduction in stiffness by heating caused by internal friction (damping). The stress corresponding to the point when the plot becomes clearly asymptotic to a horizontal (constant-stress) line is reported as fatigue strength in pascals, along with corresponding number of cycles. Also called ASTM 0671-7IB. ASTM 0671-71B See ASTM D67I. ASTM 0696 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard test method for the measurement of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics by using a vitreous silica dilatometer. The test is carried out under conditions excluding any significant creep or elastic strain rate and effects of moisture, curing, loss of plasticizer, etc. The specimen is placed at the bottom of the outer dilatometer tube and the tube is immersed in a liquid bath at a desired temperature. ASTM 0746 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard method for determining brittleness temperature of plastics and elastomers by impact. The brittleness temperature is the temperature at which 50% of cantilever beam specimens fail on impact of a striking edge moving at a linear speed of 1.8-2.1 mls and striking the specimen at a specified distance from the clamp. The temperature of the specimen is controlled by placing it in a heat-transfer medium, the temperature of which (usually subfreezing) is controlled by a thermocouple. ASTM 0785 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard test method for determination of indentation hardness of plastics by a Rockwell tester. The hardness number is derived from the net increase in the depth of impression as the load on a ball indenter is increased from a fixed minor load (10 kgf) to a major load and then returned to the minor load. This number consists of the number of scale divisions (each corresponding to 0.002 mm vertical movement of the indentor) and scale symbol. Rockwell scales, designated by a single capital letter of English alphabet, vary depending On the diameter of the indentor and the major load. ASTM 01708 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard method for determining tensile properties of plastics using microtensile specimens with maximum thickness 3.2 mm and minimum length 38.1 mm, including thin films. Tensile properties include yield strength, tensile strength, tensile strength at break, elongation at break, etc. determined per ASTM 0638. ASTM 02240 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard method for determining the hardness of materials ranging from soft rubbers to some rigid plastics by measuring the penetration of a blunt (type A) or sharp (type 0) indenter of a durometer at a specified force. The blunt indenter is used for softer materials and the sharp indenter - for more rigid materials. ASTM 03763 An American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standard method for determination of the resistance of plastics, including films, to high-speed puncture over a broad range of test velocities using load and displacement sensors. Note: Puncture properties determined include maximum load, deflection to maximum load point, energy to maximum load point and total energy. Also called ASTM method 03763-86. See also impact energy. ASTM method 03763-86 See ASTM D3763. B bending properties See flexural properties. bending strength See flexural strength. bending stress See flexural stress. bisphenol A polyester A thermoset unsaturated polyester based on bisphenol A and fumaric acid. breaking elongation See elongation. brittle temperature Temperature at which a material transforms from being ductile to being brittle, i.e., the critical normal stress for fracture is reached before the critical shear stress for plastic deformation. bursting strength Bursting strength of a material, such as plastic film, is the minimum force per unit area or pressure required to produce rupture. The pressure is applied with a ram or a diaphragm at a controlled rate to a specified area of the material held rigidly and initially flat but free to bulge under the increasing pressure. c CA See cellulose acetate. CAB See cellulose acetate butyrate. carbon black A black colloidal carbon filler made by the partial combustion or thermal cracking of natural gas, oil, or another hydrocarbon. There are several types of carbon black depending Onthe starting material and the method of manufacture. Each type of carbon black comes in several grades. Carbon black is widely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to UV light and reduces static charging. cellulose acetate Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with acetic acid. Have good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, stiffness, hardness, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CA. cellulose acetate butyrate Thermoplastic mixed esters of cellulose with acetic and butyric acids. Have good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CAB. cellulose propionate Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with propionic acid. Have good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CPo cellulosic plastics Thermoplastic cellulose esters and ethers. Have good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. chain scission Breaking of the chainlike molecule of a polymer as a result of chemical, photochemical, etc. reaction such as thermal degradation or photolysis. Charpy impact energy The energy required to break a notched specimen, for metals in accordance with ASTM E23, equal to the difference between the energy in the striking member of the impact apparatus at the instant of impact with the specimen and the energy remaining after complete fracture of the specimen. chemical saturation Absence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of most polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Saturation makes the molecule less reactive and polymers less susceptible to degradation and crosslinking. Also called chemically saturated structure. chemical unsaturation Presence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of some polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Unsaturation makes the molecule more reactive, especially in free-radical addition reactions such as addition polymerization, and polymers more susceptible to degradation, crosslinking and chemical modification. Also called polymer chain unsaturation. chemically saturated structure See chemical saturation. chlorendic polyester A chIorendic anhydride-based unsaturated polyester. 173 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride. Has increased glass transition temperature, chemical and fire resistance, rigidity, tensile strength, and weatherability as compared to PVc. