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عدد المساهمات : 18967 التقييم : 35407 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery - Best Practices and Reliability الثلاثاء 19 سبتمبر 2023, 3:08 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery - Best Practices and Reliability Edited by Robert M. Gresham George E. Totten
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents 1 Full Circle Reliability Mark Castle . 1-1 2 The Degradation of Lubricants in Service Use Malcolm F. Fox 2-1 3 Lubricant Properties and Test Methods Larry A. Toms and Allison M. Toms . 3-1 4 Contamination Control and Failure Analysis Jacek Stecki 4-1 5 Environmental Implications and Sustainability Concepts for Lubricants Malcolm F. Fox 5-1 6 Lubrication Program Development and Scheduling Mike Johnson 6-1 7 Lubricant Storage, Handling, and Dispensing Mark Barnes 7-1 8 Conservation of Lubricants and Energy Robert L. Johnson and James C. Fitch 8-1 9 Centralized Lubrication Systems — Theory and Practice Paul Conley and Ayzik Grach 9-1 10 Used Oil Recycling and Environmental Considerations Dennis W. Brinkman and Barbara J. Parry . 10-1 Index . I-1 Index A Abrasive wear, 4-23–26 Acidity and base reserve, 2-18–28 base number measurement, 2-18–25 sources and effects of acidity and, 2-25–26 sources of acidity-induced degradation and, 2-18–19 Acid number, 3-9–10 color indicator and, 2-26 conductimetric determination of, 2-27–28 determination, 2-26–27 sampling and analytical error determination of, 2-27 Activity sequencing, 6-25–27 Additives, 2-4 bearings and, 6-8 depletion, antiwear, 8-7 friction, 5-17 metals in unused, 3-2 production, 5-12–13 storage stability, 7-3 Adhesion of solid film lubricants, 3-28 Adhesive wear, 4-20–22 Air entrapment control, 6-21 Alkalis, 2-19–20 Aniline point, 3-2–3 Antioxidant reserve, 2-4, 2-5 Antiwear additive depletion, 8-7 Application method, lubricant, 6-15 Arrested pitting, 4-23 Ash. See also Particulates content, 2-16–17 defined, 2-13 Asphalt, 10-6 Atomic emission spectroscopy, 3-30 B Balance, contamination, 4-32–44 Dynamic Contamination Control (DCC), 4-38–44 OSU model, 4-35–38 Barrels, storage, 7-5–6 Base number, 3-9–10. See also Acidity and base reserve color indicator determination of, 2-22 conductimetric determination of, 2-22–24 determination precision, 2-24–25 hydrochloric acid determination of, 2-20–22 measurement, 2-19–20, 2-25 perchloric acid determination of, 2–22 Batch process data collection, 6-3, 6-4 “Bath-tub” curve, 2-5–6 Bearings, 6-7–15 Benzene, 10-5 Best practices, 6-1 Bingham pycnometer, 3-5 Biodegradability of lubricants, 5-27 Bituminous materials, 2-29–30 Blackbox power model, 4-8 Bleed, oil, 3-25 Blotter tests, 2-6–7 Boilers, commercial, 10-5 Boundary film-strength properties, 8-6 Brookfield rotary viscometer, 3-17–18 Built-in contaminants, 4-28 Bulk modulus, 8-6 tanks, 7-4–5, 7-9 Burners, industrial, 10-5 C Carbon residue, 3-4 Carrying capacity, 5-1 Case studies of degraded lubricants, 2-34–38 Catalytic cracking feedstock, 10-6 Catastrophic failure, 4-12 Causes of failures, 4-13–14 Cavitation wear, 4-28 Centralized grease lubrication systems, series progressive system, 9-5–12 Chains, 6-17 Chlorine content, 3-4 Chromatography, 2-33 Cleanliness, fluid, 3-31–32, 4-3, 7-1–2 Cloud and pour point, 3-12–13 