Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites - Challenges and New Solutions الأحد 06 أغسطس 2023, 3:28 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites - Challenges and New Solutions Klaus Friedrich , Ulf Breuer
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Front Cover; Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; List of Contributors; I. Introduction to Multifunctional Polymer Composites; 1 Routes for achieving multifunctionality in reinforced polymers and composite structures; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Case Studies; 1.2.1 High-Temperature-Resistant Thermoplastics with Electrical Conductivity, Enhanced Modulus, and Good Sliding Wear Resis 1.2.1.1 Objectives; 1.2.1.2 Experimental 1.2.1.3 Results and discussion; 1.2.1.3.1 Tensile properties; 1.2.1.3.2 Morphology 1.2.1.3.3 Electrical properties 1.2.1.3.4 Tribological properties1.2.2 Improved Interlaminar Toughness of Lightweight Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures 1.2.2.1 Objectives; 1.2.2.2 Experimental; 1.2.2.3 Results and discussion 1.2.3 Use of Ceramic Nanoparticles in Thermoplastic Composites for High Wear Resistant and Low Friction Sliding Elements 1.2.3.1 Objectives; 1.2.3.2 Experimental; 1.2.3.3 Results and discussion 1.2.3.3.1 Breaking up of agglomerates; 1.2.3.3.2 Tensile and impact properties 1.2.3.3.3 Use of nanomodified polymers as matrices for composites in various triboapplications 2.3.3.3.1 General effects of nanoparticles in tribocompounds 2.3.3.3.2 Hybrid bushings in diesel fuel injection pumps 1.2.4 Erosion Stability of Lightweight Composite Components 1.2.4.1 Objectives; 1.2.4.2 Experimental; 1.2.4.3 Results and discussion; 1.2.4.3.1 Erosion of CF/PEEK 1.2.4.3.2 Erosion of polymer foils; 1.2.4.3.3 Comparison of the wear data on the basis of wSE 1.2.4.3.4 Suggestion for an erosion-resistant hybrid structure; 1.2.5 High-Temperature Polymer Coatings for Piston Skirts in Combustion Engines; 1.2.5.1 Objectives; 1.2.5.2 Experimental; 1.2.5.2.1 Sample preparation 1.2.5.2.2 Testing methods used1.2.5.3 Results and discussion; 1.2.5.3.1 Solubility and decomposition 1.2.5.3.2 Elastic modulus and adhesion to substrate; 1.2.5.3.3 Tribological performance 1.2.6 Model Material for Laser-Surgical Training of Medical Specialists for Larynx Operations 1.2.6.1 Objectives; 1.2.6.2 Experimental and results; 1.2.6.2.1 Preparation of the model material 1.2.6.2.2 Suitability test; 1.3 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References 2 A new perspective in multifunctional composite materials; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Multifunctional Products 2.1.2 Multifunctional Composites2.1.3 Motivation and Outlines of This Chapter 2.2 Innovative Multifunctional Carbon/Carbon Composites; 2.2.1 Introduction of Carbon/Carbon Composites 2.2.2 Innovative Multifunctional Carbon/Carbon Composites via Nanotechnology; 2.2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2.2 Fabrication of composites; 2.2.2.3 Evaluation of heat-directed property; 2.2.3 Results and Discussion; 2.2.3.1 Determination of VGCF dispersion function; 2.2.3.2 Microscopic observations; 2.2.3.3 Experimental evaluation of heat-directed carbon/carbon composites Summary Multi-Functionality of Polymer Composites: Challenges and New Solutions brings together contributions from experts in the field of multifunctionality, presenting state-of-the-art discussion of this exciting and rapidly developing field, thus key enabling technologies for future applications. The text will enable engineers and materials scientists to achieve multifunctionality in their own products using different types of polymer matrices and various nano- and micro-sized fillers and reinforcements, including, but not limited to, carbon nanotubes and graphene. In addition, technologies for the integration of active materials such as shape memory alloys are discussed. The latest developments in a wide range of applications, including automotive/aerospace, electronics, construction, medical engineering, and future trends are discussed, making this book an essential reference for any researcher or engineer hoping to stay ahead of the curve in this high-potential area. Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively. A Abaca, 108 Acetaldehyde, 305, 307 Acetylation, 82–83 Active functionalities, 452 Active hybrid structures, 725 carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, 730–731 design and manufacturing of real structures, 742–747 active hybrid structure and FE simulation model, 742 requirements, 742 simulation results, 743 finite element (FE) simulation, implementation into, 741–742 multifunctionality of, 728–730 shape memory alloys (SMA) characterization and modeling of, 733–738 modeling of, 738 overview and important properties, 731–733 phenomenological material model for, 738–740 Active thermography experimental setup, 716f Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET), 931–932 Additive fire retardants, 112 Additive manufacturing, 925 Aerospace application, 367 composite toughness and impact damage performance, improving, 370–387 BMI matrix composites, 381–385 epoxy matrix composites, 373–380 technology scale-up, 386–387 ES-fabrics for preform-based toughening technology, 397–400 functionalized interlayer technology, 400–413 polymer interleaf approach, 401–405 textile veil interleaf approach, 405–413 future perspectives, 484–485 motivation and technological challenge, 367–370 RTMable BMI matrix composites, 390–397 RTMable epoxy matrix composites, 387–390 multifunctional carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites for, 448 damage tolerance of composites, enhancement of, 459–468 multi-scale reinforcement of composites, systemic mapping of, 453–459 nano-composite multifunctionality, demonstration of, 476–483 nano-reinforced composites, electrical conductivity of, 468–476 multifunctional SMA-based composites for, 709 deicing, 720–722 impact properties, 710–712 in situ NDT, 715–720 structural health monitoring, 713–715 spray-coated samples, phase morphology for, 380f Aerospace composites, roadmap of development for, 367–368, 368f Agave sisalana, 108 Agglomeration, state of, 918 AgNWs, 401–404, 406–407, 410, 412–413 Aircraft ice management, 720 Aliphatic polyester/aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters, 144 Alkylammonium/alkylphosphonium cations, 147–148 Alkyl-bis-caprolactams, 312 Alloys, 670–673 germanium, 673 silicon, 670–672 tin, 672–673 All-solid-state structural batteries, 623–624 Alumina micro and laponite nanoplatelet-shaped filler particles, 907 Aluminum trihydrate, 175 Aluminum trihydroxide/alumina trihydrate, 112–113, 122–123 Ambari, 107 Amide (lactam) chain extension, 312 Amine-terminated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers (ATBN), 827 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 36 Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), 73, 80–83, 123–124, 129–131, 133 Amorphous CNTs (ACNTs), 667–669 Amphiphilic BCPs, 929, 932 Anechoic chamber, 427–428, 427f, 430, 431f Anhydride chain extension, 311–312 Animal fibers, 103, 108–111 -based composites, 131–135946 Index chemical composition, 110 and flammability, 115–117 structure, 109–110 Antiicing, 720 Aramid (para) fibers/pulp functions, 559 Army Research Laboratories (ARL), 625–626, 626f Arrhenius temperature dependence, 924 Asbestos, 103, 554 As–received structural carbon fiber fabrics, 634–635 Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 931–932 Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 341–342, 345, 528 ATREX engine, 45 Automotive/aerospace applications, 491 hierarchical nanocomposites, 503–509 nanoclay–nanoresin, 507–508 nanoparticle–nanoresin, 503–506 nanotube/nanosheet–nanoresin, 508–509 multifunctional hierarchical nanocomposites (MHNs), 509–517 with fuzzy fibers, 509–511 multiscale, 517–518 with nanobrushes, 511–513 with nanoforests, 513–517 nanoresin nanocomposites, 495–503 challenges, 495–496 nanomaterials for, 496–503 Automotives, role of brakes in, 551–553 B B-561, 307 B787 Dreamliner, 367, 368f BAe Systems, 626 Bag cloth industry, 60 Balsa core sandwich beam, 268, 288f Balsa wood, 279–280 Banana fibers, 108 Benzyl dimethylamine (BDMA) solution, 789 Bergman–Milton’s model, 694–695 Bernoulli–Euler continuum elasticity, 911 Binder, 557–558 Biodegradable polymers, 144 Biodegradation, of PLA/clay nanocomposites, 196–205 Biodiesel trucktanks, 254–256 Biomateriomes, 904–905 Biomimetics, 452 Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium (LiTFSI) salt, 635–636 Bis-oxazoline, 310, 312 Bisphenol-A-diisocyanate, 312 Blanketing effect, 113 Block copolymers (BCPs), 905, 927–928, 931–932, 