Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 18990 التقييم : 35476 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Hollow Glass Microspheres for Plastics, Elastomers, and Adhesives Compounds السبت 21 أكتوبر 2023, 1:42 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Hollow Glass Microspheres for Plastics, Elastomers, and Adhesives Compounds Edited by Stephen E. Amos , Baris Yalcin
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents 1. Introduction Early Application Examples 2. Characterization Density True Density Using Gas Pycnometer Bulk Isostatic Compression of HGMs Uniaxial Compression Testing of Individual HGMs Thermal Characterization Thermal Conductivity Electrical Properties and Dielectric Properties Microscopic Imaging of HGMs 3. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Thermoplastics Introduction Benefits of HGMs in Thermoplastics Productivity Benefits of HGMs Through Faster Cooling Rates from the Melt Dimensional Stability Processing of HGMs Pelletizing Effect on HGM Survival Effect of Polymer Melt Viscosity on HGM Survival Effect of Back Pressure on HGM Survival Effect of HGM Loading on HGM Survival HGMs in Polyolefins HGMs in GF Filled PP Case Study—Chemically Coupled GF Reinforced PP HGMs in Talc Filled PP HGMs in Unfilled Polyolefins HGMs in PA Comparative Review of other Thermoplastic Weight Reduction Methodologies and Combinations with HGMs 4. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Rubbers and Elastomers Benefits of HGM Use in Rubber Physical Property Changes Incorporation of HGMs in Rubber 2-Roll Mills Internal Mixers Other Incorporation Methods Rubber Additive Formulations and HGM Considerations Application of HGM in Rubber; Example 1—Pneumatic Tires Application of HGM in Rubber; Example 2—Shoe Soles Application of HGM in Rubber; Example 3—Wire and Cable Compounds 5. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Sheet Molding Compounds Sheet Molding Compound Basics SMC Process Hollow Glass Microspheres in SMCs 6. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Thermosets—Epoxy Syntactic Foams Introduction Application of Epoxy Syntactic Foams Hollow Particle Properties Fabrication of Syntactic Foams Mechanical Properties Compressive Properties Tensile Properties Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Multifunctional Syntactic Foams Summary List of Symbols 7. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Polyurethanes Polyurethane Basics HGMs in Thermoplastic PUs HGMs in Thermoset PU Syntactic PU Foams Specialty PU Composites PU Foams 8. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Plastisols Background Information HGM Use and Benefits for Plastisols Plastisol Mixing and Preparation 9. Hollow Glass Microspheres in Repair Compounds Auto Repair Compounds Wall Repair (Spackle Compounds) Tape Joint Compound 10. Handling of Hollow Glass Microspheres Silos and Hoppers Transfer of HGMs 11. Mixing and Dispersion of Hollow Glass Microsphere Products Hollow Glass Microsphere Transport to Mixer Fundamentals of Dispersion Mixing and Dispersing Hollow Glass Microsphere Products Mixing Dynamics and Dispersion Blade Placement Mixer Design Options Difficulty in Mixing of Hollow Glass Microsphere-Filled Products The Science of Mixing and Dispersing Rheological Effects on Dispersion Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively. A Additives, 4e5, 54t, 175 inorganic additives, 12 low-profile additives, 127e128 in plastisols, 201 rubber additive formulations, 116, 117t Aluminum trihydrate, 35, 135t American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard bulk isostatic compression, 14 low-shrinkage phenolic molding compound, 143, 144t Aminosilane, 57, 182 Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO), 4 Apparent density. See Bulk density Army Cardboard, 1 Auger, 258e259 helical, 211e212, 255, 258 multishaft dispersers, 