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عدد المساهمات : 18959 التقييم : 35383 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Blake’s Design of Mechanical Joints السبت 30 سبتمبر 2023, 1:43 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Blake’s Design of Mechanical Joints Second Edition Harold Josephs and Ronald L. Huston
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface .xi Authors . xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Review 1 1.2 An Overview of Mechanical Joints .3 References 9 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Fasteners . 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.1.1 Adhesive Bonding 11 2.1.2 Brazing and Soldering 11 2.1.3 Rivets . 11 2.1.4 Threaded Fasteners 11 2.1.5 Welded Joints 13 2.2 Design with Rivets . 14 2.3 Design with Bolts 18 2.4 Selection of Bolt Materials 19 2.5 Stress and Strain of Bolted Joints 23 2.6 Torque Equations and Friction 31 2.7 Strength and Design Criteria .34 2.8 Control of Torque and Preload 35 2.9 Selection of Working Loads 38 2.10 Current View of Bolt Preload 39 2.11 Summary of Design Considerations 40 References 41 Symbols 41 Chapter 3 Concepts of Strength and Failure . 43 3.1 Preliminary Considerations . 43 3.2 Effect of Lateral Forces .44 3.3 Statically Indeterminate Beams 45 3.4 Cross-Section Geometry .46 3.4.1 Example 47 3.4.2 Approach 48 3.5 Combined Stress Criteria 51 3.6 Response in Shear . 53 3.7 Torsion .54 3.8 Deflection Analyses . 55 3.9 Buckling of Columns and Plates .56 3.10 Bending of Plates .59 3.11 Design of Curved Elements . 61 3.12 Strength and Stability of Vessels .66 3.13 Early Experience with Stress and Fracture . 71vi Contents 3.14 Griffith Theory of Fracture .73 3.15 Behavior of Cracks 73 3.16 Detection of Crack Size . 75 3.17 Ductile to Brittle Transition . 76 3.18 Limitations and Implications of Fracture Control .79 3.19 Summary . 81 References 82 Symbols and Acronyms 83 Chapter 4 Quality Measurement and Statistics .85 4.1 Introduction .85 4.2 Theory of Measurements .86 4.3 Statistical Analysis 88 4.4 Known Normal Distribution 93 4.5 Distribution Not Known to Be Normal .94 4.6 t-Statistic or the Student’s Statistic 96 4.7 Hypothesis Testing 98 4.8 Design Studies .99 4.8.1 Design Study 4.1 .99 4.8.1.1 Solution .99 4.8.2 Design Study 4.2 102 4.8.2.1 Solution . 102 4.8.3 Design Study 4.3 103 4.8.4 Design Study 4.4 104 4.8.4.1 Solution . 104 4.8.5 Design Study 4.5 106 4.8.5.1 Solution . 106 4.8.6 Design Study 4.6 107 4.8.7 Design Study 4.7 . 109 4.8.8 Design Study 4.8 110 4.9 Hypothesis Testing Based on a Two-Population Distribution . 111 4.9.1 Large Sample Sizes 112 4.9.2 Small Sample Sizes 112 4.10 Summary Table of Tests Concerning Means 113 4.11 Design Studies of Two Population Means . 113 4.11.1 Design Study 4.9 114 4.11.2 Design Study 4.10 . 115 4.11.3 Design Study 4.11 . 116 4.11.4 Design Study 4.12 . 117 4.12 Testing Variances from One Population: Use of the Chi-Square (χ2) Distribution 118 4.13 Testing Variances from Two Populations: Use of the F-Distribution . 119 4.14 Design Studies of Variances 120 4.14.1 Design Study 4.13 .120 4.14.2 Design Study 4.14 .126 4.14.3 Design Study 4.15 . 127 4.14.4 Design Study 4.16 . 127 4.15 Control Charts . 129 4.16 Design Study for Control Charts . 132 4.16.1 Design Study 4.17 . 132Contents vii References 133 Symbols 133 Chapter 5 Riveted and Bolted Joints . 135 5.1 Basic Formulas for Rivets . 135 5.2 Formulas for Eccentric Shear 136 5.3 Performance of Riveted Joints . 