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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Modification of Polymer Properties الإثنين 07 أغسطس 2023, 1:47 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Modification of Polymer Properties Edited by Carlos F. Jasso-Gastinel University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Me´xico Jose´ M. Kenny University of Perugia, Terni, Italy Table of contents Dedication About the Editors
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface 1. Introduction: Modifiable Characteristics and Applications Abstract 1.1 Development of Polymers 1.2 Bonding in Polymers 1.3 Classifications of Polymers With Respect to Origin, Structure, and Applications 1.4 Morphology 1.5 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 1.6 Recycling and Degradation of Polymers 1.7 Structure–Properties Relationship in Polymers 1.8 Estimation of Polymer Properties 1.9 How to Select a Polymer References 2. Filled Polymer Composites Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Type of Composites and Their Properties 2.3 Filler Effects in Polymer Properties, Applications, and Market 2.4 Filler Surface Modification 2.5 Properties and Applications of the Main Fillers 2.6 Adhesion and Surface Modification 2.7 Matrix/Filler Interface and Interactions 2.8 Rheology of Filled Polymers 2.9 Manufacturing of Filled Polymers References 3. Nanofillers in Polymers Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of Nanoparticles 3.3 Processing of Nanostructured Polymers and Composites 3.4 Evaluation Techniques of Nanoparticles Dispersion 3.5 Effect of Nanofillers on the Properties of Polymer Composites 3.6 Conclusions References 4. Additives in Polymers Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Protective Additives 4.3 Plasticizers 4.4 Impact Modifiers 4.5 Compatibilizers 4.6 Dyes and Pigments 4.7 Bio-Based Additives and Formulations References 5. Surface Modification of Polymers: Chemical, Physical, and Biological Routes Abstract Recent Trends in the Surface Modification of Polymers 5.1 Chemical Methods 5.2 Bulk Surface Modification 5.3 Physical Methods 5.4 Biological Routes 5.5 Examples of Applications References 6. Smart Polymers Abstract 6.1 Smart Materials: Polymers and Nanocomposites 6.2 Stimuli Responsive Materials in Smart Packaging 6.3 Mechanisms of Shape Memory 6.4 Mechanisms of Self-Healing 6.5 Mechanisms of Hydrogel 6.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 7. Blends and Alloys Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fundamental Principles and Types of Polymer Blends 7.3 Phase Morphology of Polymer Blends 7.4 Phase Behavior and Properties of Polymer Blend Systems 7.5 Design and Applications of Polymer Blends 7.6 Concluding Remarks Nomenclature References 8. Gradients in Homopolymers, Blends, and Copolymers Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Gradients in Homopolymers and Composites 8.3 Gradients in Blends 8.4 Compatibility and Phase Separation in MPS 8.5 Gradient Copolymers 8.6 Summary Acknowledgments References Index Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively. A Acrylics modifiers, 99, 99t Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 4 modifiers, 98-99, 99t properties and applications of, 31 Additives, 87 bio-based, 103-105, 104t compatibilizers, 99-100, 101t dyes, 100 impact modifiers, 97-99, 99t pigments, 101-103, 102t inorganic, 101-103 organic, 101 plasticizers, 95-97, 97f, 98t protective, 88-95 flame retardants, 90 heat stabilizers, 89-91 against weathering, 88-93 role of, 87 technological aspects of, 87-88 Adhesion, 113 filled polymer composites, 31-32 Adhesives, classification of, 7t Alloys, 155 Alumina trihydrate, properties and applications of, 31 3-Aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane (APDES), 29 