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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Fluoropolymer Additives الخميس 07 سبتمبر 2023, 2:00 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluoropolymer Additives Sina Ebnesajjad, PhD, President Fluoro Consultants Group, LLC Richard A. Morgan, PhD, President Morgan Associates
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface . xiii PART 1 Introduction . 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction . 3 1.2 Uniqueness of Fluorine . 3 1.3 Fluorine Characteristics 5 1.3.1 Fluorination . 6 1.3.2 Reactivity e An Extreme Element . 6 1.3.3 Preparation of Fluorine . 6 1.3.4 Inorganic Chemistry 7 1.3.5 Organic Chemistry 8 1.3.6 Fluorine and Nature 9 References 9 2 Descriptions of Fluoropolymer Additives . 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Polymeric Fluorinated Additives 11 2.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Homopolymer Additives 11 2.2.2 Fluoroelastomer Additives (Polymer Processing Additives) . 11 2.2.3 Vinylidene Fluoride Polymer Additives (Polymer Processing Additives) 12 2.3 Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Additives . 12 2.4 PTFE-Modified Waxes 13 2.5 Fluorinated Graphite . 13 2.6 Fluorination . 13 References 14 PART 2 Manufacturing and Properties . 15 3 Manufacturing and Properties of High-Molecular-Weight Fluoropolymer Additives . 17 3.1 Introduction . 17 3.2 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) Preparation . 17 3.3 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene 19 3.4 Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene . 20 3.5 Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers . 20 3.5.1 Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate (APFO, also C8) . 21 3.6 Polymerization Mechanism . 22 v3.7 Suspension Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene 23 3.7.1 Finishing Technologies of Granular PTFE . 25 3.8 Emulsion Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene . 27 3.8.1 Dispersion Products 28 3.8.2 Fine Powder (Coagulated Dispersion) Products . 28 3.9 Characterization of Polytetrafluoroethylene . 29 3.9.1 Granular PTFE Resins 29 3.9.2 Fine Powder PTFE Resins 31 3.9.3 Dispersions of PTFE . 32 References 34 4 Manufacturing and Properties of Low-Molecular-Weight Fluoropolymer Additives 37 4.1 Introduction . 37 4.2 Molecular Weight Reduction 37 4.3 Degradation of Polytetrafluoroethylene 37 4.4 Production Methods 39 4.4.1 Production of Fluoroadditives by Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis) 39 4.4.2 Production of Fluoroadditives by Electron Beam Irradiation 39 4.4.3 Grinding Irradiated PTFE . 42 4.5 Direct Polymerization . 43 4.5.1 Dispersion Polymerization (Fine Powder) . 43 4.5.2 Suspension Polymerization (Granular) . 46 4.6 Other Manufacturing Methods 51 4.7 Commercial Products 51 References 51 5 Manufacturing and Properties of Fluoroelastomer-Based Additives . 53 5.1 Introduction . 53 5.2 Manufacturing Process 53 5.3 Emulsion Polymerization 54 5.3.1 Continuous Emulsion Polymerization 55 5.3.2 Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization 55 5.4 Suspension Polymerization . 56 5.5 Development of Polymeric Process Additives . 58 5.6 Commercial Products 64 Acknowledgment . 65 References 65 PART 3 Applications . 67 6 Applications of Fluorinated Additives for Lubricants 69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Friction . 69 6.3 Wear Processes 69 vi CONTENTS6.4 Fluorinated Additive Types . 70 6.5 Lubrication Processes 70 6.6 Lubricant Base Oils . 71 6.7 Lubricant Additives e General . 72 6.8 Comparison of Solid Lubricant Additives 72 6.9 Polymeric Fluorinated Additives . 73 6.9.1 PTFE 73 6.9.2 Low-MW Fluorinated Additives . 75 6.10 Lubricant Application Categorization . 75 6.11 Low-Viscosity Lubricants 75 6.11.1 Test Methods for Low-Viscosity Lubricants 76 6.11.2 Literature Studies of Low-Viscosity Oil with PTFE Addition . 77 6.11.3 Dry-Film Lubricants 79 6.11.4 Release Agents 81 6.12 Engine Oil 82 6.12.1 Classification . 82 6.12.2 Engine Oil Anti-Wear Additives . 84 6.12.3 Development History of Use of PTFE in Motor Oil 88 6.13 Grease 90 6.13.1 Grease Compositions and Characterization 90 6.13.2 Technical Studies of Grease with Fluorinated Additives . 93 6.13.3 Grease Patent History 94 6.14 Suppliers of Lubricants Containing Fluorinated Additives 96 6.14.1 DuPont Company Products 96 6.14.2 3M/Dyneon Products 98 6.14.3 Daikin Industries Ltd/Daikin America Inc 98 6.14.4 Solvay Solexis . 99 6.14.5 Asahi Glass 100 6.14.6 Other Suppliers 100 References 102 7 Fluorinated Additives for Plastics . 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Types of Fluorinated Additives . 107 7.3 Friction and Wear Processes . 108 7.3.1 Friction Processes 109 7.3.2 Wear Processes 110 7.3.3 Countersurface Effects 113 7.4 Friction and Wear of High- and Low-MW PTFE 113 7.5 Role of PTFE Manufacturing Process and Particle Size on Wear and Friction of Plastics . 116 7.6 Development of Fluoroadditive Use for Friction/Wear Enhancement of Thermoplastics 116 7.7 Plastic Wear Under Water . 118 7.8 Types of Non-Fluorinated Anti-Friction and Anti-Wear Additives . 118 CONTENTS vii7.9 Plastic Types 118 7.9.1 Polyamides (Nylons) . 119 7.9.2 Polyacetals . 121 7.9.3 Polycarbonates . 123 7.9.4 Polyesters (PEs) . 124 7.9.5 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) . 125 7.9.6 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) 128 7.9.7 Epoxy Resins . 128 7.9.8 Miscellaneous Thermoplastics 129 7.10 Fluorinated Additives for Improved Melt and Mechanical Properties . 129 7.11 Additives to Alter Plastic Surface Properties . 131 7.11.1 Theory and Background . 131 7.11.2 Type of Fluorinated Additives for Surface Tension Reduction . 132 7.11.3 Permeation . 134 7.11.4 Surface Properties of Irradiated PTFE . 134 7.12 Fluoropolymer Additives to Inhibit Melt Dripping in Fire Situations . 134 7.12.1 Characterization of Fire Retardancy . 135 7.12.2 Processes for Mixing High-MW PTFE into Other Resins 137 7.12.3 Commercial PTFE Products for Fire Retardants . 138 7.13 Compounding of Fluorinated Additives into Thermoplastics 138 7.13.1 Compounding with High-MW PTFE (Dispersion-Polymerization) 138 7.13.2 Compounding with Low-MW PTFE (and High-MW Suspension-Polymerized PTFE) . 140 7.13.3 Extrusion Compounding with PTFE Powders . 141 7.13.4 Other Fluorinated Additives . 142 References . 143 8 Addition of Fluoropolymers to Printing Ink 149 8.1 Introduction . 149 8.2 Printing Processes . 149 8.3 Inks 151 8.4 Fluoropolymer Addition to Ink . 