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| موضوع: كتاب Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers - Theory and Practice الخميس 14 سبتمبر 2023, 1:33 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers - Theory and Practice Norman Hewitt
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv Chapter 1: SILICA AS A REINFORCING FILLER 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Manufacture of Precipitated Silica 2 1.3 Silica and Carbon Black 3 1.4 Silica Surface Area 5 1.5 Silica Free Water 7 1.6 Silica Free Water, Affect on Visible Dispersion 11 1.7 Silica Surface Silanol Groups 12 1.8 Silica pH 16 1.9 Soluble Salts in Silica 18 1.10 Physical Form and Sensity of Silica 19 1.11 Other Silica Properties 21 1.12 Silane Treated Silicas 21 Chapter 2: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NATURAL RUBBER 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Silica and Carbon Black 25 2.3 Activation: Zinc Oxide 28 2.4 Cure Activation: Glycols 29 2.5 Acceleration with Secondary Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems 31 2.6 Acceleration: Single Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems 33 2.7 Acceleration: Single Accelerators; Vulcanizate Properties 37 2.8 Acceleration: Low Sulfur/Sulfur Donor Systems 42 2.9 Reversion 47 2.10 Antioxidant Systems: Non-staining 50 2.11 Plasticization 51 2.12 Tear Resistance 53 2.13 Tear Resistance: Contour Curve Studies of Silica Content Effects 60 2.14 Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size 64 2.15 Tear Resistance; Non-Marking Solid tires 65 2.16 Shelf Aged Stiffness and Green Strength 68 2.17 Peroxide Cure 69 2.18 Peroxide Curing: Silica Reinforcement and Structure 70 2.19 Peroxide Curing: Silica Surface Area 73 2.20 Peroxide Cure: Silane Coupling 76 2.21 Silane Coupling: Sulfur Cure Systems 77 2.22 Zinc-Free Cure Systems 78 2.23 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polyisoprene (IR) 79 2.24 Brass Adhesion 81viii 2.25 Brass Adhesion Mechanism 82 2.26 Adhesion to Textile Fabrics; the HRH System 83 2.27 Fabric Adhesion: Dynamic Testing 85 2.28 Heat Resistance 86 Natural Rubber Formulary 89 Chapter 3: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN EMULSION SBR 3.1 Introduction 169 3.2 Silica and Carbon Black 169 3.3 Cure Systems: Activation with Glycols 171 3.4 Cure System: Zinc Oxide Activation 174 3.5 Cure System: Magnesium Oxide Activation 180 3.6 Cure System: Lead oxide (Litharge) Activation 181 3.7 Cure System: Stearic Acid 181 3.8 Cure Systems: Primary, Secondary Accelerators 181 3.9 Cure Systems: Single Accelerators 182 3.10 Cure Systems: Sulfur Concentration 185 3.11 Plasticization 187 3.12 Antioxidants 189 3.13 Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size 190 3.14 Tear Resistance: Silica Content 191 3.15 Fabric Adhesion 192 3.16 Heat Resistance 193 3.17 Silane Coupling 193 3.18 Silane Coupling: Competition 196 Emulsion SBR Formulary 199 Chapter 4: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN SOLUTION SBR AND BR 4.1 Introduction 245 4.2 Silica and Carbon Black 245 4.3 Zinc-Free Cure Systems 247 4.4 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Accelerators & Sulfur 249 4.5 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polymer Effects 251 4.6 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Zinc Oxide and HMT 252 4.7 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Effects