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, casting, and calendering. Used for pipes, auto parts, waste disposal devices, and outdoor applications. Also called CPVc. chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber Thermosetting elastomers containing 20- 40% chlorine. Have good weatherability and heat and chemical resistance. Used for hoses, tubes, sheets, footwear soles, and inflatable boats. coefficient of friction See kinetic coefficient offriction. coefficient of friction, kinetic See kinetic coefficient offriction. coefficient of friction, static See static coefficient offriction. compatibilizer A chemical compound used to increase the compatibility or miscibility and to prevent the separation of the components in a plastic composition, such as the compatibility of a resin and a plasticizer or of two polymers in a blend. Block copolymers bearing blocks similar to the polymers in the blend are often used as compatibilizers in the latter case. concentration units The units for measuring the content of a distinct material or substance in a medium other than this material or substance, such as solvent. Note: The concentration units are usually expressed in the units of mass or volume of substance per one unit of mass or volume of medium. When the units of substance and medium are the same, the percentage is often used. conditioning Process of bringing the material or apparatus to a certain condition, e.g., moisture content or temperature, prior to further processing, treatment, etc. Also called conditioning cycle. conditioning cycle See conditioning. continuous maximum service temperature Maximum temperature at which a material can perform reliably in a long-term application. copolymer Copolymers are polymers prepared by polymerization of two or sometimes more monomers. Copolymers are called random when different repeating units are in random order, block when they are arranged in blocks consisting of different repeating units, alternating when they alternate, and graft when some monomers are polymerized and grafted to the existing polymer. covulcanization Simultaneous vulcanization of a blend of two or more different rubbers to enhance their individual properties such as ozone resistance. Rubbers are often modified to improve covulcanization. CP See cellulose propionate. CPVC See chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. cracking Appearance of external and/or internal cracks in the material as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material. The stress can be external and/or internal and can be caused by a variety of adverse conditions: structural defects, impact, aging, corrosion, etc. or a combination of thereof. Also called cracks. See also processing defects.174 cracks See cracking. crazes See crazing. crazing Appearance of thin cracks on the surface of the material or, sometimes, minute frost-like internal cracks, as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material, impact, terperature changes, degredation, ect. Also called crazes. creep Time-dependent increase in strain in material, occuring under stress. crosslinked polyethylene Polyethylene thermoplastics partially photochemically or chemically crosslinked. Have improved tensile strength, dielectric properties, and impact strength at low and elevated temperatures. crosslinking Reaction of formation of covalent bonds between chainlike polymer molecules or between polymer molecules and lowmolecular compounds such as carbon black fillers. As a result of crosslinking polymers, such as thermosetting resins, may become hard and infusible. Crosslinking is induced by heat, UV or electron-beam radiation, oxidation, etc. Crosslinking can be achieved ether between polymer molecules alone as in unsaturated polyesters or with the help of multifunctional crosslinking agents such as diamines that react with functional side groups of the polymers. Crosslinking can be catalysed by the presence of transition metal complexes, thiols and other compounds. crystal polystyrene See general purpose polystyrene. crystalline melting point The temperature of melting of the crystallite phase of a crystalline polymer. It is higher than the temperature of melting of the surrounding amorphous phase. crystallinity Content of crystalline phase, usually as percentage. CTFE See polychlorotrifluoroethylene. cycle time See processing time. cyclic compounds A broad class of organic compounds consisting of carbon rings that are saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic, in which some carbon atoms may be replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. D DAP See diallyl phthalate resins. dart impact energy The mean energy of a free-falling dart that will cause 50% failures after 50 tests to a specimen directly stricken by the dart. The energy is calculated by multiplying dart mass, gravitational acceleration and drop height. Also called falling dart impact energy, dart impact strength, falling dart impact strength. dart impact strength See dart impact energy. deflection temperature under load See heat deflection temperature. deformation under load The dimensional change of a material under load for a specified time following the instantaneous elastic deformation caused by the initial application of the load. degradation Loss or undesirable change in the properties, such as color, of a material as a result of aging, chemical reaction, wear, exposure, etc. See also stability. diallyl phthalate resins Thermosets supplied as diallyl phthalate prepolymer or monomer. Have high chemical, heat and water resistance, dimensional stability, and strength. Shrink during peroxide curing. Processed by injection, compression and transfer molding. Used in glass-reinforced tubing, auto parts, and electrical components. Also called DAP. diffusion Spontaneous slow mixing of different substances in contact without influence of external forces. DIN 53453 A German Standards Institute (DIN) standard specifying conditions for the flexural impact testing of molded or laminated plastics. The bar specimens are either unnotched or notched on one side, mounted on two-point support and struck in the middle (on the unnotched side for notched specimens) by a hammer of the pendulum impact machine. Impact strength of the specimen is calculated relative to the cross-sectional area of the specimen as the energy required to break the specimen equal to the difference between the energy in the pendulum at the instant of impact and the energy remaining after complete fracture of the specimen. Also called DIN 53453 impact test. DIN 53453 impact