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عدد المساهمات : 18967 التقييم : 35407 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints الأربعاء 06 سبتمبر 2023, 2:46 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints Thiad Edition, Aevised and Expanded John H. Iic~foad Consultant, Bidwell Industrial Group, Inc. Middletown, Connecticut
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface to the Third Edition Acknowledgments Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Part I INTRODUCTION TO THE BOLTED JOINT 1 Basic Concepts I. Two Types of Bolted Joint II. The Bolt's Job III. The Challenge IV. Failure Modes V. Design VI. The Layout of the Book 2 Stress and Strength Considerations I. Types of Strength II. The Bolt in Tension III. The Strength of a Bolt IV. The Strength of the Joint V. Other Types of Load on a Bolt VI. Combined Loads on a Bolt References Threads and Their Strength I. Thread Forms II. Thread Profiles III. Thread Series IV. Thread Allowance, Tolerance, and Class v. Inspection Levels VI. Thread Nomenclature VII. Coarse vs. Fine vs. Constant-Pitch Threads VIII. The Strength of Threads IX. Other Factors Affecting Strength References 4 Materials I. Properties Which Affect the Clamping Force II. Fastener Standards III. Selecting an Appropriate Standard IV. Material Property Nomenclature V. Bolting Materials VI. Material Sets VII. Metric Fasteners VIII. Equivalent Materials IX. Material Properties References 5 Stiffness and Strain Considerations I. Bolt Deflection and Stiffness II. The Joint III. Gasketed Joints IV. An Alternate Way to Compute Joint Stiffness V. The Joint Stiffness Ratio or Load Factor VI. Stiffness-Some Design Goals References Contents Contents xxiii Part II TIGHTENING THE JOINT: ESTABLISHING THE CLAMPING FORCE 6 Introduction to Assembly 175 I. Initial vs. Residual Preload 176 II. Starting the Assembly Process 176 III. Bolt Preload vs. Clamping Force on the Joint 182 IV. Continuing the Snugging Pass 189 v. Short-Term Relaxation of Individual Bolts 190 VI. Elastic Interactions Between Bolts 200 VII. The Assembly Process Reviewed 208 VIII. Optimizing Assembly Results 210 References 211 7 Torque Control of Bolt Preload 213 I. The Importance of Correct Preload 213 II. Torque vs. Preload-The Long-Form Equation 217 III. Things Which Affect the Torque-Preload Relationship 221 IV. Torque vs. Preload-The Short Form Equation 226 v. Torque Control in Practice 233 VI. Tools for Torque Control 245 VII. Fasteners Which Limit the Applied Torque 258 VIII. Is Torque Control No Good? 261 IX. Breakaway Torque 262 X. The Influence of Torque Control on Joint Design 264 References 267 8 Torque and Turn Control 269 I. Basic Concepts of Turn Control 269 II. Turn vs. Preload 272 III. Friction Effects 276 IV. Torque and Turn in Theory 277 v. Turn-of-Nut Control 281 VI. Control of Production Problems 287 VII. Computer-Controlled Systems 292 VIII. Monitoring the Results 301 IX. Torque-Turn Case Histories 302 X. Problems Reduced by Torque-Turn Control 308 XI. How to Get the Most Out of Torque-Turn Control 308xxiv Contents XII. Using Torque-Turn Data to Estimate Joint Stiffness 309 References 311 9 Stretch Control 312 I. The Concept 312 II. The Problems 314 III. Stretch Measurement Techniques and Problems 325 IV. Torque-Turn Considerations 333 V. How Much Stretch? 