151 8.4.1 Types of PTFE 152 8.4.2 Particle Size 152 8.5 Abrasion/Rub Resistance of Prints . 153 8.6 Blocking 154 8.7 Commercial Suppliers of Fluorinated Additives to the Ink Market 154 References 155 9 Use of Fluorinated Additives in Coatings 157 9.1 Introduction . 157 9.2 Purposes of Addition of Fluoropolymer Additives to Coatings 157 9.3 Thermoplastic Coatings 159 viii CONTENTS9.4 Thermosetting Coating Parameters . 159 9.4.1 Carriers 159 9.4.2 Resin Binder or Chemistry . 160 9.4.3 Crosslinking or Curing 161 9.5 Coating Processes 162 9.5.1 Preparing the Coating Formulation 162 9.5.2 Application of Coating . 162 9.5.3 Drying/Baking of Coating 162 9.6 Fluoropolymer Types Used in Coatings . 162 9.6.1 Perfluorinated Semi-Crystalline Resins 162 9.6.2 Partially Fluorinated Semi-Crystalline Resins . 166 9.6.3 Amorphous Fluoropolymers . 167 9.7 Perfluoropolymer/Metal Coatings by Electrolytic or Electroless Processes 168 9.8 Prevention of Staining of a Coating . 168 9.9 Commercial Fluoroadditive Products . 170 References 171 10 Fluorinated Additives for Rubber . 175 10.1 Introduction . 175 10.2 Rubber Compositions and Compounding . 175 10.3 Characterization of Rubbers . 177 10.4 Fluorinated Additive Types . 179 10.4.1 High-MW PTFE (Unmodified) . 179 10.4.2 Modified High-MW PTFE 180 10.4.3 Melt-Processable Fluorinated Copolymers 181 10.4.4 Low-MW PTFE Additives 182 10.4.5 Miscellaneous Fluorinated Additives . 184 10.5 Silicone and Fluorosilicone Rubbers 184 10.6 Addition of Fluorinated Additives to Fluoroelastomers 185 10.7 Addition of Fluorinated Additives to EPDM Rubber 186 10.8 Commercial Fluoroadditive Products for Elastomers 189 References . 189 11 Applications of Processing Aid Additives . 193 11.1 Introduction . 193 11.2 Low-Molecular-Weight Processing Aids 193 11.2.1 Stearates (Release Agents) . 193 11.2.2 Polymer Processing Additives (High MW) 194 11.2.3 Advantages of PPAs 194 11.2.4 Melt Fracture . 194 11.2.5 Die Drool 195 CONTENTS ix11.3 Important Applications of PPAs . 195 11.3.1 Blown and Cast Film 195 11.3.2 Cable and Tubing Extrusion . 195 11.3.3 Blow Molding . 196 11.3.4 Fiber Extrusion 196 11.3.5 Fluoropolymer PPAs . 196 11.3.6 How PPAs Work . 196 11.4 Select Applications of PPAs . 198 11.4.1 Blow Molding . 198 11.4.2 Film Manufacturing 201 References . 208 PART 4 Compliance and Economics 211 12 Compliance with Regulations and Standards 213 12.1 Introduction . 213 12.2 Food Contact and Medical Applications 213 12.3 FDA Requirements for Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins for Food Contact 213 12.3.1 Paragraph (d) Specifications . 213 12.3.2 Paragraph (e) Limitations . 213 12.3.3 Scope of ASTM D 4754-98 (2003) 214 12.3.4 Special Requirements of Polytetrafluoroethylene Micropowders 214 12.4 Compliance of Commercial Micropowder Products 214 12.4.1 Articles Intended to Contact Food (Reference: 21 CFR 177.1550 Perfluorocarbon Resins) 215 12.4.2 Processing Aids for Polyolefins (Reference: 21 CFR 177.1520 Olefin Polymers) . 215 12.4.3 Components of Resinous and Polymeric Coatings (Reference: 21 CFR 175.300 Resinous and Polymeric Coatings) . 215 12.4.4 Components of Paper and Paperboard (Reference: 21 CFR 176.170 Components of Paper and Paperboard in Contact with Aqueous and Fatty Foods) . 215 12.4.5 Lubricant for Rubber Articles (Reference: 21 CFR 177.2600 Rubber Articles Intended for Repeated Use) 216 12.4.6 Components of Adhesives (Reference: 21 CFR 175.105 Adhesives) . 216 12.4.7 Housewares Exemption (Reference: Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, January 1987, p. 45) 216 12.5 Standards . 217 References . 217 13 Safety, Health, Environment, Disposal, Recycling, and Economics 219 13.1 Introduction . 219 13.2 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers . 219 13.3 Thermal Properties of PTFE . 219 13.4 Emission During Processing . 220 x CONTENTS13.5 Safety Measures 220 13.5.1 Ventilation of Degradation Products 221 13.5.2 Processing and Fabrication . 222 13.5.3 Spillage Cleanup . 224 13.5.4 Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance . 224 13.5.5 Protective Clothing . 224 13.5.6 Personal Hygiene 224 13.5.7 Fire Hazard 224 13.5.8 Material Incompatibility . 224 13.6 Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling 225 13.7 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods 225 13.7.1 Packaging Disposal and Recycling 225 13.8 Economics . 226 References . 226 Appendix 1: Food and Drug Administration . 229 Appendix 2: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 233 Index . 287 Index Note: Page numbers followed by t indicate tables. 0-9 3M/DYNEON products, 98 A AAM, see Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers abrasion processes, 178 abrasion resistance, 153e154 abrasion tests, 157 abrasion-transfer granulation steps, 26e27 abrasive wear: lubricants, 70 plastics, 110e111 high molecular weight micropowders, 115 low molecular weight micropowders, 115 polyetheretherketone, 126 ABS resin compositions, 137 ACM rubber, 183 acrylates, 160, 166e167 acrylic polymers, 138 additive definition, 3 adhesion forces, 158 adhesives, 216 adhesive wear: lubricants, 70 plastics, 110, 126 adjustible ducting hoods, 221 AGC, see Asahi Glass Company agglomerates: emulsion polymerization, 28e29 lubricants, 86 suspension polymerization, 25e26 agriculture, 9 air mills, 25 air pollution, 159 alcohols, 170 Algoflon L PTFE, 93 aliphatic alcohols, 170 aliphatic di-ols, 124 aliphatic fluorine chemistry, 8 aliphatic polyester interfacial agents, 62 alkyds, 160 Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM), 83 American Petroleum Institute (API), 71, 82e83 American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM): FDA food contact requirements, 214 lubricants, 77, 82e83, 91 plastics, 111 printing ink, 153e154 PTFE characterization, 29 dispersions, 32e34, 33t, 34t fine powder resins, 31, 32t, 33t granular resins, 29, 30t, 31t rubber, 178 aminoplast curing agents, 167 amino resin binders, 161 ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), 21e22 amorphous fluoropolymers, 162, 167e168, 171 anilox rolls, 150 anion exchange absorbents, 21e22 antiblocking additives: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 59e61 low-molecular-weight PPAs, 193 processing aid additives, 203e204, 204t, 205t anti-drip additives, 134e140 antifouling paints, 164e165 anti-friction additives, 118 anti-seize applications, 99e100 anti-wear additives: lubricants, 71e73, 75, 84e88 plastics, 108, 118 APFO, see ammonium perfluorooctanoate apparent viscosity tests, 92, 92t aqueous-based coatings, 