Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 18961 التقييم : 35389 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics - Properties, Processing and Applications الثلاثاء 03 أكتوبر 2023, 2:30 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics - Properties, Processing and Applications Edited By Sina Ebnesajjad
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface vii 1 Overview of Plant Polymers: Resources, Demands, and Sustainability . 1 Xiuzhi Susan Sun 2 Overview of Poly(lactic Acid) . 11 Lee Tin Sin, Abdul R. Rahmat and Wan A. W. A. Rahman 3 Applications of Poly(lactic Acid) 55 Lee Tin Sin, Abdul R. Rahmat and Wan A. W. A. Rahman 4 The State of the Art of Polymers from Renewable Resources . 71 Alessandro Gandini and Mohamed Naceur Belgacem 5 Polymeric Biomaterials . 87 Wei He and Roberto Benson 6 Biodegradable Polymers and Polymer Blends . 109 Long Jiang and Jinwen Zhang 7 Starch: Major Sources, Properties and Applications as Thermoplastic Materials . 129 Antonio J. F. Carvalho 8 Cellulose-Based Composites and Nanocomposites . 153 Alain Dufresne 9 Synthesis, Properties, Environmental and Biomedical Applications of Polylactic Acid . 171 Luc Ave´rous 10 Compostable Polymer Materials: Definitions, Structures, and Methods of Preparation 189 Ewa Rudnik 11 Biodegradability Testing of Compostable Polymer Materials 213 Ewa Rudnik v12 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Elastomers, and Coatings from Plant Oil . 265 Richard P. Wool 13 Biopolymer Films and Composite Coatings . 295 Amos Nussinovitch 14 Biopolymers in Controlled-Release Delivery Systems . 329 Kunal Pal, Allan T. Paulson and De´rick Rousseau 15 Hydrocolloids and Medicinal Chemistry Applications 365 Liam M. Grover and Alan M. Smith 16 Natural Polymers in Tissue Engineering Applications . 385 Manuela Gomes, Helena Azevedo, Patrı ´cia Malafaya, Simone Silva, Joaquim Oliveira, Gabriela Silva, Rui Sousa, Joa˜o Mano and Rui Reis 17 Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 427 Adam Kramschuster and Lih-Sheng Turng Index . 447 INDEX Index Terms Links Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables. 0–9 1,3-propanediol (PDO) 124 204 244 in aliphatic polyester synthesis 243 biotechnological route to 206 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) 271 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) 88 89 2-EHA co-MMA 271 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) 88 89f hybrid polymeric hydrogels 347 soft contact lenses 88 2-phenylethyl methacrylate (PEM) 89 A ABB (socket casing) 64t Abbott (Lupron Depot for palliative treatment) 68 abietic acid 78 79 abiotic degradation: hydrolytic 181 thermal 181 Acetobacter xylinum 397 acetylation 3 161 acetyltributylcitrate 237 Acronal A220 271 acrylated methyl oleate (AMO) 267 270 acrylated oleic methyl ester (AOME) 279 elastomers, stress–strain behavior of 280 281 acrylated-epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) 269 Actinomyces 235 in Biopol degradation 235 f f f fIndex Terms Links actinomycetes 233 234 thermophilic 244 Activated sludge (ISO 14851) 213 Activated vermiculite (ISO 14855-1) 213 adhesives 4 polycondensation reactions 4 triglycerides: functionalization 4 reduction 4 aerobic biodegradation technique, see Sturm test AFM, see atomic force microscopy agarose 99 376 390t agricultural application, PLA in 64t 67 agricultural by-products, cellulose pulps 201 agricultural fibers 5 agricultural plastics, biodegradable 225 agricultural residues, combustion 48 agricultural sources, renewable: PLA from 45 water in 48 agro-polymers 171 172f Ahlstrom (tea bag) 56t Airvol 208 Alamar Blue assay 286 Alcaligenes eutrophus 195 197 Alcaligenes faecalis 250 Alcaligenes latus 195 197 see also Cupriavidus necator see also Ralstonia eutropha Alcaligenes sp.: as PHA destructor 250 in PLA degradation 235 PVA degradation 248 aldopentoses 81f algae 81 see also marine algae in cellulose production 347 alginate from 389Index Terms Links alginate fibers 388 alginates 298 348 367 376 389 390t cross-linked with Ca 392 in diffusion-controlled delivery systems 349 egg-box model of 392f encapsulating agents 350 in liver tissue engineering 393 in situ gelling agents 350 ophthalmic delivery systems 351 oral delivery systems 350 sol–gel transition 367 structure of 392f wound-healing materials 351 alginate-based coatings 304 α-chymotrypsin 335 in PLA degradation 234 α-d-glucose units 398 in cellulose 112 aliphatic copolyesters 171 see also poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), see also poly(butylenes succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) aliphatic polyesters 204 203 205 241 blends 253 see poly(lactic acid) (PLA), see also polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) see also poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) see also poly(butylenes succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 189 189 215 amino acid monomers 2 AMO, see acrylated methyl oleate (AMO) AMO-co-MMA 271 Amycolatopsis, enzymatic degradation of PLA 234 amylodextrin 165 amylopectin 390t and amylose 198Index Terms Links amylopectin (Cont.) crystallinity 190 macromolecular component of 79 80f model 133f structure of 130 131f 195f 198 399f amylose 390t content 130 131t molecular weights 132 macromolecular component of 79 80f structure of 130 131f 199f 198 198 V-complexes 133 animal resources: cellulose whiskers 83 chitin 82 82f chitosan 82 82f nanofibrils 83 proteins 82 AOME, see acrylated oleic methyl ester (AOME) apheresis therapy 98 apparel, PLA application in 56t Apple Store (iTunes) 56t apples: antibrowning in 301 edible puree films 302 ethylene concentration in 307 arabinogalactan 390t arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) sequence 373 374f aromatic copolyesters 204 biodegradation of 244 and polyesters, blends of 253 commercially available 204 206 PTT 204 204f 207f structure 204 205f aromatic polyesters 204 244 biodegradation of 244 and copolyesters, blends of 253Index Terms Links ascorbic acid 301 and calcium chloride 308 and pea protein 334 Aspergillus 235 in Biopol degradation 235 Aspergillus fumigates 243 255 Aspergillus oryzae 244 Aspergillus versicolor 242 Association for Organics Recycling (UK) 21t ASTM D-3363 Film Hardness by Pencil Test 291 AstraZeneca UK Limited (Zoladex) 68 Australia Bioplastics Association (Australia) 21t atomic force microscopy (AFM) 298 automotives, PLA application in 64t Avianca (inflight cold drink cups) 56t Avocado, gelatin–starch coatings 307 Azotobacter vinelandii 195 197 B Bacillus sp. 238 242 from compost 242 in PVA degradation 248 Bacillus pumilus 252 Bacillus subtilis 252 bacterial cellulose (BC) 397 morphology of 83f thermoplastic polyesters poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHAs) 237 bakelite 11 158 bamboo fiber (BF) composites 112 bamboo pulp fiber (BPF) composites 111 bananas 130 130t BASF (Ecoflex mulch film) 64t bast fiber 154 155t or stem fibers 154 beeswax 311 Benincasa hispida Cogn. 300Index Terms Links Benzene, gel fraction 291 benzoic acid (C7H6O2) 302 