336 VI. Problems Reduced by Stretch Control 337 VII. How to Get the Most Out of Stretch Control 338 References 339 10 Preload Control 340 I. Present Measurement Techniques 341 II. Theoretical Possibilities 349 III. Bolt Tensioners 350 IV. Other Types of Tensioner 361 V. Bolt Heaters 362 VI. Problems Reduced by Direct Tension Control 363 VII. Getting the Most Out of Direct Preload Control 365 References 367 11 Ultrasonic Measurement of Bolt Stretch or Tension 369 I. Basic Concepts II. The Instruments III. Calibration of a Transit Time Instrument IV. Accuracy of Transit Time Instruments V. Usage Factors Affecting Accuracy of Measurement and Control VI. Case Histories VII. Problems Reduced by Ultrasonics VIII. Getting the Most Out of Ultrasonic Control References Part Ill THE JOINT IN SERVICE: IMPORTANCE AND STABILITY OF THE CLAMPING FORCE 12 Theoretical Behavior of the Joint Under Tensile Loads I. The Joint Diagram II. Loading Planes 442 Contents XXV III. Dynamic Loads on Tensile Joints 454 IV. The Joint Under a Compressive Load 456 v. A Warning 456 References 457 13 Behavior of the Joint Loaded in Tension: A Closer Look 458 I. The Effect of Prying Action on Bolt Loads 460 II. The Mathematics of Prying 468 III. Other Nonlinear Factors 477 IV. Flange Rotation 481 v. Thermal Effects 483 VI. Joint Equations Which Include the Effects of Eccentricity and Differential Expansion 496 References 502 14 In-Service Behavior of a Shear Joint 504 I. Bolted Joints Loaded in Axial Shear 504 II. Factors Which Affect Clamping Force in Shear Joints 510 III. Response of Shear Joints to External Loads 510 IV. Joints Loaded in Both Shear and Tension 511 References 513 15 Joint Failure 514 I. Mechanical Failure of Bolts 515 II. Lost Bolts 515 III. Loose Bolts 516 IV. Bolts Too Tight 516 v. Which Failure Modes Must We Worry About? 517 VI. The Concept of "Essential Conditions" 517 VII. The Importance of Correct Preload 519 VIII. Load Intensifiers 520 IX. Failure of Joint Members 522 X. Galling 523 References 526 16 Self-Loosening 527 I. The Problem 527 II. How Does a Nut Self-Loosen? 528xxvi Contents III. Loosening Sequence 532 IV. Junker's Theory of Self-Loosening 532 v. Other Theories of Self-Loosening 537 VI. Testing for Vibration Resistance 540 VII. To Resist Vibration 543 References 562 17 Fatigue Failure 565 I. The Fatigue Process 565 II. What Determines Fatigue Life? 569 III. Other Types of Diagram 573 IV. The Influence of Preload and Joint Stiffness 580 v. Minimizing Fatigue Problems 588 VI. Predicting Fatigue Life or Endurance Limit 595 VII. The Fatigue of Shear Joint Members 596 VIII. Case Histories 598 References 600 18 Corrosion 602 I. The Corrosion Mechanism 603 II. Hydrogen Embrittlement 609 III. Stress Corrosion Cracking 615 IV. Other Types of Stress Cracking 632 v. Minimizing Corrosion Problems 633 VI. Fastener Coatings 635 References 647 19 Gasketed Joints and Leaks 650 I. Why Does a Joint Leak? 651 II. Mechanical Behavior of a Gasket 652 III. Mechanical Behavior at Elevated Temperature 668 IV. Leakage Behavior of a Gasket 674 v. Testing and Evaluating Gaskets 690 VI. Gasket Quality Factors 694 VII. Selecting a Gasket 699 VIII. Selecting Assembly Stress for a Gasket 703 IX. Suggestions for the Field 719 X. A Case History 721 References 726Contents xxvii Part IV USING THE INFORMATION 20 Selecting Preload for an Existing Joint 733 I. How Much Clamping Force Do We Want? 734 II. Simple Ways to Select Assembly Preloads 742 III. Estimating the In-Service Clamping Force 747 IV. Relating Desired to Anticipated Bolt Tension 758 v. Which Variables to Include in the Analysis? 