of Additives 256 4.8 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Sulfur Content 257 4.9 Zinc-Free Cure System: Antioxidants 259 4.10 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Processing 260 4.11 Zinc-Free Systems: Plasticizers 262 4.12 Zinc-Free Systems: Additive Plasticizers 263 4.13 Silane Coupling: Pretreated Silica 264 4.14 Silane Coupling 265 4.15 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Surface Area Effects 268ix 4.16 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Trouser Tear Strength 271 4.17 Zinc-Free Cure Systems ; Silica Content 272 4.18 Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Durometer Equivalents 274 Solution SBR and BR Formulary 277 Chapter 5:COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN EPDM 5.1 Introduction 311 5.2 Silica and Carbon Black 311 5.3 Acceleration Systems 314 5.4 Low Sulfur Systems with Donors 315 5.5 Activation: Oxides and Glycols 317 5.6 Antioxidants: Heat Resistance 318 5.7 Zinc-Free Cure Systems 319 5.8 Silane Coupling 323 5.9 Silica Surface Area 325 5.10 Peroxide Cure Systems 328 5.11 Processing 329 5.12 Adhesion to Brass 330 5.13 Fabric Adhesion 333 5.14 Adhesion to Zinc (Galvanized) Coatings 336 5.15 Compression Fatigue Life 338 EPDM Formulary 345 Chapter 6: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NEOPRENE 6.1 Introduction 387 6.2 NSM (Type W) Neoprene: Oxide Crosslinking 388 6.3 NSM Neoprene (W): Organic Acceleration 389 6.4 NSM Neoprene: Glycol Activation 390 6.5 NSM Neoprene: Plasticization 391 6.6 NSM Neoprene: Silica and Black 392 6.7 Silica Surface Area 395 6.8 NSM Neoprene: Silane Coupling 396 6.9 NSM Neoprene: Fabric Adhesion 398 6.10 NSM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion 400 6.11 NSM Neoprene: Water Absorption 403 6.12 Sulfur Modified (SM) Neoprene: Cure Systems 404 6.13 SM Neoprene: Glycol Activation 407 6.14 SM Neoprene: Retarding Scorch 407 6.15 SM Neoprene: Silane Coupling 407 6.16 SM Neoprene: Processing 408 6.17 SM Neoprene: Silica Surface Area Effects 410 6.18 SM Neoprene: Silica Free Water Content 410 6.19 SM Neoprene: Cord and Fabric Adhesion 411x 6.20 SM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion 414 Neoprene Formulary 416 Chapter 7: COMPOUNDING PRECIPITATED SILICA IN NITRILE 7.1 Introduction 445 7.2 Silica and Carbon Black 445 7.3 Silica Surface Area 449 7.4 NBR/PVC Blends 452 7.5 Acceleration: Sulfur Content 452 7.6 Accelerators 453 7.7 Activators 456 7.8 Silane Coupling 460 7.9 Peroxide Curing 462 7.10 Processing 464 7.11 Zinc-Free Cure Systems 465 7.12 Phenolic Resins 469 7.13 NBR Adhesion to Brass 470 7.14 NBR Adhesion to Fabric 472 Nitrile Formulary 475 Appendix A: COMPOUNDING BASICS A.1 The Compound 517 A.2 The Formula 517 A.3 Design of Formulas 518 A.4 Formula Mixing 520 A.5 Dispersion 520 A.6 Processing Properties 521 A.7 Physical Properties 522 A.8 Silica Surface Area 524 Appendix B: COMPOUNDING MATERIALS B.1 Elastomers 527 B.2 Natural Rubber (NR) 528 B.3 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 530 B.4 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR) 531 B.5 Ethylene Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM) 532 B.6 Neoprene (CR) 533 B.7 Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 533 B.8 Sulfur-Based Cure Systems 534 B.9 Non-Sulfur Cure Systems 537 B.10 Antidegradants 538 B.11 Other Additives 542xi Appendix C: RUBBER PROCESSING