bio-based coatings 287 design of 289 latex binders 288 nano coating 290 organic coatings 288 polymeric binder 288 properties 290 varnishes 287 bio-based elastomers 278 elastomer biodegradability and biosynthesis: biocompatibility 271 biodegradability 271 cytotoxicity assays 271 elastomer biocompatibility 271 elastomer molecular design 269 elastomer reinforced with nanoclays 270 elastomer synthesis and properties 269 bio-based polyethylene production 20 Bioceta 201 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (ISO 14851) 213 224 biocompatibility 271 and degradation 432 of elastomers 271 poly(lactic acid) 55 biocycle 198 biodegradable plastic, definition: ASTM 190 BPS 190 ISO and CEN 190 190 Biodegradable Plastics Society (BPS) of Japan 215 biodegradable polyester family 17f biodegradable polymers 11 see also polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates 118 general structure of 118fIndex Terms Links biodegradable polymers (Cont.) poly(lactic acid) 55 synthesis of 215 tissue engineering scaffolds: poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 431 polyanhydride 431 polycaprolactone 431 polyglycolide 430 polylactide 430 biodegradable polymers, from petroleum 120 classification of 171 172f poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) 120 synthesis and structure of 121f polycaprolactone (PCL) 120 properties with different molecular weight 120 synthesis and structure of 120f polylactic acid, see polylactic acid (PLA) biodegradable polymers and PLA market potential of 18 cellulose-based polymers 20 Biodegradable Products Institute (USA) 21t Biodegradation, definition 190 biodegradation evaluation method: based on ISO 14855-1 231f based on ISO/DIS 14855-2 231f Biodegradation phase (ISO 14855 part 2) 214 biodegradation testing: aliphatic polyesters 241 aromatic polyesters 244 blends 251 chitosan 240 composting: ASTM standards 218 EN standards 217t ISO standards 216t 217 copolyesters 241 244 definitions 213Index Terms Links biodegradation testing: (Cont.) in different polymers 225 226 renewable resources 231 lag phase 240 maximum level 217 plateau phase 214 poly(esteramide)s 247 poly(vinyl alcohol) 248 polycaprolactone 245 proteins 240 Bioflex (PLA blends) 208 Bio-Flex, see Ingeo BioFoam 29 Biofront 195 BIOFRONT 23 Biograde (cellulose blends) 208 Biogreen 198 biological oxygen demand (BOD) 224 biomass 213 biodegradability comparison 17 fossil fuel dependence, reduction 48 in synthetic polymers 11 and wind power scenario 49f biomaterials: applications 87 cardiovascular: application 93 expanded PTFE 95 polyethylene terephthalate 94 polyurethanes 94 classification 87 extracorporeal artificial organs: cellulosic membranes 98 mass-transfer operations 98 synthetic membranes 98 nerve regeneration 99 ophthalmology: application in 87Index Terms Links biomaterials: (Cont.) artificial cornea 90 ceramics and metals 87 contact lens 88 intraocular lens 90 orthopedics: natural polymers 93 polyacrylates 92 polyethylene 92 significance 87 surgical wound closure 96 Biomax PTT 1100 18 biomedical application: of PLA 43t 67 PLA and copolymers for 37 Biomer 198 Bionolle 17 Biopar 200 biopharmaceuticals, development of 371 Bioplast TPS 200 Biopol 120 198 235 biopolyesters 171 172f biopolymer films: cross-linking 297 formations 295 milk films 297 peel testing 299 proteins 296 soybeans 296 specific applications 299 stages and methods 298 well-matched coating 297 wheat gluten films 296 biopolymers 365 alginates 348 biopharmaceuticals, developments of 371 cellulose 347 chitin 345Index Terms Links biopolymers (Cont.) chitosan 345 collagen 340 controlled-release delivery systems 329 330t cross-linked polymers 335 approaches 337 genipin 338 glutaraldehyde 337 drug loading and release 331 Flory–Rehner theory 335 future horizons 380 gelatin 342 Higuchian model 333 modeling diffusion 332 Fick’s law 333 mucoadhesion 370 ocular delivery 369 oral delivery 366 alternative system 368 gastrointestinal tract 366 oral liquids 367 pharmaceutical capsules 367 polyelectrolyte cross-linking and complexes 339 polymer–drug interactions 340 swelling 334 tablets 366 temperature-sensitive hydrogels 335 “biorefuse,” 235 Bioserie (iPod and iPad covers) 56t biotic degradation 182 182 blends 251 see Ecovio aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters 253 biodegradation of 251 of aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters 253 of PCL 252 of PHA 251 of PLA 251Index Terms Links blends (Cont.) of PVA 253 of starch 251 compostable polymer 208 PHAs 119 PLA 117 118 of plastic–polymer, in plastic waste problem 11 poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 251 polycaprolactone 120 252 polylactic acid 252 251 SP plastics 114 115 starch 111 251 of starch–polymer 20 22 sugar beet pulp 111 thermoplastic starch (TPS) 111 112 see thermoplastic starch (TPS) Bombyx mori silk fibroin 409 bottles, PLA application in 56t bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 404 building materials, PLA application in 64t Bureau de normalisation du Québec (Canada) 21t C Candida cylindracea lipase 243 CAPA 15t Capronor, PCL-based implantable biodegradable contraceptive 14 Capsugel V-Caps 367 carbohydrate 1 see also starch lignin moieties 76f starch 398 see also amylose, see also amylopectin carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 308 cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) 98 cards for transactions, PLA application in 56tIndex Terms Links Cargill Dow Polymer LLC 13 Cargo (lipstick case) 56t carrageenan coatings 304 carrageenan-based coating 311 carrageenans 390t Carrefour (Belgium grocery bags) 56t casein 408 cassava 130 C-type starches 131 cell adhesion 370 hydrogels 370 noncell adhesive hydrogels 376 mechanical-conditioning induced structural changes 378 cell migration 378 cell morphology 378 cell transplantation 429 cell wall 153 156 Cellidor 201 cell-loaded scaffold implantation 429 cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) 239 cellulose 75f 75f 347 390t 394 chemical structure 348f classification 154 compostable polymers 201 201f 201t crystallites 113 derivative 113 esters 348 fibers 112 microfibrils 155 nanoparticles 166 natural fibers 154 reinforcements 160 renewable bioploymer 112 structure of 397f thermo-sensitive polymer 347 vegetable resources 74 74f 75f whiskers 166Index Terms Links cellulose acetate 14 15t cellulose esters 348 cellulose fiber, components of 75f cellulose propionates (CP) 239 cellulose whiskers 142 and nanofibrils 83 central nervous system (CNS) 99 cereal grains 79 composition of 3t Cereplast 208 Certiquality/CIC (Italy) 21t Cevol 208 chemical hydrolysis 3 see also hydrolysis chitin 345 388 biologically active agents 346 cardiovascular delivery systems 347 chemical structure of 345f compostable polymers 201 201 as delivery system 346 cardiovascular 347 ocular 347 drug delivery 346 as in situ gelling agent 347 ocular delivery systems 347 particles 346 stimuli-responsive delivery systems 346 chitosan 305 345 370 375 393 408 barrier, for microbes 314 biodegradation 240 biologically active