Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19004 التقييم : 35512 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Eleventh Edition in SI Units الإثنين 07 أغسطس 2023, 2:00 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Eleventh Edition in SI Units Richard G. Budynas Professor Emeritus, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology J. Keith Nisbett Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology Adapted by Kiatfa Tangchaichit Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Brief Contents Preface xv Part 1 Basics 2 1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design 3 2 Materials 41 3 Load and Stress Analysis 93 4 Deflection and Stiffness 173 Part 2 Failure Prevention 240 5 Failures Resulting from Static Loading 241 6 Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading 285 Part 3 Design of Mechanical Elements 372 7 Shafts and Shaft Components 373 8 Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints 421 9 Welding, Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints 485 10 Mechanical Springs 525 11 Rolling-Contact Bearings 575 12 Lubrication and Journal Bearings 623 13 Gears—General 681 14 Spur and Helical Gears 739 15 Bevel and Worm Gears 791 16 Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and Flywheels 829 17 Flexible Mechanical Elements 881 18 Power Transmission Case Study 935Brief Contents ix Part 4 Special Topics 954 19 Finite-Element Analysis 955 20 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 977 Appendixes A Useful Tables 1019 B Answers to Selected Problems 1075 Index 1081x Contents Preface xv Part 1 Basics 2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design 3 1–1 Design 4 1–2 Mechanical Engineering Design 5 1–3 Phases and Interactions of the Design Process 5 1–4 Design Tools and Resources 8 1–5 The Design Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities 10 1–6 Standards and Codes 12 1–7 Economics 13 1–8 Safety and Product Liability 15 1–9 Stress and Strength 16 1–10 Uncertainty 16 1–11 Design Factor and Factor of Safety 18 1–12 Reliability and Probability of Failure 20 1–13 Relating Design Factor to Reliability 24 1–14 Dimensions and Tolerances 27 1–15 Units 31 1–16 Calculations and Significant Figures 32 1–17 Design Topic Interdependencies 33 1–18 Power Transmission Case Study Specifications 34 Problems 36 Chapter 2 Materials 41 2–1 Material Strength and Stiffness 42 2–2 The Statistical Significance of Material Properties 48 2–3 Plastic Deformation and Cold Work 50 2–4 Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties 57 2–5 Hardness 61 2–6 Impact Properties 62 2–7 Temperature Effects 63 2–8 Numbering Systems 64 2–9 Sand Casting 66 2–10 Shell Molding 66 2–11 Investment Casting 67 2–12 Powder-Metallurgy Process 67 2–13 Hot-Working Processes 67 2–14 Cold-Working Processes 68 2–15 The Heat Treatment of Steel 69 2–16 Alloy Steels 72 2–17 Corrosion-Resistant Steels 73 2–18 Casting Materials 73 2–19 Nonferrous Metals 75 2–20 Plastics 78 2–21 Composite Materials 80 2–22 Materials Selection 81 Problems 87 Chapter 3 Load and Stress Analysis 93 3–1 Equilibrium and Free-Body Diagrams 94 3–2 Shear Force and Bending Moments in Beams 97 3–3 Singularity Functions 98 3–4 Stress 101 3–5 Cartesian Stress Components 101 3–6 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 102 3–7 General Three-Dimensional Stress 108 3–8 Elastic Strain 109 3–9 Uniformly Distributed Stresses 110 3–10 Normal Stresses for Beams in Bending 111Contents xi 3–11 Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending 116 3–12 Torsion 123 3–13 Stress Concentration 132 3–14 Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders 135 3–15 Stresses in Rotating Rings 137 3–16 Press and Shrink Fits 139 3–17 Temperature Effects 140 3–18 Curved Beams in Bending 141 3–19 Contact Stresses 145 3–20 Summary 149 Problems 150 Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness 173 4–1 Spring Rates 174 4–2 Tension, Compression, and Torsion 175 4–3 Deflection Due to Bending 176 4–4 Beam Deflection Methods 179 4–5 Beam Deflections by Superposition 180 4–6 Beam Deflections by Singularity Functions 182 4–7 Strain Energy 188 4–8 Castigliano’s Theorem 190 4–9 Deflection of Curved Members 195 4–10 Statically Indeterminate Problems 201 4–11 Compression Members—General 207 4–12 Long Columns with Central Loading 207 4–13 Intermediate-Length Columns with Central Loading 210 4–14 Columns with Eccentric Loading 212 4–15 Struts or Short Compression Members 215 4–16 Elastic Stability 217 4–17 Shock and Impact 218 Problems 220 Part 2 Failure Prevention 240 Chapter 5 Failures Resulting from Static Loading 241 5–1 Static Strength 244 5–2 Stress Concentration 245 5–3 Failure Theories 247 5–4 Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory for Ductile Materials 247 5–5 Distortion-Energy Theory for Ductile Materials 249 5–6 Coulomb-Mohr Theory for Ductile Materials 255 5–7 Failure of Ductile Materials Summary 258 5–8 Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory for Brittle Materials 262 5–9 Modifications of the Mohr Theory for Brittle Materials 263 5–10 Failure of Brittle Materials Summary 265 5–11 Selection of Failure Criteria 266 5–12 Introduction to Fracture Mechanics 266 5–13 Important Design Equations 275 Problems 276 Chapter 6 Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading 285 6–1 Introduction to Fatigue 286 6–2 Chapter Overview 287 6–3 Crack Nucleation and Propagation 288 6–4 Fatigue-Life Methods 294 6–5 The Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics Method 295 6–6 The Strain-Life Method 299 6–7 The Stress-Life Method and the S-N Diagram 302 6–8 The Idealized S-N Diagram for Steels 304 6–9 Endurance Limit Modifying Factors 309 6–10 Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity 320 6–11 Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses 325 6–12 The Fluctuating-Stress Diagram 327 6–13 Fatigue Failure Criteria 333 6–14 Constant-Life Curves 342 6–15 Fatigue Failure Criterion for Brittle Materials 345 6–16 Combinations of Loading Modes 347 6–17 Cumulative Fatigue Damage 351 6–18 Surface Fatigue Strength 356 6–19 Road Maps and Important Design Equations for the Stress-Life Method 359 Problems 363xii Mechanical Engineering Design Part 3 Design of Mechanical Elements 372 Chapter 7 Shafts and Shaft Components 373 7–1 Introduction 374 7–2 Shaft Materials 374 7–3 Shaft Layout 375 7–4 Shaft Design for Stress 380 7–5 Deflection Considerations 391 7–6 Critical Speeds for Shafts 395 7–7 Miscellaneous Shaft Components 400 7–8 Limits and Fits 406 Problems 411 Chapter 8 Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints 421 8–1 Thread Standards and Definitions 422 8–2 The Mechanics of Power Screws 426 8–3 Threaded Fasteners 434 8–4 Joints—Fastener Stiffness 436 8–5 Joints—Member Stiffness 437 8–6 Bolt Strength 443 8–7 Tension Joints—The External Load 446 8–8 Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension 448 8–9 Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload 452 8–10 Gasketed Joints 456 8–11 Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints 456 8–12 Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in Shear 463 Problems 471 Chapter 9 Welding, Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints 485 9–1 Welding Symbols 486 9–2 Butt and Fillet Welds 488 