937–938 Block shear test, 277–278 BMI matrix composites, 381–385 RTMable, 390–397 BOEING, 448 Bombix mori, 132 Boric acid, 123 Boy 50A injection molding machine, 126, 127f Brabender twinscrew extruder LTE 26, 133 Brakes, in automotives, 551–553 Brazovskii mechanism, 928 “Bridging chain”, 924–925, 928–929 Brittleness, 492, 518–519 Bromine, 73, 113 C C15A, 154–155 C16-Mica, 150t–152t, 165 C16-MMT, 150t–152t, 165 C25A, 149–155, 150t–152t, 160–161, 169–170 C30B, 149–155, 167, 169, 175 Calcium carbonate, 496–497 Car radiators, grids for, 256–257 Carbon, 664–670 carbon nanofiber (CNF), 666–667 carbon nanotube (CNT), 667–670 lithium storage mechanism, 665–666 covalent interaction, 665 heteroatom doping, 666 intercalation in graphite, 665 interfacial storage, 665–666 storage in 3D defects, 665 Carbon aerogel (CAG) reinforcements, 634–635 Carbon and metal-fiber reinforced airframe structures, 435 airframe weight and cost, 436–437 CFRP–metal fiber composites, 439–445 damage tolerance and structural integrity, 442–445 electrical conductivity, 442 challenges of modern CFRP airframe structures, 438 preparation of, 441–442 results, 445 Carbon black (CB), 248–249, 454–455, 876–877, 879–881 Animal fibers (Continued)Index 947 Carbon fiber (CF), 468, 620 commercial, 628–629 erosion of, 25–26 orientation on erosive wear behaviour, 24–25 recycling of, 652–653 Carbon fiber composite battery, 650, 650f Carbon nanofiber (CNF), 46, 454–455, 496, 666–667, 833 Carbon nanoparticle-modified matrix, sensing with, 892–900 center wing box demonstrator, characterization of, 898–899 damage mapping, 895–898 Carbon nanoparticles filled matrix, fiber-reinforced composites with, 885–892 Carbon nanotube (CNT), 46, 342–345, 349–351, 353–357, 494f, 496, 509–511, 527, 667–670, 876–877, 907 1D carbon nanotubes, 876 2D carbon nanotubes, 876 CNT–GO/epoxy composites mechanical properties of, 536–542 multifunctionality of, 542–543 CNT–GO/PVA composites, mechanical properties of, 534–536 CNT/nanoparticle–nanoadhesive nanocomposites, 500–501 CNTs–nanoresin nanocomposites, 499–500 dispersion of, by GO sheets, 528–531 field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image of, 528–529 fracture mechanisms of, 465f nanoforest, 517 as structural reinforcements, 495 Carbon nanotube composites, 449, 454–455, 464– 466, 468–476, 752 as multifunctional materials, 752–754 nanotube/fiber multiscale hybrid composites, processing of, 755–763 direct hybridization processing approaches, 758–762 dispersion/infusion processing approaches, 756–758 for sensing, 763–778 of damage in joints, 770–773 in situ sensing of thermal transitions and thermochemical changes, 775–778 of localized impact damage, 768–769 of microscale damage, 763–767 nanotube fibers and skins, 773 Carbon nanotube–glass fiber–epoxy composites, 764 Carbon nanotube–polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composites, 776 Carbonaceous matrix, 680 Carbon-based nanoparticles, 876–877 Carbon–carbon composites, 44–59, 554 heat-directed carbon/carbon composites experimental evaluation of, 53–56 prospective applications of, 56–59 microscopic observations, 51–52 via nanotechnology, 46–51 evaluation of heat-directed property, 49–51 fabrication of composites, 47–49 VGCF dispersion function, determination of, 51 Carbon–fiber composites, 370, 413 Carbon-fiber-reinforced laminates, 500–501 Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, 435, 445, 715, 730–731, 742 CFRP–metal fiber composites, 439–445 damage tolerance and structural integrity, 442–445 electrical conductivity, 442 challenges of, 438 recycling, 645, 652–653, 653f Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, 451–452, 464– 466, 875, 884–885, 890–893 CNTs for, 472–473 Carbonyl difatty amides (CDFA), 169 Carbonyl-bis-1-caprolactam, 312 Carboxyl-terminated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers (CTBN), 827 Cation-exchange capacity, 146–147 Cellulose, 105–106, 107t, 115 decomposition, 74–76 Cellulose fibers functions, 559 Center wing box demonstrator, 898f characterization via electric sensing, 898–899 Ceramic fibers functions, 558 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), 503–504 Ceramic nanoparticles, 14–23 Charge contrast imaging (CCI), 6 Charpy impact energy, 16 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 509–511, 666, 759–760 Chlorine, 113 Chopped carbon