159 aqueous-based gravure printing, 150 aqueous dispersions: coatings, 165 Daikin PTFE, 48t printing ink, 154 aramid fibers, 128 aromatic polyamide fibers, 120 aromatic polycarbonates, 123 aromatics: fluorine characteristics, 8 aromatic thermosetting polyesters, 165e166 Asahi Chemical Industry Co.: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 57 Asahi Glass Company (AGC): coatings, 167e168 lubricants, 100 PTFE fluoroadditive powders, 47t rubber, 189 asperities: coatings, 158 plastics, 109 ASTM, see American Society for Testing Materials autoclaves, 48e51 azeotropic distillation, 160 B baking: coatings, 162 ball on cylinder lubricity evaluators (BOCLE), 79, 81t Banbury internal mixers: rubber, 176 barrier constructions: plastics, 134 bimodal polymers: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 57e58 bisphenol A (BPA), 123 bisphenol-curable compositions, 58 bisphenol-curable suspension products, 57e58 bisulfite initiators, 22e23 block copolymer thermoplastic elastomer, 175 blocking: printing ink, 154 block on ring tests: grease, 92, 92t low-viscosity lubricants, 76 blow-extruded polyolefin films, 195e196, 203 blow-fill-seal technology, 198 blow molding: exhaust schemes, 221 plastics, 129e130 polymer processing additives, 196 blown films: polymer processing additives, 195, 201e208, 204t, 205t BMW automobiles: engine oils, 86 287BOCLE, see ball on cylinder lubricity evaluators boron nitride (BN): fluoroelastomer-based additives, 64 lubricants grease, 95 low-viscosity lubricants, 76 low-viscosity oil literature studies, 79 motor oil, 88 solid lubricant additive comparisons, 72e73 supply, 102 bottle formation: polymer processing additives, 199e200, 200t boundary friction, 69 boundary lubrication conditions, 69, 78e79 boundary lubrication processes, 70e71 BPA, see bisphenol A burnout hoods, 221 C cable extrusion: polymer processing additives, 195 CaF2, see fluorspar capture velocities, 222 carbon black: rubber, 177e178 carbon dioxide (CO2): tetrafluoroethylene properties, 19 carbon fiber thermoplastics: polyacetals, 122, 122t polycarbonates, 124, 124t polyetheretherketone, 126, 128 carbonyl fluoride (COF2), 220, 221t carriers: coatings, 159e160 polymer processing additives, 196e197 cast films: polymer processing additives, 195, 201e202 catalysts: grease, 94 motor oil, 89 polymerization mechanism, 22 see also enzymes cavitation erosion, 70 Cefral: coatings, 167e168, 171 Cerflon: lubricants, 79, 80t, 81t, 100e102, 101t chain transfer agents (CTA), 48e51 chalking: coatings, 165 char non-burning surfaces: plastics, 134 CHClF2, see chlorodifluoromethane Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), 88 chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2): tetrafluoroethylene preparation, 17e18, 18t chlorofluoromethanes: tetrafluoroethylene properties, 19e20 chloromethanes: tetrafluoroethylene properties, 19e20 chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE): rubber, 180e182 circular air mills, 25 Clariant International, Ltd., 100 CMA, see Chemical Manufacturers Association coagulated dispersion products: tetrafluoroethylene emulsion polymerization, 28e29 coatings, 157e174 commercial products, 170e171 curing, 167 electroless processes, 168 electrolytic processes, 168 fluoropolymer additives, purposes, 157e159 fluoropolymer types, 162e168 metal coatings, 168 perfluoropolymer coatings, 168 polymer processing additives, 197 processes, 162 application, 162 baking, 162 drying, 162 formulation preparation, 162 regulations compliance, 215 staining prevention, 168e170 tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, 166 thermoplastic coatings, 159 thermosetting coating parameters, 159e161 carriers, 159e160 crosslinking, 161 curing, 161 resin binders, 160e161 coefficients of friction (COF): coatings, 158 lubricants, 69 low-viscosity oil literature studies, 79, 80t polymeric fluorinated additives, 74 perfluoropropolyether additives, 12 plastics, 109, 114e115 polyamides, 120e121, 121t polycarbonates, 124, 124t polymer processing additives, 205 rubber, 188e189 cohesive wear: plastics, 110 cold-welding: plastics, 110 comonomers: coatings, 163, 166e167 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 44e46 tetrafluoroethylene emulsion polymerization, 28 compounding: plastics, 138e143 rubber, 175e177 compression: rubber, 177 concentrates: plastics, 133e134 cone penetration tests, 92, 92t consistency tests: lubricants, 91 continuous emulsion polymerization: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 54e55 continuous polymerization modes: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 53 continuous reactor operation: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 54 continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), 55e56 copolymers: plastics, 117 polymer processing additives, 196, 200 countersurface effects: plastics, 113 critical shear rates, 59, 197, 200 crosslinking: coatings, 159, 161 rubber, 175, 177 crushing granulation steps: tetrafluoroethylene suspension polymerization, 26e27 cryogenic grinding: coatings, 167 crystalline PTFE: characterization, 29 crystals: fluorine characteristics, 9 CTFE, see chlorotrifluoroethylene cure-site monomers: suspension polymerization, 58 curing: coatings, 161, 167 rubber, 177e178 cyclone air-dryers, 25 D Daikin: lubricants, 92, 98e99 PTFE aqueous dispersions, 48t PTFE powders, 48t rubber, 186 Debby’s Cougar story: lubricants, 85e86 deflagration reactions, 19 deformation of asperities: coatings, 158 plastics, 109 degradation: homopolymer additives, 11 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 37e39 product ventilation, 221e222 Dexos oil product, 84 DFT, see dry-film thickness Diafree products, 99, 99t dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids, 90 di-carboxylic acids, 124 die drool phenomena, 195 di-hydroxy compounds, 123 diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate initiator, 57 dioxane opening reactions, 121e122 288 INDEXdirect polymerization: coatings, 165 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 43e51 dispersion grade activities, 223 dispersion polymerization: low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 43e46 lubricants, 73 plastics, 107, 138e140 printing ink, 152 rubber, 186e188 dispersion-process-produced particles, 44 dispersions: coatings, 165 lubricants, 97, 97t, 98t polytetrafluoroethylene characterization, 32e34 printing ink, 154 tetrafluoroethylene emulsion polymerization, 28e29 tetrafluoroethylene polymers, 21 dispersion-type PTFE: lubricants, 75e76 plastics, 108 extrusion compounding, 