agents 346 cardiovascular delivery systems 347 chemical structure of 345f chitosan-based scaffolds 395t compostable polymers 201 201 201 drug delivery 346 as delivery system 346 cardiovascular 347Index Terms Links chitosan (Cont.) ocular 347 in situ gelling agent 347 ocular delivery systems 347 particles 346 stimuli-responsive delivery systems 346 structure of 393f units of 82f chitosan-coated alginate–polyvinyl alcohol 313 chondrocytes adhesion 410 Chromobacterium viscosum 235 citric acid 434 as antibrowning agent 301 and calcium chloride 308 in PCL degradation 245 pH-responsive collagen gels 341 Clarifoil 312 Clarisol 312 Clarosip 369 clay-filled elastomers, loading and unloading curves of 284f CO2 as foaming agent 112 during composting of yard waste compost/PLA mixtures 232f emission 246 evolution 223 biodegradation evaluation method 231f and respirometric method measures 226 coated white-brined cheese 311f coating 297 310 alginate 304 carboxymethylcellulose 308 coating technology 314 for fried products 309 fruits and vegetables 308 nanocomposites 314 nanoparticles 314Index Terms Links coating (Cont.) nonfood gum coating 313 novel products 312 reduced respiration and transpiration 307 stability 314 surface roughness 298 Coca-Cola (lining of paper hot cups) 56t Codiceasbarre (shirts) 56t collagen 340 374 387 403 antioxidants, for meat 304 in controlled drug delivery 341 CPK model 404f gene and hormone growth factor delivery systems 341 in ophthalmic drug delivery 341 in oral delivery systems 342 matrix/scaffold, for drug delivery 342 mechanical properties 375t scaffolds, application of 405t collagen films 297 “collagen fold” configuration 297 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 307 composite resins 5 composites 115 “green,” 112 materials 153 processing: drying 158 extrusion 158 fabrication techniques 158 injection-moulding 158 resin 153 short-fibre, properties of: dispersion 161 fiber aspect ratio 153 161 fiber volume fraction 158 159f fiber–matrix adhesion 163f 164f length distribution 161 162Index Terms Links composites (Cont.) orientation 163 sisal fiber 111 of TPS 142t 144 winceyette fiber 111 compost: bags 14 20 materials, certification of 21t compostable plastic: classification 189 191 definition: ASTM D6400 189 190t ISO 17088 189 190 190t renewable resources, see renewable resources compostable polymer materials: activated vermiculite 223 aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials 215 primary effect 217 principle 215 scope 215 biodegradability testing of 213 ASTM standards 218 EN standards 217 international standards 215 216 laboratory-scale test 219 degradation 232 film and powder shape 223 international standard bodies 215 poly(lactic acid) 232 polyhydroxyalkanoates 236 variation of microbial population 223 computer aided design (CAD) 435 conglycinin 407 controlled delivery systems, polymers used for 330t copolyesters: aliphatic 203 biodegradation of 241 and aromatic blends 253Index Terms Links copolyesters: (Cont.) commercially available 205 aromatic 204 biodegradation of 244 and aliphatic blends 253 commercially available 206 co-polymer adhesives 287 corn zein protein 2 cornea: artificial 91 damages 90 IPN, advantages of 91 role 90 tissue 91 Corterra 207 cotton fiber 74 coupling agents: on bamboo fiber (BF) composites 112 chain coupling agents, role of 174 maleic anhydride 111 and polyurethane (PU) 94 cross-link density 281t cross-linking, approaches to 337 of GA with hydroxyl and amino groups 338f of genipin 338f and hydrogel formation 340f of quinine amino group 339f cross-linking agents 296 collagen films 297 crystallinity: PLA property 177 179 starch granules 131 thermoplastic starch 137 X-ray diffraction 137 Cupriavidus necator 197 see also Ralstonia eutropha see also Alcaligenes eutrophus cups and food service ware, PLA application in 56tIndex Terms Links Cytodex 392 cytotoxicity assays 285 of elastomers 285 D decorations, of edible films 312 denaturation modifications 2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 385 encapsulation with alginate matrix 350 of gelatin nanoparticle delivery system 344 depolymerization: in cyclic dimer production 192 in extrusion cooking 137 of barley starch 138 in lactide production 174 192 in lignin isolation 74 in PLA production 192f in thermal degradation 181 dermal substitute fabrication, schematic 377f Descente (sportswear) 56t Desch Plantpak B.V. (D-Grade Biothermoformed flower pot trays and packs) 64t dextran 389 392f for controlled delivery system 190 hydrogels 392 from microbes 390t structure of 392f dextrins 313 dialdehyde starch (DAS) 408 di-catechol nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) 341 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 133 177 in PLA biodegradation 233 differential thermal analysis (DTA) 133 Digested sludge (ISO 14853) 214 dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) 204 DIN Certco (Germany) 21tIndex Terms Links disaccharides 81 disposable thermoplastics 5 uses and distributions 6f Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)(ISO 14852) 214 Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (ISO 14851) 214 d-lactide stereocomplex 55 55f drug carrier: PLA application in 68 PLA as 67 drug delivery 365 drug release, schematic of 332f “dry process,” 295 DuPont 71 DuraSolve 368 Durect Lactel, absorbable polymer 47t dynamic light scattering, emulsion particle diameter 289f Dyne-a-pak Inc. (Dyne-a-pak Nature meat foam tray) 56t E Eastar Bio 17 Eco-centric (cushion) 56t Ecodear 31 Ecoflex (blends of Ecoflex and PLA) 208 aliphatic–aromatic copolyester (AAC) product 17 Ecofoam 208 “eco-friendly” plastics 12 Ecostar 208 Ecovio, polyester and PLA blend 17 20 edible coating 295 edible films 295 formations 295 mechanism 295 next generation 314 intercalation 314Index Terms Links edible films (Cont.) proteins 296 soybeans 296 wheat gluten films 296 edible protective film 300 fish coating 303 food additives 301 fruit and vegetables 306 human consumptions 300 meat 303 seafood 303 edible zein coatings 302 elastase, in degradation of PLA 234 elastin 406 scaffolds, application of 408t soy-based materials, application of 409t structure of 407f elastomers 278 biocompatability 285 biodegradability 284 cytotoxicity assays 285 molecular design 279 reinforced with nanoclays 282 synthesis and properties 280 electrical and electronics, PLA application in 64t electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 227 electrospinning 439 electrostatic fiber spinning 439 see also electrospinning Elements Naturals (baby wipes) 56t Elvanol 208 emulsion freeze drying (EFD) 434 emulsion polymers: conventional, lowest tack energy 271 film formation of 288 EN ISO 14851:2004 219 endoglucanases (EGs) 239 engineering materials, PLA application in 64tIndex Terms Links EnmatTM 198 entanglement sink probability (ESP) model 276 Enteric Softgel capsules 367 Entericare 367 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics 5 epoxidized methyl oleate (EMO) 270 epoxy curing agents: rosin-based 123 commercial 124 conventional 124 