9–3 Stresses in Welded Joints in Torsion 492 9–4 Stresses in Welded Joints in Bending 497 9–5 The Strength of Welded Joints 499 9–6 Static Loading 502 9–7 Fatigue Loading 505 9–8 Resistance Welding 507 9–9 Adhesive Bonding 508 Problems 516 Chapter 10 Mechanical Springs 525 10–1 Stresses in Helical Springs 526 10–2 The Curvature Effect 527 10–3 Deflection of Helical Springs 528 10–4 Compression Springs 528 10–5 Stability 529 10–6 Spring Materials 531 10–7 Helical Compression Spring Design for Static Service 535 10–8 Critical Frequency of Helical Springs 542 10–9 Fatigue Loading of Helical Compression Springs 543 10–10 Helical Compression Spring Design for Fatigue Loading 547 10–11 Extension Springs 550 10–12 Helical Coil Torsion Springs 557 10–13 Belleville Springs 564 10–14 Miscellaneous Springs 565 10–15 Summary 567 Problems 567 Chapter 11 Rolling-Contact Bearings 575 11–1 Bearing Types 576 11–2 Bearing Life 579 11–3 Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability 580 11–4 Reliability versus Life—The Weibull Distribution 582 11–5 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 583 11–6 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading 585 11–7 Variable Loading 590 11–8 Selection of Ball and Cylindrical Roller Bearings 593 11–9 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings 596 11–10 Design Assessment for Selected Rolling-Contact Bearings 604Contents xiii 11–11 Lubrication 608 11–12 Mounting and Enclosure 609 Problems 613 Chapter 12 Lubrication and Journal Bearings 623 12–1 Types of Lubrication 624 12–2 Viscosity 625 12–3 Petroff’s Equation 627 12–4 Stable Lubrication 632 12–5 Thick-Film Lubrication 633 12–6 Hydrodynamic Theory 634 12–7 Design Variables 639 12–8 The Relations of the Variables 640 12–9 Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings 649 12–10 Clearance 653 12–11 Pressure-Fed Bearings 655 12–12 Loads and Materials 661 12–13 Bearing Types 662 12–14 Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearings 663 12–15 Boundary-Lubricated Bearings 670 Problems 677 Chapter 13 Gears—General 681 13–1 Types of Gears 682 13–2 Nomenclature 683 13–3 Conjugate Action 684 13–4 Involute Properties 685 13–5 Fundamentals 686 13–6 Contact Ratio 689 13–7 Interference 690 13–8 The Forming of Gear Teeth 693 13–9 Straight Bevel Gears 695 13–10 Parallel Helical Gears 696 13–11 Worm Gears 700 13–12 Tooth Systems 701 13–13 Gear Trains 703 13–14 Force Analysis—Spur Gearing 710 13–15 Force Analysis—Bevel Gearing 713 13–16 Force Analysis—Helical Gearing 716 13–17 Force Analysis—Worm Gearing 719 Problems 724 Chapter 14 Spur and Helical Gears 739 14–1 The Lewis Bending Equation 740 14–2 Surface Durability 749 14–3 AGMA Stress Equations 751 14–4 AGMA Strength Equations 752 14–5 Geometry Factors I and J (ZI and YJ) 757 14–6 The Elastic Coefficient C p (ZE) 761 14–7 Dynamic Factor Kv 763 14–8 Overload Factor K o 764 14–9 Surface Condition Factor C f (ZR) 764 14–10 Size Factor K s 765 14–11 Load-Distribution Factor K m (KH) 765 14–12 Hardness-Ratio Factor CH (ZW) 767 14–13 Stress-Cycle Factors YN and ZN 768 14–14 Reliability Factor KR (YZ) 769 14–15 Temperature Factor KT (Yθ) 770 14–16 Rim-Thickness Factor KB 770 14–17 Safety Factors SF and SH 771 14–18 Analysis 771 14–19 Design of a Gear Mesh 781 Problems 786 Chapter 15 Bevel and Worm Gears 791 15–1 Bevel Gearing—General 792 15–2 Bevel-Gear Stresses and Strengths 794 15–3 AGMA Equation Factors 797 15–4 Straight-Bevel Gear Analysis 808 15–5 Design of a Straight-Bevel Gear Mesh 811 15–6 Worm Gearing—AGMA Equation 814 15–7 Worm-Gear Analysis 818 15–8 Designing a Worm-Gear Mesh 822 15–9 Buckingham Wear Load 825 Problems 826xiv Mechanical Engineering Design Chapter 16 Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and Flywheels 829 16–1 Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes 831 16–2 Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes 836 16–3 External Contracting Rim Clutches and Brakes 844 16–4 Band-Type Clutches and Brakes 847 16–5 Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches 849 16–6 Disk Brakes 852 16–7 Cone Clutches and Brakes 856 16–8 Energy Considerations 858 16–9 Temperature Rise 860 16–10 Friction Materials 863 16–11 Miscellaneous Clutches and Couplings 866 16–12 Flywheels 868 Problems 873 Chapter 17 Flexible Mechanical Elements 881 17–1 Belts 882 17–2 Flat- and Round-Belt Drives 885 17–3 V Belts 900 17–4 Timing Belts 908 17–5 Roller Chain 909 17–6 Wire Rope 917 17–7 Flexible Shafts 926 Problems 927 Chapter 18 Power Transmission Case Study 935 18–1 Design Sequence for Power Transmission 937 18–2 Power and Torque Requirements 938 18–3 Gear Specification 938 18–4 Shaft Layout 945 18–5 Force Analysis 947 18–6 Shaft Material Selection 947 18–7 Shaft Design for Stress 948 18–8 Shaft Design for Deflection 948 18–9 Bearing Selection 949 18–10 Key and Retaining Ring Selection 950 18–11 Final Analysis 953 Problems 953 Part 4 Special Topics 954 Chapter 19 Finite-Element Analysis 955 19–1 The Finite-Element Method 957 19–2 Element Geometries 959 19–3 The Finite-Element Solution Process 961 19–4 Mesh Generation 964 19–5 Load Application 966 19–6 Boundary Conditions 967 19–7 Modeling Techniques 967 19–8 Thermal Stresses 970 19–9 Critical Buckling Load 972 19–10 Vibration Analysis 973 19–11 Summary 974 Problems 975 Chapter 20 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 977 20–1 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Systems 978 20–2 Definition of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 979 20–3 Datums 983 20–4 Controlling Geometric Tolerances 989 20–5 Geometric Characteristic Definitions 992 20–6 Material Condition Modifiers 1002 20–7 Practical Implementation 1004 20–8 GD&T in CAD Models 1009 20–9 Glossary of GD&T Terms 1010 Problems 1012 Appendixes A Useful Tables 1019 B Answers to Selected Problems 1075 Index 1081 1081 A Abrasion, 749 Absolute stability, 530 Absolute tolerance system, 31 Absolute viscosity, 626 Acme threads, 424, 426 Actual mating envelope, 986–987, 1010 Actual strain, 44 Actual stress, 44 Addendum a, 684 Adhesive bonds application of, 508–509 joint design and, 513–515 references for, 516 stress distributions and, 510–513 types of adhesives and, 509–510 Admiralty metal, 77–78 AGMA equation factors. See also American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) allowable bending stress numbers, 753, 805–806 allowable contact stress, 754, 804–806 bending-strength geometry factor, 758, 799, 800 bevel and worm gears, 797–808 contact stress and, 941 crowning factor for pitting, 799 dynamic factor, 744–749, 763, 764, 798 elastic coefficient for pitting resistance, 750, 761–762 804 geometry factors, 757–761 hardness-ratio factor, 767–768, 801–803 lengthwise curvature factor for bending strength, 799 load-distribution factor, 765–767, 799 overload factor, 764, 797 pitting resistance geometry factor, 752, 799, 800 reliability factors, 769–770, 803–804 reversed loading, 806 rim-thickness factor, 770–771 safety factor, 771, 797 size factor, 765, 799 stress, 751–757 stress-cycle factor, 768–769, 801 surface condition factor, 764 surface-strength geometry factor, 758–761 temperature factor, 758, 770, 803 worm gearing, 814–818 AGMA quality numbers, 763 ALGOR, 956 Alignment (bearings), 576, 578, 612 Allowable bending stress numbers, 753, 805–806 