141 friction, 116 melt dripping, 135 wear processes, 116 rubber, 179 disposal methods, 219e228 double extrusion processes, 126 dropping point tests, 92, 92t dry agglomeration processes, 26 dry blending, 141 dry film 2000 dispersions: lubricants, supply, 97, 97t dry-film lubricants, 69, 75, 79e81, 96e97, 170e171 dry film LXE dispersions: lubricants, supply, 97, 98t dry film RA dispersions: lubricants, supply, 97, 97t dry-film thickness (DFT): coatings, 157 drying: coatings, 162 ducting hoods, 221 DuPont: coatings, 164e165 lubricants engine oils, 84 grease, 92e93 motor oil, 90 supply, 96e98 plastics, 108, 117 printing ink, 154 PTFE powders, 45t Viton polymeric processing aids, 62t, 64e65 Dynamar: polymer processing additives, 198, 200 dynamic coefficients of friction: coatings, 158 plastics, 109, 114e115 rubber, 188e189 dynamic friction: lubricants, 69 dynamic vulcanization, 175 DYNEON: lubricants, 98 polymeric processing aids, 63t, 64e65 PTFE powders, 48t E economics, 219e228 EE, see electrical and electronic applications elastomers: perfluoropropolyether additives, 12 polymeric process additive development, 60 rubber, 176, 185e186 see also fluoroelastomer additives electrical and electronic (EE) applications: plastics, 136e137 electroless processes: coatings, 168 electrolytic processes: coatings, 168 electron beam irradiation: fluoroadditive production, 39e41 plastics, 114e115 emissions during processing, 220 emulsifiers: coatings, 159 emulsion polymerization: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 54e56 continuous emulsion polymerization, 55 semibatch emulsion polymerization, 55e56 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 43e44 tetrafluoroethylene, 27e29 tetrafluoroethylene polymerization, 20 tetrafluoroethylene polymers, 21 see also dispersion polymerization energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, 198 engine oils, 75, 82e90 environmental protection, 219e228 enzymes: fluorine characteristics, 9 EPDM rubber, 186e189 epoxy resins, 128e129, 160 equilibrium reactions, 18 equipment cleaning/maintenance, 224 esters: lubricant base oils, 71e72 plastics, 133e134 etchants, 9 ethylene copolymers, 117 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), 136e137 exhaust setups, 221 external lubricants, 81 extreme pressure additives: lubricants, 71 extreme pressure conditions: lubricants, 78 extrudable compositions: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 61e62, 64 extruded plastic fibers: surface tension reduction, 133 extruded rods: processing aid additives, 194e195 extruders: plastics, 126, 133, 141 extrusion: fine powder PTFE resins, 31e32 fluoroelastomer-based additives, 59 plastics, 141e142 polymer processing additives, 59, 195e196, 200, 200t extrusion blow-molding trials: polymer processing additives, 200, 200t extrusion compounding: plastics, 141e142 extrusion dies: processing aid additives, 195 F Falex Pin and Vee Block tests, 76 Falex tests, 76, 92, 92t fatigue wear: plastics, 110 FDA, see Food and Drug Administration Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 87 FEP, see fluorinated ethylene/propylene copolymer ferric chloride (FeF3): lubricants, 89 fiber extrusion: polymer processing additives, 196 fillers: processing aid additives, 203e204 filling pipes for fuel tanks, 200 film blowing, see blown films film casting, see cast films film manufacture: processing aid additives, 201 fine cut powders: suspension polymerization, 25 fine cut resins: suspension polymerization, 26 fineness of grind tests, 152e153 fine powder-based micropowders: lowmolecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 37 fine powder products: emulsion polymerization, 28e29 fine powder PTFE, 21 characterization, 29, 31e32 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives dispersion polymerization, 43e46 molecular weight reduction, 37 fire hazards, 224 fire-resistant compositions: plastics, 137 INDEX 289fire retardants, 134 characterization, 135e137 commercial products, 138 flexographic printing, 150e151 fluid energy mills, 42 fluid-film lubrication processes, 70e71 Fluon TL-801 polymeric processing aids, 64e65, 64t fluorinated additives: coatings, 157e174 lubricants applications, 69e106 types, 70 plastics, 107e148 compounding, 138e143 mechanical properties, 129e131 melt properties, 129e131 surface property alterations, 131e134 surface tension reduction, 132e134 types, 107 rubber, 175e192 addition to fluoroelastomers, 185e186 EPDM rubber, 186e189 types, 179e184 fluorinated ethylene/propylene copolymer (FEP): coatings, 166 lubricants, 94e95 plastics, 115 rubber, 181e182 fluorinated graphite, 13 fluorination, 6, 13e14 fluorine characteristics, 5e9 fluorination, 6 fluorine nature, 9 fluorine uniqueness, 3e5 inorganic chemistry, 7e8 organic chemistry, 8e9 preparation, 6e7 reactivity, 6 fluoroadditives: coatings, 170e171 description PTFE homopolymer additives, 11 PTFE-modified, 13 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 37 commercial products, 51 direct polymerization, 43 lubricants, 72 production, 39e41 regulations compliance, 214e216 rubber, 189 fluoroalkyl phosphate, 99 fluoroelastomer additives, 11e12, 53e66, 185e186, 196 commercial products, 64e65 emulsion polymerization, 54e56 manufacturing process, 53e54 polymeric process additives, 58e64 suspension polymerization, 56e58 fluoroglycosides, 9 Fluoroguard, 117, 133, 133t, 142e143 Fluorolink: plastics, 117, 142e143 rubber, 184 fluoro-silicone, 184e185 fluorspar (CaF2), 5e7, 17e18 food contact applications, 213e214 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 213e214 football defects, 61 fortifiers, 90, 94e95 four-ball tests: grease, 92e93, 92t low-viscosity lubricants, 76, 78 free flow powders: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 59 tetrafluoroethylene suspension polymerization, 25 free radicals, 22e23 fretting: coatings, 157 lubricants, 70 plastics, 110, 126 friction: coatings, 158, 165 lubricants, 69, 71 plastics, 107e110 fluoroadditive use, 116e118 high molecular weight micropowders, 113e116 low molecular weight micropowders, 113e116 particle size, 116 polyacetals, 122 polycarbonates, 124 polyesters, 124e125, 125t polyetheretherketone, 127, 127t PTFE manufacturing, 116 thermoplastics enhancement, 116e118 types, 118e119 water wear, 118 rubber, 178, 183, 183t see also coefficients of friction fuel tank filling pipes, 200 functionalized organics, 142e143 G GA-CAT tests, 153e154 gaseous monomer mixtures, 56 general purpose resins, 119 glass: coatings, 167 plastics polyacetals, 122, 122t polycarbonates, 124, 