Color ASTM test, 3-3–4 indicator I-1I-2 Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery: Best Practices and Reliability acid number by, 2-26 base number by, 2-22 Combustion efficiency losses, 8-7, 8-8 Commercial boilers, 10-5 Computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), 6-3 Conductimetric titration, 2-22–24, 2-27–28 Cone penetration test, 3-21 Conservation of energy, 5-14, 8-4 energy-conserving fluid properties and, 8-5–6 environmental stewardship and, 8-9 particle contamination and, 8-6–7, 8-8 role of lubrication practices in, 8-8 role of machine design in, 8-9 wear and, 8-6 Conservation of lubricants. See also Consumption of lubricants improved manufacturing and formulation for, 8-1–2 lubricant utilization types and, 8-3–4 through packaging and handling, 8-2–3 trends in, 8-1 Consumption of lubricants, 5-13–17, 10-3. See also Recycling Contamination balance, 4-32–44 built-in, 4-28 conservation and, 8-2–3 grease, 7-7–8 ingested, 4-28 internally generated, 4-29 maintenance generated, 4-29 OSU model, 4-35–38 particle, 8-6–7, 8-8 recycling and, 10-4–5 simulation, 4-43–44 storage stability and, 7-3–4 water, 7-3, 7-14 Contamination control definitions in, 4-1–2 failure and criticality analysis in, 4-5–6 functions of engineering system and, 4-6–11 importance of, 4-2–4 monitoring procedures, 4-44–54 relubrication programs and, 6-18–22 training, 4-53–54 tribological analysis in, 4-14–28 types of mechanical failures and, 4-11–12 Continental level sustainable development, 5-2–3 Continuous process data collection, 6-3, 6-4 Copper corrosion resistance, 3-4–5, 3-21–22 Corrosion, 2-25, 2-33 copper, 3-4–5, 3-21–22 fretting, 4-28 of solid film lubricants, 3-28 wear, 4-27–28 Costs of recycling, 5-29 Counting, particle, 3-31–32 Couplings, 6-17 Criticality failure analysis and, 4-5–6 operating environment and, 6-2–3 Crossporting, 9-7, 9-11, 9-20 Cutting wear, 4-26, 4-26 D Data collection criteria, 6-5–6 strategies, 6-3–4 Dead-end lubrication systems, 9-29 “Dean and Stark” method, 2-29–30 Delamination, 4-27 Delivery, lubricant, 7-1–4 Demulsibility, 2-33, 3-5–6 Density, 2-31–32, 3-5 Design machine, 8-9 progressive system, 9-11 single line system, 9-20 storeroom, 7-8 two-line system, 9-30 Detection procedures, 4-47, 4-49–50, 4-51 Deterioration of lubricants acidity and base reserve, 2-18–28 “bath-tub” curve, 2-5–6, 10-11 case studies of, 2-34–38 controlled, 1-7, 2-2 effects of, 1-7–9, 2-2–4 field tests for, 2-6–8 flash point, 2-32 laboratory tests for, 2-8–31 minor methods of investigating, 2-31–34 physical causes of, 2-3 system corrosion with, 2-33 Detroit Diesel Soot Test, 2-13 Diagnosis procedures, 4-47, 4-51–52 Diesel engines fuel sulfur content, 5-3–4 heavy-duty, 2-34–35 Direct observation of lubricant condition, 2–6 Discharge, electrical, 4-28 Dispensing lubricants, 7-8–11 Dispersancy measurements, 2-7 Dispersive qualities of fluid, 4-49 Distillation sequential, 10-7, 10-8 water determination by, 2-29–30 Divider valves, 9-7 Downtime dependent tasks, 6-25 Dropping point of grease, 3-22–23 Dual-line lubrication systems, 9-22–27 Dynamic Contamination Control (DCC), 4-38–44 multi-path systems, 4-41–43 simulation, 4-43–44 single path model, 4-39–41 E “Earth Summit,” 5-2 Ecosystems, 5-1Index I-3 Effects of lubricant deterioration, 1-7–9, 2-2–4 