139 5.4 Rigid Bolted Connections 140 5.5 Gasket Effects 141 5.6 Stiffness of a Flange in Compression 142 5.7 Conventional Diagram for the Bolt Preload 143 5.8 Theories of Joint Preload . 144 5.9 Evaluation of Spring Constants . 145 5.10 Symmetrical Splice Connection 146 5.11 Slip Coefficients 147 5.12 Load Transfer between Bearing and Shear . 148 5.13 Determination of the Net Area of a Plate Subjected to Tension . 150 5.14 Plate Edge Effects 151 5.15 Allowable Shear in Spliced Connections 152 5.16 Fatigue and Shear Lag Effects . 153 5.17 Eccentric Joints 154 5.18 Prediction of Shear Loads . 156 5.19 Prying Action on Bolts 158 5.20 Control of Joint Separation 159 5.21 Fastening of Plastics 162 5.22 Summary . 162 5.23 Design Analyses 163 References 174 Symbols 175 Chapter 6 Flanges and Stiffeners 177 6.1 Introduction . 177 6.2 Gasket Effects 177 6.3 Tightness Criterion 179 6.4 Spacing of Bolts . 180 6.5 Mechanics of Flange Rotation . 182 6.6 Design of Straight Flanges 185 6.7 Design of Ribbed Flanges . 188 6.8 Stiffeners 193 6.9 Compact Flanges . 197 6.10 Summary . 199 6.11 Design Analyses 201 References 243 Symbols 244 Chapter 7 Clamps and Pipe Joints 247 7.1 Introduction .247 7.2 Interfaces, or Shrink, Fits 247viii Contents 7.3 Split Hub Criteria .250 7.4 The Single-Pin Clevis Joint . 253 7.5 A Rigid Clamp Application .254 7.6 Design of a C-Clamp . 255 7.7 Vessel and Pipe Supports 257 7.8 Tubular Joints 262 7.9 Summary .264 7.10 Design Analyses 265 References 268 Symbols 268 Chapter 8 Joint Connections: Pins, Couplings, and Other Joint Fittings 271 8.1 Introduction . 271 8.2 Design of Cotter Pin Joints 271 8.3 Key Connections . 275 8.4 Splines . 281 8.5 Pipe Couplings . 281 8.6 Abutment Failure .285 8.7 Eyebar or Knuckle Joints .288 8.8 Structural .292 8.9 Chain Drives and Coupling Links .293 8.10 Wire Rope Fittings 295 8.11 High-Pressure Threaded Configurations .298 8.12 Summary .302 8.13 Design Analyses 303 References 310 Symbols 310 Chapter 9 Design of Welded Joints . 313 9.1 Introduction . 313 9.2 Typical Welded Joints 314 9.3 Allowable Weld Stresses . 316 9.4 Crack Initiation and Fatigue 316 9.5 Design Assumptions 320 9.6 Analysis of Fillet Welds . 322 9.7 Weld Line Formulas for Design 323 9.8 Welded Lap Joints . 326 9.9 Beam Seat Connections . 328 9.10 Column Base Plate Design 331 9.11 Welded Joints in Plate Girders 332 9.12 Special Welded Joints 333 9.13 Summary . 335 9.14 Design Analyses 336 References 338 Symbols 338 Chapter 10 Membrane Joints 341 10.1 Introduction . 341 10.2 Vacuum Barrier Technology 341Contents ix 10.3 Design of a Circular Membrane 341 10.4 Behavior of Mylar Barriers 345 10.5 Metallic Diaphragm Experiment . 347 10.6 Plastic Correction in Diaphragm Design .349 10.7 Spherical Cap Barriers 350 10.8 Rolling Diaphragm Interface . 353 10.9 Summary . 355 10.10 Design Analyses 355 References 359 Symbols 359 Chapter 11 Design for Adhesion . 361 11.1 Introduction . 361 11.2 Characteristics of Solid Surfaces . 361 11.3 The Mechanics of Adhesion 362 11.4 Setting and Flow of Adhesives 363 11.5 The Concept of Stress 364 11.6 Stresses in Butt Adhesive Joints 370 11.7 Design of Lap Joints 372 11.8 Design of Scarf Joints 378 11.9 Peeling . 382 11.10 Special Applications 384 11.11 Materials 386 11.12 Guide for Designers .388 11.13 A Current View of Adhesive Technology .390 11.14 Summary . 