124t polyetheretherketone, 126 gloss: coatings, 158e159 polymer processing additives, 200, 205 glow wire flammability indices (GWFIs), 136e137 glow wire ignition temperatures (GWITs), 136e137 glow wire tests, 136e137 granular-based micropowders: lowmolecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 37 granular PTFE: characterization, 29e31 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 37, 46e51 tetrafluoroethylene suspension polymerization, 23, 25e27 granular reactors, 23e24 graphite: fluorinated, 13 lubricants low-viscosity oil literature studies, 79, 80t release agents, 82 solid lubricant additive comparisons, 72e73 supply, 102 plastics, 126 gravure printing, 150e151 grease: lubricants, 90e96 application categorization, 75 characterization, 90e92 compositions, 90e92 patent history, 94e96 supply, 102 technical studies, 93e94 plastics, 108e109, 133 grind gage techniques: printing ink, 152e153 grinding of irradiated PTFE, 42e43 gums, 133 GWFIs, see glow wire flammability indices GWITs, see glow wire ignition temperatures H Halar polyvinylidene fluoride, 171, 171t halogen exchange reactions, 8 HAP, see hazardous air pollutants hardness tests: coatings, 157e158 rubber, 178 hard thermoplastic elastomer segments, 175 hazardous air pollutants (HAP), 159 h-BN, see hexagonal boron nitride HDPE, see high-density polyethylene 290 INDEXhealth, 219e228 heat seal bond strength: polymer processing additives, 205 heat tack strength: polymer processing additives, 205 Henkel North America, 100e102, 101t hexafluoropropylene (HFP), 59, 196, 200 hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), 64 HF, see hydrofluoric acid; hydrogen fluoride HFP, see hexafluoropropylene high-density polyethylene (HDPE): fluoroelastomer-based additives, 59, 64e65 polymer processing additives, 59, 197, 199e200, 200t high-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives: coatings, 163e164 commercial products, 170 staining prevention, 169e170 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additive manufacture, 51 lubricants, 70 grease, 93, 95 low-viscosity lubricants, 75e76 motor oil, 88 polymeric fluorinated additives, 73e74 suppliers, 96 supply, 98e100 manufacture, 17e36 plastics, 107 compounding of fluorinated additives, 138e141 fire retardant products, 138 friction, 113e116 mechanical properties, 129 melt dripping, 135e136 melt properties, 129 miscellaneous thermoplastics, 129 mixing into resins, 137e138 polyacetals, 122 polyamides, 120 surface tension reduction, 132e133 wear processes, 113e116 polymerization mechanism, 22e23 polytetrafluoroethylene characterization, 29e34 printing ink addition to ink, 152 commercial suppliers, 154 properties, 17e36 rubber, 179e181, 186, 188t, 189 tetrafluoroethylene polymerization, 20 emulsion polymerization, 27e29 suspension polymerization, 23e27 tetrafluoroethylene polymers, 20e22 tetrafluoroethylene preparation, 17e19 tetrafluoroethylene properties, 19e20 high-molecular-weight high-density polyethylene (HMW-HDPE), 199e200, 200t high-molecular-weight processing aids: applications, 194 high molecular-weight suspensionpolymerized PTFE: plastics, 140e141 high performance polymer (HPP), 138 high temperature engineering resins, 119 high temperature thermoplastics, 128 hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), 205 homopolymer additives: description, 11 hot-melt inks, 151 housewares regulations exemptions, 216 HPP, see high performance polymer hydrocarbon waxes, 151 hydrodynamic lubrication processes, 70e71 hydrofluoric acid/hydrogen fluoride (HF): fluorine preparation, 6e8 processing emissions, 220, 221t safety measures, 220 I ILSAC, see International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee infrared identification: FDA food contact requirements, 213 initial seizure loads (ISL): low-viscosity oil, 78 initiators: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 57 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 44, 46 polymerization mechanism, 22e23 tetrafluoroethylene suspension polymerization, 23e24 inorganic chemistry: fluorine characteristics, 7e8 intaglio (gravure) printing, 150e151 interfacial agents, 61e62, 64, 204, 204t, 205t interfacial wear: plastics, 110 internal lubricants, 81 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 136e137 International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC), 83 ionic inorganic initiators, 23e24 irradiated PTFE: grinding, 42e43 lubricants grease, 93 polymeric fluorinated additives, 74 plastics, 108 friction, 114, 116e117 polyamides, 120e121 surface properties, 134 wear processes, 114, 116e117 irradiation: coatings, 164, 169e170 fluoroadditive production, 39e41 plastics, 114e115 printing ink, 152 ISL, see initial seizure loads iso-paraffins, 31e32 K kinetic friction, 69, 205 L LAOW, see low amplitude oscillating wear laser marking additives, 3 latexes, 60, 176e177 layering granulation steps, 26e27 LCPs, see liquid crystal polymers LDPE, see low-density polyethylene Le Chatelier’s principle, 18 legal exposure limits, 220, 221t Limiting PV, 112 polyamides, 120 polyetheretherketone, 127e128 linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 61, 64e65, 195, 197, 202e203, 205 liquid crystal polymers (LCPs): plastics, 129e130 liquid crystals: fluorine characteristics, 9 lithium batteries, 13 lithography, 149e150 ink types, 151 particle size, 152 LLDPE, see linear low-density polyethylene low amplitude oscillating wear (LAOW), 126 low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 53, 61, 64e65, 195, 197, 202e203, 205 low flow powders, 25 low molecular mass fluorinated oils, 142e143 low molecular mass functionalized organics, 142e143 low-molecular-weight fluorinated aliphatic alcohols, 170 INDEX 291low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives: coatings, 164e166, 169e170, 170t commercial products, 51, 170, 170t description, homopolymer additives, 11 direct polymerization, 43e51 lubricants, 70, 75 grease, 93, 95 motor oil, 88 polymeric fluorinated additives, 73e74 release agents, 82 suppliers, 96 supply, 96e100 manufacturing, 37e52 molecular weight reductions, 37 plastics compounding of fluorinated additives, 138e141 friction, 113e117 mechanical properties, 129e130 melt dripping, 135 melt properties, 129e130 polyacetals, 122 polyamides, 120e121 polyetheretherketone, 126 surface tension reduction, 132e133 wear processes, 113e117 polytetrafluoroethylene degradation, 37e39 printing ink abrasion resistance, 154 addition to ink, 152 ink types, 151 rub resistance, 154 production methods, 39e43 properties, 37e52 