761 VI. The Bolting Technology Council 763 VII. A More Rigorous Procedure 764 21 Design of Joints Loaded in Tension 773 I. A Major Goal: Reliable Joints 773 II. Typical Design Steps 775 III. Joint Design in the Real World 779 IV. The VDI Joint Design Procedure 779 v. An Example 789 VI. Other Factors to Consider When Designing a Joint 792 References 795 Bibliography on Bolted Joint Design 796 22 The Design of Gasketed Joints 798 I. The VDI Procedure Applied to Gasketed Joints 799 II. An Example, Using the VDI Procedure 802 III. ASME Code Flanged Joint Design Rules 809 IV. Example, Using ASME Code Rules 812 v. Example, Using the Proposed PVRC Procedure 817 VI. Some Alternate Procedures 828 References 839 23 The Design of Joints Loaded in Shear 840 I. An Overview 840 II. The VDI Procedure Applied to Shear Joints 842 III. How Shear Joints Resist Shear Loads 845 IV. The Strength of Friction-Type Joints 848 v. The Strength of Bearing-Type Joints 856 VI. Eccentrically Loaded Shear Joints 862 VII. Allowable Stress vs. Load and Resistance Factor Design 869 References 870xxviii Contents APPENDICES A Units and Symbol Log 875 B Glossary of Fastener and Bolted Joints Terms 888 c Sources of Bolting Specifications 899 D Sources of Bolting Tools and Specifications 901 E English and Metric Conversion Factors 904 F Tensile Stress Areas for English and Metric Threads with Estimated "Typical" Preloads and Torques for As-Received Steel Fasteners 906 G Basic Head, Thread, and Nut Lengths 924 H Key Equations in Calculator/Computer Formats 936 Index 943 Index Accuracy (see also Assembly): direct preload control, 341-344, 348, 354 stretch control, 316-317, 319-321, 328-329, 333-336 torque control, 222, 228, 249, 251, 253-254, 256-258 torque-turn control, 282, 293, 297, 302-307 ultrasonic control, 391, 394-410 Aerospace bolting, 183-185, 343-344, 346-348 Aluminizing, 640 Angularity, see Perpendicularity Area, cross sectional, see Tensile stress area Area, tensile stress, see Tensile stress area Area, thread stripping, see Threads, stripping of ASME Code, 674-676, 704-711, 809-817 Assembly (see also Procedure, Torque control, Torque-turn control, Preload control): [Assembly] energy consumed during, 5, 6, 35, 44, 148-149, 168-171, 176, 178 gasketed joint, 274-275, 703-719 optimizing results, 210-211, 308-309 optimizing, 210-211 overview of, 175-212 picking a torque for, 733-772, 775, 783-789, 795 procedure, 177-178, 210-211 process summarized, 7-9 production problems, 287 Automotive bolting (see also Preload, Torque control, Torque-turn control), 584, 595-596, 610, 633, 643 Basic concepts, 3-14 Bearing strength of joint, 95 Behavior of bolted joints see Joint behavior Belleville springs, 195 Bending of bolt, 42-43, 320-323, 593 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, see ASME Code 943944 Bolt Gage, see Ultrasonics Bolt heaters, 362-363, 365, 367 Bolts: alternate design, 345-347, 364-366 load indicating, 347-348 main purpose of, 4-6 selection of, 777, 782, 789 stiffness of, see Stiffness of bolt strain gage, 341 strength of, see Strength of bolts stresses in, see Strength of bolts, Stress in bolts stretch controlled, 360-361 torque control, 258-261 twist off, 258-259, 345-346 Brittle fracture of bolts, 102-104 Cadmium plate, substitutes for, 643, 647 Calibration of bolting tools, 254-256 Centroid of bolt pattern, 863-866 Change in length, computing, for bolt, 139-143, 312-313 Change in length control, see Stretch control Clamping force (see also Preload, Joint diagrams): amount required, 734-742, 774-775, 778-779, 781-782, 785 based on stored energy, 175 estimating it, 747-758 factors which affect it, 80-84, 175, 178-179, 182-189 importance of, 5 instability of, 483-496 minimum, 439-440, 449 shear joint, 509-511 variations in, 38-39, 766-768 vs. preload, 176, 180, 182-189 Coatings (see also Plating); 614, 630-631, 634-647, 851-852 Code, Boiler and pressure Vessel, see ASME Code Coefficient of thermal expansion, (see also Thermal effects, differential expansion), 110, 112-114 Index Constant life diagram, 573-576 Control of bolt preload, see Preload, Assembly Control, torque, see Torque Control, torque-turn, see Torqueturn Corrosion: effect on clamping force, 82 essential conditions for, 