Allowable contact stress, 754, 804–806 Allowable stress numbers, 752 Allowance, 28 Alloy cast irons, 75 Alloy steels, 72–73, 375, 531 Alternating stress, 302, 326 Aluminum characteristics of, 75–76 numbering system for, 65 Aluminum alloys, 76 Aluminum brass, 78 Aluminum bronze, 78 American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 579, 586, 587 American Chain Association (ACA), 913 American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 359. See also AGMA equation factors approach of, 740, 745 nomenclature, 740–742 standards, 744–745 strength equations, 752–757 stress equations, 751–752 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) building construction code, 500 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 64, 65 American National (Unified) thread standard, 423, 425 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 65–66, 500 bolt strength standards, 443, 445 lap joint stress, 510, 513 viscosity standards, 627 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 11, 626, 980 American Welding Society (AWS), 486, 500 Anaerobic adhesives, 510 Angle of action, 687 Angle of approach, 687 Angle of articulation, 910 Angle of recess, 687 Angle of wrap, 902, 904 Angularity control, 994–995 Angular-velocity ratio, 685, 688, 882, 884, 906 Annealing, 69 ANSI/AGMA standards, 771, 818 ANSYS, 956 Antifriction bearings, 576 Arc of action, 689, 690 Arc of approach, 689 Arc of recess, 689 Arrow side of joint, 487 Ashby, M. F., 81 ASME. See American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) ASME-elliptic line, 335, 336, 459 ASME Y14.41-2003, 1009 ASME Y14.5-2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), 980 ASME Y14.5-2009 standard, 980, 981 Associated Spring, 562 ASTM. See American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Austenitic chromium-nickel steels, 73 Automatic self-adaptive mesh refinement programs, 964–965 Automeshing, 964 Average life, 580 AWS. See American Welding Society (AWS) Index1082 Mechanical Engineering Design AGMA symbols for bevel gear rating equations, 795–796 Buckingham wear load and, 825–826 classification of, 792–794 straight-bevel gear analysis and, 808–811 straight-bevel gear mesh design and, 811–814 stresses and strengths of, 794–797 worm-gear mesh design and, 822–826 Bevel gears. See also Bevel and worm gears analysis of straight, 808–811 description of, 682, 683 force analysis and, 713–716 hypoid, 793 spiral, 792, 794 straight, 695–696, 792 stresses and strengths of, 794–797 zerol, 792–793 Big-end connecting rod bearings, 667–670 Bilateral tolerance, 27 Blake, J. C., 450 Blanking, 69 Bolted joints loaded in shear, 463–467 tension-loaded, 436 Bolts. See also Joints function of, 434 preload and, 436, 452 relating bolt torque to bolt tension, 448–451 stiffness and, 437, 448 strength of, 443–446 thread length of, 434 torquing of, 450 Bonds, adhesive. See Adhesive bonds Bonus tolerance, 1003, 1010 Booker, J. F., 627 Bottom land, 684 Boundary conditions, 967 Boundary elements, 967 Boundary-lubricated bearings bushing wear and, 673–677 description of, 670–671 linear sliding wear and, 672 temperature rise and, 675 Boundary lubrication, 625, 670–677 Boundary representation (B-rep), 964 Bowman Distribution, 453 Boyd, John, 640, 641 Brakes band-type, 847–848 cone, 856–858 antifriction, 576 ball and cylindrical roller, 577, 585–590, 593–596 big-end connecting rod, 667–670 boundary-lubricated, 670–677 collar, 429 combined radial and thrust loading in, 585–590 double-row, 578 life of, 576, 579–585, 662 load life at rated reliability and, 580–581 lubrication of, 608–609 material choice for, 661–662 mounting and enclosure of, 609–613 needle, 578 overview of, 576 related load, life, and reliability and, 583–585 reliability vs. life of, 582–583 rolling-contact, 576, 604–608 screw, 426, 430, 433 selection of, 949–950 self-aligning, 586 self-contained, 649–653 sleeve, 624, 661 tapered roller, 579, 596–604 thrust and, 576, 577 types of, 576–579 variable loading in, 590–593 Bearing stress, 464 Belleville springs, 526, 564–565 Belting equation, 887 Belts flat metal, 896–899 timing, 882, 884–885, 908–909 types of, 882–885 V, 882, 884, 900–908 Bending moments in beams, 97–98, 114–115, 176–178, 195–196 (See also Beams) fundamental equations for, 751 on shafts, 380, 381 in springs, 566 Bending-strength geometry factor, 758, 799, 800 Bending stress, 111–122, 141–145, 497–499, 559–560, 740, 753, 797. See also Lewis bending equation Bergsträsser factor, 527, 545 Beryllium bronze, 78 Beryllium copper, 531 Bevel and worm gears. See also Gears; Worm gears AGMA equation factors for, 797–808, 814–817 Axial clutch, frictional contact, 849–852 Axial layout, for shaft components, 376–377 Axial loads, 377, 380–381 Axial pitch, 697, 700 Axial stresses, on shafts, 380 Axle, 374 B Backlash, 684 Back to back mounting (DB), 611 Bainite, 70 Ball bearings. See also Bearings selection of, 593–596 thrust and, 576, 577, 585–590 types of, 577 Ball bushings, 579 Band-type clutches and brakes, 847–848 Barth, Carl G., 745 Barth equation, 745 Base circle, 685, 686 Base pitch, 687–688 Basic dimension, 990, 1010 Basic Dynamic Load Rating, 580 Basic static load rating, 586 Basquin’s equation, 307, 308 Bauschinger effect, 57–58 Beach marks, 288, 289 Beam deflections due to bending, 176–178 methods for, 179 by singularity functions, 182–188 by superposition, 180–182 Beams with asymmetrical sections, 115–116 bending in curved, 141–145 bending moment and curvature of, 176–178 normal stresses and beams in bending, 111–116 shear force and bending moments in, 97–98 shear stresses for beams in bending, 116–122 two-plane bending and, 114–115 Bearing alloys, 661–662 Bearing characteristic number, 632 Bearing life, 576, 579–585, 662 Bearing pressure, 468, 921 Bearing reliability, 582–583 Bearings. See also Journal bearings; Rolling-contact bearings; specific types of bearings alignment of, 576, 578, 612 alloys for, 661–662Index 1083 Codes, 12–13 Coefficient of friction journal bearings and, 645 in screw threads, 433 torque and, 449, 450 Coefficients of variance, 26 Coining, 69 Cold-drawn steel, 375 Cold rolling, 68 Cold-work factor, 56 Cold working, 44, 51–53, 55–57 Cold-working processes, 68–69 Collins, J. A., 356 Columns classification of, 207 with eccentric loading, 212–215 intermediate-length with central loading, 210–211 long with central loading, 207–210 Commercial bronze, 77 Commercial seal, 612 Complete journal bearing, 633, 634 Completely reversed stress, 302 Completely reversing simple loading, 359–361 Composite materials, 80 Compound gear train, 705 Compound reverted gear train, 706 Compression, 175 Compression members, analysis and design of, 207 Compression springs description of, 528–529 extension springs vs., 550, 557 helical, 535–541 Compression tests, stress-strain relationships from, 47 Compressive stress, 101, 217 Computational errors, 958 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs, 9 Computation frame, 664 Computer-aided design (CAD) software, 8–9, 956 Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 9 Concentrated force function, 98 Concentrated moment function, 98 Concentricity control, 1000 Concept design, 6–7 Cone angle, 856–857 Cone clutch description of, 856–857 uniform pressure in, 858 uniform wear in, 857–858 Conical springs, 566 of gear teeth, 693 