ε-caprolactone (CL) 37 97 ring opening copolymerization 173 193 248 Erkol 208 Escherichia coli 307 genetically engineered 204 in PCL blend biodegradation 252 esterification 134 144 in PBS synthesis 120 in starch modification 134 Ethicon (Vicryl suture and Vicryl mesh) 68 ethyl acrylate (EA) 89f ethyl methacrylate (EM) 89f ethylcellulose 368 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) 280 ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 111 ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer rubber (EBA-GMA) 118 European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 218 European Organization for Standardization (EN) 189 European Patent Office (EPO) 14f EverCorn 200 Excellospora japonica 243 Excellospora viridilutea 243 expanded PTFE (ePTFE) 95 Explotab 366 extracorporeal artificial organs 98Index Terms Links extruders: single-screw 139 144 starch process 135 twin-screw 161 extrusion: processing technology 158 single-screw 438 F Fabri-Kal (cold drink cups and lids) 56t Fasal (cellulose based) 208 fatty acid methyl ester 266 fermentation 387 of glucose 81 of PDO 204 in PHA production 12 steps in 196 ferulic acid 305 fibrin 375 mechanical properties 375t fibrous scaffolds: confocal microscopy images of 388 in tissue engineering 405t Fick’s first law 333 Fick’s second law 333 film-forming materials 295 films, PLA application in 56t fir fiber 74 Firmicutes, in aliphatic polyester degradation 234 fish coating 303 FKuR Kunststoff GmbH (Bio-Flex mulch film) 64t PLA specification 38t FLASHDOSE 368 Flory–Huggins theory 134 Flory–Rehner theory 335 equilibrium swelling and 335 foam trays, PLA application in 56tIndex Terms Links food additives 301 food packaging, PLA application in 56t fossil resources 71 72 Frito-Lay (SunChip) 56t fruit and vegetable 306 FT-IR 227 fucose 370 Fujikura (conductor cable coating) 64t Fungal strain WF-6 243 Fusarium solani 243 fused deposition modeling (FDM) process 436 436f Futerro 195 PLA specification 41t Futerro polylactide 32 G galactomannan-coated glipizide microspheres 314 galactose 370 390t γ-carrageenan 298 Gardenia jasminoides 338 garlic: alginate coated versus non-coated 307f gum adhesion, and skin 307 gas foaming (GF) technique 433 and particulate leaching 433 Gattinoni (wedding dresses) 56t Gaviscon 367 GC 227 GC/MS 227 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in PLA biodegradation 233 gelatin 342 367 implanted delivery systems 343 microparticles 344 nanoparticles 344 in peptide delivery 342 myocardial infarctions 345Index Terms Links gelatin (Cont.) stimuli-responsive delivery system 344 in wound healing 343 gelatin microparticles, as delivery system 344 gelatin microspheres (GMS) 343 gelatin nanoparticles, as delivery system 344 “gelatinization,” 398 gel-forming ability 3 gellan 298 367 sol–gel transition 367 gellan gum 390t genipin 338 molecular structure of 338f gentamicin 92 German Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) 215 Gibbs free energy 335 glass transition temperature: polylactic acid 116 starch 111 glucose monomers 4 glutaraldehyde (GA) 337 gluten 202 glycans, see polysaccharides glycerol 311 glycerol monostearate, water barriers 310 glyceryl methacrylate (GMA) 88 glycinin 407 glycolide (GA) 176 glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 387 Gohsenol 208 Gore-Tex 95 GPC 227 Gracilibacillus sp. 238 graft copolymerization 177 178f grafting, starch 136 grains and legumes, biorefinery process 7f grasses and reeds 154 gravimetry 136Index Terms Links green fluorescent protein (GFP)- encoding plasmid 388 green tea leaf extract powder 304 greenhouse gases 48 fossil energy usage 46 in agricultural residue combustion 48 during aquatic eutrophication and acidification 52 in organic wastewater management 19 in polymer production 12 GroVia (diapers) 56t gum acacia, water barriers 310 H Hapol 208 heat 2 Helicobactor pylori 367 hemicelluloses 5 75 annual plants 80 81f structure 77f wood 77f hemodialysis 98 Henkel (correction roller and stationery) 56t heteropolysaccharides 388 Hevea brasiliensis 11 hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate (HFIM) 88 89f hexafluoropropylene (HFP) 97 high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) 138 high temperature short-time (HTST) 137 high-density polyethylene (HDPE) 111 Higuchian model 333 Hisun Biomaterial, PLA specification 40t home textiles, PLA application in 56t homopolysaccharides 388 horizontal diffusion cell 332f HU4 gelatin 342Index Terms Links human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) 388 human epithelial kidney (HEK293) cells 388 hyaluronan 400 applications of 402t structure of 401f hyaluronan receptor CD44 401 hyaluronic acid (HA) 390t see also hyaluronan hybrid blends 253 Hycail 195 hydrocolloids 298 365 alternative oral delivery systems 368 biopolymer-derived hydrogels 380 drug delivery 365 tissues 372 hydrogels 330 degradable matrices 331 microengineering of 379 microfluidic scaffolds 379 microgels 379 preparation 331 releasing mechanisms 331 suitability of 330 hydrolysis 3, see also chemical hydrolysis hydroxyapatite (HA) 92 435 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) 366 hydroxyvalerate (HV) 236 I implantable delivery system, gelatin in 343 in situ gelation 369 in vitro enzymatic processes 387 “indestructible” packages 135 Ingeo 23 ecological aspects, comparison of 52t ring-opening polymerization 55 NatureWorks PLA grades:Index Terms Links Ingeo (Cont.) for fiber application 35t for films and bottles 34t for thermoform and injection molding 33t properties of 32 Unitika–Terramac PLA grades: for emulsion 37t for extrusion, blow, and foam sheet 37t for injection molding 36t injection molding 440 processing technology 158 InnoWare Plastics (thermoform container) 56t Inorganic carbon (IC) (ISO 14853) 214 integrins 374 377 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 189 interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) 91 279 intraocular lens (IOLs) 90 90t examples of biomaterials for 90t Ireland, plastic bag levy in 20 ISO 14851:1999/Cor 1:2005 219 ISO 14852:1999 221 ISO 14853:2005 215 ISO 14855-1:2005 215 ISO 14855-2 219 ISO 15985:2004 221 ISO 17556:2003 222 ISO 20200:2004 219 J Jätelaito-syhdistys (Finland) 21t Janssen Pharmaceuticals (Risperdal Consta) 68 Japan BioPlastics Association (Japan) 21t Japanese Patent Office (JPO) 14f Japanese Standards Association (JIS) 189 jellyfish collagen 404Index Terms Links K kaolin 144 к-carrageenan 298 keratinocytes, histological section 377f keratoprostheses 90 Keurmerkinstituut (the Netherlands) 21t Kibdelosporangium, enzymatic degradation of PLA 234 kidney substitute 98 Kuraray Poval 208 Kyoto Accord 287 L l,d-lactide 55 laboratory composting system 225f 226f Lacea 195 lactic acid 55 condensation and coupling 174 as PLA precursor 173 PLA synthesis: azeotropic condensation polymerization 175 condensation 174 coupling 174 lactide 192 definition 55 as PLA precursor 174 PLA synthesis 174 174f ROP of 175 Lactobacilli species 175 Lactobacillus plantarum 312 Lacty 195 Lag phase (ISO 14855 part 2) 214 