Elasto-hydrodynamic (EHD) condition, 6-9 Electrical discharge, 4-28 Electric reversing 4-way valves, 9-27 Electro-corrosive wear, 4-28 Element bearings, 6-7–15 Emulsibility, 3-5–6, 5-26 End-of-line systems, 9-28–29 Energy conservation, 5-14, 8-4 energy-conserving fluid properties and, 8-5–6 environmental stewardship and, 8-9 fluid properties and, 8-5–6 particle contamination and, 8-6–7, 8-8 role of lubrication practices in, 8-8 role of machine design in, 8-9 wear and, 8-6 Engineering system functions, 4-6–11 Engines gas-fueled, 2-36 grease, 2-35–36 heavy-duty diesel, 2-34–35 Environment, the benefits of lubricant and hydraulic formulations for, 5-13–17 environmental drivers and, 5-1–9, 5-10 Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and, 5-4–7 future of, 5-27–29 implications of lubricants and hydraulic fluids for, 5-10–13 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and, 5-4, 5-7–9, 5-10 lubricant and hydraulic fluids as wastes and, 5-18–26 pollution by used lubricants, 5-26–27 regulations and recycling, 10-10–11 stewardship of, 8-9 sustainability and sustainable development and, 5-1–4 Environmental Management Systems (EMS), 5-4–7 Erosive wear, 4-26–27 Ethylene glycol, 10-5 European Union (EU), 5-2–4, 5-18–20 Evaporation, oil, 3-25 Extended life lubricants, 8-3 External causes of lubricant degradation, 2-3 Extreme-pressure properties of grease, 3-23 of oil(s), 3-6–7 F Failure mode analysis (FMA), 4-5 Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA), 4-5 Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), 4-5–6 Failures causes of, 4-13–14 and criticality analysis, 4-5–6 hydraulic and lubrication, 4-30–32 mechanical, 4-11–12, 4-29–32 phases of, 4-12 Falex device, 3-6, 3-20, 3-27 Falling ball viscometer, 7-13–14 Fatigue, surface, 4-22–23 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), 4-10–11 Field tests for lubricant deterioration, 2-6–8 Film lubricants, solid, 3-28 Filtration contamination control, 6-21–22 efficiency, 4-48 location of filters, 4-49 ratio, 4-40–41 systems, 4-3 Fire point. See Flash and fire points Flash and fire points, 2-32, 3-7–8 Fluids. See Hydraulic fluids Foaming of lubricants, 2-32, 3-8 Follower plates, 9-32–33 Formulation, lubricant, 5-11–13, 8-1–2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 2-25, 2-30–31, 2-33, 3-30–31 Frequency, lubricant application, 6-15 Fretting corrosion, 4-28 Friction, 1-1, 5-17 losses, 8-7 Fuels diesel, 5-3–4 economy and particle contamination, 8-6–7, 8-8 gas, 2-36, 5-15–17 used/waste lubricants as, 5-24 Functional fluids, 8-3 Functional units, 5-8 Function Analysis System Technique (FAST), 4-9 Functions of engineering systems, 4-6–11 G Gas chromatography, 2-33 Gas-fueled engines, 2-36, 5-15–17 Gas turbines, 2-27 Gears fatigue wear, 4-23, 4-24, 4-25 lubricant test slates, 6-23 relubrication, 6-17 tests, 3-20 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 2-33 Global level sustainable development, 5-2 Gravity, 2-31–32 Grease. See also Lubricants centralized lubrication systems, 9-5–30 -channeling properties, 8-6 conservation, 8-3 consistency, 8-6 contamination, 7-7–8 lubricated bearings, 6-13–15 pumping of viscous materials and, 9-31–36 semisolid, 3-20–28 cone penetration test, 3-21 copper corrosion resistance, 3-21–22 dropping point of, 3-22–23 extreme-pressure