391 11.15 Design Analyses 393 References 396 Symbols 396 Glossary 399 Index 407 Index A Abutment failure, 285–288 Accuracy, 38, 70, 87 Acrylic adhesives, 391 Actual bonded length, 4 Adhesive, 3 advantages/disadvantages of, 12 applications of, 384–386 bonding, 11, 12 butt adhesive joint, 370–371 coatings, 127 design analyses, 393–396 fastener, 104 guide for designers, 388–390, 392 joints, 13, 27 lap joint, 372–378 manufacturer of, 120 materials, 386–388 mechanics of, 362–363 peeling, 382–384 scarf joints, 378–382 setting and flow of, 363–364 solid surfaces characterization, 361–362 stress concept, 364–369 technology, 390–391 thread coating, 127 AISC, see American Institute of Steel Construction Aluminum, 363 Aluminum catastrophic fractures, 77 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 316, 327, 332, 333 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard, 21 American Railway Engineering Association, 1 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) boiler code, 181 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), 19, 20 American Standards Association, 361 American Welding Society (AWS), 313, 316, 317, 320, 326, 336 ANSI standard, see American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard ASCE, see American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) ASME boiler code, see American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) boiler code ASTM, see American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Auto-frettage, 250, 264 Auxiliary functions, 378–380 AWS, see American Welding Society (AWS) Axial frictional resistance, 252 Axial tension, 29, 140, 187, 262 B Beam bending, 214, 273, 379 loading, 262 plates, 59–61 stress, 43, 44, 60, 61, 292, 293, 296 theory of, 44, 366 Bearing friction, 33 pressure, 282, 286, 331 and shear, 148–150 strength, 135, 162 type joint, 148, 152 type splice, 163 Beeswax, 3 Bickford’s theory, 160 Bilinear stress, 350 Boiler plate joint, 67, 68 Bolt clamping plastic plates, 266 deformations, 148 lubricant statistical, 102 viscosity, 103 materials (Fastener joints) elasticity of several, modulus of, 23 selection of, 19–23 yield strength of, 28, 29, 201 thread adhesive, 120 Bolted joints additional load in, 141, 158 advantages/disadvantages of, 13 characteristics of, 145 circular flanges and, 177 classical diagrams, 162 conventional diagram, 143–144 design analyses, 163–174 development of, 40 eccentric joints, 154–156 fatigue and shear lag effects, 153–154 gasket effects, 141–142, 168, 170, 171, 177–179 grip length of, 166 history of, 1–2 materials, 19–23 plate edge effects, 151–152 preload theories, 144–145 principal forces of interest, 140 prying action on, 158–159 shear load on, 156–158 spacing of, 180–182 spring constants evaluation, 145–146 spring stiffness parameters, 145 stress and strain of, 23–31 trajectories in, 25 thread category of, 21–22 types of, 142408 Index Boundary conditions, 56, 57, 59, 258, 344 Bracket conditions, 150–151 joint, 155 pipe supporting testing, 265 piping design, 265 with reinforcing web, 240 rivet supporting, 221, 224, 225, 227, 232, 236 rotation curve versus force, 163 shelf cross-section, 231 stretched rivets and rotated, 237 support dimensions, 239 thickness of, 330 web supporting, 229 welded, 324, 326 Brazing joints, 11 Brittle fracture, 73 Brittle material, 38, 52, 72, 355 Buckling stress, 56–58 Built-up joint, 154 Bull nose configuration, 291 Burst factors, 70 Burst test, for adhesion, 389 Butt adhesive joint, 370–371 Buttress thread designs, 282 Butt welds, 319, 320 C Cantilever beam, 44 Castigliano’s principle, 46, 62, 63 CAT, see Crack Arrest Transition C-clamp design, 255–257, 265 CDM, see Cosine distribution model Central limit theorem, 93, 108 Centroid notations, 