604 fighting it, 633-635 galvanic series, 603-604 general discussions of, 122-123, 125, 128-129, 602-649 mechanism for, 603-605 types of, 605-609 Cost of fasteners, 125, 129-131 Creep: gasket, definitions of, 656-659 gasket, at elevated temperatures, 660-664, 669-671 rupture, 493 Cryogenic bolt materials, 119, 124-125 Density of fasteners, 130 Design of bolted joints: allowable stress design, 847-849, 869 ASME Code procedure, 809-817 basic goals for, 12-13, 773-775, 781-782 equations for, 448-449, 496-497, 764-766, 783-789, 799-802, 810-815, 842-844, 848-849 gasketed joints, 798-839 general procedure, 775-779, 782-783 influence of torque control on, 264-266 load and resistance factor design, 847, 869-870 need for overdesign, 441, 755-758 PVRC procedure, 817-827 shear joints, 840-871 tension joints, 773-797Index [Design of bolted joints] VDI procedure, 779-792, 799-809, 842-845 Diagrams, joint, see Joint diagrams Differential expansion, see Thermal effects DTI, see Washers, tension indicating Effective length, see Length, effective Elastic curves for bolts, 18-19 Elastic interactions, 6, 8, 200-208, 357-359, 366-367 how much to expect, 207-208, 357-359, 424-427, 708, 766, 805, 843 Elastic limit, 18 Elasticity, modulus of, see Modulus of elasticity Elongation of bolt, see Stretch and Joint diagrams Embedment, 35, 46, 190-197, 207, 354-356, 532, 537 how much to expect, 196-198, 425-426 Embrittlement, hydrogen, see Hydrogen embrittlement Endurance limit, 119, 126-127, 570-571 Energy (see also Assembly, energy consumed during), stored in bolt, 5, 6, 35, 44, 148-149, 170-171, 178-179, 181, 314, 441-442, 613 stored in joint, 5, 6, 168-171, 181, 441-442, 451 Equations: long form torque-preload, 219-221, 224 short form torque-preload, 226-233, 711, 744, 795, 908 Expansion, differential, see Thermal effects Extensomer, ultrasonic, see Ultrasonics Failure: bolt, 10-12, 33-34, 515 corrosion, 602-649 fatigue, 565-601 joint, essential conditions for, 517-519, 565, 588, 604 joint, in general, 514-526 joint, summarized, 10-12 joint, types of, 39-40, 214-215 self-loosening, 527-564 shear joint, 522-523 945 stress cracking, see Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosioncracking Failure of threads, see Threads, failure of, Threads, stripping of Fasteners, stretch controlled, 330-333 Fatigue: constant life diagram, 573-576 designing for, 787-788 endurance limit, 570-571 factors which affect life, 572-573 general discussion of, 565-601 infinite life diagram, 577-579 minimizing problems, 588-595 optimum preload for, 584, 787-788 predicting life, 595-596 S-N diagrams, 569-571 Faying surfaces, 505, 851 Fire, effect on bolts, 118-119, 124 Flange: design of, see Design of bolted joints, gasketed joints raised face, stiffness of, 164-166 rotation, 481-483, 653, 667, 808, 810, 812, 814, 892 surface finish of, 668 FOGTAR, 239, 241 Force, clamping, see Clamping force Forces on bolt and joint, see Joint diagrams, Loads Friction (see also Nut factor): factors affecting, 221-222 losses during assembly, 178-180, 219-221 Fugitive emissions, 692946 Galling, 523-526 Galvanizing, 640-641 Gasketed joints: design of (see also Design of bolted joints) design of, 798-839 general discussion of, 650-729 stiffness of, 159-166 Gasket factors, 674-676, 681, 686-689, 704-719 Gaskets: behavior of, 161 blowout resistance of, 664-665 creep relaxation of (see also Creep, gasket), 655-664, 669-671, 709 fugitive emissions, 692 leakage behavior of, 674-689 m and y factors, 674-676, 704-711 measuring stress on and deflection of, 693-694 mechanical behavior of, 652-673 optimizing use of, 719-721 PVRC factors, 681, 686-689, 712-719 P x Tfactor, 661, 665 quality factors for, 694-699 selecting assembly stress, 703-719 