properties of, 3-23I-4 Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery: Best Practices and Reliability leakage tendencies of wheel bearing, 3-23–24 life performance of, 3-24 low-temperature torque characteristics, 3-24–25 oil evaporation and oil bleed test, 3-25 oil separation from lubricating, 3-25–26 oxidation stability, 3-26 rust prevention characteristics, 3-26–27 samples, degraded, 2-35–36 water wash out characteristics, 3-27 wear prevention/load-carrying properties, 3-27–28 solid, 3-28–29, 8-3–4 storage, 7-7–8 using the correct, 9-1–5 Green Chemistry, 5-11 Guidelines, absolute level and trend, 4-50–51 H Halogenated compounds, 10-4–5 Hazard analysis (HA), 4-5 Heaters, space, 10-5 Heat exchangers, 6-20 Heavy-duty diesel engines, 2-34–35 High-temperature shear stability, 8-5 Hydraulic and lubrication failures, 4-30–32 Hydraulic fluids, 2-15–16, 2-37, 3-20 addition, 4-49 change intervals, 4-49 cleanliness, 3-31–32, 4-3, 7-1–2 consumption of, 5-13–17 contamination control and, 4-2–4 debris, 4-28 dispersive qualities of, 4-49 energy-conserving properties, 8-5–6 environmental benefits of formulations for, 5-13–17 environmental implications, 5-10–13 locations of slow moving, 4-49 production, 5-11–13 synthetic, 8-3 as waste, 5-18–26, 5-27–28 working lifetimes of, 5-14–17 Hydraulic piston seal points, 6-19 Hydraulic reversing 4-way valves, 9-25–27 Hydraulic systems, relubrication of, 6-17–18 Hydrocarbons, 2-4, 2-7 Hydrochloric acid titration, 2-20–22 Hydrolytic stability, 3-8 I Incineration of wastes, 5-24–25 Incipient failure, 4-12 Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) systems, 2-10–12 Industrial burners, 10-5 Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 3-30–31 Infrared measurements, 2-14 Ingested contamination, 4-28 Injectors, quick venting single line, 9-16–19 Input-output relations, 4-8, 5-8–9, 5-10 Insolubles, pentane, 3-11–12 Instrumental analytical techniques, 2-33–34 Insuring product integrity, 7-11–14 Integrity, insuring product, 7-11–14 Interfacial tension, 2-33, 3-9 Intergenerational equity, 5-1 Internally generated contamination, 4-29 Internals causes of lubricant degradation, 2-3 Intragenerational equity, 5-1 Inventory control, 7-2–4 J Johannesburg Summit, 5-2 Journal bearings, 6-7–15 K Karl Fischer titration, 2-30, 3-31, 3-33 Key Process Indicator (KPI), 1-3 L Laboratory tests for lubricant deterioration, 2-8–31 acidity and base reserve, 2-18–28 particulates and ash, 2-12–17 trace metals, 2-10–12 viscosity, 2-9–10 Landfill disposal of waste, 5-25–26 Lead, 10-5 Leakage tendencies of wheel bearing grease, 3-23–24 Lean manufacturing, 1-1–2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 5-4, 5-7–9, 5-10, 5-11, 10-11 Life performance of grease products, 3-24 Lincoln Ventmeter, 9-4 Load-carrying properties, 3-19–20, 3-27–28, 3-29 Loop systems, 9-29 Low-pressure volatility of lubricants, 3-9 Low-temperature torque characteristics of grease, 3-24–25 Lubricants. See also Grease; Oil(s) acidity and base reserve, 2-18–28 antioxidant reserve, 2-4, 2-5 case studies of degraded, 2-34–38 consumption of, 5-13–17, 10-3 corrosion with degraded, 2-25, 2-33 demulsibility and interfacial tension of degraded, 2-33 direct observation of, 2-6 dispensing, 7-8–11 disposal of used, 5-25–26 energy conservation and, 5-14 