investment, 67, 693 materials for, 73–75 permanent-mold, 693 sand, 66, 693 Casting alloys, 76 Cast irons hardness, 61 numbering system for, 65–66 shafts and, 375 stress concentration and, 133 types of, 73–75 Cast steels, 75 Catalog load rating, 580 Centrifugal casting, 67, 693 Centrifugal clutch, 836 Cermet pads, 864 CES Edupack software, 81, 87 Chain dimensioning, 29–30 Chains, 882 Chains for Power Transmissions and Materials Handling (American Chain Association), 913 Charpy notched-bar test, 62, 63 Chevron lines, 289 Chordal speed variation, 912 Choudury, M., 440 Chrome-silicon wire, 531 Chrome-vanadium wire, 531 Chromium, 72, 75 Circularity control, 993–994 Circular pad caliper brake, 855–856 Circular pitch p, 684 Circular runout, 1001–1002 Classical method of design, 18 Clearance, 27 journal bearings and, 653–655 Clearance c, 684 Clearance circle, 684 Close-wound extension springs, 551 Clough, R. W., 957, 958 Clutches band-type, 847–848 cone, 856–858 energy considerations for, 858–860 external contracting rim, 844–847 friction, 830 frictional-contact axial, 849–852 friction materials for, 863–866 internal expanding rim, 836–844 miscellaneous, 866–867 static analysis of, 831–835 temperature rise for, 860–863 uniform pressure in, 858 uniform wear in, 857–858 disk, 852–856 energy considerations for, 858–860 external contracting rim, 844–847 friction materials for, 863–866 internal expanding rim, 836–844 linings for, 864 static analysis of, 831–835 temperature rise for, 860–863 Brake shoe, 831 Brass, 77–78 Breakeven points, 14, 15 Brinell hardness, 61 Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) theory, 263 Brittle-ductile transition temperature, 62 Brittle materials Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) theory, 263 classification of, 247 failure of, 265–266 fatigue failure criteria for, 345–347 modifications of Mohr theory for, 263–265 relatively, 267 Smith-Dolan fracture criteria for, 345–346 stress-concentration factor and, 133 Broghamer, E. I., 748 Bronze, 77, 78 Bubble chart, 83 Buckingham, E., 357, 825 Buckingham load-stress factor, 357, 358 Burnishing, gear, 695 Bushings, 662–663 Bushing wear, 673–675 Button pad caliper brake, 855–856 Butt welds, 487–491 C CAD software applications for, 8–9 GD&T and, 980, 1009 Caliper brakes, 852–853 Cap screws, 434–436 Carbon steels, 65, 375, 531 Cartesian stress components, 101–102 Cartridge brass, 77 Case hardening, 70–71 Case study (power transmission). See Power transmission (case study) Castigliano’s theorem, 179, 190–195, 202–204, 528, 560, 566 Casting centrifugal, 67, 693 die, 671084 Mechanical Engineering Design long columns with central loading and, 207–210 shock and impact and, 218–220 spring rates and, 174–175 statically indeterminate problems, 201–207 strain energy and, 188–190 struts or short compression members and, 215–217 tension, compression, and torsion and, 175 Deflection equations, 201 Deformation equation, 202 DE-Gerber criteria, 381, 382 Degrees of freedom (dof’s), 957 DE-Morrow criteria, 283 Derived unit, 31 Design basics calculations and significant figures, 32–33 case study specifications, 34–36 considerations, 8 design factor/factor of safety, 18–20 dimensions and tolerances, 27–31 economics, 13–15 in general, 4–5 information sources, 9–10 phases and interactions of, 5–8 relating design factor to reliability, 24–27 reliability and probability of failure, 20–24 safety/product liability, 15 standards and codes, 12–13 stress and strength, 16 tools and resources, 8–10 topic interdependencies, 33 uncertainty in, 16–17 units, 31–32 Design engineer communication and, 5, 10–11 professional responsibilities of, 10–12 Design factor, 17, 18 Design Manual for Cylindrical Wormgearing, 814 DE-SWT, 382 Deterministic design factor method, 17 Deviation, 406 Diametral interference, between shaft and hub, 410 Diametrical pitch P, 684 Die castings, 67, 693 Cyclic frequency, 319 Cyclic hardening, 58 Cyclic-minimum film thickness, 668 Cyclic Ramberg-Osgood, 60 Cyclic softening, 58 Cyclic strain strengthening exponent, 60 Cyclic strength coefficient, 60 Cyclic stress-strain curve, 59–60 Cyclic stress-strain properties, 57–60 Cyclic yield strength, 60 Cylindrical contact stresses, 147–149 Cylindrical roller bearings, 577, 585–590, 593–596 Cylindricity control, 994 D Damage-tolerant design, 295 Datum features, 983–985, 987–988, 1004–1006, 1010 Datum feature simulator, 983, 984, 1010 Datum reference frame, 983, 984 Datums. See also Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) actual mating envelopes and, 986–987 description of, 983–984 feature symbol for, 987–988 immobilization of part and, 985 nonplanar features of, 986 order of, 985–986 Dedendum b, 684 Deflection analysis, 174 shafts and, 391–395, 948–949 in springs, 528, 529, 566–567 Deflection and stiffness, 174, 384. See also Stiffness beam deflection methods and, 179 beam deflections by singularity functions and, 182–188 beam deflections by superposition and, 180–182 bending and, 176–178 Castigliano’s theorem and, 179, 190–195 columns with eccentric loading and, 212–215 compression members and, 207 deflection of curved members and, 195–201 elastic stability and, 217–218 helical springs and, 528 intermediate-length columns with central loading and, 210–211 Conjugate action, 684–685 Constant amplitude loading, 302 Constant-force springs, 565 Constant-life approach, 544 Constant-life curves, 328, 342–345 Constructive solid geometry (CSG), 964 Contact adhesives, 509 Contact ratio, 689–690 Contact strength (contact fatigue strength), 358 Contact stresses cylindrical, 147–149 description of, 145–146, 941 spherical, 146–147 Continuing education, 11 Coordinate dimensioning system, 978. See also Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) Copper-base alloys, 77 Corrosion (endurance limit), 318 Corrosion-resistant steels, 73, 531 Cost considerations. See Economics Cost estimates, 15 Coulomb-Mohr theory, 255–259, 265, 275 Couplings, 866–867 Courant, R., 957 Crack growth, 268 Crack modes, stress intensity factor and, 268–272 Crack nucleation, fatigue failure from, 289–293 Crack propagation, fatigue failure from, 293 Cracks, 266. See also Fracture mechanics Creep, 64, 882, 885 Creep test, 64 Creep-time curve, 64 Critical buckling load, 972 Critical deflection, of springs, 529 Critical speeds, for shafts, 395–400 Critical stress intensity factor, 270 Critical unit load, 208 Crossed belts, 882, 883 Crowned pulleys, 882 Crowning factor for pitting, 799 Cumulative fatigue damage, 351–356 Curvature effect, 527 Curve-beam theory, 559 Curved beams, bending in, 141–145 Curved members, deflection in, 195–201 Curve-fit equations, 322 Curve-fit polynomials, 315–316Index 1085 Engineers’ Creed (NSPE), 12 Engraver’s brass, 77 Envelope principle, 989, 1011 Epicyclic gear trains, 708 Equilibrium, 94 unstable, 208 Equivalent bending load, 919, 924 Equivalent radial load, 585 Euler column formula, 207, 209 Euler equation, 210, 871 Euler’s method, 209–210, 213–215, 665 Evaluation, 7 Expanding-ring clutch, 836 Extension springs close-wound, 552 compression springs vs., 550, 557 correction stresses for, 553–555 description of, 550–552 ends for, 550 fatigue and, 555–556 function of, 557 initial tension in, 552 Extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants, 670–671 Extrusion, 68 F