fibers functions, 559 City driving braking, 553 Clay, 214 and clay-containing polymer nanocomposite formation, 146–148 “Clustering diagram”, 924 CNFs–nanoresin nanocomposites, 498948 Index CO2 emissions, 43–44, 47 CO2-laser technology, 34 Cobalt oxides, 678–680 Cocamidopropylbetaine (CAB), 155 “Cold working”, 824–826 Colloidal ZnO nanocomposites, 859–860 characterization of, 859 preparation and purification of, 859 Combustion engines, 27–29 Commanded assembly, 930 Composite toughness and impact damage performance, improving, 370–387 BMI matrix composites, 381–385 epoxy matrix composites, 373–380 technology scale-up, 386–387 Composite–metal hybrid joints, 770–771 Compression after impact (CAI), 786, 791, 804, 815–816, 889 Compression molding (CM), 252–253 Conductive carbon nanoparticles, 881–884 Conductive composites, 249–250 Conductive filler, 250 Cone calorimeter (CC) test, 120–122, 121f, 124 Cone calorimeter results, for PLA and PLA composites, 177t Conetwork formation, 828, 831, 832f Connectivity, 642, 650 Connectors, recycling of, 654 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composite (CFCC), 503–506 Conventional supercapacitors, 621–622, 622f Conversion reaction mechanism, 677–682 cobalt oxides, 678–680 iron oxides, 680 manganese oxides, 680–681 nickel oxide (NiO), 678 ZnB2O4, 681–682 Copolymer polypropylene (cPP), 254 Corchorus, 107 Core shear stress–strain curves, 291–294 Cortical cells, 109–110 Cotton, thermal properties of, 116t Coulomb repulsion, 918 Coulombic efficiency, 680 Counterface friendliness, 555 Covalent interaction between Li atoms, 665 Crack healing, 785, 801, 804–805, 811 Cracked matrix, healing of, 811–814 Cross-ply laminates, 764 CuBr2 (2-MeIm)4, 815–817 Cyclic iminoesters, chain extension based on, 310–311 Cyclic olefinic copolymers, 854 Cysteine, 115–117 D Damage area reduction, rate of, 790–791 Damage in joints, sensing of, 770–773 Damage mapping, 895–898 Damage tolerance, 442–445, 459–468, 485 Damage zones, examination of, 790–791 Debye relaxation process, 694 Dehydrocellulose decomposition, 74–76 Deicing, 720–722 Delamination issues, 492 Derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves, 117 Design methodology, 640–642, 649–650 Di- or polyepoxide compounds, 311 4, 4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), 29f Diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), 373–374 Dielectrophoresis, 844 Diesel fuel injection pumps, hybrid bushings in, 21–22 Diethylenetriamine (DETA), 789 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, 805–806, 851–852 Digital image correlation (DIC), 284 Diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), 373–374, 635–636, 864 Dimethylformamide (DMF), 673, 756–757 Direct digital manufacturing (DDM), 925 Direct hybridization processing approaches, 758–762 Direct solution mixing method, 860–864 characterization of ZnO nanoparticle dispersion directly mixed in PMMA, 861–862 optical property, 862–863 solution mixing of ZnO nanoparticles with PMMA, 860–861 thermal stability, 863 Directional entropic forces (DEFs), 926 Dispersant, inorganic, 860 Dispersion/infusion processing approaches, 756–758 Double-capsule self-healing system, 787 characterization of self-healing capability, 789–804 epoxy, microencapsulation of, 788–789 mercaptan, microencapsulation of, 787–788 Ductile erosion mode, 25 Durability, 655 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 30, 162–164, 321–322Index 949 Dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM), 217, 222–224, 236 E Ebecryl 1290, 574 Electric force microscopy (EFM), 351 Electric vehicles (EV), 663 Electrical conductivity, 438, 760, 763, 879–881 of carbon nanoparticle-filled polymers, 880f carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, 442 of fiber-reinforced polymers, 468–469, 485 of nano-reinforced composites, 468–476 versus percolation for MWCNT and CB, 879f Electrical resistance tomography (ERT), 479, 480f Electrically conductive fiber, 875 Electrically conductive matrix, 893, 898–899 Electrically conductive nanocomposites, 879, 885 CNT–CNT electrical tunneling in, 755f Electrically conductive pathway, 879–881 Electrodes/reinforcements, 647 Electro-electronic devices biodegradable packaging for, 257–258 wafer transport trays and packaging for, 257 Electrolytes/matrices, 647–648 Electrophoretic deposition (EPD), 343, 