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), 29 Amorphous polymers, 7-10, 8f, 10f Antibacterial coatings, 111 Antibacterial effect of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 77-78 Antifouling properties of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 78 Antioxidants (AO), 89-91 multifunctional, 91, 91f in packaging materials, 136 primary, 89t, 90, 90f secondary, 89t, 90-91, 90f, 91f Antistatic coatings, 111 Arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), 122-123 Aromatic amines, secondary, 90, 90f Aromatic LC polyesteramides, blends with, 172-173, 173f Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 68, 69f Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 112, 202, 202f Avobenzones, 91-92, 92f B Barrier properties of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 76-77, 76f Benzophenones, 94t Benzotriazoles, 94t Bio-based additives, 103-105, 104t Biocompatibility of polymers, 124 Biodegradable polymer blends, 176-179 PHB blends, 178-179, 179f PLA blends, 177-178, 178f Biofunctionalization of polymer surfaces, 120-121, 121f Biological routes, 120-124, 122t biofunctionalization of polymer surfaces, 120-121, 121f carbohydrate coatings, 123-124 peptide coatings, 122-123 protein coatings, 121-122 Blend(s/ing), 155 basic thermodynamics of, 156-157, 156f classification of, 157-158 design and applications of, 173-179 biodegradable polymer blends, 176-179, 178f, 179f postconsumer plastics based on PET and polyolefins, recycling of, 173-176, 174t, 175f, 176f gradients in, 188-198 diffusion in polymers, 191-194, 193f gradient IPNs, 189-191, 189f, 190f, 194-198, 194f, 195f, 196f, 197f methods of mixing, 158-159 phase morphology of, 159-164 compatibilization methods, 162-164 immiscible blends, 159-160, 160f miscible blends, 160-162, 161f phase transitions of, 157-158, 158f polymer blend systems, phase behavior and properties of, 164-173 blends with liquid crystal components, 169-173, 170f, 171t polyamide/polyolefin blends, 165-168, 167f, 168f polyester/polyolefin blends, 165-168 polyolefin/polyolefin blends, 164-165, 164f, 166f Block or graft copolymers addition, compatibilization by, 162-163, 163f Bohemite, 25f Bonding, in polymers, 1-2 Boron carbide (B4C), 56-57 Bulk surface modification, 112-113 adhesion and wettability (hydrophilicity), 113 low surface tension, hydrophobic and oleophobic surfaces, 112-113 Butadiene-based graft copolymers, 98 Butene, properties of, 2t C Calcium carbonate applications of, 30-31 properties of, 30-31, 36t surface tension of, 33t Carbohydrate coatings, 123-124 Carbon, allotropic forms of, 51-52, 52f Carbon black (CB), 55, 102-103 properties of, 36t Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), 51-52, 54 thermoplastic matrices, 62 thermoset matrices, 64 Carbon nanoparticles, 51-55 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 51-54 multi-walled, 51-53 single-walled, 51-53 thermoplastic matrices, 62 thermoset matrices, 64 211Cellobiose, chemical structure of, 57f Cellulose fibers, properties of, 36t Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), 57-58, 57f Cellulose nanofibril, crystalline and amorphous domains in, 57f Cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTA-OH), 138 Chemical elements or groups, in polymers, 3 Chemical resistant/barrier coatings, 111-112 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 117 Chitin, 59 chemical structure of, 59f Chitosan, 59, 124 chemical structure of, 59f Clay minerals, properties and applications of, 30 Compatibilization methods, 162-164 by block or graft copolymers addition, 162-163, 163f by functional/reactive polymers addition, 163, 163f reactive blending (in situ compatibilization), 163-164 Compatibilizers, 99-100, 101t Coniferyl alcohol, chemical structure of, 58f Controlled radical polymerization (CRP), gradient copolymer by, 202-203, 202f, 204f, 205f