selection of, 699-703 stiffness of, 159-164, 652-655 substitutes for asbestos, 691-692 testing of, 690-694 tightness parameter, 681-684 Hardness of bolts, 96-102 Heaters, bolt, 362-363, 365, 367 Hole interference, 182-185 Hydraulic wrenches, 249-250 Hydrogen embrittlement, 609-614 Interactions, elastic, see Elastic interactions Interference fit, 182-185 Index Joint, axial shear, see Joint, shear Joint behavior: nonlinear, 459, 466-468, 477-481, 654-655 under tensile loads, 9-10, 421-457 Joint, concentric, stiffness of, 151-152 Joint control, see Torque-turn control Joint design, see Design of bolted joints Joint diagrams: assembly, 180-182, 207, 266, 426-427 compressive load, 455-456 cyclical loads, 454-455, 580-583, 587 for joint design, 785 in general, 422-457 loading planes, 422-453 nonlinear, 654-655 thermal effects on, 488-489 Joint, eccentric shear, 857, 862-869 Joint, eccentric tension, 152-155, 468-475, 788-789 Joint, flanged, see Gasketed joints Joint, gasketed see Gasketed joints Joint materials, 131-134 Joint, nonlinear, 150, 161, 168-170 Joint, overdesign of, 441, 755-758 Joint, rotation of, see Flange, rotation of Joint, shear: bearing type, 508-509, 845, 856-862 definition of, 3-4 design goals for, 12-13 fatigue failure of, 596-598 friction type, 505-507 general discussions of, 39-40, 504-513, 840-871 loads on, 735, 845-848, 850, 853, 857' 862-863 Joint, sheet metal, 13 Joint, slip-critical, 845-847Index Joint, stiffness of, see Stiffness of joint Joint stiffness ratio, see Load factor Joint, structural, see Structural steel joints Joint, tension: definition of, 3-4 design of, 773-797 design goals for, 12-13 K, see Nut factors Klinger gasket factors, 829-832 Leakage, see Gasketed joints, Gaskets Length, change in, see Change in length, computing, for bolt; Stretch of bolt Length, effective, 140-142 Load factor (see also Stiffness ratio, bolt-to-joint), 168, 439, 448, 471-473, 586 Load indicating bolts, 347-348 Loading planes, 442-453 Load intensifiers (see also Joint, eccentric shear; Joint, eccentric tension), 520-521 Loads on bolts (see also Stress in bolts, Working loads on bolts): maximum, 439, 449 tensile plus shear, 511-513 types of, 40-47 Loads on joint: axial shear, 850, 853, 857 compressive, 455-456 critical, 434-435, 437, 446, 454-455, 473-474, 580-582 dynamic, 454-456 eccentric, 468-475, 788-789, 857, 862-869 prying, 460-476, 521, 581, 594 shear, see Joint, shear Lockbolts, 346-347, 364, 556 Locking fasteners, 551-557 Loosening of nut, see Self-loosening LRM preload control system, 296-298 Lubrication, see Nut factor Materials: bolting, equivalent, 92-93 bolting, in general, 80-137 947 bolting, list of tables of properties, 93-94 joint joint, 131-134 Metric-English conversion factors, 904-905 Metric fasteners, in general, 91-92 Micrometer measurements, see Stretch, measurement of Modulus of elasticity, 110, 115-117, 318, 483-484 Monitor, torque, see Torque control Multipliers, torque, 248-249 Nut factors, 226-233 table of, 231-232 Nut runners, 251-254 Nuts: dilation of, 69-70 hydraulic, 360-362 locking, 551-553 strength of, 73, 104-107 stresses in, 24-27 tension, 25, 590 torque limiting, 259-261 which to use, 104-107 Perpendicularity of bolt and joint, 590 Plating (see also Coatings), 610-611, 630-631, 636-637, 639-641 cadmium substitutes, 643, 647 Preload (see also Clamping force, Joint diagrams): accuracy of, see Accuracy vs. clamping force, 176, 180, 182-189, 265-266 computer control of, 292-302 correct, 213-216, 519-520, 584, 703-719, 733-772, 775, 783-789948 [Preload] definitions of, 176 direct control of, 340-368 factors affecting, 175-202, 221-226 initial vs residual, 176, 190-197, 200-208 LRM control of, 296-297 monitors, 301-302 optimum, 