255 side feeder auger system, 47e48 Auto repair compounds, 215e219, 215f, 217te219t ingredients of, 216 metal patching compound, 216e217, 217t performance with varying silica/talc filler admixture, 217e219, 218t silica/talc admixture and HGMs, 217, 217t Axial pumper impeller, 246, 246f B Back pressure effect, on HGM survival, 49e52, 50f Banbury mixer, 112, 114e115, 115f Binders, 220e221 Bismaleimide, 148 Box-angle blade, 256 Bulk bag discharging, 235e237, 238f, 239f Bulk density, 7e9, 8f Bulk isostatic compression, 14, 15f Buoyancy, 121e122 1,4-Butanediol (BDP), 176e177 C Cable compounds, hollow glass microsphere use in, 121e122 Cenospheres, 2e3 Cis-polyisoprene, 107, 107f Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), 4e6, 57 of epoxy syntactic foams, 149 Compression bulk isostatic, 14, 15f of epoxy syntactic foams, 153e156, 154fe155f set, 110, 111f Compressive failure strain, 15 Compressive properties, 148e149, 153e156 methods of measuring, 14 strength and modulus, 154e156, 155f, 195, 196t Compressive stresses, 49 Contact angles, in mixing process, 264, 264f Conveying lines, 234 Cooling rate effect, 36e40, 38fe39f, 39t, 40f Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE´ ), 4 Cothickeners, 221 Cyanate ester, 148 D DCPD (Dicyclopentadiene) resins, 126 Deagglomeration, 243e244, 249, 251e253, 268 Density, 3e5, 5f, 7e9 bulk, 7e9, 8f of cenospheres, 2e3 measurement of, 9e13, 10f 273Density (Continued) modification, 1e3, 108 tap, 7 true, 7e13, 8f Design options, mixer. See Mixer design options Dielectric constant defined, 21 of HGMs, 22 Dielectric properties, 19e25, 22t, 23f Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 16 Diluents, 203 Dimensional stability, 41e42, 42te43t, 44f, 45t, 46f Direct injection molding method, 29, 30f Dispersion blade placement, mixing dynamics and, 252e254, 253fe254f fundamentals of, 242e248 rheological effects on, 268e271, 268fe269f Double diaphragm pneumatic pump transfer of HGMs, 231e232, 232fe233f Dow Chemical Company, 4 Dual-shaft dispersers, 244, 245f, 255e260 E Electrical properties of epoxy syntactic foams, 163e165, 164t, 165f of hollow glass microspheres, 19e25, 25f Elongation at break, 109e110, 110f Elution alkalinity, light weight unsaturated polyester compounds effects on, 134e137, 138t EP-diene rubber (EPDM), 54, 54t Epoxy syntactic foams, hollow glass microspheres in, 147e174 application of, 148e149 compressive properties, 153e156, 154fe155f electrical properties, 163e165, 164t, 165f fabrication, 152e153, 152f flexural properties, 160e162, 162f hollow particle properties, 149e152, 151f, 151t mechanical properties, 153 multifunctional syntactic foams, 166e169, 168f tensile properties, 156e162, 157f, 159f, 161f thermal properties, 166, 167f Ethyleneebutadiene (EB), 54, 54t Ethyleneeoctene (EO), 54, 54t Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), 54 -diene rubber. See EP-diene rubber (EPDM) Extrusion, 49e50, 115e116 reactive extrusion, 178e179, 180t F Feet per minute (FPM), 247, 249 Fiber-reinforced flame retardant polyurethane compositions, 193t Fiber reinforcement, 123, 142e143 Fillers inorganic, 222e225 synthetic inorganic, 221 Flame retardant polyurethane compositions, 193t fiber-reinforced, 193t Flexural modulus, as function of density, 101, 103f Flexural properties, of epoxy syntactic foams, 160e162, 162f Flow aids, 234, 235f Fluoroelastomer, 109e110, 109fe111f, 115 Fly ash, 2e3 Foaming technology, 92 epoxy syntactic foams. See Epoxy syntactic foams, hollow glass microspheres in MuCell injection molding technology, 87, 91f, 92e93, 93fe94f multifunctional syntactic foams, hollow glass microspheres in, 166e169, 168f syntactic PU foams, hollow glass microspheres in, 190e191 Focal plane merging, 31e32 274 INDEXG Gas pycnometer, true density measurement using, 9e13, 10f Gate blade, 258 Glass fiber (GF) filled polypropylene, hollow glass microspheres in, 57e63, 