land use and distribution 2f “landfill crisis,” 109 latex binders 288Index Terms Links latex polymers 288 film formation process of 288f leaf or hard fibers 154 Lentzea, enzymatic degradation of PLA 234 Leuconostoc mesenteroides in dextran production 389 LG Hausys (laminated flooring and wallpapers) 64t lignin-based monomers 292 lignins 71 5 387 main moieties in 76f lignocellulosic fibers 154 advantages of 157 Lindar (thermoform container) 56t lintners 165 Lipase Asahi, in PBSA and PCL degradation 234 Lipase F, in PBSA and PCL degradation 234 Listeria monocytogenes 305 Listerine PocketPaks 312 l-lactic acid 55 l-lactide 55 low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 111 135 low-methoxy pectin (LMP) 298 lung substitute and assist 98 lysozyme 342 M macroemulsion polymerization 267 maize 130 A-type starches 131 MALDI-TOF 227 maleic anhydride (MA) 111 malic acid (MA) 302 333 marine algae: alginate from 389 390t agarose 390t carrageenans 390tIndex Terms Links Mater-Bi 208 195 198 matrix 153 for biologically active agents: chitin 346 chitosan 346 gelatin 345 collagen, for drug delivery 342 drug delivery systems 342 and fiber adhesion 162 matrix-type diffusion 331 Maximum level of biodegradation (ISO 14855 part 2) 214 meat coatings 303 melt spinning 439 meth-acrylic acid (MAA) 88 89f methacryloxypropyl tris(trimethylsiloxy silane) (TRIS) 88 89f methyl methacrylate (MMA) 88 89f methylcellulose (MC) 99 composite coatings of 308 lipid migration barriers 311 methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) 114 Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyser (MODA) 228 Microbispora rosea 243 microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 368 microfibrillar angle 156 156f microfibrils 155 microorganism-derived biodegradable polymers 12 milk films 296 Mill Direct Apparel 56t miniemulsion polymerization 268 minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT) 288 Mirel 14 MIRS 227 moisture barriers: gum 300 gum acacia 310 glycerol monostearate 310Index Terms Links monoglycerides 4 monomers: in contact and intracular lens 88 89f role 72 units: chitosan 82 82f tannins 78 monosaccharides 81 montmorillonite (MMT) 314 Mowiol 208 mucoadhesion 369 N N-acetylgalactosamine 370 N-acetylglucosamine 370 “nägeli,” 165 nano coatings 290 nano-biocomposites 184 nanoclays 282 slastomers reinforced with 282 nanocomposites: cellulose: colloidal aqueous suspension preparation of 164 derived nanocomposites 163 morphology 165 165f semicrystalline structure 163 165f whiskers 164 starch nanocrystals: aqueous suspensions preparation 165 dispersions level 165 morphological structure 165 166f structure of 283f of TPS 144 142 nanofibrils 83 National Development Reform Commission for PLA project expansion 31Index Terms Links natural extracellular matrix (natural ECM): and natural polymers 386 in tissue engineering 392 natural fibers: cellulose 154 chemical composition 155 156t cost 154 growth 154 lignocellulosics 154 physical properties 156 157t quality 155 source 155 structure 165 155 Natural Living (mattress topper) 56t natural polymers 93 classes of 387 in gene delivery 388 in tissue engineering 385 388 natural rubber 76 11 poly(1,4-isoprene) in 77f Naturally Iowa (EarthFirst shrink sleeve label) 56t Natureflex 201 NatureWorks 195 first generation PLA, energy requirements for 48 48f largest PLA producer 32 PLA grades: for fiber application 35t for films and bottles 34t for thermoform and injection molding 33t N-deacetylation 393 NEC, see Nucycle desktop computer (NEC) neodermal tissue synthesis 387 nerve regeneration, polymeric materials in 99 network perfection 285t NIRS 227 NMR 227 Nodax 198Index Terms Links nonbiodegradable polymers 111 nonfood gum coating 313 nonwoven products, PLA application in 56t Novartis 312 novel edible-coating products 312 nucleic acids 387 Nucycle desktop computer (NEC) 56t N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) 88 89f nylon 71 Nylon-6 96 O ‘Oblate,’ 310f ocular delivery 369 liquid formulation 370 polymer interactions 370 polysaccharides relies 371 oil seeds, composition of 3t oils 1 see also plant oils vegetable 79 oleic methyl ester (OME) 267 276f oligomeric lactic acid (OLA) 183 omega-3 fatty acid 305 Ophiodon elongates 305 Ophiodon elongates 305 ophthalmic drug delivery systems 341 ophthalmology, organic polymers in 87 artificial cornea 90 contact lens 88 intraocular lens 90 oral drug delivery systems 342 orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) 368 OraSolve 368 organic coatings 288 oxo-biodegradable plastics 12Index Terms Links oxygen barriers: alginate-based film 304 chitosan films 304 hydrocolloid films 299 P paper 313 PaperMate 14 particle size distribution (PSD) 269 emulsion composition and properties 268t pectin 115 peel test 272 PEI-DNA nanoparticles, confocal microscopy images of 388 Penicillum 242 Penicillium simplicissimum 255 peptide delivery: gelatin in 342 peripheral nervous system (PNS) 99 peritoneal dialysis 98 PermaStat 207 petrochemical polymers and PLA: fossil energy requirements for 49f in global climatic change 49f gross water used in production of 49f petrochemistry 72 petroleum-derived biodegradable polymers 12 in nondegradable waste reduction 19 pharmaceutical capsules 268 pharmaceutical fields: PLA, application of 55 Pharmaceutical Handbook of Excipients 365 phenols 339 phosphorylation 3 pH-sensitive hydrogels 335 Phytagel 112 pilocarpine 351 pine fiber 74Index Terms Links PLA 195 see poly(lactic acid) (PLA) environmental impact: postconsumer stage 50 production, route 55f PLA resin: biodegradation test of 233f gel permeation chromatograms of 233f Placcel 207 Placorn 200 plant fibers 155 plant oils 3 see also oils bio-based polymer 121 modification of 122 structure of 221 122f triglyceride compounds 122 123f plant polymers, market potential for 5 plant proteins 2 see also proteins plant starch 4 modification methods 4 Plantic 200 plasma separation 98 Plastic Card Shop, The (gift card) 56 plastic cups 50 eco-indicator values for 51f 52 plasticization 183 plasticizers 237 thermoplastic starch 136 plastics manufacturing 18 in world 18f Plateau phase (ISO 14855 part 2) 214 Plexiglas 88 PLLA and fossil-based derived polymers ecological factors involved in production of 50f Polenghi LAS (lemon juice bottle) 56tIndex Terms Links Polish Packaging Research and Development Centre (Poland) 21t poly(1,4-isoprene) 75 75 poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) 114 poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) 88 poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) 118 poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) 196 poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biodegradable polymer 111 fibres 120 thermal and mechanical properties 118 118t poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) 109 203 poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) 109 poly(butyleneadipate-co-pterephthalate) (PBAT) 109 121 chemical structure of 121f poly(butylenes succinate) (PBSu) 241 poly(caprolactone)PCL: application 206 