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| موضوع: كتاب Ionizing Radiation and Polymers - Principles, Technology and Applications الثلاثاء 29 أغسطس 2023, 12:49 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Ionizing Radiation and Polymers - Principles, Technology and Applications (2012) Jiri George Drobny
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents Dedication Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1 Radiation Types and Sources 1.2 Ionizing Radiations 1.3 Ion Beam Radiation 1.4 Laser Beam Radiation References Recommended Further Reading 2. Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry and Physics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Interaction of High-Energy Electrons with Organic Matter References Recommended Further Reading 3. Equipment Used for Radiation Processing of Polymers 3.1 γ-Ray Irradiation Equipment 3.2 EB Irradiation Equipment 3.3 X-Ray Processing Equipment 3.4 Current Developments in EB Processing Equipment and Technology References Recommended Further Reading 4. Electron Beam Processes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methods to Enhance EB Radiation Cross-linking by Prorads 4.3 Retarders of Radiation Cross-linking References Recommended Further Reading 5. Electron Beam Processing of Commercial Polymers, Monomers, and Oligomers 5.1 Processing of Thermoplastics 5.2 EB Processing of Elastomers 5.3 EB Processing of Liquid Systems 5.4 Grafting and Other Polymer Modifications References Recommended Further Reading 6. Industrial Applications of Ionizing Radiation 6.1 EB Process in Wire and Cable Technology 6.2 EB Process in Tire Technology 6.3 EB Process in the Manufacture of Polyolefin Foams 6.4 EB Process in the Production of Heat-Shrinkable Materials 6.5 Cross-linked PE Pipes 6.6 EB Process in Coatings, Adhesives, Paints, and Printing Inks 6.7 Production of Fluoroadditives 6.8 Radiation Curing of Polymeric Composites 6.9 Hydrogels 6.10 Sterilization of Medical Devices 6.11 Other Applications for Ionizing Radiation References Recommended Further Reading 7. Radiation-Resistant Polymers and Their Applications 7.1 Degradation and Stability 7.2 Applications of Radiation-Resistant Polymers References Recommended Further Reading 8. Dosimetry and Real-Time Process Monitoring 8.1 Dosimetry 8.2 Real-Time Monitors References Recommended Further Reading 9. Safety and Hygiene 9.1 EB Equipment Health and Safety 9.2 γ-Ray Health and Safety 9.3 Chemical Hazards References Recommended Further Reading 10. Current State of Technology and Trends 10.1 Current New Developments and Trends in Equipment and Chemistry 10.2 New Developments and Trends in Process Technology 10.3 Other New Development and Trends References Appendix I. Major EB Equipment Manufacturers Appendix II. Standards and Specifications Applicable to Ionizing Radiation AII.1 ASTM Standards AII.2 ISO/ASTM Standards AII.3 Other Resources for Dosimetry Appendix III. Units of Exposure, Absorbed Dose, and Conversions AIII.1 Exposure AIII.2 Absorbed Dose AIII.3 Equivalent Dose Appendix IV. Equation Used Appendix V. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry Bibliography Glossary Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively. A Absorbed dose, 1112, 261 Absorbed energy, 11 Accelerating voltage, 7 Acrylic compounds, 9195 Adhesives, 191195 laminating, 194195 pressure-sensitive, 192194 Advanced composites, 196 Advanced fiber-reinforced composites, 196200 AEB emitter, 75f Aerospace applications, of radiation-resistant polymers, 218220 Alanine dosimeters, 232 ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), 239 Aliphatic polyesters, 111 Allylic compounds, 9195 Antirads, 95 Applications of ionizing radiation artificial joints, 204205 battery separators, 204 filter membranes, 204 Artificial joints, ionizing radiation application as, 204205 ASTM Standards, for ionizing radiation, 259 Atmospheric plasma processing (APP), 252 B Battery separators, ionizing radiation application as, 204 Bequerel (Bq), 4 Bias-oriented PP (BOPP), 252 Bremsstrahlung, 6 BROADBEAMt, 4851 EP series, 66, 68f LE series, 6466, 68f OSD series, 6668, 69f Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 43, 257258 C Cable, 150 qualification tests of, 222 Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 203 Cast and Curet system, 251 Cathode ray, 1 Cellophane films, 228 Cellulose degradation for paper and viscose production, 254 Cericcerous dosimetry, 232 Chain scission, 16, 18t CharlesbyPinner equation, 17, 19f, 20, 263 Chemical hazards, of EB equipments, 240242 Chemistry, new developments and trends in, 251252 CHV (compact high-voltage systems), 59, 59f Coatings, EB process in, 186187 applications of, 186187 on flexible substrates, 187 on rigid substrates, 187 Coaxial cable, 150152 Cobalt-60, 28, 28f CockcroftWalton generators, 37, 52f Comet AG, 69, 70f, 257258 Comet e-beam Emitter modular design of, 77f schematic of, 77f Commercial EB reactors, performance and use, 5168 Composite materials, 200202 Copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 109 291Copolymer of ethylene and trichlorofluoroethylene (ECTFE), 109 Corex, 257258 Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg), 261 Cross-head die, 153f Crosshead extrusion process, 153 Cross-link density, 264 Cross-link promoters, 8889 Cross-linked PE (PEX) pipes, 181184 irradiation of PE pipes, 183184 production of, 182183 Cross-linking, defining, 16 Cure yield, measuring, 229 Curie (Ci), 4 Custom systems, 5859, 58f Cyclotron, 8f D Degradation by ionizing radiation, 216218 Delivered dose, 264265 Depth-dose distribution, 32, 229 Dimaleimides, 90 Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 136 Direct accelerators, 3334 Discoloration, 214215 Dose limit ratio, 32 Dose reader, 229230, 230f Dose uniformity, measuring, 229 Dose uniformity ratio (DUR), 32 Dose-rate effects, 216 Dosimetry, 225233 criteria for selecting, 226227 examples of, 226t functions of, 225226 Dynamitron, 3739, 59, 60f E Easy-e-Beam, 4951, 50f, 6364, 64f, 158f E-beam Test Lab, 69 EBOCAMs, 47 EBOGEN processing unit, 47, 48f EC-Beam, 51, 53f EC-LAB 400, 6971, 70f EC-Print, 5153, 54f EC-Scanner, 51, 53f EC-Tube, 5354, 54f Effective polyfunctional prorads, 94t Elastomers electron beam processing of, 112132 vulcanization of, 114 Electrical conductivity, radiation-induced, 215 Electrocure Casette, 5657, 57f Electrocurtains, 4547 Electromagnetic radiation, 2, 2t Electron beam processes, 8389, 149 in adhesives, 191195 laminating adhesives, 194195 pressure-sensitive adhesives, 192194 in coatings, 186187 cross-linked PE (PEX) pipes, 181184 irradiation of PE pipes, 183184 cross-linking, 182 by polythiols, 92t by prorads, 8995 curable systems with common solvents toxicity and properties, comparison of, 241t direct cross-link promoters, 9095 acrylic and allylic compounds, 9195 maleimides, 9091 thiols (polymercaptans), 91 of elastomers, 112132 individual elastomers, effects of radiation on, 118132 radiation cross-linked elastomers, physical properties of, 116117 equipments for health and safety, 237239 manufacturers, 257258 personal radiation monitoring, 238239 radiation monitoring systems, 239 grafting, 134138 indirect cross-link promoters, 8990 bases, 90 halogenated compounds, 89 nitrous oxide, 8990 sulfur monochloride, 90 irradiation equipment, 3272 design and operation of industrial EB reactors, 3251 direct accelerators, 3439 indirect accelerators, 3943 particle accelerators, 3351 irradiators, 13 liquid systems, 132134 market, by continent, 152f 292 INDEXin magnetic media, 186 in manufacture of polyolefin foams, 170174 applications, 173174 chemical and radiation processes, comparison of, 173 foam expansion and its control, 171172 manufacturing processes, 172 polymer modifications, 139 in printing and graphic arts, 187191 flexography, 188189 rotogravure printing, 189191 in production of heat-shrinkable materials, 174181 heat-shrinkable sheets and films, 178181 heat-shrinkable tubing, 176177 radiation cross-linking, retarders of, 95 thermoplastics, 101112 engineering plastics, 111112 fluoroplastics, 107111 poly(methyl methacrylate), 107 polyolefins, 101105 polystyrene, 105106 polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylidene chloride, 106107 in tire technology, 165170 in wire and cable technology, 150165 equipment and processes, 153161 materials, 163165 radiation equipment and process, 161163 recent developments and trends, 165 Electron penetration range, 8586 Electron processors, 4344 Electron volts (eV), 7 Electrostatic generators, 