58f, 59te60t mechanical properties, 61e63, 62t, 64t molded part formulas, 61, 61t reinforced heat stabilized PA6, HGMSCF benefits in, 95e100, 95t, 96f, 96te97t, 98f, 99te100t in sheet moulding compounds, 126e129, 132, 142e143 Glycerin, 14 Ground calcium carbonate (GCC), 202 H Heat distortion temperature (HDT), 54, 63 Heat stabilizers, 203 Helical auger, 258. See also Auger Helical sweep blade, 256 High density polyethylene (HDPE). See also Polyethylene (PE) wood composites, HGM two-step compounding process in, 100e101, 101fe102f, 102t, 103f High-shear dispersion blades, 251e252, 251f Hollow glass microspheres (HGMs), 1e6, 5f bulk isostatic compression of, 14, 15f density of, 7e13 dielectric properties of, 19e25, 22t, 23f electrical properties of, 19e25, 25f in epoxy syntactic systems. See Epoxy syntactic systems, hollow glass microspheres in flow issues with, 230f handling of, 229e240 microscopic imaging of, 26e33, 26fe33f in plastisols. See Plastisols in polyurethanes, 183e188. See also Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) reaction injection molding, 183e188, 187te189t products, mixing and dispersion of, 241e272 in repair compound. See Repair compound, hollow glass microsphere in in rubbers and elastomers, 107e122 in sheet moulding compounds. See Sheet moulding compounds (SMC) thermal characterization, 16 thermal conductivity of, 16e19, 18f, 18t, 20t, 21f in thermoplastics. See Thermoplastics, hollow glass microspheres in transfer of. See Transfer of HGMs transport to mixer, 241e242 uniaxial compression testing of, 15e16 Hoppers, 229e231 asymmetric design, 231f day and weigh combinations, 230f Hoses, 234 I In situ polymerization, 178e179 Ideal gas law, 9e10 Injection molding direct injection molding method, 29, 30f MuCell injection molding technology, 87, 91f, 92e93, 93fe94f reaction injection molding, 183e188, 187te189t Inorganic fillers, 222e225 Interference fringe analysis, 33 Interferometry-based technique, 31e32, 33f Intermediate speed blades, 257e258 Isophthalic resins, 126 J JELL-O, 112 INDEX 275K Kanamite, 3 Kanium Corporation, 3 Kneading devices, 115e116 L Lacquers, 244 Laser confocal method, 33 Limiting oxygen index (LOI), 192, 193t Loading effect, on HGM survival, 51e53, 51f Low-profile blade, 255e256 M Melt flow index (MFI), 48fe49f, 49, 51f, 52, 65e72, 75 Melt flow rate (MFR), 50e51, 63, 92, 92f 4,40-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), 175e179 Microcellular foam (MuCell) injection molding technology, 87, 91f, 92e93, 93fe94f Microscopic imaging, of hollow glass microspheres, 26e33, 26fe33f Mixer design options, 254e260 dual-shaft dispersers, 255e260 single shaft dispersers, 255 tri-shaft dispersers, 255e260 Mixers and dispersers. See Mixer design options internal mixers, 114e115 multishaft mixers, 211 recommended mixers, 131 rotary mixers, 186 static mixers, 186 Mixing of hollow glass microspherefilled products, 241e272 design options. See Mixer design options difficulties in, 260e262 additions, location of, 262, 263f particle size and shape effect, on dispersibility, 261e262 Multifunctional syntactic foams, hollow glass microspheres in, 166e169, 168f Multishaft mixer, blade configuration of, 257f N National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 148e149 Nylon. See Polyamide (PA) O Optical microscopy, 29e32, 29fe32f Organosol, 201, 203 Orthophthalic resins, 126 P Pelletizing effect, on HGM survival, 48e49, 48f Perlite, 3, 3f Phenol, 148 Philadelphia Quartz (PQ) Corporation, 2 Physical property changes, 109e111, 109fe111f Pitched-angle blade, 256 Plasterboard, heavyweight versus lightweight spackle in, 220, 220f Plastic, 1. See also Thermoplastics, hollow glass microspheres in HGM versus CaCO3-filled laminated plastic, 137, 142t polyurethanes, 183e188. See also Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) reasons to use HGMs in, 5e6 optical microscopy, 29 