commercially available 207 route 205 205 structure 205 205 poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) 89f 91 poly(Dl-lactide) (PDLLA) 116 poly(esteramide)-PEA 206 208 208t poly(esteramide)s 247 biodegradation of 247 poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu) 241 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 177 poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) 135 135 poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 83 83f poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHH) 410 poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 4 12 applications: biomedical 67Index Terms Links poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (Cont.) domestic 67 electronics and electrical 67 67t engineering and agricultural 67 64t biodegradable polymer 55 blending of 193 blends 251 clear zone method 234 commercial lipases 235 commercially available 195 195 and copolymer delivery carriers 45t copolymerization 193 and copolymers, in biomedical application 37 43t corn 234 degradation in compost 232 degradation mechanism 231 for domestic application 32 eco-profile of, in mass production 46 environmental profile of 45 enzymatic catalysis 193 enzymatic or non-enzymatic hydrolysis 234 kinetics 234 lactic acid: Cargill route 193 193f comonomers, repeating units 193 polycondensation route 193 preparation 192 193 stereoforms 192 192f lactide 192 long-term degradation/disintegration behavior 235 manufacturing route 192f 193 microbial and enzymatic degradation of 234 Mitsui process 193 193f NatureWorks and Purac 55 and petrochemical polymers, energy requirements 49f product application 24tIndex Terms Links poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (Cont.) properties 55 reference test material 233 research publication about 13f resin producers 31t route of 55 structure 192 201 synthesis of 55 uses 55 69 poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 431 tissue engineering scaffolds 431 poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) 430 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 88 poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) 346 poly(propylene succinate) (PPSu) 241 poly(St-co-BuA) matrix 166 poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 91 poly(tetramethylene adipatecoterephthalate) (PTAT) 114 poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol terephthalate (PTMG) 97 poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) 204 204 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA): producers 208 208t production 208 207 structure 207 207f poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) 12 biodegradation of 248 poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) 237 poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) 14 15t polyacrylates 92 polyacrylic acid 313 polyamides 387 polyanhydride (PA) 95 tissue engineering scaffolds 431 polyanhydrides (polyphosphate) 387 poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/valerate copolymer (Biopol) 236Index Terms Links polybutylene adipate/terephthalate (PBAT) 18 polycaprolactone (PCL) 13 15t 431 biodegradation of 245 blends 252 tissue engineering scaffolds 431 polydextrose 368 polydioxanone (PDO) 14 15t polyelectrolyte cross-linking and complexes 339 polyesters 81 polyethylene 92 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 18 94 polyethylene–vinyl alcohol (EVOH) 135 polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA) 93 polyglycolic acid (PGA) 14 15t 97 tissue engineering scaffolds 430 polyglycolide (PGA), see polyglycolic acid (PGA) polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) 12 commercially available 193 198 copolymers 196 197 198 family 196 196f PHB, repeating units of 200 200f production: bacteria 195 cost 197 fermentation technology 196 industrial 197 substrates 197 structure 195 synthesis of 197 197f polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 410 biodegradable polymer, see polymers blends of 251 degradation, in compost 236 effects of, temperature 236 degradation mechanism 235 physical and mechanical properties 236 structure of 410f thermoplastic starch 238Index Terms Links polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 13 15t polyisoprenoids 387 polylactic acid (PLA), see poly(lactic acid) (PLA) abiotic degradation 172 aliphatic polyesters 172 applications: biomedical 184 packaging 185 biodegradable 172 biodegradable polymer, see polymers degradation: abiotic, see abiotic degradation biotic 182 182f lactic acid, copolymers based on: graft copolymerization 177 178f high radiation/peroxide, modification by 176 ring-opening copolymerization 176 processing: biocomposites 184 blends and compatibilization 183 multilayers 184 nano-biocomposites 184 plasticization 183 production 171 properties: barrier 180 crystallinity and thermal 177 179 molten behavior 178f 181 solid state 180 solubility 180 surface energy 180 synthesis of: lactic acid 173 173f lactide 174 174f polymerization, see polymerization routes 174 173Index Terms Links polylactide (PLA) 430 see also poly(lactic acid) (PLA) tissue engineering scaffolds 430 polymaltodextrins 368 polymer characterization 268 storage modulus 271 polymer consumption, in world 19t polymer development, trends in 12f polymer properties 269 dynamic mechanical analysis 269 polymer–clay nanocomposites 282 morphology 282 polymer–drug interactions 340 polymeric binder 288 polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) 115 polymeric membrane: schematic representation of 387 polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) 114 polymerization 92 PLA: azeotropic dehydration 175 condensation 175 coupling 174 lactic acid condensation 174 lactide, ROP of 175 polymers: bacterial: cellulose 83 83f poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 83 83f biomaterial, see biomaterials natural: cellulose, see cellulose SBP and composites 115 soy protein plastic 113 starch, see starchIndex Terms Links polymers: (Cont.) petroleum: poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) 121 121f poly(butylene succinate) 120 121f polycaprolactone 120 120f 120t plant oils: bio-based polymer 121 modification of 122 structure 121 122f triglyceride compounds 122 123f polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): applications 119 bacterial metabolism 118 blends 119 degradation 118 PHB 118 properties 119 structure 118 118f uses 120 polylactic acid (PLA): biocompatibility and biodegradability 116 blending 117 degradation 116 and EBA-GMA 118 properties 116 synthesis of 116 116f toughening 117 processing techniques: electrospinning 439 extrusion 438 injection molding 440 440 melt spinning 439 renewable resources, see renewable resources polyolefins 157 polyoxoesters (polyhydroxyalkanoic acids) 387 poly-p-dioxanone (PDS) 98 polypropylene (PP) 157Index Terms Links polysaccharide nanocrystals: aqueous suspensions 164 low-cost materials 167 macroscopic behavior 166 polysaccharides 1 387 alginate 389 structure of 392f biological functions of 389 cellulose 394 structure of 397f chitosan 