rubber, 182e184, 186, 188t, 189 low-molecular-weight processing aids: applications, 193e195 low-viscosity lubricants, 75e82 low-viscosity oil, 77e79 lubricants, 69e106 application categorization, 75 engine oils, 82e90 fine powder PTFE resins, characterization, 31e32 fluorinated graphite, 13 friction, 69 general, 72 grease, 90e96 low-viscosity lubricants, 75e82 lubricant base oils, 71e72 polymeric fluorinated additives, 73e75 processes, 70e71 regulations compliance, 216 solid lubricant additive comparisons, 72e73 suppliers, 96e102 wear processes, 69e70 Lubron PTFE powder, 98e99 Lumiflon, 167e168, 171 M machining, 224 “mar” visual changes: coatings, 157e158 master batches: plastics, 133e134 mastication: rubber, 176 material incompatibilities, 224 matting additives, 3 mechanical blend thermoplastic elastomers, 175 melt blending: coatings, 167 melt dripping: plastics, 134e138 melt fracture: processing aid additives, 194e195, 200, 200t, 202e204, 204t, 205t melt indices: polymer processing additives, 200 melt-processable polymers: coatings, 166, 170 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 44 plastics, 117 polymeric process additive development, 59, 64 rubber, 181e182, 189 melt processing, 223 melt properties: plastics, 129e131 melt viscosity: FDA food contact requirements, 213 metal catalysts, 89, 94 metal coatings, 168 metering rolls: printing ink, 150 methylene iodide, 57e58 micropowders, see fluoroadditives Micropowders, Inc., 100 migratory packages: plastics, 125 milling of pigments, 152e153 mineral oil, 78 Miraflon fluoroelastomers, 58 mixing extruders: plastics, 126 modified PTFE, 13, 180e181 Moissan’s electrolysis, 7 mold-release additives: low-molecular-weight PPAs, 193 lubricants, 96 processing aid additives, 195 molecular weight reductions: low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 37 molybdenum disulfide (MoS2): dry-film lubricants, 79 low-viscosity oil literature studies, 79, 80t lubricant supply, 102 release agents, 82 solid lubricant additive comparisons, 72e73 molybdenum dithiocarbamate: lubricants, 89e90 motor oil: lubricants, 88e90 motor vehicle fuel tank filling pipes, 200 multimodal fluorinated polymers, 60 N NASA Lewis Research Center, 85 National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI), 91 National Printing Research Institute (NPIRI), 152e153 natural rubber, 175e176 networked structures, see crosslinking Nevada Desert Research Center, 84e85 NiP, see phosphorus coatings NLGI, see National Lubricating Grease Institute noise: friction, 113 non-fluorinated anti-friction/anti-wear additives: plastics, 118 non-fluorinated melt-processable polymers, 59, 64 nonionic surfactants, 28 non-lubricating fillers: plastics, 119 nonstick fluoropolymer coatings, 64e65, 64t NPIRI, see National Printing Research Institute nucleation granulation steps, 26 nylons, 119e121 O occupational exposure limits (OELs), 220, 221t Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 220 oil-repellent fluororubbers, 183 oils: coatings, 158 lubricants, 71e72, 77e79 plastics, 108e109, 117, 133, 142e143 oil of turpentine fluorine reactivity, 6 olefinic polymers, see polyolefins open feeder screws, 141e142 orange peel surface defects, 167 organic chemistry: fluorine characteristics, 8e9 organic peroxides, 23e24 organosols, 160, 167 OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Health Act overprint-varnish, 151 oxygen, 19e20 P packaging disposal, 225e226 paper, 215e216 paperboard, 215e216 parisons: polymer processing additives, 199 292 INDEXpartially fluorinated semi-crystalline resins, 166e167 particle erosion: lubricants, 70 particle size: plastics, 116 printing ink, 152e153 PAs, see polyamides paste inks, 151 PAVE, see perfluoroalkylvinylether PBT, see polybutyleneterephthalate PCL, see polycaprolactone PCTFE, see polychlorotrifluoroethylene PDMS, see polydimethylsiloxane PEEK, see polyetheretherketone PEG, see polyethylene glycol PELs, see permissible exposure limits pencils, 157e158 perfluorinated semi-crystalline resins, 162e166 perfluoroalkylvinylether (PAVE), 181e182 perfluorocarbon resins, 215 perfluorodioxole, 167 perfluoro-isobutylene, 220, 221t perfluoropolyethers, 72 perfluoropolymer coatings, 162, 168 perfluoropropolyether (PFPE) additives, 12e13 perfluoro propyl vinyl ether (PFPVE), 171 perfluorotetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): lubricants, 70, 73e75 dry-film lubricants, 79 engine oils, 82, 84 grease, 90, 93e94 low-viscosity lubricants, 75 low-viscosity oil literature studies, 77e79 motor oil, 88e90 release agents, 82 suppliers, 96e100 permeation: plastics, 134 permissible exposure limits (PELs), 220, 221t peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers, 57e58 peroxides, 23e24, 57e58 personal hygiene, 224 persulfate initiation, 22, 22t PEs, see polyesters PESs, see polyethersulfones PET, see polyethyleneterephthalate PETP, see polyethyleneterephthalate Petrolon Technologies, 87 PFF, see polymer fume fever PFPE, see perfluoropropolyether additives PFPVE, see perfluoro propyl vinyl ether phenolic resin binders, 161 phosgene, 123 phosphorus (NiP) coatings, 168 pigmented polymer compositions, 62e64 pigment milling, 152e153 pig tail screws, 141e142 Pin & Vee Block tests, 92, 92t pin-on-disk tests: coatings, 157 plastics, 111 planography, see lithography plasma etching, 9 plastics, 107e148 compounding of fluorinated additives, 138e143 fire situations, 134e138 fluoroadditive use, 116e118 friction, 107e108, 113e118 friction processes, 109e110 melt dripping, 134e138 non-fluorinated anti-friction additives, 118 non-fluorinated anti-wear additives, 118 particle size, 116 polymer processing additives, 199 processing aid additives, 195 PTFE manufacturing, 116 surface property alterations, 131e134 background, 131e132 irradiated PTFE, 134 permeation, 134 surface tension reduction, 132e134 theory, 131e132 types, 118e129 epoxy resins, 128e129 miscellaneous thermoplastics, 129 polyacetals, 121e123 polyamides, 119e121 polycarbonates, 123e124 polyesters, 124e125 polyetheretherketone, 125e128 polyphenylene sulfide, 128 water wear, 118 wear processes, 107e108, 110e118 Platinum Research Organization, 89 plugged oil filters, 86 pollution, 159 polyacetals, 121e123 polyacrylates, 160, 166e167 polyamides (PAs), 119e121 polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT), 124 polycaprolactone (PCL), 203e204, 204t polycarbonates, 123e124, 137 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 94 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 123 polyester oil, 78 polyesters (PEs), 124e125, 