test See DIN 53453. DIN 53456 A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining ball indentation hardness of plastics. The indentor is forced into the specimen under the action of the major load, the position of the indentor having been fixed beforehand as a zero point by the application of a minor load. The hardness is calculated as the ratio of the major load to the area of indentation. DIN 53461 See ISO 75. DMA See dynamic mechanical analysis. drop dart impact See falling weight impact energy. drop dart impact energy See falling weight impact energy. drop dart impact strength See falling weight impact energy. drop weight impact See falling weight impact energy. drop weight impact energy See falling weight impact energy. drop weight impact strength See falling weight impact energy. durometer A hardness See Shore hardness. DTUL See heat deflection temperature. durometer hardness Indentation hardness of a material as determined by either the depth of an indentation made with an indentor under specified load or the indentor load required to produced specified indentation depth. The tool used to measure indentation hardness of polymeric materials is called durometer, e.g., Shore-type durometer. dynamic mechanical analysis A technique that employs a lowstrain, oscillatory stress in order to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of materials. Commonly referred to as DMA.E ECTFE See ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer. elasticity Property whereby a solid material changes its shape and size under action of opposing forces, but recovers its original configuration when the forces are removed. elastomer A large class of polymers that can be stretched at room temperature to at least twice their original length and, after having been stretched and the stress removed, return with force to approximately their original length in a short time. This class includes natural and synthetic rubbers, i.e., elastomers that can be vulcanized, and thermoplastic elastomers. They are characterized by a combination of low modulus and good elastic recovery. Polymeric materials of this type are above the glass transition in the temperature range at which they are useful. elongation The increase in gauge length of a specimen in tension, measured at or after the fracture, depending on the viscoelastic properties of the material. Note: Elongation is usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. Also called tensile elongation, elongation at break, ultimate elongation, breaking elongation, elongation at rupture. See also tensile strain. elongation at break The increase in distance between two gauge marks, resulting from stressing the specimen in tension, at the exact point of break. See also elongation. elongation at rupture See elongation. elongation at break. elongation at yield The increase in distance between two gauge marks resulting from stressing the specimen in tension to the yield point. See also elongation. EMAC See ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer. embrittlement A reduction or loss of ductility or toughness in materials such as plastics resulting from chemical or physical damage. endurance limit The maximum stress below which a material can endure an infinite number of loading-unloading cycles of specified type without failure or, in practice, a very large number of cycles. Also called fatigue endurance limit. EPDM See EPDM rubber. EPDM rubber Sulfur-vulcanizable thermosetting elastomers produced from ethylene, propylene, and a small amount of nonconjugated diene such as hexadiene. Have good weatherability and chemical and heat resistance. Used as impact modifiers and for weather stripping, auto parts, cable insulation, conveyor belts, hoses, and tubing. Also called EPDM. epoxides Organic compounds containing three-membered cyclic group(s) in which two carbon atoms are linked with an oxygen atom as in an ether. This group is called an epoxy group and is quite reactive, allowing the use of epoxides as intermediates in preparation of certain fluorocarbons and cellulose derivatives and as monomers in preparation of epoxy resins. Also called epoxy compounds. epoxies See epoxy resins. epoxy compounds See epoxides. 175 epoxy resins Thermosetting polyethers containing crosslinkable glycidyl groups. Usually prepared by polymerization of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin or reacting phenolic novolaks with epichlorohydrin. Can be made unsaturated by acrylation. Unmodified varieties are cured at room or elevated temperatures with polyamines or anhydrides. Bisphenol A epoxy resins have excellent adhesion and very low shrinkage during curing. Cured novolak epoxies have good UV stability and dielectric properties. Cured acrylated epoxies have high strength and chemical resistance. Processed by molding, casting, coating, and lamination. Used as protective coatings, adhesives, potting compounds, and binders in laminates and composites. Also called epoxies. EPR See ethylene propene rubber. ETFE See ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. ethylene An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH2=CH2. A colorless, highly flammable gas with sweet odor. Autoignition point 543°C. Derived by thermal cracking of hydrocarbon gases or from synthesis gas. Used as monomer in polymer synthesis, refrigerant, and anesthetic. Also called ethene. ethylene acrylic rubber Copolymers of ethylene and acrylic esters. Have good toughness, low temperature properties, and resistance to heat, oil, and water. Used in auto and heavy equipment parts. ethylene copolymers See ethylene polymers. ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer Thermoplastic copolymers of ethylene with <40% methyl acrylate. Have good dielectric properties, toughness, thermal stability, stress crack resistance, and compatibility with other polyolefins. Transparency decreases with increasing content of acrylate. Processed by blown film extrusion and blow and injection molding. Used in heat-sealable films, disposable gloves, and packaging. Some grades are FDA-approved for food packaging. Also called EMAC. ethylene polymers Ethylene polymers include ethylene homopolymers and copolymers with other unsaturated monomers, most importantly olefins such as propylene and polar substances such as vinyl acetate. The properties and uses of ethylene polymers depend on the molecular structure and weight. Also called ethylene copolymers. ethylene propene rubber Stereospecific copolymers of ethylene with propylene. Used as impact modifiers for plastics. Also called EPR.
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