3536 Elektron Crosslinking AB (Sweden), 5154, 6971, 257258 ELV accelerators, 51 Energy deposited equation, 264 Energy Sciences Inc. (Massachusetts), 5459, 71, 257258 Engel/peroxide method, in PEX production, 182 Engineering plastics, processing of, 111112 high-performance engineering plastics, 112 regular service engineering plastics, 111 Equal-entrance exposure, 8687 Equal-exit exposure, 8687 Equipments new developments and trends in, 246247 4 in 1 flexible packaging line, 251 cellulose degradation for paper and viscose production, 254 ethanol/biofuel production, cellulose degradation for, 254 integrated shield roll, 247248 low-profile systems, 247 municipal waste recycling by irradiation, 254 sealed tube emitters based EB systems, 249251 ultralow-energy EB systems, 247 for polymers radiation processing, 27 commercial EB reactors, performance and use, 5168 current developments, in EB processing equipment and technology, 7478 design and operation of industrial EB reactors, 3251 EB irradiation equipment, 3272 γ-ray irradiation equipment, 2732 laboratory EB units, 6972 X-ray processing equipment, 7273 Equivalent dose, 261 Ethanol/biofuel production, cellulose degradation for, 254 Ethylenepropylenediene rubber (EPDM) terpolymers, 125126 Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), 160161 Ethylenepropylene copolymers, 125126 Exposure, 261 Extrusion, 153154 EZCure DF, 54, 55f EZCure F-1, 5456, 55f EZCure-CR, 56, 56f EZCure-LS, 56, 57f EZLab, 71, 71f F Fast check strips dosimeters, 253 FEP, electron beam processing of, 109 Fiber optic cables, 150152 Fiber-reinforced composites, 196 Film badge dosimeters, 238239 Film dosimetry, 227, 229 INDEX 293Filter membranes, ionizing radiation application as, 204 Flexography, 188189 FloryRehner equation, 115116, 263 Fluoroadditives, production of, 195196 Fluorocarbon elastomers, 128129 Fluoroplastics, processing of, 107111 copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 109 copolymer of ethylene and trichlorofluoroethylene (ECTFE), 109 FEP and PFA, 109 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 109 polytetrafluoroethylene, 108 polytrifluoroethylene (PF3E), 111 polyvinylfluoride (PVF), 110111 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 110 Fluorosilicone elastomers, electron beam processing of, 129 4 in 1 flexible packaging line, 251 Four-side irradiation, of W&C, 164f Free-radical polymerization, 18t Fundamentals of radiation chemistry and physics, 11 high-energy electrons with organic matter, interaction of, 1324 G Gamma rays (γ-ray), 34, 1213 health and safety, 239240 Gaseous products, formation of, 215 Gel fraction, 171 Gel level, 171 Gel point, 1819 Graft copolymer, 135 Grafting, 17, 18t, 134138 Graphite calorimeter, 231f Graphite-fiber-reinforced composites, 198 Gray (Gy), 261 Green chemistry, principles of, 267268 Grun range, 263 H Half-life, 4 Halogenated compounds, 89 Heat-shrinkable materials production, EB process in, 174181 alternative patented method of, 178f heat-shrinkable sheets and films, 178181 heat-shrinkable tubing, 176177 plastic memory effect of, 179f Raychem patent for, 177f High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 102, 181182 pipes, cross-linking of, 183 High-energy EPS processor with scanner, 65f, 66t Hydrogels, 202203 Hypalons, 165 I IBA Industrial (Belgium), 5961, 257258 ILU accelerators, 43 Indirect accelerators, 3334 Industrial applications, of ionizing radiation, 149 applications for artificial joints, 204205 battery separators, 204 filter membranes, 204 cross-linked PE pipes (PEX), 181184 irradiation of PE pipes, 183184 EB (electron beam) process adhesives, 184195 laminatingadhesives, 194195 pressuresensitiveadhesives, 192194 cable manufacture, equipment and processes in, 153161 extrusion, 153154 radiationversuschemicalcrosslinking, 155161 vulcanization(crosslinking), 154155 chemical and radiation processes, comparison of, 173 coatings, 184195 foam expansion and its control, 171172 heat-shrinkable sheets and films, 178181 heat-shrinkable tubing, 176177 magnetic media, 186 manufacturing processes, 172 materials, 163165 in manufacture of polyolefin foams, 170174 in paints, 184195 294 INDEXpolyolefin foams, applications of, 173174 printing and graphic arts, 187191 in printing inks, 184195 in