137, 160 polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 125e128 polyethersulfones (PESs), 159, 165 poly(ethylene-butene-1), 59 polyethylene glycol (PEG), 203e204, 204t polyethylene (PE): coatings, 164 fluorination, 13 fluoroelastomer-based additives, 59 lubricants, 95 plastics, 120 processing aid additives, 59, 195, 198, 200, 200t, 202e203 see also high-density polyethylene; linear low-density polyethylene; lowdensity polyethylene polyethyleneterephthalate (PET/PETP), 124, 125t, 129, 137 Polyflon TFE low polymers, 98e99 polymer fume fever (PFF), 220, 224 polymerization: fluoroelastomer-based additives emulsion polymerization, 54e56 suspension polymerization, 56e58 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 43e51 dispersion polymerization, 43e46 suspension polymerization, 46e51 mechanism, 22e23 tetrafluoroethylene, 20 emulsion polymerization, 27e29 suspension polymerization, 23e27 polymer processing additives/aids (PPAs), 53, 58e64, 196 advantages, 194 applications, 193e210 high-molecular-weight processing aids, 194 low-molecular-weight processing aids, 193e195 description, 11e12 function, 196e198 regulations compliance, 215 see also fluoroelastomer additives; processing aid additives polymer welding, 224 Polymist trade names, 99e100 polyolefins, 5, 5t fluorine uniqueness, 5 plastics, 117 mechanical properties, 130 melt properties, 130 permeations, 134 surface tension reduction, 133e134 types, 118e119, 124 polymer processing additives, 59, 61, 195e196, 201e203 regulations compliance, 215 polyoxymethylene (POM), 121e122, 122t polyphenylene, 165 poly(phenylene ether): plastics, 130, 137 polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 128 polypropylene, 130 polystyrene-based resins, 130 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): characterization, 29e34 dispersions, 32e34 fine powder resins, 31e32 granular resins, 29e31 INDEX 293polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): (Continued) coatings, 163e166 commercial products, 170 fluoropolymer additive addition, 158 staining prevention, 169e170 consumption volume, 226, 226t description homopolymer additives, 11 modified waxes, 13 dispersion grade activities, 223 disposal methods, 225 electroless processes, 168 electrolytic processes, 168 environmental protection, 225 fabrication, 222 fire hazards, 224 fluorine characteristics, discovery, 8e9 fluorine uniqueness, 3e5 fluoroadditive production electron beam irradiation, 39e42 thermal cracking, 39 grinding, 42e43 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives commercial products, 51 degradation, 37e39 dispersion polymerization, 43e46 other manufacturing methods, 51 production methods, 39e43 suspension polymerization, 46e51 market share gradings, 226, 226t material incompatibilities, 224 melt processing, 223 plastics, 107, 113 compounding of fluorinated additives, 138e141 epoxy resins, 128 extrusion compounding, 141e142 fire retardant products, 138 friction, 113e116 high molecular weight micropowder mixing, 137e138 mechanical properties, 129 melt dripping, 135 melt properties, 129 polyacetals, 121e122, 122t polyamides, 119e120 polycarbonates, 124, 124t polyesters, 124e125, 125t polyetheretherketone, 126 polyphenylene sulfide, 128 surface properties, 134 water wear, 118 wear processes, 113e116 printing ink abrasion resistance, 153e154 commercial suppliers, 154 particle size, 152 printing processes, 149 rub resistance, 153e154 types, 152 processing, 222 properties, 20e22 protective clothing, 224 recycling, 225 regulations compliance, 213e214 rubber, 179e189, 187t safety measures, 220 sintering, 223 spillage cleanup, 224 thermal properties, 219 toxicology, 219 welding of polymers, 224 polyvinyl chloride, 130 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): coatings, 166, 168e169, 171, 171t printing ink, 151 rubber, 182 POM, see polyoxymethylene PPAs, see polymer processing additives/ aids PPS, see polyphenylene sulfide printing ink additives, 149e156 abrasion resistance, 153e154 blocking, 154 commercial suppliers, 154e155 ink types, 151 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 46 printing processes, 149e150 PTFE-modified waxes, 13e14 rub resistance, 153e154 processing aid additives, see polymer processing additives/aids processing emissions, 220 protective clothing, 224 PTFE, see perfluorotetrafluoroethylene; polytetrafluoroethylene PVDF, see polyvinylidene fluoride PV Limits, see Limiting PV pyrolysis: fluoroadditive production, 39 tetrafluoroethylene preparation, 17e19, 18t see also thermal cracking Q QMI: lubricants, 85e86, 88 R radical addition reactions, 19e20 recommended exposure limits (RELs), 220, 221t re-crystallization: tetrafluoroethylene polymers, 20 recycling, 219e228 redux initiators, 23e24 regulations compliance, 213e218 commercial micropowders, 214e216 FDA food contact requirements, 213e214 food contact applications, 213e214 medical applications, 213 release agents: coatings, 170e171 low-molecular-weight PPAs, 193e194 lubricants, 75, 81e82 RELs, see recommended exposure limits resins: ABS resin compositions, 137 coatings, 160e167, 215 epoxy resins, 128e129, 160 FDA food contact requirements, 213e214 fine cut resins, 26 fine powder resins, 31, 32t, 33t food contact regulations, 215 general purpose resins, 119 granular resins, 29, 30t, 31t high temperature engineering resins, 119 lubricants, 31e32 partially fluorinated semi-crystalline resins, 166e167 perfluorinated semi-crystalline resins, 162e166 perfluorocarbon resins, 215 plastics, 119, 128e130, 137e138 polystyrene-based resins, 130 printing ink, 151 PTFE characterization, 29 regulations compliance, 215 resin binders, 160e161 rolling friction, 69 rotogravure (gravure) printing, 150e151 Roto-Jet grinding mills, 42e43 RTP Company, 117, 124, 124t, 127e128 rubber, 175e192 addition to fluoroelastomers, 185e186 characterization, 177e179 coatings, 166 commercial products, 189 compositions, 175e177 compounding, 175e177 EPDM rubber, 186e189 fluorinated additive types, rubber, 179e184 fluoro-silicone, 184e185 moduli, 177 regulations compliance, 216 silicone, 184e185 rub resistance, 153e154 S SAE, see Society of Automotive Engineers safety, 219e228 294 INDEXSAN, see styrene/acrylonitrile polymer blends scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses, 181 Schallamach waves, 178 scrapers: printing ink, 152e153 scrap fluoropolymers, 154, 225 scratches: printing ink, 153 scratch tests: coatings, 157e158 scrub resistance testing, 164e165, 165t scuffing: plastics, 126 Selectfluour, 6 SEM, see scanning electron microscopic