Corona discharge, 114, 114f p-Coumaryl alcohol, chemical structure of, 58f Coupling agents, 13, 26, 28, 34, 40 Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), 111 Crystallization of polymers, 7-9, 8f D n -Decane, properties of, 2t Degradability, in polymers, 14-15, 88f Degree of polymerization (DP), 8-9 Denisov Cycle, 92 Development of polymers, 1 Diamond-like-carbon (DLC) films, 117 Diffusion in polymers, 191-194, 193f Dyes, 100 E Elastomeric matrices, 65-66 Electrical properties of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 72-73, 72f Electron microscopy, 67, 67f Environmental-sensitive polymers, 131 Epoxy resin silica nanoparticles in, 24f surface tension of, 33t Ethylene Propylene Diene (M class) Rubber (EPDM), 65 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 121-122 F Fatty acids, 28-29 Fiber-reinforced composites, 48f Filled polymer composites, 23 adhesion in, 31-32 applications of, 26-28 compatibilization, 26, 30, 34-35 compounding, 28, 40-42 manufacturing of, 40-42 matrix/filler interface and interactions, 32-35, 33t, 35f reinforcement, 23-25, 28, 30-31, 34 rheology of, 35-40, 36t, 38f, 39f surface modification in, 28-32 types and properties of, 24-26 Flame retardants (FR), 90 Flame treatment, 114-115, 115f Fluorescent pigments, 103 Fluoroalkylation of polymer surfaces, 112 Fluorosurfactant additives, 113 Functional/reactive polymers addition, compatibilization by, 163, 163f Gγ -irradiation, 117-118 Glass beads, properties of, 36t Glass fibers applications of, 30-31 properties of, 30-31, 36t 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 110-111 Gradient IPNs applications of, 194-198 chemical properties of, 196-198, 197f physical properties of, 194-198, 194f, 195f, 196f preparation of, 189-191, 189f, 190f Gradients, 185 in blends, 188-198 diffusion in polymers, 191-194, 193f gradient IPNs, 189-191, 189f, 190f, 194-198, 194f, 195f, 196f, 197f gradient copolymers, 199-205, 200f preparation of, 200-203, 202f, 204f, 205f properties of, 194-198 in homopolymers and composites, 187-188 polymeric gradient composite, 187-188 multicomponent polymer systems, compatibility and phase separation of, 198-199 Graphene, 54-55 thermoplastic matrices, 62 thermoset matrices, 64 use of CNTs in, 53, 53f Graphene oxide (GO), 54-55, 111 thermoplastic matrices, 62 thermoset matrices, 64 H Halogen-based flame retardants, 95 Heat stabilizers, 87, 94t Hemodialysis membranes, 124 High density polyethylene (HDPE), 34-35, 35f, 36f High temperature behavior of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 73-76, 74f, 76f Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), 92, 94t Hindered phenols, 90, 90f Hydrogels, mechanisms of, 146-147, 147f Hydrolysis-condensation reaction, 110 Hydrophilicity, 113 Hydrophobic surfaces, 112-113 I Immiscible blends, 159-160, 160f Impact modifiers, 97-99, 99t Inorganic pigments, 101-103 In situ compatibilization, 163-164 In situ polymerization, 134 Intelligent packagings, 137 Intelligent polymers, 131 Ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD), 119 Ion beam based processes, 119 Ion implantation, 119 Isodimensional nanoparticles, 133 thermoplastic matrices, 62-63 thermoset matrices, 64-65 Isopentane, properties of, 2t Isotactic polypropylene/high density polyethylene (iPP/HDPE) blends phase behavior and properties of, 164-165 Isotactic polypropylene/low density polyethylene (iPP/LDPE) blends phase behavior and properties of, 164-165, 164f K Kevlar fibers, properties of, 36t Kinetic chain-breaking antioxidants, 89 L Laser-induced surface modifications, 118-119 Layered silicate arrangements of “onium” ions in, 50-51, 51f structure of, 50-51, 50f 212 INDEXLipid oxidation, 136 Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), 156f M Magnesium hydroxide, properties and applications of, 31 Maleic anhydride, 34 