production of heat-shrinkable materials, 174181 recent developments and trends, 165 in tire technology, 165170 in wire and cable technology, 150165 W&C manufacture, radiation equipment and process in, 161163 fluoroadditives, production of, 195196 hydrogels, 202203 polymeric composites, radiation curing of, 196202 advanced fiber-reinforced composites, 196200 composite materials, 200202 sterilization of medical devices, 203204 Infrared (IR) radiation, 1 Insulating core transformers (ICTs), 37 Integrated shield roll, 247248 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 240 Ion beam radiation, 1, 78 Ionizing radiations, 27 EB radiation, 7 gamma rays, 34 sources comparison, 5t X-rays, 46 Iron core transformers, 37 ISO/ASTM Standards, for ionizing radiation, 259260 J Jacketing, 153 K K-shell, 6 L LambertBeer law, 4, 263 Laminar wood-plastic composites (WPCs), 201202 Laminating adhesives, 194195 Laser beam radiation, 1, 8 Linacs, 39 standing wave (SW), 40 traveling wave (TW), 3940 Linear cathode electron accelerators, 4547, 46f Linear energy transfer (LET), 78 Linear induction accelerator (LIA), 4041 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 102 Liquid systems, electron beam processing of, 132134 Long-chain branching, 16 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 102 Low-energy EB equipment, 253 Low-energy electron accelerators, 4351 Low-profile systems, 247 M Magnetic media, 186 Maleimides, 9091 Manmachine interfaces (MMI), 4547 Medical devices, sterilization of, 203204 Medium-Energy EPS series, 67t Mevex, 257258 Microwave linear accelerator, 39 Microwaves, 1 MooneyRivlin equation, 116, 264 Multiconductor cable, 150152, 152f Multifilament linear cathode electron accelerators, 4851 Multifunctional monomers, 91 Multimode fiber, 150152 Multipass wire irradiation, 164f Municipal waste recycling by irradiation, 254 N Natural rubber cross-links and scissions in, 96t and synthetic polyisoprene, 118120 NHV Corporation (Japan), 64, 257258 Nitrile rubber (NBR), 127 Nitrous oxide, 8990 Nuclear industry applications, 221222 N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), 139 P Paints, EB process in, 184195 Panoramic irradiators, 31 Particle accelerators, 3351 direct accelerators, 3439 indirect accelerators, 3943 INDEX 295PCT Engineered Systems, LLC, Davenport, Iowa, 6469, 257258 PE dosimetry, 232233 Perfluoroelastomers, 129 Peroxidation radiation procedure, 135 Personal radiation monitoring, 238239 PFA, electron beam processing of, 109 Plastic fiber, 150152 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), processing of, 107 Polyamides, 111 Polybutadiene, electron beam processing of, 120124 Polycarbonates, 111 Polychloroprene, 126127 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 109 Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), 128 Polyethylene (PE), 9091, 102104 Polyfunctional monomers, 9193 Polyfunctional prorads, in various polymers, 94t Polyisobutylene, electron beam processing of, 124125 Polymeric composites, radiation curing of, 196202 advanced fiber-reinforced composites, 196200 composite materials, 200202 Polymerization, 16, 2022 anionic, 252 cationic, 132133 emulsion, 126 free-radical, 18t grafting, 134135 Polymer modifications, 139 Polyolefins, 174 foams manufacturing, EB process in, 170174 applications of, 173174 comparison of chemical and radiation processes, 173 foam expansion and its control, 171172 processes, 172 pipes, irradiation of, 183184 processing of, 101105 polyethylene, 102104 polypropylene, 104105 Polypropylene (PP), 104105 Polystyrene processing of, 105106 radiation resistance of, 215 Polytetrafluoethylene resins, properties of, 195t Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), electron beam processing of, 108 Polytrifluoroethylene (PF3E), 111 Polyvinylacetate, 9091 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 203 Polyvinyl chloride, processing of, 106107 Polyvinylfluoride (PVF), 110111, 160 Polyvinylidene chloride, 107 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 110 Postirradiation oxidation effects, 216217 Potential drop accelerators, 3334 Pre-radiation procedure, of radiation grafting, 135 Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), 192194, 252 Primary insulation, 153 Printing and graphic arts, EB