environmental benefits of formulations for, 5-13–17 environmental implications, 5-10–13 extended life, 8-3 flash point of degraded, 2-32 foaming, 2-32, 3-8 friction minimization by, 1-1Index I-5 integrity, insuring, 7-11–14 laboratory tests of, 2-8–31 manufacturing and delivery, 7-1–2 monitoring, 1-7, 2-2 packaging, 7-2, 8-2–3 polluting effects of, 5-26–27 production formulations, 5-11–13 reclamation, 5-22, 10-1–2 recycling of, 5-9, 5-10, 5-21–24, 5-28–29 standards tests for, 3-1–2 storage, 7-4–8 stability and inventory control, 7-2–4 synthetic, 8-3 trace metals in, 2-3, 2-10–12 utilization and conservation, 8-3–4 viscosity, 2-6, 2-9–10 as waste, 5-18–26, 5-27–28 water content, 2-8, 2-28–29 working lifetimes of, 5-14–17 Lubrication systems. See also Relubrication programs centralized grease, 9-5–30 design considerations, 9-11, 9-20, 9-30 dual-line, 9-22–27 metering valves, 9-23–25 modular, 9-7–11 monitoring, 9-11, 9-20–21 philosophy of, 9-1 pumping of grease and viscous materials,9-31–36 reversing 4-way valves, 9-25–27 single line parallel, 9-12–22 strengths and weaknesses, 9-12, 9-21–22, 9-30 two-line, 9-27–30 using the correct grease in, 9-1–5 M Machines, industrial activity sequencing, 6-25–27 bearings, 6-7–15 best practices and relubrication programs for, 6-1 contamination control in, 4-2–4 criticality and operating environment, 6-2–3 data collection criteria, 6-5–6 strategies, 6-3–4 design role in conservation, 8-9 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and, 5-8–9, 5-10 proactive maintenance of, 1-1–5, 4-45, 4-46, 4-49–50 Maintenance generated contamination, 4-29 Manufacturing conservation of lubricants through improved, 8-1–2 and delivery, lubricant, 7-1–2 lean, 1-1–2 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), 1-3 Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), 1-3 Mechanical failures, 4-11–12, 4-29–32 Mesh oscuration particles, 2-15–16 Metals additive, 3-2 materials and lubricant degradation, 2-3 toxic, 10-5 trace, 2-10–12 in unused oils, 3-2 Metering valves, 9-23–25 Misuse failure, 4-12 Modeling, 4-7–8 Modular lubrication systems, 9-7–11 Modular valves, 9-7–11 Modulus, bulk, 8-6 Moisture control, 6-20 Monitoring, system, 9-11 single line parallel, 9-20–21 Monitoring procedures, contamination control, 4-44–54 detection, 4-49–50 diagnosis, 4-51–52 guidelines in, 4-50–51 postmortem, 4-53 prognosis, 4-52–53 results of detection, 4-51 sampling, 4-48–49 symptoms, 4-50 Multi-path systems, Dynamic Contamination Control, 4-41–43 N National level sustainable development, 5-3 Neutralization number. See Acid number; Base number Non-Newtonian properties, 8-5 O Octane rating decrease (ORD), 2-17 Oil(s). See also Lubricants additive metals in unused, 3-2 analysis requirements, 6-22–25 aniline point, 3-2–3 carbon residue, 3-4 chlorine content, 3-4 cleanliness, 3-31–32 as common contaminants, 10-4–5 condition tests, 3-30–33 copper corrosion resistance, 3-4–5 density and specific gravity, 3-5 emulsibility and demulsibility, 3-5–6 evaporation and oil bleed, 3-25 extreme-pressure properties of, 3-6–7 flash and fire points, 3-7–8 foaming, 3-8 hydrolytic stability, 3-8 interfacial tension, 3-9 low-pressure volatility of, 3-9 pentane insolubles of, 3-11–12 pour and cloud points, 3-12–13 recycling of, 5-9, 5-10, 5-23, 5-28–29, 