393 structure of 393f classification of 390t dextran 389 structure of 392f general structure 389f hyaluronan 400 structure of 401f starch 398 amylopectin, structure of 399f amylose, structure of 399f polytetramethylene adiphate/ terephthalate (PTMAT) 18 polythioesters 387 polyurethane (PU) 94 structure of 283f sugar-based 82f polyvinol 208t polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 135 poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 97 poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) 236 poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate-co-β-valerate) (PHBV) 236 poly-ε-caprolactone 135 posterior capsular opacification (PCO) 90 potatoes 130 B-type starches 131Index Terms Links pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) 266 cytocompatibility 286 peel test 272 performance 271 polymer–solid adhesion modification 274 shear rest 272 tack 271 Primary anaerobic biodegradation (ISO 14853) 214 priming effect 217 223 Primojel 366 proteinase K, degradation of PLA 234 proteins 1 387 402 see also plant proteins: biodegradation 240 chemical modification methods 3 collagen 403 compostable polymers 202 202f denaturation modifications 2 edible coating 296 elastin 406 structure of 407f interlinkage 295 physical modification methods 2 polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 410 structure of 410f primary structure of 403 silk fibroin 409 structure of 409f silk-based materials, application of 409t soybean 407 soy-based materials, application of 409t structure of 409f structure of 403 CPK model 404f Proteobacteria, in aliphatic polyester degradation 214 Protomonas extorquens 195 Protomonas oleovorans 195Index Terms Links PSA samples: composition of 285t cytocompatibility 286 Pseudomanas 235 in Biopol degradation 235 Pseudomonas oleovorans 196 Pseudonocardiaceae, enzymatic degradation of PLA 234 pullulan 308 390t Purac Purasorb : PLA for medical devices 46t PLA for drug delivery 47t PURAC 195t lactic acid producer 23 in PLA production 30 PURALACT 23 pure Cloisite Na+ 290 purified terephthalic acid (PTA) 204 PVA blends 253 Q Quaker Oats 71 quaternary structure of protein 403 quinones 339 cross-lining of amino group, schematic 339f catechol into 339f R radio labeling 227t Ralstonia eutropha 195 197f see Cupriavidus necator: PHB synthesis in, see also Alcaligenes latus Raman spectroscopy 163 ramie fibres 154 163 rate equation 334Index Terms Links rate of mass transfer 334 receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) 401 recombinant human collagen (rhC) 404 recycling: agro-fiber-based products 155 lignocellulosics 154 “regenerated cellulose,” 116 reinforcement: properties 153 tensile strength and water uptake 143f 144 release kinetics equations 334t Renesas (computer network device casing) 64t renewable biodegradable plastics: world production 22f renewable biodegradable polymers: PLA 20 world production 22f renewable bioresources, polymers, see polymers Renewable Fiber LLC (shopping bags) 56t renewable resources: animal, see animal resources biodegradable polymers: poly(lactic acid), see poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polyhydroxyalkanoates, see polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) thermoplastic starch, see starch compostable polymers: cellulose 201 201f chitin and chitosan 201 202f 202t proteins 202 context 71 definition 173 humanity material, role in 171 petrochemicals: aliphatic polyesters and copolyesters 203 204f 205t aromatic polyesters and copolyesters 204 205f 206f 207f 206tIndex Terms Links renewable resources: (Cont.) blends 208 209t poly(caprolactone) 205 207f 207t poly(esteramide) 208f 206 208t poly(vinyl alcohol) 207 207 208f 208t preparation 191 principles 191 vegetable, see vegetable resources reservoir-type diffusion 331 resin transfer moulding (RTM) 158 resins 4 153 polycondensation reactions 4 triglycerides: functionalization 4 reduction 4 wood 78f 178 respirometry 227 rheology, melt rheology 198 Rhizopus delemar lipase 241 243 Rhizopus niveus, in PBSA and PCL degradation 235 Rhizopus orizae, in PBSA and PCL degradation 235 ribonucleic acid (RNA) 385 rice 130t rigid consumer goods, PLA application in 56t rigid gas-permeable (RGP) lens 88 ring-opening copolymerization 176 ring-opening polymerization (ROP) 173 192 S saccharin 237 Saint Maclou (carpets) 64t Salmonella typhimurium 304 Sant’Anna (mineral water bottles) 56t scaffold-guided regeneration 429 scaffolding, for drug delivery systems 342Index Terms Links scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 227 seafood coatings 303 Sealed Air (Cryovac NatureTRAY food tray) 56t SEC, see size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) second generation Ingeo (PLA6) 50 secondary structure of protein 403 seed and fruit hairs 154 selected grains and legumes, production of 2t selective laser sintering (SLS) 436 436 SEM 227 see scanning electron microscopy (SEM) semicrystalline cellulose fiber 163 165f Sephadex 392 shear rest 272 shear stress, inferfacial 161 Shionogi Quali-V 367 Shiseido-Urara (shampoo bottles) 56t sialic acid 370 silicone 387 silk fibroin 409 silk-based materials, application of 409t structure of 409f silver-zeolite 314 Singoshu (Lactboard for draining plate) 64t size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) 227 Sloviol 208t small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) 134 small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 134 Soageena 311 sodium alginate 306 sodium chloride (NaCl) 433 soil carbon balance 7 Solanum lycopersicon Mill. 306 Solanyl 200t solid freeform fabrication (SFF) techniques 435 advantages 435 CAD 435Index Terms Links solid freeform fabrication (SFF) techniques (Cont.) fused deposition modeling 436 436f selective laser sintering 436 437f stereolithography 435 435f three-dimensional printing 437 437f solid-state biodegradation processes 224 Sommer Needlepunch (Eco2punch_ carpets) 64t sorbitol 311 sorghum 130t Sorona 207t soy oil 3 soy protein plastic 113 soybean 407 specific amide bond hydrolysis 3 spreadability 298 StalkMarket (cutlery sets) 56t Staphylococcus aureus 304 starch 368 390t 398 amylopectin, structure of 399f amylose, structure of 399f as raw material: chemicals, production of 134 for plastic production 135 carbohydrate 129 commercially available 200 200t destructurization 200 disruption: diffusion 133 extrusion process 134 gelatinization 133 formulation developments 200 gelatinization process 110 granule structure 131 132f amylopectin 130 131f 133 amylose 130 131f 132 classification 131Index Terms Links starch (Cont.) crystallinity 131 molecular structure 131 morphology of 130 semicrystalline 130 131 shape and size 130 131t granules 110 diameter and gelatinization temperature 199 199t morphological structure 199 199f macromolecular components of 80f nonfood applications 129 processing of 200 sources 130 130t starch based polymers 400t structure 110 110f 198 202 thermoplastic 199 blends 139 composites and nanocomposites 144 142 crystallinity 137 definition 136 degradation 137 138f extrusion-cooking 