Face-contact ratio, 700 Face load distribution factor, 765–766 Face-to-face mounting (DF), 611 Factor of safety, 18–19, 329, 330, 362, 452, 458, 771, 797, 920, 922. See also Safety Fail-safe design, 295 Failure. See also Fatigue failure; Fatigue failure from variable loading; Static loading, failures resulting from examples of, 242–244 meaning of, 242 Mohr theory of, 255–256, 265, 266 probability of, 20–23 selection of criteria for, 266 theories of, 247, 259, 265, 266 Failure prevention, knowledge of, 242 Failure theory flowchart, 276 Fasteners. See also specific types of fasteners eccentric loading of, 468 overview of, 422 stiffness of, 436–443 threaded, 434–436 Fatigue damage, cumulative, 351–356 Fatigue ductility coefficient, 301 Fatigue ductility exponent, 301 Eccentricity ratio, 213, 641 Eccentric loading columns with, 212–215 shear joints with, 467–469 Economics breakeven points, 14, 15 cost estimates, 15 large tolerances, 13–14 standard sizes, 13 Edge shearing, 464–465 Effective arc, 886 Effective slenderness ratio, 530 Effective stress, 250 Effective viscosity, 649 Eigenvalues, 973 Eigenvectors, 973 Elastic coefficient, 750, 761–762, 804 Elastic creep, 885 Elastic deformation, 43 Elastic instability, 217 Elasticity, 110, 174 Elastic limit, 43 Elastic stability, 217–218 Elastic strain, 109–110 Elastic-strain Basquin equation, 301 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), 625 Electrolytic plating, 318 Element geometries, 958–961 Element library, 959 Element loads, 966 Elimination approach, 963 Enclosures (bearings), 612–613 End-condition constant, 208, 209, 530 Endurance limit modifying factors application of, 319–320 corrosion, 318 cyclic frequency, 319 electrolytic plating, 318 frettage corrosion, 318 loading factor, 314 metal spraying, 319 miscellaneous-effects factor, 317–318 reliability factor, 316–317 size factor, 312–314 surface factor, 309–311 temperature factor, 314–316 Endurance limits estimation of, 305–307 flexural, 357 Energy absorption, properties of, 47–48 Energy considerations, for brakes and clutches, 858–860 Engineering stress-strain diagrams, 43, 45 Dimensioning. See Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) Dimensions choice of, 28–29 terminology of, 27–28 Dimension-series code, 587–588 Direct load, 468 Direct mounting, 597, 608 Discrete distributions, 23 Discretization errors, 958–959 Disk brakes description of, 852–853 uniform pressure in, 854 uniform wear in, 854 Disk clutches, 852. See also Disk brakes Dislocations, 292, 304 Distortion-energy (DE) theory, 249– 255, 259, 275, 314, 337, 348, 362 yield strength in shear and, 533–534 Dolan, T. J., 748 Doorstops, 831, 832 Double-row bearings, 578 Dowling, N., 301, 336 Drawing (tempering), 70 Drum brake, 836 Ductile cast iron, 74 Ductile materials classification of, 247 Coulomb-Mohr theory for, 255–258 distortion-energy theory for, 249–255 failure of, 258–262 maximum-shear-stress theory for, 247–249 selection of failure criteria for, 266 static loading and, 246–262 stress-strain diagram of, 51–52 Ductility, 56 Dunkerley’s equation, 398 Duplexing, 611 Duplex mounting, 611 Dynamically loaded journal bearings, 663–670 Dynamic factor, spur and helical gears and, 744–749, 763, 764 Dynamic loads as element loads, 966 journal bearings and, 663–670 stress concentration effect and, 134 Dynamic viscosity, 626, 627 Dyne, 626 E Eccentricity, centrifugal force deflection in shafts and, 395 Eccentricity rate, 633, 664–6651086 Mechanical Engineering Design tension and, 893–896 theory of, 885–886 Flat belts, 882, 883, 893 Flat metal belts, 896–899 Flatness control, 992–993 Flat springs, 526. See also Springs Flexible mechanical elements belts as, 882–885 flat-and round-belt drives as, 885–900 flexible shafts as, 926 roller chains as, 909–917 timing belts as, 882, 884–885, 908–909 V belts as, 882, 884, 900–908 wire rope as, 917–925 Flexible shafts, 926 Flexural endurance limit, 357 Floating caliper brake, 852–853 Fluctuating simple loading, 361–362 Fluctuating-stress diagram, 327–333 Fluctuating stresses fatigue cracks and, 296 fatigue failure criterion and, 342 issues characterizing, 325–327 Fluctuating-stress values, 544 Fluid lubrication, 624 Flywheels, 830, 868–873 Foot-pound-second system (fps), 31 Force analysis of bevel gearing, 713–716 free-body diagrams for, 95–96 guidelines for, 947 of helical gearing, 716–718 of spur gearing, 710–713 of worm gearing, 719–724 Forging, 68 Forming, 69 Fracture mechanics background on, 266–267 crack modes and stress intensity factor and, 268–272 equation for, 276 fatigue failure and, 294–299 fracture toughness and, 270–274 quasi-static fracture and, 267–268 Fracture toughness, 270, 271, 273 Free-body diagrams, for force analysis, 95–96 Free-body force analysis, 945 Free-cutting brass, 77 Frettage corrosion, 319 Frictional-contact axial clutches description of, 849 uniform pressure in, 850–852 uniform wear in, 849–850 Friction clutch, 830 Fatigue strength data for, 296–297 estimated at 103 cycles, 306 nature of, 303 of springs, 543, 562–564 Fatigue strength coefficient, 301, 308 Fatigue strength exponent, 308 Fatigue stress-concentration factor, 320, 323–327, 456, 500, 748, 758 Fazekas, G. A., 856 FEA. See Finite-element analysis (FEA) Feature, 980, 1011 Feature control frame, 990–992, 1011 Feature of size, 980, 1011 Felt seals, 612 Ferritic chromium steels, 73 Field, J., 71 Filler, 80 Fillet welds, 487–491 bending properties of, 497–499 steady loads and size of, 500, 501 torsional properties of, 494 Filling notch, 577 Film pressure, 646–647 Finite element, 958 Finite-element analysis (FEA) applications for, 149, 201, 956–957 beam deflections and, 179 boundary conditions and, 967 critical buckling load and, 972 element geometries and, 956–961 load application and, 966–967 mesh generation and, 964–966 method of, 957–959 modeling techniques and, 967–970 software programs for, 9, 956, 964, 967, 974 solution process and, 961–963 stress-concentration factors and, 246 stress interactions and, 410 summary of, 974 thermal stresses and, 970–972 vibration analysis and, 973–974 Firbank, T. C., 885, 886 Fits description of shaft, 406–411 interference, 409–411 using basic hole system, 407, 408 Fitted bearing, 634 Flat-belt and round-belt drives analysis of, 889–892 description of, 882, 884, 885 flat metal belts and, 896–900 function of, 886–889 materials for, 890 pulley size and, 891–893 Fatigue failure background on, 286 examples of, 289–292 low-cycle, 303–304 mechanisms of, 287–288 shaft materials and, 375 stages of, 288–289 Fatigue failure criteria applications of, 337–342 ASME-Elliptic, 335 for brittle materials, 345–347 Gerber, 334, 381, 544 Goodman, 333–334, 342–343 Morrow, 334, 343 in pure shear case, 337 recommendations, 336, 343–344 Smith-Watson-Topper, 335, 343 Soderberg, 334–335 Walker, 336, 343 Fatigue failure from variable loading characterizing fluctuating stresses and, 325–327 combinations of loading modes and, 347–350 constant-life curves and, 342–345 crack formation and propagation and, 288–293 cumulative fatigue damage and, 351–356 endurance limit modifying factors and, 309–320 fatigue failure criteria and, 333–342 fatigue failure criterion for brittle materials and, 345–347 fatigue-life methods and, 294–295 fluctuating-stress diagram and, 327–333 idealized S-N diagram for steels and, 