C.1 Mastication 545 C.2 Masterbatching 545 C.3 Remilling 546 C.4 Finish Mixing 546 C.5 Extruding 546 C.6 Calendering 547 C.7 Vulcanization 547 Appendix D: PHYSICAL TESTING OF RUBBER D.1 Processability 551 D.2 Vulcanizate Tests 555 D.3 Weather and Ozone Resistance Tests 562 D.4 Accelerated Aging Tests 564 D.5 Fluid Resistance Tests 565 D.6 Low-Temperature Properties Tests 566 Appendix E: COMMON COMPOUNDING ABBREVIATIONS 569 INDEX 573 INDEX Index Terms Links A abrasion resistance 1 4 5 8 10 13 16 18 25 27 41 52 53 64 66 67 74 77 79 80 81 169 174 175 177 182 189 192 195 196 197 245 248 249 250 251 253 257 259 262 265 266 269 270 271 272 274 319 323 392 446 449 460 461 462 463 469 519 523 abrasion index 18 22 48 58 78 171 180 182 184 190 248 251 252 256 258 259 260 261 268 270 272 312 323 328 408 409 411 449 456 462 465 558 abrasives 544 accelerated aging 564 accelerator blends, natural rubber 41 Index Terms Links accelerator bloom 322 accelerators 535 EPDM 314 nitrile 453 secondary, emulsion SBR 181 182 secondary, in natural rubber 31 single, in emulsion SBR 182 single, in natural rubber 33 single, natural rubber properties 37 solution BR 249 solution SBR 249 activators 535 nitrile 456 agglomerates, silica 6 aging resistance 522 aging resistance, natural rubber 41 air oven test 564 antidegradants 538 antioxidants 539 emulsion SBR 189 non-staining 50 primary 539 secondary 539 solution BR 260 solution SBR 260 antiozonants 541Index Terms Links B Banbury mixers 545 BET surface area 5 524 blowing agents 543 BR, solution 245 531 accelerators 249 antioxidants 260 glycol 256 HMT 254 plasticizers 262 processing 261 silane coupling 265 silica content 272 silica surface area 269 sulfur 257 TBBS 258 trouser tear 271 zinc oxide 252 zinc-free cure 247 brass adhesion 82 disc fatigue 81 EPDM 331 natural rubber 81 neoprene, NSM 400Index Terms Links brass adhesion (Cont.) neoprene, SM 414 nitrile 470 brittleness temperature 567 building tack 329 529 548 neoprene, SM 410 C calendaring 547 carbon black, structure 3 surface activity 3 Charpy impact 561 chemical resistance 524 565 Ciptane 22 48 64 186 264 265 267 272 274 396 461 colors 543 compression fatigue 561 EPDM 339 compression set 522 557 continuous curing 550 contour curves 60 182 339 393 403 446 471 cord adhesion, neoprene, SM 411 Cord Compression Fatigue 81 coupling mechanism, silane 21Index Terms Links CR, properties 533 crosslink length 537 crosslinks, in natural rubber 34 CTAB surface area 5 524 cure index 553 cure rate 521 cure rate index 554 cure retardation 179 cure, sulfur-based 534 cut growth resistance 524 cut resistance 65 D DeMattia flex test 561 difunctional compound cure 538 disc fatigue, brass adhesion 81 discrimination 81 interfacial separation 81 discrimination, disk fatigue 81 dithiocarbamates 536 dry heat curing 549 dry silica 8 11Index Terms Links durometer 9 10 49 50 65 177 185 186 191 245 248 256 261 262 264 267 269 274 311 312 318 319 323 329 330 338 340 341 387 389 395 400 407 410 445 459 467 522 555 durometer equivalents 274 dynamic adhesion 399 dynamic modulus 41 66 74 171 251 266 269 272 312 324 341 393 396 452 456 468 523 E elasticity 528 elastomer structures 527 elongation 27 40 41 54 55 56 69 86 169 174 185 189 193 194 250 260 269 315 318 319 323 328 329 389 398 400 410 446 450 453 456 461 462 469 472 555 elongation, ultimate 522Index Terms Links emulsion SBR 169 antioxidants 189 