Plasticizers, 175, 201e202, 212, 225 Plastisols, 201e214 background information, 201e204 blocked polyisocyanurate-containing, 208f HGM use and benefits for, 204e211, 207t, 208f, 208te211t high- and low-density compositions, 207t lightweight abrasion-resistant composition, 211t manufacturing of, 205f mixing and preparation, 211e212 276 INDEXPMMA (para-Methoxymethamphetamine), 202e203 Pneumatic tires, hollow glass microsphere use in, 117e119, 118f Polyamide (PA) cycle time analysis for, 42t hollow glass microspheres in, 75e87, 82te84t, 86t, 88te89t, 90fe91f Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites, 38e39 GF reinforced heat stabilized, HGMSCF benefits in, 95e100, 95t, 96f, 96te97t, 98f, 99te100t Polyaminoamides (PAA), 203 Polyethylene (PE) high density. See High density polyethylene (HDPE) hollow glass microspheres in, 53 Polymeric isocyanate, 191 Polymer melt viscosity effect, on HGM survival, 49, 49f Polymer wood composites (PWC), 40, 100e101 drawback of, 101e103 Polyolefins, hollow glass microspheres in, 53e57 unfilled, 65e75, 69te71t, 72f, 73t, 74f, 76te80t Polypropylene (PP), 30f, 32f glass fiber filled, hollow glass microspheres in, 57e63, 58f, 59te60t mechanical properties, 61e63, 62t, 64t molded part formulas, 61, 61t GF reinforced heat stabilized, HGMSCF benefits in, 98e100, 99te100t peroxide visbreaking in, 92 talc filled, hollow glass microspheres in, 63e65, 66te68t Polyurethanes (PUs) flame retardant compositions, 193t fiber-reinforced, 193t foams, 194e195, 196te198t hollow glass microspheres in, 175e200 specialty composites, 191e192 syntactic PU foams. See Syntactic PU foams; hollow glass microspheres in thermoplastic. See Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) thermoset. See Thermoset polyurethanes; hollow glass microspheres in two-step reaction, 176f Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), 220e221, 226e227 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 220, 222e224 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol, 201e202, 205f, 212 Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), 202 Q Quantification, 16 R Radial pumper (super pumper), 249e251, 249f Ram presses discharge high-viscosity products, 212, 213f Reaction injection molding (RIM), 183e188, 185f Repair compound, hollow glass microsphere in, 215e228 auto repair compound, 215e219, 215f, 217te219t. See also Auto repair compounds tape joint compound, 225e227, 226t wall repair (spackle compounds), 220e225 binders, 220e221 cothickeners, 221 inorganic fillers, 222e225, 223te225t synthetic inorganic fillers, 221 thickeners, 221 water, 222 Revolutions per minute (RPM), 247e248 Roll mills 2-roll mills, 112e114, 113f, 114t three-roll mills, 242 Rotor blade selection, 115, 115f INDEX 277Rubber, hollow glass microsphere use in, 107e122 additive formulations, 116, 117t applications of, 117e122, 118f, 120t benefits of, 108e109 incorporation of, 111e112, 115e116 internal mixers, 114e115, 115f physical property changes, 109e111, 109fe111f 2-roll mills. See Roll mills S Sandability, 217e219 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) broken spheres, wall thickness planes of, 26e28, 27f compositional mode of, 26, 26f level of binding, 28f, 29 topography mode of, 26, 27f Scotch tape, 29 Screw feeder, nonuniform and uniform discharge using, 237f Separation inhibitors, 203 Shear rate dependent viscosity data, 49, 49f effect on channel depth and screw speed, 44, 47f viscosity behavior, 204 Sheet moulding compounds (SMC), 123e146 basics of, 123e128 categories of, 125e128, 128f hollow glass microspheres in, 129e143, 132te135t, 137f, 138t, 140t, 141f, 142t, 144t ingredients, 124t low density-low profile, 132e133, 135t low-density flame retardant, 132e133, 135t sheet moulding compound process, 128e129, 129f Shoe soles, hollow glass microsphere use in, 119e121, 120t Sight tubes, 235 Sight windows, 235 Silos, 229e231 