138 Chain drives, 293–295 Chain-link joint, 303, 305 Chance variations, 86 Charpy V-notch (CVN) test, 80 Chi-square distribution, 118–119 Circular cross-section, 56 Circular membrane, 341–345 Circular ring, 64, 65 Circumferential joints, 67 Circumferential stiffeners, 70, 177, 195, 200 Clamps and pipe joints C-clamp design, 255–257, 265 design analyses, 265–268 rigid clamp application, 254–255 shrink-fit process, 247–250 single-pin clevis joint, 253–254 split hub criteria, 250–253 tubular joints, 262–264 vessel and pipe supports, 257–262 Classical beam theory, 253 Classical theory of flexure, 274 Cleansing, 363 Clevis joint, 253–254 Cold-driven rivets, 139 Collar/pin coupling joint, 306 Column base plate, welded joints, 331–332 Combined stress criteria, 51–53 Complementary shear, 53 Complex mechanical joint, 43, 260 Compression-type shear tests, 156 Compressive stress, 288, 292 Confidence interval, 98, 99, 102 Control charts, quality measurement, 129–131 Conventional curved elements, 62 Conventional friction factor, 297 Conventional joints, 142, 160 Conventional rivet components, 135 Cosine distribution model (CDM), 261 Cosine model, 289 Cottered fastenings, 272 Cotter pin joint, 271–275 characteristics of, 271 cottered fastenings, 272 cylindrical pin applications, 275 design, 302 load diagram for, 274 socket edges, 273 Coupling links, 293–295, 302 Crack Arrest Transition (CAT), 76, 77 Cracks behavior, 73–75 Crack size detection, 75–76 Cross-sectional dimensions, 56 Cross-section geometry, 46–51, 54 Curvature expression, 55 Curved elements design, 61–66 Customary machine design approach, 292 Cylindrical butt joint, 370, 377 Cylindrical pins, 275 Cylindrical vessel, 70 D Damaging loading, 74 Deep-section curved beam, 259 Defective bolted joint, 86 Defense contractor, 117 Deflection analyses, 55–56 Deflection curve, 60 Degrees of freedom (DOF), 92, 96 Design stress for aluminum, 77, 79 Design theory, 31, 302, 333, 345 Detachable joint, 11, 12, 247 Diaphragm cylindrical, 353, 355 metallic, 347–349 in plastic correction, 349–350 rolling, 353–355 stresses, 342, 344 Dispersion measures, 92–93 DOF, see Degrees of freedom Double-lap joint, 372, 374 Double-riveted butt joint, 67 Double-shear case, 67 Ductile material, 9, 52, 55 Ductile-to-brittle transition, 76–79, 289 DuPont (polyester), 341 Dynamic tear (DT) test, 80, 81 E Eccentric joints, 138, 154–157, 162 Eccentric shear, 136–138, 155Index 409 Effective eccentricity, 156 “8-ACME” thread, 282, 283 Elastic equations, 158 Elasticity, 22, 59, 72, 247 Elastic theory, 41, 59 Elementary frictional force, 280 Elementary theory, 44 Elongation, of abutment plate, 286, 287 External bending moment, 263 External socket diameter, 273 External support system, 257 Eyebar joints, 288–292 F Fastener bolt, 149 design, 18–19, 41 in double shear, 29 materials, 19–23 in mechanical joint, 24 preload, 39–40 standard configurations, 34 stress and strain of, 23–31 design considerations, 40–41 higher strength, 34 permanent/detachable, examples of, 11, 12 of plastics, 162 preload/torque control, 35–38 primary joining approaches, 11–12 rivets, 14–18, 40 strength and design, 34–35 tensile strength of, 21 threaded, 11–13 torque, 31–38 working loads, 38–39 Fatigue, 2, 39, 41, 139, 153–154, 162, 163 causing loads, 179 and crack initiation, 316–320 lifes of, 336, 384 and shear lag effects, 153–154 weld cracking problems, 327 welded component, 336 F-distribution, 119–125 FEMs, see Finite element methods/modeling (FEMs) Fillet welds, 315, 320, 321, 333, 336 analysis of, 