fabric adhesion 192 glycol 171 heat resistance 193 lead oxide 181 magnesium oxide 180 plasticizers 187 silane coupling 193 196 trouser tear 190 zinc oxide 174 EPDM 311 accelerators 314 brass adhesion 331 compression fatigue 339 fabric adhesion 333 galvanized adhesion 336 glycol 318 heat resistance 318 magnesium oxide 318 peroxide cure 328 processing 329 properties 532 silane coupling 323Index Terms Links EPDM (Cont.) silica surface area 326 sulfur 315 sulfur donors 315 zinc adhesion 336 zinc oxide 317 zinc-free cure 319 EPM, properties 532 EP rubbers, properties 532 extension modulus 47 180 522 extruding 546 extrusion swell 447 F fabric adhesion emulsion SBR 192 EPDM 333 neoprene, NSM 398 neoprene, SM 411 nitrile 472 Fade-Ometer 563 filler dispersion 520 finish mixing 546 flame retardants 543Index Terms Links flat belting cure 549 flex resistance 561 flex-crack resistance 561 flexometer 38 42 44 55 56 58 61 65 78 169 177 180 185 251 272 312 323 562 fluid resistance 316 565 formula, rubber 517 free water, silica 7 effect on peroxide cure 8 effect on sulfur cure 10 effect on visible dispersion 11 G galvanized adhesion, EPDM 336 glycol emulsion SBR 171 natural rubber 29 EPDM 318 neoprene, NSM 390 neoprene, SM 407 solution BR 256 solution SBR 256Index Terms Links green strength 68 guanidine 33 34 53 181 249 250 389 536 H hardness 5 8 9 12 25 27 29 30 47 28 50 52 56 57 58 61 65 66 68 69 71 72 74 78 79 170 171 174 184 186 189 191 197 248 249 253 256 260 261 262 266 272 274 312 326 328 330 337 387 391 392 393 398 400 406 410 412 414 447 450 456 459 460 467 469 522 555 hardness equivalents 274Index Terms Links heat build-up 4 13 27 31 33 37 38 41 42 43 44 51 54 55 56 57 58 60 61 64 65 66 67 69 74 77 78 79 81 174 180 181 185 196 251 261 265 269 272 274 312 323 339 389 392 396 410 413 459 460 461 462 523 561 heat resistance 35 40 41 44 45 79 86 87 169 171 174 185 193 253 262 311 314 315 316 317 318 323 326 328 387 392 396 445 452 453 454 462 557 emulsion SBR 193 EPDM 318 natural rubber 86 HMT, solution BR 254 HMT, solution SBR 254 hot air cure 550Index Terms Links I impact resistance 560 impact strength 560 interfacial separation, disk fatigue 81 Izod impact 560 L lead oxide, emulsion SBR 181 light transmission 175 Liquid Cure Medium 550 M magnesium oxide emulsion SBR 180 EPDM 318 neoprene, NSM 388 neoprene, SM 404 masterbatching 545 mastication 545 maximum torque 554 MDR 23 65 79 174 263Index Terms Links mercaptosilane 4 21 56 66 76 77 87 171 182 189 193 194 264 265 266 274 311 312 314 319 323 340 387 393 396 398 407 408 460 metal oxide cure 538 methacryloxysilane 328 microwave cure 550 minimum torque 553 modulus 27 30 31 33 34 48 49 65 67 69 70 71 72 74 76 77 78 79 169 174 176 177 181 183 186 188 190 191 196 197 245 246 247 248 249 250 252 253 255 256 257 260 261 264 265 266 269 274 312 319 323 326 337 389 392 395 398 400 406 407 408 410 414 445 449 460 462 463 467 469 470 472 modulus, dynamic 41 66 74 171 251 266 269 272 312 324 341 393 396 452 456 468 523Index Terms Links modulus, extension 47 180 522 Monsanto fatigue tester 561 Mooney cure time 553 Mooney scorch 552 Mooney viscometer 68 521 551 Mooney viscosity 27 65 189 251 261 388 551 N natural rubber 25 brass adhesion 81 heat resistance 86 peroxide cure 69 plasticizers 51 properties 528 textile adhesion 83 zinc-free cure 78 NBR, properties 533 NBS abrader 558 Neoprene 387 neoprene, NSM 387 brass adhesion 