584 selection of, 213-216, 519-520, 584, 703-719, 733-772 stretch control of, 312-339, 360-361 torque control of, 213-268 torque-time control of, 288-289 torque-turn control of, 269-311 vs. turn, 272-276 turn-of-nut control of, 281-286 ultrasonic control of, 369-418 variation in, 234-244, 316-317, 424-427, 747-758, 766-768, 782 (see also Accuracy) yield control of, 293-296 Pressure exerted by bolt head or nut on joint, 35-38, 739, 788 Prevailing torque (see also Torque, prevailing): fasteners, 550 Procedure, bolting (see also Assembly), 177-178, 210-211 problems, 287 Proof strength, see Strength of bolts, proof Prying action, 460-476, 521, 581, 594 Public Law No. 101, 592, 613 Relaxation: of automotive transmission bolts, 307-308 of bolts (see also Embedment, Elastic interactions, Selfloosening, Stress relaxation), 46, 110-111, 118-119, 120-122, 189-208 of gasket, 159-162, 655-664, 800 Index Resilience (see also Stiffness), 155, 471 Rotation of flange, 481-483, 653, 667 Rupture of bolts, see Failure of bolts SCC, see Stress corrosion cracking Seizing of threads, see Galling Self-loosening: fighting it, 540, 543-562 general discussion of, 527-564 Junker theory of, 532-536 testing for, 540-542 why it occurs, 528-540 Separation of joint, see Failure, joint, in general Shear joint, see Joint, shear Shear loads, see Joint, shear; Loads on joint Shear strength, see Joint, shear; Strength of bolts; Strength of joints, material Slip critical joints, see Joint, slipcritical Slip of joint, see Failure, joint, types of Snugging the joint, 177-178, 273, 282-283, 309 Specifications, see Standards Standards, 84-87 Stiffness of bolt, 65, 138-158 computing, 138-148 temperature, effects of, 83 Stiffness of bolt-nut-washer system, 146-147 Stiffness of gaskets, 159-164, 652-655 Stiffness of joint: computing, 149-155, 166-167 concentric, 151-152, 157-159, 164-166 eccentric, 152-155 estimating it, 157-159, 164-166, 309-310 Stiffness ratio, bolt-to-joint, 165-166, 171, 594-595 Strain gages, 341-342 (see also Stretch of bolt, Stretch control)Index Strength of bolts (see also Threads, strength of): brittle fracture, 16-17, 102-104 extreme temperature, 107-110, 119, 124-125, 484 fatigue, 17, 119, 122, 126-127 general discussions of, 15-17, 27-35, 80-137 proof, 27-29, 73, 96-101 shear, 16, 95, 103 stress cracking strength, 617-620 tensile, 15-16, 46-47, 87, 94-101 types of, 15-17 ultimate, 16, 18, 28, 29, 94-101 yield, 96-102 Strength of joint: bearing contact, 35-38, 739, 788 material strength, 131-134 Strength of threads, see Threads, strength of Stress area, tensile, see Tensile stress area Stress in bolts (see also Loads on bolts), 20-24, 788 bending, 42-43, 475-476 combined, 43-47 shear, 41 tensile, 46-47 tensile plus shear, 511-513 torsional, 34, 41-42, 46, 294 Stress, contact, head to joint, 35-38 Stress, contact, nut to joint, 35-38 Stress corrosion cracking, 606-608, 615-632 essential conditions for, 615, 622 fighting it, 622-631 KISCC, 616-621 Stress cracking, see Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking Stress on gasket, see Gaskets Stress in joint, 38 Stress, measurement of, 389-391, 693-694 Stress, nomenclature for, 87 Stress in nuts, 24-27 949 Stress relaxation of bolts, 110-111, 118, 120-123, 490-492 Stress, ultrasonic measurement of, 389-391 Stretch of bolt (see also Change in length, Stretch control): amount to expect, 336-337 Stretch, computing, for bolt, 139-143, 312-313 Stretch control (see also Ultrasonics): advantages of, 313-314, 337-338 basic concepts, 312-314 general discussion of, 312-339 optimizing, 338-339 problems with, 314-325, 337-338 Stretch, measurement of, 325-333 Stripping of threads, see Threads, stripping of Structural steel joint (see also