10-1–13 refractive index, 3-14 re-refining of, 10-7, 10-9 separation from lubricating grease, 3-25–26I-6 Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery: Best Practices and Reliability storage stability, 7-3–4 sulfur content, 3-15–16 tests, 3-2–20 uses for used, 10-5–6 using the correct, 9-2–3 viscosity, 3-17–19 wear prevention/load-carrying properties, 3-19–20 Oklahoma State University (OSU) model of contamination, 4-35–38 One-shot containers, 7-6–7 Operating environment, machine, 6-2–3 Optical particulate measurements, 2-13–14 Organic acids, 2-18–19 Original Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), 1-3 Oxidation, 2-3–4, 8-9 stability, 3-10–11, 3-26 P Packaging, lubricant, 7-2, 8-2–3 Particles balance, 4-34–38 counting, 3-31–32 cycle rate, 4-49 size distribution, 2-15 Particulates. See also Ash analyses, 2-13–17 defined, 2-13 in hydraulic fluids, 2-15–16 infrared measurements, 2-14 loss, 4-49 in lubricants, 2-6, 2-7–8, 2-12 optical measurements, 2-13–14 sampling, 4-46 Passive shields, 6-19 Pentane insolubles of lubricating oils, 3-11–12 Perchloric acid titration, 2-22 Performance Availability (PA), 1-3 Performance Efficiency (PE), 1-3 Phases of failures, 4-12 Philosophy of lubrication, 9-1 Pitting, 4-23 Plain bearings, 6-7–15 Planned availability data collection, 6-4 Planning and scheduling management, relubrication programs, 6-28 Polishing wear, 4-28 Pollution effects of used lubricant, 5-26–27 prevention/lifecycle assessment, 10-11 Polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs), 10-4 Positive head pressure, 9-32–33 Postmortem, 4-47, 4-53 Pour and cloud point, 3-12–13 Practice type scheduling, 6-27 Precipitation number, 3-13–14 Precision of base number determinations, 2-24–25 Predictive Maintenance (PdM), 1-3–4, 4-44, 4-46 Pressure positive head, 9-32–33 pressurized reservoir and, 9-33 primer, 9-33–36 -viscosity (PV) coefficient, 8-5 Preventive Maintenance (PM), 1-2–3 Primer, pressure, 9-33–36 Proactive maintenance of industrial machinery, 1-1–5, 4-45, 4-46, 4-49–50 Production demand flow, 6-4 formulations lubricant and hydraulic fluid, 5-11–13 Prognosis, 4-47, 4-52–53 Progressive pitting, 4-23 Pumping of grease and viscous materials, 9-31–36 Q Quality control (QC), 7-12–14 Quality Rate (QR), 1-3 Quick venting single line injectors, 9-16–19 R Random failures, 4-12 Reaction rates, 2-4 Reclamation, 5-22, 10-1–2. See also Recycling Recovery, waste, 5-21–24 Recycling, 5-9, 5-10, 5-21–24, 5-28–29, 10-11–13 common contaminants, 10-4–5 environmental regulation and, 10-10–11 pollution prevention/lifecycle assessment and, 10-11 quantifying resource in, 10-3 technologies, 10-6–9 terminology, 10-2–3 typical uses in, 10-5–6 Reduction, waste, 5-20–21 Refractive index, 3-14 Regulations, environmental, 10-10–11 Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), 1-2 Relubrication programs. See also Lubrication systems activity sequencing, 6-25–27 best practices, 6-1 contamination control requirements, 6-18–22 data collection criteria, 6-5–6 strategies, 6-3–4 lubricant type, quantity, frequency, application method, and time stamp decisions in, 6-6–18 machine criticality and operating environment in, 6-2–3 oil analysis requirements, 6-22–25 planning and scheduling management, 6-28 Re-refining of oil, 10-6, 10-9 Residues from