Manufacturing of filled polymers, 40-42 Matrix/filler interface and interactions, 32-35, 33t, 35f Mechanical properties of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 69-72, 71f Melt-mixing, 134 Metakaolinite, 30 Metal complexes, 94t Metal hydrate flame retardants, 95 Metallic pigments, 103 Metallic salts, 93-94 Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) modifiers, 99, 99t Methane, properties of, 2t Mica applications of, 26, 30 properties of, 26, 30, 36t surface tension of, 33t Miscible blends, 160-162, 161f Molecular weight (MW), of polymers, 10-12, 11f, 12f Molecular weight distribution (MWD), 11-12 Monomers, in polymer, 3-4 Montmorillonites (MMT), 50-51 layered silicate, 134 X-ray scattering of, 66f Morphology of nanocomposites, 51, 52f of polymers, 7-10, 8f, 10f Multicomponent polymer systems (MPSs), 185-187 compatibility and phase separation of, 198-199 Multifunctional antioxidants, 91, 91f Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 51-53 N Nanocarbides, 56-57 Nanoclays, 50-51 thermoplastic matrices, 61-62 thermoset matrices, 63-64 Nanocomposites, 24, 24f, 47-48, 48f fiber-reinforced, 48f interphase in, 49f processing of, 60-66 smart, 131-134 Nanofillers, 47 effect on polymer composites properties, 68-78 antibacterial effect, 77-78 antifouling properties, 78 barrier properties, 76-77, 76f electrical properties, 72-73, 72f mechanical properties, 69-72, 71f thermal properties and high temperature behavior, 73-76, 74f, 76f Nanolignin, 58 thermoplastic matrices, 63 thermoset matrices, 65 Nano-oxides, 55-56 Nanoparticles dispersion, evaluation techniques of, 66-68 atomic force microscopy, 68, 69f electron microscopy, 67, 67f Raman spectroscopy, 67-68, 68f small angle X-ray scattering, 66f, 67 wide angle X-ray diffraction, 66 geometrical shape and dimensions of, 49t geometries of, 133f types of, 49-60 Nanoreinforcement, 47 Nanostructured polymers, processing of, 60-66 Nanotechnology, 47 Nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), 202 Nonmetallic organic stabilizers, 94-95 Nonphthalates, 97, 98t O Oleophobic surfaces, 112-113 Oligomer, 1 Organic nanofillers, 57-59 cellulose nanocrystals, 57-58, 57f chitin, 59, 59f chitosan, 59, 59f nanolignin, 58 Organic pigments, 101 Organometallic compounds, 94 Organosilane surface modifiers, 29, 29t P PAN membranes, 112 Pearlescent pigments, 103 n-Pentane, properties of, 2t Peptide coatings, 122-123 Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs), for surface modification, 112 Peroxide decomposers, 89 Phenol-formaldehyde resins, 25 Phosphites, 90, 90f Phosphorus-based flame retardants, 95 Photo-aging, 89 Photodegradation, 88-89 Photoinitiated degradation, 89 Photostabilizers, 91-93, 92f, 93f, 94t Photothermal degradation, 89 Phthalates, 97, 98t Phyllosilicates, 50 Pigments, 101-103, 102t inorganic, 101-103 organic, 101 PLA/EVA-GMA blends, 177-178, 178f PLA-poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PLA-PHB), 136 Plasma-assisted coating methods, 115-117 Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), 117, 123 Plasma polymerization, 116 Plasma postirradiation grafting, 116 Plasma simultaneous grafting, 116 Plasma state polymerization, 116 Plasticizers, 88, 95-97, 97f, 98t primary, 95-96 secondary, 95-96 Polyacids, 3 Polyacrylic acid, 61 Polyamide/polyolefin blends, 165-168 Polyamide-6/high density polyethylene (PA6/HDPE) blends, 165-168 Polyamide-6/low density polyethylene (PA6/LDPE) blends, 165-168, 167f Polyamide-6 (PA-6), surface modification of, 113 Polyamide-6/ultra low density polyethylene (PA6/ULDPE) bleds, 165-168 Polyamide-6/very low density polyethylene (PA6/VLDPE) blends, 165-168, 168f Polyamides, 3 properties and applications of, 31 Poly(butylenes terephthalate) (PBT), 156f Poly(butylenes terephthalate)/4,4’- terephthaloyldioxydibenzoic acid (PBT/HTH), 172, 172f Polycaprolactone (PCL), 111-112 carbohydrate coatings, 123-124 for surface modification, 112 Polycarbonate (PC), 156f resistance to scratch and wear, 110-111 Polycarbonate/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PC/ PCL), 161 Polycondensation polymers, 34 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), antibacterial activity of, 111 Polyesters, 3 Polyetherimide (PEI), 156f Polyethersulfone (PES), 123-124 membranes, 124-125 Polyethylene oxide (PEO), 61-63, 111-112 INDEX 213Polyethylene (PE) antibacterial activity of, 111 for surface modification, 112-113 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/high density polyethylene (PET/HDPE), 169 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 63, 111 for surface modification, 112 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PET/PBT), 161 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ polypropylene (PET/PP), 169, 170f, 171t Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), 59-60 chemical structure of, 60f Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) blends, 178-179, 179f Poly(hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PHB/PEO), 161 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), 111-112, 136 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), 116-117 Polylactides (PLAs), 59, 61-63 blends of, 159, 177-178 Polymer composite properties, nanofillers effect on, 68-78 antibacterial effect, 77-78 antifouling properties, 78 barrier properties, 76-77, 76f electrical properties, 72-73, 72f mechanical properties, 69-72, 71f thermal properties and high temperature behavior, 73-76, 74f, 76f Polymeric gradient composite (PGC) applications of, 188 preparation of, 187-188 Polymer layer interdiffusion, 34 Polymer(s) additives in, 87 applications of, 6-7, 6t blends, 3t, 155 bonding in, 1-2 chemical elements or groups in, 3 classification of, 3-7 components in, types of, 5 composites, filled. See Filled polymer composites degradability in, 14-15, 88f development of, 1 diffusion in, 191-194, 193f molecular weight of, 10-12, 11f, 12f monomers in, 3-4 morphology of, 7-10, 8f, 10f nanofillers in, 47 properties, estimation of, 16-17 reaction to temperature, 5-6, 5f recyclability of, 13-14 selection of, 17-18 smart, 131 sources of origin, 3 space dimensions in, 4, 4f structure-property relationships in, 15-16, 15t surface modification of. See Surface modification, of polymers Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resistance to scratch and wear, 110-111 for surface modification, 112-113 surface tension of, 33, 33t Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), 63 Polyolefin composites, 34 Polyolefin/polyolefin blends, phase behavior and properties of, 164-165 Polyolefins, 3 Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), 156f Polypropylene (PP), 25-26, 29, 63, 87 photooxidative degradation of, 89 surface modifications of, 113 surface tension of, 33, 33t Polypropylene/ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol (PP/EVOH) blends, 168 Polysaccharide nanocrystals thermoplastic matrices, 63 thermoset matrices, 65 Polystyrene (PS), 37, 61-62 resistance to scratch and wear, 110-111 for surface modification, 112-113 Polyurethanes, 3 Poly(vinyl acetate), 63 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, PVOH), 61-63, 111 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), 63, 88, 93, 111 antibacterial activity of, 111 flame treatment, 114-115 plasticizers effect on, 96-97, 97f for surface modification, 112-113 PPESK membranes, 125 Propylene copolymers blends, phase behavior and properties of, 165, 166f Protective additives, 88-95 flame retardants, 90 heat stabilizers, 89-91 against weathering, 88-93 Protein coatings, 121-122 PSU membranes, 125 PVDF membranes, 125 Q Quenchers, 92, 92f, 93f, 94t R Radiation-induced surface modification, 117-119 