analyses semibatch emulsion polymerization: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 55e56 semibatch polymerization modes: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 53e55 semibatch reactor operation: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 54e55 semi-crystalline resins, 162e167 set measurements: rubber, 178 Shamrock Technologies, 93, 100 shark skin surface defects, 202 shearing processes: rubber, 176 shear-thinning lubricants, 91 silicone: processing aid additives, 195 rubber, 184e185 silicone oils: lubricant base oils, 71 plastics, 117 single-screw extruders, 141 sintered polytetrafluoroethylene: electron beam irradiation, 41, 42t lubricants, 93 plastics, 116 printing ink, 152 sintering: fabrication steps, 223 lubricants, 73e74 plastics, 107 printing ink, addition to ink, 152 processing steps, 223 PTFE characterization, 29 thermoplastic coatings, 159 Slick 50 lubricant, 86e87 sliding friction: lubricants, 69 slip agents: processing aid additives, 203e204 slip-stick sliding contact phenomena, 69, 109, 113, 125 snowballing granulation steps, 26e27 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 82e83, 87 Society of Tribologists and Lubricating Engineers (STLE), 83e84 soft thermoplastic elastomer segments, 175 Solef polyvinylidene fluoride, 171, 171t solid lubricant additives, 72e73 Solvay Solexis: lubricants, 92e93, 99e100 plastics, 108, 117 polymeric processing aids, 64e65, 64t printing ink, 154 PTFE fluoroadditive powders, 49te50t rubber, 184, 186 solvents: coatings, 159 fluoroelastomer-based additives, suspension polymerization, 57 gravure printing, 150 printing ink, 150e151 SouthWest Insitute, 83 Southwest Research Institute, 87 spillage cleanup, 224 SSG, see standard specific gravity stain resistance: coatings, 168e170 plastics, 133 standards compliance, 213e218 standard specific gravity (SSG): fine powder polytetrafluoroethylene resins, 31 granular PTFE resins, 29 static coefficients of friction: coatings, 158 plastics, 109, 114e115 rubber, 188e189 static friction: lubricants, 69 stearates, 193e194 steel, 124, 124t step polymerization, 60 stick-slip friction, 69, 109, 125 STLE, see Society of Tribologists and Lubricating Engineers Streptomyces cattleya bacteria, 9 styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) polymer blends, 130, 137e140 surface energies/tensions: coatings, 158, 168e169, 169t, 170t plastics, 131e134, 132t polymer processing additives, 205e208 surface fatigue: lubricants, 70 surfactants: ammonium perfluorooctanoate, 21e22 coatings, 168, 170 tetrafluoroethylene polymerization, 20, 27e28 suspension polymerization: fluoroelastomer-based additives, 56e58 low-molecular-weight fluoropolymer additives, 43, 46e51 lubricants, polymeric fluorinated additives, 73 plastics, 107, 140e141 printing ink, 152 rubber, 186e188 tetrafluoroethylene, 23e27 suspension-polymerized PTFE, 163 suspension-type PTFE: plastics, 135, 141 rubber, 179 Sutherland tests: printing ink, 153e154 synthetic rubbers, 176 see also elastomers T Taber abrasion tests, 157 TCTFE, see trichlorotrifluoroethane tear resistance tests: rubber, 178 Techrobond, 89 Tecnoflon "Nano-PTFE-filled" fluoroelastomers, 186 Teflon: coatings, 167, 171 printing ink, 154 rubber, 181 telogen, 74 terpolymers: polymer processing additives, 196 tetrafluoroethylene (TFE): coatings, 166e167 emulsion polymerization, 27e29 fluorine characteristics, 8e9 lubricants, 95 polymerization, 20, 23e29 polymer processing additives, 196 polymers, 20e22 preparation, 17e19 processing emissions, 220, 221t properties, 19e20 rubber, 180e182 suspension polymerization, 23e27 thermal properties, 219 see also polytetrafluoroethylene textured surfaces: coatings, 158e159 thermal addition of PTFE: plastics, 116e117 thermal cracking, 39 thermal instability indices, 213 thermal transfer inks, 151 thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 175, 182 thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), 133, 133t thermoplastics: coatings, 159 polymeric process additive development, 60 thermosetting coating parameters, 159e161 thickeners: lubricants, 90, 92e95 third body layers: plastics, 110 three-roller mills, 151 threshold limit values (TLVs), 220, 221t INDEX 295thrust-washer tests: coatings, 157 plastics, 111 TLVs, see threshold limit values toners, 150 toughening agents: plastics, 117 toxicology, 219 TPEs, see thermoplastic elastomers TPU, see thermoplastic polyurethane transfer films: plastics, 110, 113 rubber, 178 tribology studies, 108e109 trichlorotrifluoroethane (TCTFE): fluoroelastomer-based additives, 57 lubricants, 93e94 tubing extrusion, 195 Tufoil, 86 tungsten disulfide, 79 twin-screw extruders, 133, 141 two-roll mills, 176 U UL 94V Test: plastics, 135e136 ultraviolent (UV) light stabilizers, 205 University of Utah research: lubricants, 85e87 unmodified PTFE, 179e180 urethane, 133, 133t, 161 UV, see ultraviolet V van der Waals forces, 20 ventilation of degradation product, 221e222 Vespel polyimide products, 129 vinylidene fluoride (VDF): coatings, 166e167 description, 12 fluoroelastomer-based additives, 55, 57, 59 polymer processing additives, 59, 196, 200 see also PVDF virgin polytetrafluoroethylene, 225 Viton: polymer processing additives, 195e196 Viton A, see hexafluoropropylene VITON formulations: rubber, 186, 187t Viton polymeric processing aids, 62t, 64e65 volatile organic chemicals (VOC), 159 Vortex mills, 25e26 W water: lubricant washout tests, 92, 92t plastics, 118 see also aqueous. water-miscible solvents, 159 water/oil repellency: coatings, 158 water-reducible coatings, 159 waxes: plastics, 108 printing ink, 151 PTFE-modification, 13 wear processes: coatings, 157, 165 lubricants, 69e71, 78e79, 80t, 81t plastics, 107e108, 110e113 fluoroadditive use, 116e118 high molecular weight micropowders, 113e116 low molecular weight micropowders, 113e116 particle size, 116 polyacetals, 122 polyamides, 120e121, 121t polycarbonates, 124 polyesters, 124e125, 125t polyetheretherketone, 127, 127t PTFE manufacturing, 116 thermoplastics enhancement, 116e118 types, 118e119 rubber, 178, 183, 183t welding of polymers, 224 wet agglomeration processes, 26 wetting: plastics, 131 X xenon, 7 X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 198 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, 38 Y Young and Dupre equations, 131 Z zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), 72, 75, 78e79, 84, 89, 94 zinc oxide (ZnO) plastics, 129 Zonyl: coatings, 164e166, 170 rubber, 181, 185e188, 185t, 187t
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