137 macromolecular scission 137 plasticizers 136 properties 136 reactive extrusion, chemical modification by 144 thermoplastic starch, see thermoplastic starch (TSP) vegetable resources 79 80f starch modification methods 4 starch nanocrystals: aqueous suspension, preparation of 165 properties of 167 structure 165 165 stereolithography (SLA) system 435 435f stereolithography apparatus 435Index Terms Links stimuli-responsive delivery system: chitin in 346 chitosan in 346 gelatin in 344 straw 153 straw fibers 154 Streptoalloteichus, enzymatic degradation of PLA 234 Streptococcus, in dextran production 389 Streptomyces 235 in Biopol degradation 235 Sturm test 225 PBS 241 poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA) 241 styrene-based latex, uses and distributions 6t suberin 76 78t schematic structure of 78f subtilisin, degradation of PLA 234 succinylation 3 sugar beet pulp (SBP) plastics 115 sugarcane, in lactic acid production 48 Sulzer (Sysorb screw) 68 surface hydrolysis 227 surgical implants, PLA application in 68 sustainable agriculture industry 6 research and development 8 sutures: classification 96 nonabsorbable material 96 96t PET and PBT 97 polyamide 96 PTFE and PVDF 97 synthetic absorbable 97 swelling 334 synthetic biodegradable polymers: physical properties of 42t synthetic cellulose acetate (SCA) 400Index Terms Links synthetic poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) of corn starch (SEVA-C) 400 synthetic poly(ε-caprolactone) (SPCL) 400 synthetic polylactic acid (SPLA) 400 synthetic polymer 11 T tannins 77 78f monomer units in 78f Taxol 346 tear fluid, ionic content 369t Telles 14 TEM 227 temperature-sensitive hydrogels 335 pH-sensitive hydrogels 335 Tenite 201t tensile strength, TPS/kaolin composites 144 144f Teramac resin 31 terpenes 144f 78 Terramac, see Ingeo tertiary structure of protein 403 tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) 408 theoretical amount of biogas 214 Theoretical amount of evolved biogas (Thbio-gas) (ISO 14853) 214 Theoretical amount of evolved carbon dioxide (ThCO2) (ISO 17088 ISO 14855 part 2) 214 Theoretical amount of evolved methane (ThCH4) (ISO 14853) 214 Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) (ISO 14851) 214 Theraflu 312 thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) 434 434f thermogravimetry analysis, in PLA biodegradation 233 Thermonospora fusca 214 244Index Terms Links thermoplastic resin 5 uses and distributions 6t thermoplastic starch (TPS) 398 advantage and disadvantage 111 blending: components compatibility 140 in liquid nitrogen 140f 141 mechanical performances 139 melting processing 139 plastics, replacement of 140 polymers 139 139t renewable resources 139 solution/dispersion processing 139 water resistance 139 zein protein 141 141f composites and nanocomposites 142t 144 corn flour–based material 238 crystallinity 137 definition 136 degradation 137 extrusion-cooking 137 macromolecular scission 137 mechanical properties 111 plasticizers 136 properties 136 reactive extrusion, chemical modification by 144 thermoplastic dialdehyde starch (TPDAS) 139 time-dependent property 111 thermoplastics: lignocellulosic fibers 157 natural fiber reinforced 156 short-fiber, properties of 158 Thermopolyspora 242 thermoset composites, fabrication techniques 158 Thin Strips 312 three-dimensional printing (3DP) process 437 437fIndex Terms Links tissue engineering (TE) 387 natural polymers in 385 tissue engineering scaffolds: clinical therapies 428 functions 430 manufacturing methods: emulsion freeze drying 434 gas foaming 433 gas foaming/particulate leaching 433 solid freeform fabrication techniques see solid freeform fabrication techniques solvent casting/particulate leaching 433 thermally induced phase separation 434 434f polymer processing technique see polymers requirements: biocompatibility 432 characteristics 431 cost-effective fashion 432 degradation 432 interconnectivity 432 mechanical properties 432 pore size 432 porosity 431 surface chemistry 432 research areas 428 429f strategies 429 synthetic biodegradable polymer 431 poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 431 polyanhydride 431 polycaprolactone 431 polyglycolide 430 polylactide 430 types 430 tissue engineering 372 cell adhesion 373 cell-adhesive hydrogels 373Index Terms Links tissue engineering (Cont.) collagen 374 fibrin 375 chitosan 375 mechanical conditioning 378 cell morphology 378 cell migration 378 microengineering hydrogels 379 microfluidic scaffolds 379 microgels 379 noncell-adhesive hydrogels 376 tone 207t Toray (fiber for car mat) 64t Total dry solids (ISO 17088; ISO 14855 part 2) 214 Total organic carbon (TOC) (ISO 14851) 214 Toyobo, PLA specification 40t Toyota (floor mat of Toyota Prius and spare tire cover) 64t transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 282 of clay-filled elastomer 284f triacetin 237 Triaminic 312 tributyrin 237 triglyceride molecule 266f triglycerides 121 structure 80f 79 trimethylene carbonate (TMC) 117 Tritirachium album, degradation of PLA 234 trypsin inhibitor 342 trypsin, degradation of PLA 234 U Ultimate aerobic biodegradation (ISO 14853) 214 Ultimate aerobic biodegradation (ISO 17088; ISO 14855 part 2) 214 ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) 92Index Terms Links United Kingdom Patent Office (UKPO) 14f United States Patent Office (USPO) 14f Unitika Poval 208 Unitika–Terramac, PLA grades: for emulsion 37t for extrusion, blow, and foam sheet 37t for injection molding 36t V valerolactone 176 varnishes 287 vegetable resources: algae 81 annual plants: definition 79 disaccharides 81 81f hemicelluloses 80 81f monosaccharides 81 81f 82f starch 79 80f vegetable oils 79 80f wood: cellulose 74 74f 75f hemicellulose 75 77f lignins 74 76f natural rubber 75 77f resins 78 suberin 76 78f tannins 77 78f terpenes 78 79f vermiculite 213 217 formula 223 vertical diffusion cell 332f Vincotte (Belgium) 21t “vinegar syndrome,” 14 visual inspection, in PLA biodegradation 233 Volatile solids (ISO 17088) 215 volume-swelling ratio 337Index Terms Links W water vapor barriers 301 lipid films 299 302 water-soluble gums 295 “waxy” starch 110 chemical structure of 110 “wet process,” 295 wheat 1 wheat gluten 408 wheat gluten films 296 wheat straw 5 whey proteins 311 wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) 134 wood fibers 5 154 morphology 73 73f wood: composites 153 cellulose 74 starch 79 natural fibers 155 vegetable resources, see vegetable resources World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 14f wound healing 377 gelatin in 343 materials 351 WOWTAB 368 X Xanthan 366 Xanthomonas campestris bacterium 313 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 282 for different clay ratio 283f starch crystallinity 131Index Terms Links Y yams 130 Z zein 296 Zimmer (Bio-Statak suture anchor and bone cement plug) 68 Zydis 368
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics - Properties, Processing and Applications رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics - Properties, Processing and Applications
|
|