recycling, 5-23–24 Responsible care, 5-4–6 Reversing 4-way valves, 9-25–27 Road oiling, 10-6 Rotating pressure vessel oxidation test (RPVOT), 3-11 Runtime dependent tasks, 6-25 Rust prevention characteristics, 3-14–15, 3-26–27Index I-7 S Sampling procedures, 4-46, 4-48–49 Saponification (Sap) number, 3-15 Scheduling activity, 6-25–27 and planning management, relubrication, 6-28 Sealing methods for pumping viscous materials, 9-31–32 Semisolid grease cone penetration test, 3-21 copper corrosion resistance, 3-21–22 dropping point of, 3-22–23 extreme-pressure properties of, 3-23 leakage tendencies of wheel bearing, 3-23–24 life performance of, 3-24 low-temperature torque characteristics, 3-24–25 oil evaporation and oil bleed test, 3-25 oil separation from lubricating, 3-25–26 oxidation stability, 3-26 rust prevention characteristics, 3-26–27 samples, degraded, 2-35–36 water wash out characteristics, 3-27 wear prevention/load-carrying properties, 3-27–28 Separation of oil from lubricating grease, 3-25–26 Sequencing, activity, 6-25–27 Series progressive system, 9-5–12 Shaft seal points, 6-19 Shear stability, high-temperature, 8-5 Simulation, contamination, 4-43–44 Single line parallel systems, 9-12–22 design considerations in, 9-20 quick venting single line injectors, 9-16–19 strengths and weaknesses, 9-21–22 system monitoring, 9-20–21 Single path model, Dynamic Contamination Control, 4-39–41 Sizes, particle, 2-15 Sludges, 2-3 Solid grease, 3-28–29, 8-3–4 Space heaters, 10-5 Specific gravity, 2-31–32, 3-5 Spectroscopy atomic emission, 3-30 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 2-25, 2-30–31, 2-33, 3-30–31 infrared (IR), 3-30–31 spectroscopic oil analysis programs (SOAP), 2-10 x-ray fluorescence (XRF), 3-32 Stability high-temperature shear, 8-5 hydrolytic, 3-8 lubricant storage, 7-2–4 oxidation, 3-10–11, 3-26 thermal, 3-16–17 Stewardship, environmental, 8-9 Stiction losses, 8-7 Storage, lubricant barrels, 7-5–6 bulk tank, 7-4–5, 7-8, 7-9 grease, 7-7–8 insuring product integrity and, 7-11–14 one-shot containers, 7-6–7 stability, 7-2–4 storeroom design, 7-8 top-off containers, 7-10–11 totes, 7-5, 7-6 Storeroom design, 7-8 Sulfated ash, 2-16–17 Sulfur content, 3-15–16, 5-3–4 Sumps, 6-21–22 Surface fatigue, 4-22–23 Sustainability and sustainable development concepts of, 5-1 Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and, 5-4–7 at global, continental, and national levels, 5-1–4 Synthetic lubricants, 8-3 System boundaries, 5-8–9, 5-10 T Tanks, bulk, 7-4–5, 7-8, 7-9 Tests grease, 3-28–29 lubricating oil, 2-20 additive metals, 3-2 aniline point, 3-2–3 carbon residue, 3-4 cone penetration, 3-21 copper corrosion resistance, 3-4–5 density, 2-31–32, 3-5 emulsibility and demulsibility, 3-5–6 extreme-pressure properties, 3-6–7 flash and fire points, 3-7–8 foaming, 3-8 hydrolytic stability, 3-8 interfacial tension, 3-9 low-pressure volatility, 3-9 lubricant performance, 2-31 neutralization number, 3-9–10 oxidation stability, 3-10–11 pentane insolubles, 3-11–12 pour and cloud point, 3-12–13 precipitation number, 3-13–14 refractive index, 3-14 rust prevention, 3-14–15 saponification number, 3-15 specific gravity, 2-31–32, 3-5 standard, 3-1–2 sulfur content, 3-15–16 thermal stability, 3-16–17 viscosity, 2-6, 2-9–10, 3-17–19 wear prevention/load-carrying