Joint, shear): assembly of, 211, 283-285, 342-343, 345-346 failure modes, 39-40, 522-523 general discussions of, 39-40, 504-513, 840-871 prying of, 468 Temperature, high (see also Thermal effects): effect on gasket, 668-673, 684-686, 691-692, 698-699, 702, 710, 721-724 effect on yield strength, 107-110 service temperature limits, 123 Temperature, low, see Cryogenic bolt materials Tensile joint, see Joint, tension Tensile loads, (see also Joint diagrams) effects of, 9 Tensile strength, see Strength of bolts, Strength of joint Tensile stress area: of bolt, 29-33 of nut, 29-30 tables of, 32, 74, 906-923950 Tension in bolt, see Preload, Joint diagrams, Stress in bolts Tension joint, see Joint, tension Tensioners, 350-361, 365-367 Tensioners, optimizing the use of, 365-367 Thermal effects (see also Temperature, high): clamping force, 81-82 compensating for, 493-496 differential expansion, 110, 112-114, 317-318, 484-490, 710 elasticity, 483-484 fire tests, 118-119, 124 flange rotation, 481-483 gasket behavior, 668-673, 684-686, 691-692, 698-699, 702 modulus of elasticity, 110, 115-117 strength, 484 stress relaxation, 110-111, 118, 120-123 ultrasonic measurements, 382, 393, 400 Threads: allowances for, 56-57 classes of, 58 coarse vs. fine pitch, 63 engagement of, 61, 67-69, 792 failure of, 65-73 fatigue resistant, 589-592 forms of, 49-52 gaging of, 61-63 general discussion of, 49-71 inspection of, 61-63 metric, 56, 58-61 nomenclature for, 62-63 profiles of, 53-54 series of, 54-56 strength of, 65-77 stripping of, 34, 65-66 table of stripping areas, 32 tolerances for, 57-60 Tightening procedure, see Assembly Tightness parameter for gaskets, 681-684 Index Tools: computer controlled, 292-302 LRM controlled, 296-297 stretch control, 325-333 tensioning, 35, 361 torque controlled, 245-258 torque-turn controlled, 287-302 yield control, 293-296 Tools, accuracy of, see Accuracy Torque: breakaway, 262-264 calibration of, 254-256 equations for, 217-221, 224, 226-228 influence on joint design, 264-266 limiting fasteners, 258-261 loosening, 262 prevailing, 224, 226, 533-534, 550, 559 restarting, 262-264 tools, 245-248 which to use, 233-234 Torque control (see also Torque): in general, 213-268 importance of, 261-262 Torque loss, see Relaxation, of bolts Torque monitors, 256-257 Torque multipliers, 248-249 Torque-time control, 288-289 Torque-turn control: advantages of, 280-281 in general, 269-311 optimizing, 308-309 Torque-turn, computing joint stiffness with, 166-167 Torsion, see Stress in bolts Turn-of-nut control, 281-286 Turn vs. preload, 272-276 Turn, relative Ultimate strength, see Strength of bolts, ultimate Ultrasonics: basic principles, 370-373 calibration of instruments, 391-394Index [Ultrasonics] crack detection, 632 effects of temperature on, 382, 393, 400 general discussion of, 369-418 instruments used, 374-391 optimizing the use of, 415-417 preload control by, 301, 332, 348, 369-418, 724-725 problems reduced by, 415 residual preload measured by, 305-307, 359, 771 stretch measured by, 332, 379-384 where used, 373-374 Units in text, 857-887 Vibration loosening, see Selfloosening Washers: Belleville, 195 strain gaged, 341-342 951 [Washers] tension indicating, 342-344, 364 thick, 36-37 Weight of fasteners, 125, 130 Window control, 287-289 Work done on bolt, 178-180, 208-209 Working loads on bolts, factors affecting, 216-217 (see also Loads on bolts) Wrenches: hydraulic, 249-250 impact, 250-251, 254 torque, 245-247 Yield control, 293-296 Yield strength of bolt, 96-102 Yield strength of joint, 131-134 Yield strength vs temperature, 107-110 Young's modulus, see Modulus of elasticity
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints
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