322–323 theoretical throat of, 321 Finite discontinuity, 72 Finite element methods/modeling (FEMs), 3, 177, 197, 261 Flange(s) in compression, 142–143 design analyses, 201–243 gasket effects, 177–179 pipe, 177, 247, 257 ribbed, 188–192 ring, 183, 186–188, 190 rotation, mechanics of, 182–185 spacing of bolts, 180–182 straight, 185–188 tightness criterion, 179–180 Flat ring-type gasket, 178 Flexible joints, 141, 162 Flexural stress, 43 Foregoing design formulas, 68 Foregoing trigonometric functions, 298 Fracture control aluminum catastrophic, 77 application, 73 early experience with, 71–73 Griffith theory of, 73 limitations and implications, 79–81 plane-strain, 75 program, 75 for steel, 74, 78 Fracture energy, 72 Frayed-out wire joint, 5 Friction adhesion, 295, 297 characteristics of, 272 couple resisting, 250 effects of, 275 elementary frictional force, 280 forces, 149 resistance, 30, 146, 148, 149, 153, 163, 297 torque, 31–34, 250–252, 251, 252 type joint, 146, 163 G Galvanized steel wire, 295 Gasche resilient thread, 300, 301, 303 Gasket bolted joint with, 168 creep, 39 effects, 141–142 flanges and stiffeners, 177–181 joint, 169–171, 200 plates/flanges, 146 riveted and bolted joints, 141–142 Gauss Error Curve, 88 Gaussian distribution, 37 Geometry factor for thick cylinders, 69 Gradual yielding, 74 Griffith theory, 73 H Heat affected zone (HAZ), 3, 313, 316, 336 Hemispherical vessels, 71 High-pressure threaded configurations, 298–301 High-strength steel (HSS), 126 Hinge-connected chain links, 293 Hooke’s law, 143, 255 Hypothesis testing, 98–99, 111–113 I Indeterminate beams, 45–46 Industrial Fastener Institute, 255 Inglis formula, 72 Inglis’s stress concentration, 73 Interfaces, 247–250 Intermediate boundary conditions, 57 Internal strain energy, 73 Isotropic plates, 59410 Index J Joint connections abutment failure, 285–288 chain drives and coupling links, 293–295 cotter pin, see Cotter pin joint design analyses, 303–309 eyebar/knuckle joints, 288–292 high-pressure threaded configurations, 298–301 key joints, 275–280 pipe couplings, 281–285 splines, 281 structural pins, 292–293 wire rope fittings, 295–298 Joint make-up techniques, 285 Joint separation control, 159–161 Joint stiffnesses, 142–143, 145, 146 K Key joint connections, 275–280 Knuckle joints, 288–292, 302 L Lap joint in actual stress, 392 cylindrical, 380, 388 design of, 372–378 in rivet, 16 with stress concentration, 4 tubular, 367–369 welded, 326–328, 336 Large sample sizes, 112 Lateral forces, 44–45 Leak-resistant pipe joint, 284, 285 Linear elastic equations, 158 Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), 73, 78, 79, 82 Linear force-deformation relation, 143 Linear thermal gradient, 61 Load bar, 259, 260 Load distribution, 149, 150, 301 Load-rotation diagram, 155, 156 Longitudinal joints, 67 Lower-bound nominal stress, 77 Lug plate, 285 M Material processing flaws, 75 Mathematical reasoning, 142 Mean distribution, 93 Mechanical joints, 54, 66 bilinear stress, 350 history of, 1–3 integrity, 341 overview of, 3–9 strength of, 255 Mechanism of dislocation, 72 Membrane joints circular, 341–345 design analyses, 355–359 mylar barriers, 345–347 rolling diaphragm interface, 353–354 spherical cap barriers, 350–353 vacuum barrier, 341, 355 Metallic diaphragm, 347–349 Metallurgical transformations, 77 Metal plates, 59 Metal-to-metal contact, 140 Mitigating joint separation, 161 Mohr’s circle of stress, 51–52 Molecular cohesion, 365, 392 Multi-rivet joint, 154 Mylar, 341, 345–349 N Naval Research Laboratory, 76 