400 fabric adhesion 398Index Terms Links neoprene, NSM (Cont.) glycol 390 magnesium oxide 388 plasticizers 391 silane coupling 396 silica surface area 395 water absorption 403 zinc oxide 388 neoprene, properties 533 neoprene, SM 387 brass adhesion 414 building tack 410 cord adhesion 411 fabric adhesion 411 glycol 407 magnesium oxide 404 processing 408 scorch 407 silane coupling 407 silica free water 410 silica surface area 410 zinc oxide 404 nerve 521Index Terms Links nitrile 445 accelerators 453 activators 456 brass adhesion 470 fabric adhesion 472 peroxide curing 462 phenolic resins 469 processing 464 properties 533 PVC blends 452 silane coupling 460 silica surface area 449 sulfur content 452 zinc-free cure 465 nitrogen surface area 524 O odorants 543 ODR 34 37 oil resistance 566 oils 542 open steam curing 549 oscillating disk rheometer 553Index Terms Links outdoor exposure 562 oxidative deterioration 565 ozone 563 ozone resistance 541 562 P pendulum rebound 523 permanent set 523 peroxide cure 537 EPDM 328 natural rubber 69 peroxide cure, nitrile 462 pH, silica 16 phenolic resins, nitrile 469 physical testing 551 PICO abrader 559 PICO abrasion 50 52 58 61 65 79 175 182 189 250 259 260 261 268 270 328 456 465 pilling 175 plasticizers emulsion SBR 187 natural rubber 51 neoprene, NSM 391Index Terms Links plasticizers (Cont.) solution BR 262 solution SBR 262 polybutadiene 408 properties 531 polyisoprene, zinc-free cure 79 pore volume 21 precipitated silica, manufacture 2 press curing 548 primary antioxidants 539 structures 540 processing aids 542 processing EPDM 329 neoprene, SM 408 nitrile 464 solution BR 261 solution SBR 261 R rate of cure 547 refractive index 21 reinforcement 4Index Terms Links reinforcement potential 3 remilling 546 residual salt, silica 403 resilience 41 61 62 64 69 70 71 76 177 185 252 269 272 274 312 323 392 393 414 449 461 467 523 547 retarders, scorch 407 414 536 reversion 34 47 48 49 50 77 521 natural rubber 47 48 reversion resistance, natural rubber 49 rolling resistance 27 Ross flex test 561 rubber formula 517 design 518 mixing 520 elastic behavior 519 plastic behavior 519 S SBR, emulsion 169 antioxidants 189 fabric adhesion 192Index Terms Links SBR, emulsion (Cont.) glycol 171 heat resistance 193 lead oxide 181 magnesium oxide 180 plasticizers 187 silane coupling 193 196 trouser tear 190 zinc oxide 164 SBR cure, sulfur concentration 185 SBR properties 530 SBR, solution 245 accelerators 249 antioxidants 260 glycol 256 HMT 254 plasticizers 262 processing 261 silane coupling 265 silica content 272 silica surface area 269 sulfur 257 TBBS 258Index Terms Links SBR, solution (Cont.) trouser tear 271 zinc-free cure 247 zinc oxide 252 scorch retarders 407 414 536 scorch safety 29 31 37 41 42 51 65 78 181 182 184 185 186 187 195 246 249 251 253 254 255 259 261 314 316 318 320 330 389 391 402 405 406 407 408 410 414 453 462 521 scorch, neoprene, SM 407 secondary antioxidants 539 secondary antioxidants, structures 541 shelf aged stiffening 68 shrinkage 521 silane coupling 21 emulsion SBR 193 196 EPDM 323 natural rubber 76 77 neoprene, NSM 396 neoprene, SM 407 nitrile 460Index Terms Links solution BR 265 solution SBR 265 silanol 4 5 12 28 51 52 53 72 83 175 179 193 194 196 197 255 265 269 338 392 396 398 460 467 geminal 14 isolated 14 vicinal 14 silica agglomerates 6 silica content solution BR 272 solution SBR 272 trouser tear 191 