304–308 linear-elastic fracture mechanics method and, 294–299 road maps and important design equations for the stress-life method and, 359–362 strain-life method and, 294, 299–301 stress concentration and notch sensitivity and, 320–325 stress-life method and, 294, 302–304 surface fatigue strength and, 356–359 Fatigue-life methods, 294–295 Fatigue loading of helical compression springs, 543–547 of tension joints, 456–463 of welded joints, 505–507Index 1087 Grooved pulleys, 882 Grossman, M. A., 71 Guest theory. See Maximumshear-stress theory (MSS) H Hagen-Poiseuille law, 627 Haigh diagram, 328 Ham, C. W., 433 Hard-drawn steel spring wire, 531 Hardness, 61 Hardness-ratio factor, 767–768, 801–803 Hardness testing, 61 Haringx, J. A., 530 Haugen, E. B., 317 Heading, 69 Heat transfer analysis, 970–972 Heat transfer rate, 861 Heat treatment, of steel, 69–71 Helical coil torsion springs bending stress in, 559–560 deflection and spring rate in, 560–561 description of, 557–558 end location of, 558–559 fatigue strength in, 562–564 static strength in, 561–562 Helical compression spring design, for static service, 535–541 Helical compression springs design for fatigue loading, 547–550 fatigue loading of, 543–547 Helical gears. See also Gears; Spur and helical gears crossed, 814 description of, 682 force analysis and, 716–718 parallel, 696–700 standard tooth proportions for, 702 Helical rollers, 578 Helical springs critical frequency of, 542–543 deflection of, 528 fatigue loading of, 543–550 maximum allowable torsional stresses for, 534 for static service, 535–541 stresses in, 526–527 Hertz, H., 146, 148 Hertzian contact pressure, 356, 357 Hertzian endurance strength, 358 Hertzian field, 148–149 Hertzian stress, 146, 357, 749 Hertz theory, 749 Hexagonal-head bolts, 434, 435 Gear trains axes rotation and, 708 description of, 703–710 train value and, 704–705 two-stage compound, 706 Gear wheel, 815 Generating line, 687 Geometric characteristic controls and symbols, 982 Geometric controls form, 992–994 location, 998–1001 orientation, 994–996 profile, 995–998 runout, 1001–1002 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T), 28, 953 CAD models and, 1009 control of, 989–992 datums and, 983–988 defined, 978–979 geometric attributes of features for, 980–981 geometric characteristic definitions and, 992–1002 glossary of terms for, 1010–1012 material condition modifiers and, 1002–1004 overview of, 28, 953, 978–979 practical implementation of, 1004–1008 standards for, 980 symbolic language for, 981–983 Geometric stress-concentration factor, 133 Geometry factor, 757–761 Gerber fatigue-failure criterion, 334, 381, 544, 562 Gerber line, 334, 459 Gib-head key, 402, 403 Gilding brass, 77 Glasses, 82 Global instabilities, 217 Goodman, John, 329 Goodman diagram, 328 Goodman failure criterion, 544 Goodman failure line, 329, 354 Goodman-Haigh diagram, 328 Goodman line, 328–330, 333, 334, 343 Government information sources, 10 Gravitational mass of units, 31 Gravity loading, 966 Gray cast iron, 73–74, 133 Green, I., 440 Griffith, A. A., 268 Grip l, 437 Friction materials, 863–866 Friction variable, 645 Full-film lubrication, 624 Functions, singularity, 94, 98–101 Fundamental contact stress equation, 794–797 Fundamental deviation, for shafts, 408 G Gamma function, 582 Gasketed joints, 456 Gaskets, soft, 439 Gates Rubber Company, 902 Gaussian (normal) distribution, 21 GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing). See Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) Gear bending strength, 752–755 Gear mesh analysis of, 771–781 design of, 781–786, 822–826 Gears. See also Bevel and worm gears; Spur and helical gears; specific types of gears AGMA approach and, 740–742 conjugate action in, 684–685 contact ratio and, 689–690 fundamentals of, 686–689 interference in, 690–693 involute properties of, 685–686 nomenclature for, 683–684 parallel helical, 696–700 selecting appropriate, 938–945 straight bevel, 695–696, 702 tooth systems for, 701–703 types of, 682, 683 worm, 682, 683, 700–701, 703 Gear strength, 752–757 Gear teeth bending stress in, 740, 742–749 conjugate action and, 684–685 contact ratio and, 689–690 formation of, 693–695 helical, 696–700 interference and, 690–693 terminology of, 683–684 Gear tooth bending, 776, 778, 785 Gear tooth wear, 776, 779, 785 Gear train force analysis bevel gearing, 713–716 helical gearing, 716–718 notation for, 710 spur gearing, 710–713 worm gearing, 719–7241088 Mechanical Engineering Design Lap joints, 510–514 Law of action and reaction (Newton), 95 Least material condition (LMC), 1002–1004, 1011 Leibensperger, R. L., 609 Lengthwise curvature factor for bending strength, 799 Lewis, Wilfred, 740 Lewis bending equation, 740, 742–749, 757 Lewis form factor, 743 Limits, 27 Limits (shaft), 406–407 Linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) method, 266, 294–299 Linear sliding wear, 672 Linear springs, 174 Linear stress analysis, 970, 972 Linear transverse line loads, 966 Lined bushing, 662 Line elements, 959 Line of action, 685, 687 Line of contact, 148 Lipson, C., 310, 311 Little, R. E., 439 Load and stress analysis Cartesian stress components and, 101–102 contact stresses and, 145–149 curved beams in bending, 141–145 elastic strain and, 109–110 general three-dimensional stress and, 108–109 Mohr’s circle for plane stress and, 94, 102–109 normal stresses for beams in bending and, 111–116 press and shrink fits and, 139–140 shear stresses for beams in bending and, 116–122 singularity functions and, 94, 99–101 stress and, 16, 101, 148–149 stress concentration and, 132–135 stresses in pressurized cylinders and, 135–137 stresses in rotating rings and, 137–139 temperature effects and, 140–141 torsion and, 123–132 uniformly distributed stresses and, 110–111 Load-application factor, 588, 589 Load-distribution factor, 765–767, 799 Load factor, 452 malleable cast, 74–75 white cast, 74 Ito, Y., 439 Izod notched-bar test, 62, 63 J J. B. Johnson formula, 210–211, 429 Joerres, R. E., 533, 534 Joints. See also specific types of joints arrow side of, 487 bolted, 447, 452 bolted and riveted, 463–467 eccentric loading in shear, 467–469 fastener stiffness and, 436–437 fatigue loading of, 505–507 gasketed, 456 lap, 510–514 member stiffness and, 437–443 statically loaded, 452–456, 502–505 stiffness constant of, 448 strength of welded, 499–501 tension, 446–448 tension-loaded bolted, 436 welded, 492–499, 505–507 Jominy test, 71 Journal bearings. See also Bearings; Lubrication and journal bearings alloys for, 661–662 big-end connecting rod, 667–670 boundary-lubricated, 670–677 design variables for, 639–640 dynamically loaded, 663–670 fitted, 634 material choice for, 661–662 nomenclature of complete, 633, 634 partial, 634 pressure-fed, 655–660 self-contained, 649–653 Trumpler’s design criteria for, 639–640 types of, 662–663 Journal orbit, 663–664 Journal translational velocity, 664–665 K Karelitz, G. B., 650 Keys (shafts), 401–405, 950–952 Kinematic viscosity, 627 Kuhn, P., 322 Kurtz, H. J., 450 L Labyrinth seal, 612 Lamont, J. L., 71 Langer lines, 330 Lang-lay rope, 918 Hexagon-head cap screws, 434, 435 Hexagon nuts, 434, 436 Hobbing, 694 Holding power, 400 Hole basis, 407 Hooke’s law, 43, 110, 215 Hoop stress, 136 Hot melts, 509–510 Hot rolling, 67–68, 310 Hot-working processes, 67–68 Hrennikoff, A., 957 