Single shaft dispersers, 255 Spackling, 220 STRUKTOL TPW 104, 100e101 Styrene, 127f Styreneeethyleneebutadieneestyrene (SEBS), 54 Supercritical fluid (SCF) molding, 92e95 hollow glass microspheres with, 95e100 Surface tension, 263e264 Syntactic PU foams, hollow glass microspheres in, 190e191 Synthetic inorganic fillers, 221 T Talc filled polypropylene, hollow glass microspheres in, 63e65, 66te68t Tap density, 7 Tape joint compound, 225e227 low-shrinkage, 225e227, 226t Tensile properties, of epoxy syntactic foams, 156e162, 157f, 159f, 161f Tensile strength, 110e111, 111f Thermal characterization, 16 Thermal conductivity, 16e19, 18f, 18t, 20t, 21f, 104f Thermal properties, of epoxy syntactic foams, 166, 167f Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 107e108, 121e122 Thermoplastic olefin (TPO), 35e36, 53e58, 63 components and functions of, 54t Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), 176 hollow glass microspheres in, 178e182, 180te181t, 182f changes in swelling ratios, 185f mechanical properties, 182, 183t surface treatment options, 184f tensile strength, 184f twin screw compounding configuration, 179e182, 182f volume loss percent due to HGM breakage, 181t 278 INDEXThermoplastics, hollow glass microspheres in, 35e106 back pressure effect, on HGM survival, 49e51, 50f benefits of, 36 dimensional stability, 41e42, 42te43t, 44f, 45t, 46f productivity benefits through faster cooling rates from melt, 36e40, 38fe39f, 39t, 40f GF filled polypropylene, 57e63, 58f, 59te60t mechanical properties, 61e63, 62t, 64t molded part formulas, 61, 61t HGM loading effect on HGM survival, 51e53, 51f pelletizing effect on HGM survival, 48e49, 48f polyamide. See Polyamide (PA) polymer melt viscosity effect on HGM survival, 49, 49f polyolefins. See Polyolefins; hollow glass microspheres in processing of, 42e48, 46fe47f talc filled polypropylene, 63e65, 66te68t weight reduction technologies, comparative review, 87e103, 91fe92f Thermoset polyurethanes, hollow glass microspheres in, 183e188 reaction injection molding, 183e188, 187te189t Thermosetting resin, 123, 142e143 3M Company, 1e2, 2f, 4, 38, 115, 121 Thickeners, 221 Tilt table, 235 Tolylenediisocyanate (TDI), 175e177 Transfer of HGMs, 231e239 bulk bag discharging, 235e237, 238f, 239f conveying lines, 234 double diaphragm pneumatic pump transfer, 231e232, 232fe233f flow aids, 234, 235f hoses, 234 tilt table, 235 vacuum transfer, 235e237, 236f vacuum wand pickup, 233 Transportation, hollow glass microsphere use in, 107e108, 121 Tri-shaft dispersers, 255e260 Tri-shaft mixer, 211e212, 212f, 259 True density, 7e9, 8f measurement of, using gas pycnometer, 9e13, 10f Turbine blades, 258 Twin screw extruder (TSE), 42e44, 47f, 100e101 U Unfilled polyolefins, hollow glass microspheres in, 65e75, 69te71t, 72f, 73t, 74f, 76te80t Uniaxial compression testing, 15e16 Union Carbide Corporation, 2 Unsaturated polyester (UP), 123 Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), 123, 126e128 raw materials for, 123e126, 125t Urethane polymers. See Polyurethanes (PUs) USS Zumwalt, 148 V Vacuum wand pickup, 233, 234f van der Waals forces, 244 Vinyl ester (VE), 123, 148 Vinyl urethane, modified, 123 Viscosity, estimating effects on, 263e264, 267f W Wall repair (spackle compounds), 220e225 binders, 220e221 cothickeners, 221 inorganic fillers, 222e225, 223te225t synthetic inorganic fillers, 221 thickeners, 221 water, 222 Water, 222 Wear resistance, 110 Wetting phenomena, 264 INDEX 279Wiper blades, 256e257 Wire compounds, hollow glass microsphere use in, 121e122 X Xylene, 192 Y Yield stress, 267 YoungeDupre equation, 263 Z Z-stacking, 31e32
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Hollow Glass Microspheres for Plastics, Elastomers, and Adhesives Compounds رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Hollow Glass Microspheres for Plastics, Elastomers, and Adhesives Compounds
|
|