Nil Ductility Transition (NDT), 77, 80 “No-gasket” design, 145 Noncircular cross-sections, 54 Nondestructive testing, 75, 76 Normal distribution, 89–90 Normal stress, 44, 51, 52 Null hypothesis, 119 O Out-of-plane bending, 63, 64, 264, 265 P Parallel axis theorem, 47, 49, 50 Parts per million (PPM), 351 Peeling test, 382–384 Pin coupling joint, 306 Pin-type shackle, 295 Pipe couplings, 281–285 Pipe flanges, 177, 247, 257; see also Flange(s) Pipe joints C-clamp design, 255–257, 265 design analyses, 265–268 rigid clamp application, 254–255 shrink-fit process, 247–250 single-pin clevis joint, 253–254 split hub criteria, 250–253 tubular joints, 262–264 vessel and pipe supports, 257–262 Plane-strain fracture, 75 Plastic deformation, 73 Plastic materials, 162 Plate bending theory, 59–61 Plate edge effects, 151–152 Plate failure, 150–151 Plate girders, welded joints in, 332–333 Poisson’s ratio, 51, 60, 61, 75, 247 Polyester, 341, 388, 392 Polymers, 4, 162, 341, 389, 390 Polyvinyl butyral adhesive, 364 PPM, see Parts per million (PPM) Prestressed joint, 302 Propped cantilever beam, 45, 46 Prying action on bolts, 158–159 Purchasing department, 106, 109, 114Index 411 Q Quality joint, 85 Quality measurement chi-square distribution, 118–119 control charts, 129–133 design studies for control charts, 132–133 mechanical joint design-studies, 99–111 of two population means, 113–118 of variances, 120–129 F-distribution, 119–125 hypothesis testing, 98–99 normal distribution, 93–95 statistical analysis, 88–93 student’s t-statistic, 96–97 tests concerning means, 113 theory, 86–88 two population means, 113–118 R Radial clearance, 290 Radial dilation, 258 Radius of curvature, 26, 30, 55, 61, 256, 366, 370 Random errors, 86, 88 Random sampling, 89, 127 Rapid crack propagation, 74 Real-world mechanical systems, 43 Relevant joint configuration, 277 Residual stresses, 274 Resisting dilatation, 257 Reversible key-joint design, 277 Rigid clamp application, 254–255, 264 Rigid joint bolted connections, 140 preload diagram for, 145 Ring loading, 258 Ring-stiffened cylinders, 70, 71 Riveted joints, 6, 11, 173 advantages/disadvantages of, 12, 13 behavior of, 154 design efficiencies, 14–18, 139 in double shear, 136 eccentric shear formulas, 136–138 formulas for, 135–136 performance of, 139–140 shear forces on, 137 Robust joint, 85 Robust mechanical systems, 43 Rolling diaphragm, 353–355 Rounding off mechanisms, 72 “Rule of thumb” approach, 3, 31, 236, 272, 320, 392 S Scarf joints, 3, 378–382 Sealing, 282 Seam welding, 333–335 Shackle, 295, 296 Shaft coupling pin, 307 cross-section, 54 hub interaction, 249 Shank bolt, 30, 144, 195 diameter, 103, 104 non-threaded, 28 and pin channel, 272 Shear, 148–150 distribution factor, 255 forces, 44, 81, 307, 308 lag effects, 153–154 load, prediction of, 156–158 in spliced connections, 152–153 stress, 51, 248, 273, 293 for cylindrical geometry, 54 equilibrium, 53, 55 normal and, 51 Short-term relaxation, 40 Shrink fit joint, 282 Shrink-fit pressure, 247–250 Single-bolt fitting, 285 Single-pin clevis joint, 253–254, 264 Slender beams, 51 Slip coefficients, 147–148 Slip-resistant joint, 146, 148, 152, 163 Soft joint, 141 Soldering joints, 11 Solid surface characterization, 361–362 Solid-to-solid adhesion, 391 Solid-to-solid adhesive, 362 Sophisticated analytical methods, 261 Sophisticated pulling equipment, 295 Spherical cap barriers, 350–353 Spliced joint, 163 Splines, 281, 302 Split hub design, 250–253, 256, 258 Spring constants evaluation, 145–146 Stainless steels, 21 Standard