Hydraulic clutches, 836 Hydrodynamic lubrication, 624, 634–638 Hydrostatic lubrication, 625 Hypoid gears, 793 I Idle arc, 886 Impact, shock and, 218–220 Impact load, 62 Impact properties, 62–63 Impact value, 62 Inch-pound-second system (ips), 31 Indirect mounting, 597 Infinite-life design, 295 Influence coefficients, 396 Information sources, 9–10 Injection molding, 693 Interference diametral, 410 gear teeth and, 690–693 nature of, 27, 690 Interference fits, 409–411 Interference of strength, 25 Interference of stress, 25 Internal-friction theory, 256 Internal gear, 688 Internal-shoe brake, 836–837 International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM), 626 International System of Units (SI), 32 International tolerance grade numbers (IT), 407 Internet information sources, 10 Interpolation equation, 649 Investment casting, 67, 693 Involute helicoid, 696, 697 Involute profile, 684 Involute properties, of gears, 685–686 Irons alloy cast, 75 ductile and nodular cast, 74 gray cast, 73–75Index 1089 heat treatment of steel and, 69–71 hot-working processes and, 67–68 impact properties and, 62–63 investment casting and, 67 nonferrous metals and, 75–78 numbering systems and, 64–66 plastic deformation and cold work and, 50–57 plastics and, 78, 79 powder-metallurgy process and, 67 sand casting and, 66 selection of, 42, 81–87 for shafts, 374–375 shell molding and, 66, 693 statistical significance of properties of, 48–50 strength and stiffness, 42–48 temperature effects and, 63–64 Materials selection charts, 81–82 Matrix, 80 Maximum load, 247–249, 262–263, 265 Maximum material condition (MMC), 989, 990, 1012 Maximum-normal-stress theory for brittle materials, 262–263, 265 Maximum shear stress, 47, 247, 248, 526 Maximum-shear-stress theory (MSS), ductile materials and, 247–249, 252, 257 Maximum shear theory, 275 Maxwell’s reciprocity theorem, 396 McHenry, D., 957 McKee, S. A., 632 McKee, T. R., 632 McKee abscissa, 632 McKelvey, S. A., 311 Mean coil diameter, 526 Mean stress, 302, 307 fatigue failure and, 333–336, 351 fluctuating stresses and, 325–330 loading mode and, 347, 348 nonzero, 301 Mechanical springs. See Springs Mesh, 964 Mesh density, 964 Mesh design for straight-bevel gears, 811–814 for worm gears, 822–826 Mesh generation fully automatic, 964 manual, 964 semiautomatic, 964 Mesh refinement, 964 Metal-mold castings, 67 Metals, nonferrous, 75–78 Lubrication and journal bearings bearing types and, 663 boundary-lubricated bearings and, 670–677 clearance and, 653–655 design variables for, 639–640 dynamically loaded journal bearings and, 663–670 hydrodynamic theory and, 624, 634–638 loads and materials and, 661–662 lubrication types and, 624–625 Petroff’s equation and, 627–632 pressure-fed bearings and, 655–660 relationship between variables and, 640–649 stable lubrication and, 632–633 steady-state conditions in selfcontained bearings and, 649–653 thick-film lubrication and, 633–634 viscosity and, 625–627 Lüder lines, 247–248 M Mabie, H. H., 748 Macaulay functions. See Singularity functions Magnesium, 76 Magnetic clutches, 836 Major diameter, of screw threads, 422 Malleable cast iron, 74–75 Manganese, 72 Manson, S. S., 355 Manson-Coffin equation, 301 Map frame, 665 Margin of safety, 25 Marin, Joseph, 258, 309 Marin’s equation, 309, 317 Martensite, 70, 306 Martensitic stainless steel, 73 Martin, H. C., 957 Master fatigue diagram, 328 Material condition modifiers (MMC), 1002–1004, 1011 Material efficiency coefficient, 85 Material index, 85–86 Materials. See also specific materials alloy steel and, 72–73 casting, 73–75 cold-working processes and, 68–69 composite, 80 corrosion-resistant steel and, 73 cyclic stress-strain properties and, 57–60 energy absorption properties of, 47–48 hardness and, 61, 62 Loading factor (endurance limit), 314, 348 Loading modes, 347–350, 362 Load intensity, 97, 179 Load-life-reliability relationship, 576 Load-sharing ratio, 758 Loads/loading critical unit, 208 dynamic, 966 element, 966 fatigue, 505–507 impact, 62 nodal, 966 reversed, 806 static, 133, 242, 286, 502–505, 966 (See also Static loading, failures resulting from; Static loads/ loading) surface, 966–967 variable, 590–593 (See also Fatigue failure from variable loading) Load-stress factor, 357, 358 Load zone, 600 Location controls concentricity, 1000 position, 998–1000 symmetry, 1000–1001 Loose-side tension, 886 Loss-of-function parameter, 18 Low brass, 77 Low-contact-ratio (LCR) helical gears, 758 Low-cycle fatigue, 303–304 Low-leaded brass, 77 Lubricant flow, 646 Lubricant temperature rise, 647–649, 655, 675 Lubrication boundary, 625, 670–677 elastohydrodynamic, 625 function of, 624 hydrodynamic, 624, 634–638 hydrostatic, 625 mathematical theory of, 635 mixed-film, 671 roller chain, 917 rolling bearing, 478, 576, 579, 608–609 solid-film, 625 splash, 608 stable, 632–633 temperature rise and, 647–649, 655, 675 thick-film, 633–634 unstable, 6331090 Mechanical Engineering Design Overload factor, 764, 797 Overrunning clutch or coupling, 867 P Palmgren linear damage rule, 356 Palmgren-Miner cycle-ratio summation rule (Miner’s rule), 352, 353, 355 Parabolic formula, 210–211 Parallel-axis theorem, 113 Parallel helical gears, 696–700 Parallelism control, 994–995 Paris equation, 297 Partial journal bearing, 634 Partitioning approach, 963 Pedestal bearings, 649 Performance factors, 639 Permanent joint design adhesive bonding and, 508–516 butt and fillet welds and, 487–494 resistance welding and, 507–508 welded joints and, 492–499, 505–506 welding symbols and, 486–488 Permanent-mold casting, 693 Permissible contact stress number (strength) equation, 797 Peterson, R. E., 246 Petroff’s equation, 631–632 Phosphor bronze, 77, 78, 531 Pilkey, W. D., 404 Pillow-block bearings, 649 Pinion, 683, 691, 693 Pinion bending, 782 Pinion cutter, 693, 694 Pinion tooth bending, 775, 778, 784, 785 Pinion tooth wear, 776, 779 Pins (shafts), 401–405 Pitch of bevel gears, 695 of screw threads, 422, 423, 426 timing belt, 908–909 Pitch circle, 683, 685, 686, 688, 693, 798 Pitch diameter of screw threads, 422 of spur-gear teeth, 683 Pitch length, 902 Pitch-line velocity, 686, 711, 712, 745 Pitch point, 685 Pitch radius, 685 Pitting, 749 Pitting resistance, 750, 752, 761–762, 804 Pitting-resistance geometry factor, 752, 799, 800 Plane slider bearing, 635 Multiple-threaded product, 423 Multipoint constraint equations, 967 Muntz metal, 78 Music wire, 531, 532 N Naval brass, 78 Necking, 45, 46 Needle bearings, 578 Neuber, H., 322 Neuber constant, 322, 323 Neutral plane, 112 Newmark, N. M., 957 Newtonian fluids, 626 Newton (N), 32 Newton’s cooling model, 860–861 Newton’s third law, 95 Nickel, 72, 75 Nodal loads, 966 Nodes, 957, 961, 962 Nodular cast iron, 74 Noll, C. J., 310, 311 Nominal size, 27 Nominal stress, 133 Nonferrous metals, 75–78 Nonlinear softening spring, 175 Nonlinear stiffening spring, 174 Nonplanar datum features, 986 Nonprecision bearings, 579 Normal circular pitch, 697 Normal diametrical pitch, 697 Normalizing process, 69 Normal strain, 43 Normal stress, 101 Norris, C. H., 490 Notched-bar tests, 62, 63 Notch sensitivity, stress concentration and, 320–325 Numbering systems, 64–66 Nuts grade of, 444 hexagon, 434, 436 O Octahedral shear stress, 251–252 Octahedral-shear-stress theory, 251, 252 Offset method, 44 Oil outlet temperature, 649 Oil-tempered