γ-irradiation, 117-118 ion beam based processes, 119 laser-induced surface modifications, 118-119 UV-irradiation, 118 Radical addition fragmentation and transfer (RAFT), 202-203 Radio frequency identification (RFID), 138, 138f Raman spectroscopy, 67-68, 68f Reactive blending, 163-164 Reactive ion etching (RIE), 117 Recyclability of polymers, 13-14 Rheology of filled polymers, 35-40, 36t, 38f, 39f S Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 67 Scratch/wear resistant coatings, 110-111 Self assembled monolayers (SAM), 119-120 functionalization by, 120f Self-healing, mechanisms of, 143-146, 144f, 145t, 146f Semicrystalline polymer, 8f, 10f Shape memory, mechanism of, 138-143, 139f, 140f, 141f Silica properties and applications of, 31 surface tension of, 33t Silicon carbide (SiC), 56-57 Sinapyl alcohol, chemical structure of, 58f Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), 51-53 Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 66f, 67 Smart materials, 131-134 classes of, 132f, 133f Smart polymers, 131 trends of, 132f uses in biotechnology, 132f Sol-gel coatings, 66, 110-111 hydrolysis and condensation reactions involved in, 110f Space dimensions, in polymers, 4, 4f Stimuli responsive polymers, 131, 134-138, 135f, 138f Structure-property relationships, in polymers, 15-16, 15t Styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR), 65-66 Sulfhydric acid, properties of, 2t Surface modification, of polymers, 109 applications, 124-125 biocompatibility, 124 PAN membranes, 112 PES membranes, 124-125 PPESK membranes, 125 PSU membranes, 125 PVDF membranes, 125 214 INDEXultrafiltration and hemodialysis membranes, 124 biological routes, 120-124, 122t biofunctionalization of polymer surfaces, 120-121, 121f carbohydrate coatings, 123-124 peptide coatings, 122-123 protein coatings, 121-122 bulk surface modification, 112-113 adhesion and wettability (hydrophilicity), 113 low surface tension, hydrophobic and oleophobic surfaces, 112-113 chemical methods, 109-112, 110f antibacterial coatings, 111 antistatic coatings, 111 chemical resistant/barrier coatings, 111-112 scratch/wear resistant coatings, 110-111 in filled polymer composites, 28-32, 29t physical methods, 113-120 corona discharge, 114, 114f flame treatment, 114-115, 115f plasma-assisted coating methods, 115-117 radiation-induced surface modification, 117-119 self assembled monolayers, 119-120, 120f vapour-based coatings, 117 recent trends in, 109 Synthetic polymers, 131 T Talc, properties and applications of, 30, 32 Template synthesis, 134 Tetraoctyl cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TOA-OH), 138 Thermal properties of polymer composites nanofillers effect on, 73-76, 74f, 76f Thermoplastic matrices, 61-63 carbon nanofibers, 62 carbon nanotubes, 62 graphene, 62 graphene oxide, 62 isodimensional nanoparticles, 62-63 nanoclays, 61-62 nanolignin, 63 polysaccharide nanocrystals, 63 Thermoplastic polymers, 23, 24t Thermoset matrices, 24t, 63-65 carbon nanofibers, 64 carbon nanotubes, 64 graphene oxide, 64 graphene, 64 isodimensional nanoparticles, 64-65 nanoclays, 63-64 nanolignin, 65 polysaccharide nanocrystals, 65 Thermotropic LC polyesters, blends with, 172, 172f Thiosynergists, 91, 91f Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 101-102 properties of, 36t Traditional (conventional) radical polymerization (TRP) gradient copolymer by, 200-201 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 67 U Ultrafiltration, 124 UV absorbers, 91-92, 92f UV-curable coatings, 109-110 UV-irradiation, 118 V Vapour-based coatings, 117 W Water, properties of, 2t Weathering, protection against, 88-93 Wettability, 113 Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), 66 Wollastonite, properties and applications of, 25f, 30 Z Zirconium carbide (ZrC), 56-57
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