deviation, 92–93 of lubricant, 102 mean and, 111 Standard experimental techniques, 147 Standard normal distribution, 90, 91, 92 Statically indeterminant beam, 45–46 Static equilibrium, 45 Statistical analysis, quality measurement and, 88–93 Statistical process control charts, 129 Steel rivets, 139 Steel rod, 22 Stiffeners, 78, 193–197 circumferential, 70, 177, 200 fillet weld, 320 general problem of, 197 radial and, 200 ring/corner, 196 Strained-key joint design, 277, 278 Stress analysis combined stress criteria, 51–53 concentrations, 2, 139 in bolt, 19, 41 geometrical, 365 mitigate, 384, 390 in threaded joint, 27 cross-section geometry, 46–51, 54 distribution, 7, 9, 12, 24, 25, 177, 194, 261, 378 calculation of dynamic, 74412 Index Stress analysis (cont.) description of, 281 nature of, 54 poisson’s ratio appears, 61 shear, 321 symmetrical, 366, 367 uniform load and, 300 elementary theory, 44 lateral forces, 44–45 small deflections of, 55 statically indeterminant beam, 45–46 theory, 366 Strictly uniaxial stress, 51 Student t-test, 96–97 Swaged socket, 295 Symmetrical splice connection, 146–147 Systematic errors, 86, 87 T Tangential key design, 277 Tangent modulus, 57 Tapered joint, 298 Taper-wedge theories, 282 t-distribution, 129 Tear-out shear, abutment plate, 286, 287 Teflon rings, 282 Tensile joint, 295 Tensile load, 136, 254 Tensile strength, 17, 18, 31, 40, 51, 319; see also Ultimate tensile strength of bolt, 31 coarse threads, 22 fine threads, 22 of lap and butt-type joints, 162 notch, 383, 384, 392 of plate material, 163 of shank, 302 of threaded fasteners, 21, 22 Thick cylinders burst factors for, 69 geometry factor for, 69 Thick-ring theory, 289 Thin-sheet plane-stress problem, 77 Thin-walled piping, 261 Threaded fastener joints, 1, 11–14, 86; see also Fastener in automobile assembly, 93–94 design criteria for, 19 development of quality, 86 materials for externally, 40 tensile strength of, 21 Thread-locking adhesives, 385 Three-dimensional photoelastic model, 281 Three-dimensional theory, 59 Tightening torque, 31, 32, 143, 250 T-joint, 263 Tolerance limits/intervals, 98 Torque coefficient, 36 complementary pair of, 54 in design study, 99–101 equations and preload control, 35–38 fasteners, 117, 127, 132 friction, 31–34 make-up, 281 shearing, 385 tightening, 143, 250, 251 turn-of-nut method, 37, 38, 40, 41 Torsion, 54–55, 63 Transverse normal stress, 75 Transverse shear stress, 293 Tubular coupling, 282 Tubular joints, 262–264 Tubular lap joint, 367 Tubular scarf joint, 380, 381 Turn-of-nut method, 37, 38, 40, 41 Two-dimensional stress systems, 51, 52, 53 Two-population distribution, hypothesis testing on, 111–113 U Ultimate tensile strength, 18, 34, 136 Unbuttoning, 148 Uniaxial stress, 53 V Vacuum barrier technology, 341, 345, 350 Variances design studies of, 120–129 F-distribution, 119–125 of normal distributions, 118–119 Vertical shearing stress, 53 Vessel and pipe supports, 257–262 strength and stability, 66–71 W Weld cracking, 259 Welded joints, 13–14, 258 beam seat connections, 328–331 butt and fillet, 320–322 crack initiation/fatigue, 316–320 design analyses, 336–337 factors of, 335 lap configuration, 326–328 line formulas, 323–326 overview of, 313–314 plate girders, 332–333 seam welding, 333–335 stresses, 316, 317 types of, 314–316 Window joint, 8 Wire rope fittings, 295–298 Woodruff key, 277, 278 Y Y-joint, 263 Yoke beam, 259, 260 Young’s modulus, of adherends, 370, 373 Z Zero shearing stress, 54 Z-score, 93
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