properties, 3-19–20 oil condition, 3-30–33, 6-22–25 atomic emission spectroscopy, 3-30 infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 3-30–31 particle counting, 3-31–32 quality control, 7-12–14 semisolid grease, 3-20–28 copper corrosion resistance, 3-21–22 dropping point of, 3-22–23I-8 Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery: Best Practices and Reliability leakage tendencies of wheel bearing, 3-23–24 life performance, 3-24 low-temperature torque characteristics of, 3-24–25 oil evaporation and oil bleed, 3-25 oil separation from, 3-25–26 oxidation stability, 3-26 viscosity, 3-20–21 wear prevention/load-carrying properties, 3-27–28 solid grease, 3-28–29 Textile materials and lubricant degradation, 2-3 Thermal shock sensitivity of solid film lubricants, 3-29 Thermal stability, 3-16–17 Thermodynamics, 5-8–9, 5-16–17 Thermography, 1-4 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 2-13 Thin layer chromatography (TLC), 2-6–7 Time stamp, 6-15–18 Titration conductimetric, 2-22–24, 2-27–28 hydrochloric acid, 2-20–22 Karl Fischer, 2-30, 3-31, 3-33 perchloric acid, 2-22 Toluene insolubles, 3-11–12 Top-off containers, 7-10–11 Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), 1-3 Totes, 7-5, 7-6 Toxic metals, 10-5 Trace metals, 2-10–12 Training, contamination control, 4-53–54 Tribological analysis, 4-14–20, 5-14 Two-line lubrication systems, 9-27–30 U Ultrasonic testing, 1-4 United Kingdo, 5-3, 5-18–20, 5-27 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE), 5-2 V Valdez Principles, 5-6–7 Valves design considerations for, 9-11 divider, 9-7 metering, 9-23–25 modular, 9-7–11 reversing 4-way, 9-25–27 Vehicles, 5-15–17 Vent ports, 6-19 Vibration analysis, 1-3–4 Viscosity and viscosity index, 2-6, 2-9–10, 3-17–19, 7-13–14 for bearings, 6-9, 6-10–13 churning losses, 8-7 energy-conserving fluid properties, 8-5 of greases, 3-20–21 W Wash out characteristics, water, 3-27 Wastes, lubricant and hydraulic fluids as, 5-18–26, 5-27–28 Water contamination, 7-3, 7-14 content by FTIR spectrophotometry, 2-30–31 in lubricants, 2-8, 2-28–29 determination by Karl Fischer distillation, 2-30, 3-31, 3-33 in petroleum products and bituminous materials by distillation, 2-29–30 wash out characteristics, 3-27 Wear abrasive, 4-23–26 adhesive, 4-20–22 cavitation, 4-28 combustion efficiency losses, 8-7, 8-8 conservation and, 8-6 and conservation of machines by lubricants, 5-14 corrosive, 4-27–28 cutting, 4-26, 4-26 delamination, 4-27 electro-corrosive, 4-28 erosive, 4-26–27 and load-carrying capacity of solid lubricants, 3-29 normal, 2-5–6, 10-11 polishing, 4-28 prevention/load-carrying properties, 3-19–20, 3-27–28 progression of, 4-16, 4-18 sources of, 4-16, 4-18 surface fatigue, 4-22–23 terminology, 4-19–20 tribological analysis of, 4-14–20 Wear-in failures, 4-12 Wear-out failures, 4-12 Wheel bearing grease, leakage tendencies of, 3-23–24 Whole machine scheduling, 6-26 Working lifetimes and lubricants and hydraulic fluids, 5-14–17 World Commission on Environment and Development, 5-2 World Summit on Sustainable Development, 5-2 X X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), 2-34 X-ray diffraction (XRD/XRF), 2-33, 2-34 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, 3-32
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