process in, 187191 flexography, 188189 printing inks, 184195 rotogravure printing, 189191 Process dose, 3132 Process technology, new developments and trends in, 252254 Programmable process controllers (PLC), 4547 Prorads, 8889 R Rad, 261 Radiation cross-linked elastomers, physical properties of, 116117 Radiation curing, 16 Radiation grafting, see Grafting Radiation monitoring systems, 239 Radiation rapid curing (RRC), 138 Radiation sterilization, 220221 Radiation types and sources, 12 Radiation versus chemical cross-linking, 155161 Radiation-induced electrical conductivity, 215 Radiation-resistant polymers, 213 applications of, 218222 aerospace applications, 218220 296 INDEXnuclear industry applications, 221222 radiation sterilization, 220221 degradation and stability, 213218 in absence of oxygen, 213216 in air, 216218 specific polymers, 218 Radical scavengers, 217 Radioactive decay, 34 Radioactive isotope, 34 Radioactivity, 4 Radiochromic films, 227 Radionuclide, 28 Radionuclide Cobalt-60, 29f REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), 242 Reactive thinners, 133134 Real-time monitors, 233 Rem, 261 Resin-transfer molding (RTM), 198 Resonant cavity accelerators, 40 Resonant transformers, 3637 Rhodotron, 6162, 61f Rhodotron accelerators, 4142 Rhodotron TT 200, 62, 62f Rhodotron TT 300, 62, 62f Rhodotron TT 1000, 63, 63f RisøScan, 229230 Ro¨ntgen (R), 261 Ro¨ntgen radiation, see X-radiation Rotogravure printing, 189191 ROTO-JET system, for grinding irradiated fluoropolymers, 197f S Safety and hygiene, of EB equipments, 237 Scanning-type electron accelerators, 44 Sealed tube emitters based EB systems, 249251 Sekisui process, 172 for polyolefin foams, 173f Self-contained irradiators, 3031 Self-shielding processor, 47f, 50f, 52f, 65f Semicrystalline polymers, 24 Sheathing, see Jacketing Short fibers, 196 Sievert (Sv), 261 Silane method, of PEX production, 182 Silicone elastomers, 127128 Simultaneous radiation grafting method, 135136 Single-mode fiber, 150152 Single-stage scanned beam accelerator, 45, 46f Source Rack Module, 29f Stabilizers for radiation degradation in air, 217218 Standards and Specifications, for ionizing radiation, 259260 Standing wave linacs, 40 Steigerwald Strahltechnik GmbH, 257258 Sterilization of medical devices, 203204 Sulfur monochloride, 90 Sunna dosimeter, 232 Surface area rate, measuring, 229 Sustainability features, 246 T Terpolymers, 125126 Tetrafluoroethylene-propylene (TFE-P), 129 Thermoluminiscent dosimeters (TLDs), 239 Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 129132 polyolefins-based, 132 Thermoplastics, processing of, 101112 engineering plastics, 111112 fluoroplastics, 107111 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 107 polyolefins, 101105 polystyrene, 105106 polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylidene chloride, 106107 Thin film dosimeters, 227, 253254 Thiols (polymercaptans), 91 Throughput, 264 Tire technology, EB process in, 165170 Toray process, 172 for polyolefin foams, 174f Traveling wave linacs, 3940 Triallyl cyanurate (TAC), 93 Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), 93 Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), 106 Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), 106 Trommsdorff peak, 136 Trunk polymer, 134135 Twisted pairs cable, 150152 Two-sided irradiation, of wire/cable, 163f INDEX 297U U-electront, 7172, 72f Ultralow-energy EB systems, 247 Unsaturation, 214215 Ushio America, 7172, 257258 UV and EB radiations, 2 comparison of, 3f UV-curable laminating adhesives, 195 V Van de Graaff generator, 3536, 36f Vinylidene fluoride (VDF), 128129 Vitons A, 128129 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 237 Vulcanization, 113114, 154155 W Wasik Associates, Inc, 257258 Wire and cable technology, EB process in, 150165 equipment and processes, 153161 extrusion, 153154 radiation versus chemical cross-linking, 155161 vulcanization (cross-linking), 154155 materials, 163165 radiation equipment and process in, 161163 recent developments and trends, 165 Wood-fiber-reinforced plastics (WFRPs), 201 Wood-plastic composites (WPCs), 201 World electron beam market, 152f X X-radiation, 46, 7273 X-rays, 1, 46, 13, 7273 298 INDEX
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