wire, 531 Opening crack propagation mode, 268, 269 Orientation control, 994–996 Osgood, C. C., 439 Overconstrained systems, 201 Metals Handbook (ASM), 289 Metal spraying, 319 Metric threads, 423–424 Milling, gear teeth, 693 Miner’s rule, 352, 353, 355 Minimum film thickness, 641, 642 Minimum life, 580 Minor diameter, of screw threads, 422 Mischke, Charles R., 312, 316 Mitchiner, R. G., 748 Mixed-film lubrication, 671 MMC. See Material condition modifiers (MMC) Mobility map, 665 Mobility method, 664–665 Mobility vector, 665, 666 Modal analysis, 973, 974 Mode I, plane strain fracture toughness, 270 Modeling techniques, 967–970 Moderate applications, 746 Modern Steels and Their Properties Handbook (Bethlehem Steet), 71 Modified-Goodman diagram, 328 Modified-Goodman line, 328–329 Modified Mohr (MM) theory, 263–265 Modified Mohr (plane stress), 275 Module m, 684 Modulus of elasticity, 43, 109 Modulus of elasticity of rope, 919 Modulus of resilience, 47–48 Modulus of rigidity, 47, 110 Modulus of rupture, 47 Modulus of toughness, 48 Mohr’s circle diagram, 104, 256, 259 Mohr’s circle for plane stress, 94, 102–109, 147 Mohr’s circle shear convention, 104–106 Mohr theory for brittle materials, 263–265 Mohr theory of failure, 255–256, 266. See also Coulomb-Mohr theory Molded-asbestos linings, 864 Molded-asbestos pads, 864 Molding, 66, 693 Molybdenum, 72, 75 Moment connection, 492 Moment load, 468 Monte Carlo computer simulations, 31 Morrow fatigue-failure criterion, 334, 336, 382 Morrow line, 334, 353 MSC/NASTRAN, 956 Multiple of rating life, 581Index 1091 Resistance welding, 507–508 Retaining rings, 405–406, 950–952 Reynolds, Osborne, 626, 635, 636, 638 Reynolds equation, 636, 638, 665, 666 Right-hand rule, 423, 703, 722 Rim clutches external contracting, 844–847 internal expanding, 836–844 Rim-thickness factor, 770–771 Ring gear, 688 Riveted joints, loaded in shear, 463–467 Roark’s formulas, 179 Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain (Young, Budynas & Sadegh), 179, 180 Rockwell hardness, 61, 806 Roller chains, 909–917 Rolling bearings description of, 576, 578 lubrication and, 478, 576, 579, 608–609 types of, 578–579 Rolling-contact bearings ball and cylindrical roller bearing selection and, 577, 585–590, 593–596 bearing load life at rated reliability and, 580–581 combined radial and thrust loading of, 585–590 description of, 576 design assessment for, 604–608 fit and, 608 life of, 579–580 lubrication of, 608–609 mounting and enclosure of, 609–613 relating load, life and reliability and, 583–585 reliability of, 605–608 reliability vs. life of, 582–583 tapered roller bearings selection and, 596–604 types of, 576–579 variable loading and, 590–593 Roll threading, 69 Ropes, 882 Rotary fatigue, 356 Rotating-beam specimen, 305, 309 Rotating-beam test, 303 Rotating rings, stresses in, 137–139 Rotscher’s pressure-cone method, 439 Round-belt drives. See Flat-belt and round-belt drives Round belts, 882 Primary shear, 468 Principal stresses, 103 Probability density function (PDF), 20 Probability of failure, 20–24 Product liability, 15 Professional societies, 10, 11 Profile control, 996–998 Profile of a line, 996 Profile of a surface, 996 Proof load, bolt, 443 Proof strength, bolt, 443 Propagation of dispersion, 24 Propagation of error, 24 Propagation of uncertainty, 24 Proportional limit, 43 Puck pad caliper brake, 855–856 Pulleys flat-belt and round-belt, 891–892 forces and torque on, 887 Pure shear, 337 Q Quality numbers (AGMA), 763 Quasi-static fracture, 267–268 Quenching, 69–70 R R. R. Moore high-speed rotating-beam machine, 302–303 Radial clearance ratio, 632 Radial loading/thrust loading combined, 585–590 Radial stress, 135–137, 410 Radius of gyration, 208 Raimondi, Albert A., 640, 641 Raimondi-Boyd analysis, 640–647 Rain-flow counting technique, 352 Ramberg-Osgood relationship, 53 Ramp function, 98, 99 Rating life, 579–580 Rayleigh’s equation, 396 Redundant supports, 201 Reemsnyder, Harold S., 297 Regular-lay rope, 917 Related actual mating envelope, 986–987 Relative velocity, 859 Reliability factor, 316–317, 360, 769–770, 803–804 Reliability method of design, 20, 24–26 Repeated stress, 302 Residual stress, 317, 487 Resilience, 47–48 Plane strain, 297 Plane stress, 275 Mohr’s circle for, 94, 102–109, 256–257 Plane-stress transformation equations, 102 Planetary gear trains, 708 Planet carrier (arm), 708 Planet gears, 708 Plastic deformation, 43, 44, 51–53 Plastics, 78, 79 Plastic strain, 289, 292 Plastic-strain Manson-Coffin equation, 301 Pneumatic clutches, 836 Poisson’s ratio, 80, 109, 749 Position control, 998–1000 Positive-contact clutch, 866, 867 Potential energy. See Strain energy Pound-force (lbf), 31 Powder-metallurgy process, 67 Power curve equation, 311 Power screws, 426–433 Power transmission (case study) background of, 936 bearing selection, 949–950 design sequence for, 937–938 final analysis, 953 force analysis, 947 gear specification, 938–945 key and retaining ring selection, 950–953 power and torque requirements, 938 shaft design for deflection, 948–949 shaft design for stress, 948 shaft layout, 945–947 shaft material selection, 947 Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels, 73 Preload bolt, 436, 452 considerations for, 460 statically loaded tension joint with, 452–456 Presetting, 529 Press fits, 139–140, 378–379 Pressure angle, 687, 698, 703 Pressure-fed bearings, 655–660 Pressure line, 687 Pressure-sensitive adhesives, 509 Pressure-strength ratio, 921 Pressurized cylinders, stresses in, 135–137 Pretension, 436, 452–4531092 Mechanical Engineering Design Singularity functions application of, 99–101, 185 beam deflections by, 182–188 description of, 94, 98–99 Sintered-metal pads, 864 Size factor, 312–314, 765, 799 Sleeve bearings, 624, 661 Slenderness ratio, 208 Sliding fit, 407 Sliding mode, 268, 269 Slip, 44, 882 Slip lines, 247–248 Slip planes, 44 Slug, 31 Smith, G. M., 543 Smith-Dolan locus, 345–346 Smith-Watson-(SWT) criterion, 335, 336 Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) fatiguefailure criterion, 335, 336, 343, 344 S-N diagram. See Stress-life (S-N) diagram Snug-tight condition, 449 torque and, 449 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 11, 64 bolt strength standards, 443, 444 Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), 11 Socket setscrews, 400–401 Soderberg line, 334–336 Software CAD, 8–9, 980, 1009 engineering-based, 9 engineering-specific, 9 Solid elements, 959, 960 Solid-film lubricant, 625 Sommerfeld, A., 638 Sommerfeld number, 632, 641, 645, 659 Special-purpose elements, 959, 960 Specific modulus (specific stiffness), 83 Speed ratio, 759 Spherical contact stresses, 146–147 Spherical-roller thrust bearing, 578 Spinning, 69 Spiral bevel gears, 792, 794 Spiroid gearing, 794 Splash lubrication, 608 Splines, 378 Spot welding, 507, 508 Spring brass, 531 Spring constant, 175 assembly and disassembly and, 379–380 axial, 376 supporting axial loads, 377 torque transmission provisions and, 377–379 Shaft material fatigue failure and, 375 selection of, 947 Shafts, 286 bearings in, 585 bending moments on, 380 couplings, 866–867 critical speeds for, 395–400 defined
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Eleventh Edition in SI Units رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Eleventh Edition in SI Units
|
|