silica free water 7 neoprene, SM 410 silica gel 3 silica particle size, tear strength 64 190 silica pH 16 effects 17 silica structure 5 12 natural rubber 70Index Terms Links silica surface area 5 neoprene, NSM 395 EPDM 326 natural rubber 73 neoprene, SM 410 nitrile 449 solution BR 269 solution SBR 269 silica, vs carbon black emulsion SBR 169 EPDM 311 natural rubber 25 nitrile 445 NSM neoprene 392 solution SBR 245 silica density 19 dry 8 physical forms 20 pore volume 21 pretreated 264 reaction with zinc 13 refractive index 21 residual salt 403Index Terms Links silica (Cont.) soluble salts 18 types 1 slab cure 549 solid tires 65 soluble salts 18 soluble zinc 192 solution BR 245 accelerators 249 antioxidants 260 glycol 256 HMT 254 plasticizers 262 processing 261 silane coupling 265 silica content 272 silica surface area 269 sulfur 257 TBBS 258 trouser tear 271 zinc oxide 252 zinc-free cure 247Index Terms Links solution SBR 245 accelerators 249 antioxidants 260 glycol 256 HMT 254 plasticizers 262 processing 261 silane coupling 265 silica content 272 silica surface area 269 sulfur 257 TBBS 258 trouser tear 271 zinc oxide 252 zinc-free cure 247 state of cure 521 547 stress-strain 555 structure, carbon black 3 structure, silica 5 12 styrene-butadiene rubber, properties 530 sulfonamide 31 33 34 35 181 184 185 195 247 249 250 253 314 453 470 536Index Terms Links sulfur concentration, SBR cure 185 sulfur content, nitrile 452 sulfur donors 43 EPDM 315 natural rubber 42 sulfur 535 EPDM 315 solution BR 257 solution SBR 257 sulfur-based cure systems 534 surface activity, carbon black 3 surface area BET 5 524 CTAB 5 524 nitrogen 524 silica 5 T Taber abrader 547 tackifiers 543 TBBS 258 TBTD 58Index Terms Links tear resistance 39 53 54 60 64 67 169 190 191 251 269 459 463 469 547 contour curves 60 tear strength 1 4 25 27 40 41 42 44 52 54 55 56 57 58 60 61 64 66 67 69 74 76 77 78 80 171 179 180 185 190 191 192 258 259 261 265 269 271 272 311 312 314 335 337 392 395 400 410 445 447 449 461 462 470 471 522 547 mixing procedures 67 silica particle size 64 190 temperature retraction 567 tensile strength 1 4 25 27 30 31 76 86 174 176 180 181 185 188 189 248 249 256 260 261 274 314 315 318 319 323 326 330 335 407 410 445 522 555 Tension Fatigue test 85 399 412 test tube aging 564Index Terms Links tetrabutylthiuram disulfide 58 textile adhesion, natural rubber 83 textile adhesion, tension fatigue 85 thiuram 33 37 48 49 58 180 181 182 186 249 250 253 314 319 387 402 407 453 454 470 471 453 torsional stiffness 567 trouser tear 27 40 54 56 59 61 65 78 86 171 174 179 181 186 189 190 191 197 261 265 269 271 272 316 329 395 452 461 547 emulsion SBR 190 silica content 191 solution BR 271 solution SBR 271 U ultimate dispersion 20 ultimate elongation 522Index Terms Links V viscoelastic ranking 56 viscoelastic series 461 vulcanization 534 547 W water absorption, neoprene, NSM 403 water sensitivity 19 weather resistance 562 weathering 562 Weather-Ometer 563 Winkleman tear 547 Z zinc adhesion, EPDM 336 zinc attachment to silanols 28 zinc reaction with silica 13 zinc-free cure EPDM 319 natural rubber 78 nitrile 465 polyisoprene 79 solution BR 247 solution SBR 247Index Terms Links zinc oxide emulsion SBR 174 natural rubber 28 emulsion SBR 174 EPDM 317 natural rubber 28 neoprene, NSM 388 neoprene, SM 404 solution BR 252 solution SBR 252
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