760–761 Electrospinning, 662–663, 663f Electrospun composite fiber anodes, 682–683 Emergency/panicky braking, 553 Energy apply system, 553 Energy conversion, 728, 729t Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), 798–800 Energy states, hierarchy of, 693 Energy transmission system, 553 EP200K, 254 EPON 828, 789–790, 806–807 Epoxide chain extensions, 311 Epoxy, microencapsulation of, 788–789, 806–807 Epoxy adhesive (EA), 500–501 Epoxy adhesive with alumina nanopowder (EANP), 500–501 Epoxy adhesive with CNTs (EANT), 500–501 Epoxy composites hardness and Young’s modulus of, 602–604, 603f with one-part self-healing functionality, tribological properties of, 590–598 hardness and Young’s modulus of, 593–594 Rq value, 592–593 self-healing mechanism of, 607–608 during wear test, 607f with two-part self-healing functionality, tribological properties of, 598–608 Epoxy EP/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) system, 828 Epoxy materials, 786–787, 789–790, 804–805, 876–877 Epoxy matrix composites, 373–380 RTMable, 387–390 Epoxy resins (EP), 9, 528, 588–589, 879–881 nano- and microfillers in, 11f Epoxy/CuBr2 (2-MeIm) 4 system, 807–808 Epoxy-isocyanate reaction, 831 Epoxy-isocyanurate reaction, 831 Equivalent series resistance (ESR), 637 Erosion stability, of lightweight composite components, 23–27 Erosion-resistant hybrid structure, 27 Erosive wear resistance of nanocomposite coatings, 581–584 Erosive wear tests, 24 Ester–ester exchange reaction, 314 Esterolysis, 314 ES-fabrics for preform-based toughening technology, 397–400 2-Ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2E4MIm), 807–808 Ethylene and vinylacetate (EVA), copolymer of, 326 Ethylene oxide (EO) groups, 630–631 Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix, 854 Ex situ toughening approach, 373, 374f, 413–414 Exfoliated nanocomposite, 148 Expanded graphite (EG), 245 electrical properties, 249–254 conductive filler, 250 polymer matrix, 250–254 mechanical properties, 247–248 nEG multifunctionality, applications exploring, 254–259 biodiesel trucktanks, 254–256 car radiators, grids for, 256–257 electro-electronic devices, biodegradable packaging for, 257–258 onshore pipe coatings, 254 wafer transport trays and packaging for electroelectronic devices, 257 morphology, 245–246 thermal properties, 248–249 Expanded polypropylene (EPP) foams, 263 Expanded polystyrene material (EPS), 265–266 F Fabrication, 642–643, 650–652 and characterization, 636–640 of heat-directed composite materials, 47–49 of sandwich composites, 61–62 Faraday’s effect, 852950 Index Fatigue life, influence on, 886–889 Fatty acids (FA), 169 Fatty hydroxamic acids (FHA), 169 Feather fibers, 110, 117 Fiber hybridization, 135–136 Fiber/matrix interface and interphase, 648–649 Fibermax 14R, 49–50 Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs), 884–900, 907 with carbon nanoparticles filled matrix, 885–892 compression after impact, influence on, 889–892 fatigue life, influence on, 886–889 interfiber fracture strength, influence on, 886 sensing with carbon nanoparticle-modified matrix, 892–900 characterization of center wing box demonstrator via electric sensing, 898–899 damage mapping, 895–898 Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs), 448, 467–469, 709, 875 Fibroin fibers, 103, 108 Fillers, 559 fire-retardant, 112–113 Finite element (FE) simulation, implementation into, 741–742 Fire, smoke, and toxicity (FST) characteristic of foam cores, 267–268 Fire retardants, 112–115 fire-retardant fillers, 112–113 halogen-based, 113 intumescent, 113–114 phosphorus-containing, 113 Fireproof systems, 699–700 Flammability animal fibers and, 115–117 of kenaf, 125–131 plant fibers and, 115 test methods for, 117–122 cone calorimeter test, 120–122 limiting oxygen index analysis, 118–119 thermogravimetric analysis, 117–118 underwriters laboratories standard UL-94 test, 119–120 thermal stability and, 171–179 of wool, 133–135 Flax, 106 Flocculated nanocomposite, 148 Flory–Huggins equation, 936–937 Fluorescent gold clusters, 853, 853f Fluorescent gold-based nanocomposite film, 854, 855f Fluorohectorite (FH), 172 Foam core materials, 262 case study, 294–295 foam core sandwich structures in wind turbine blades (case study), 279–294 core shear stress–strain curves, 291–294 full-field shear strains, 284–289 multifunctionality of polymer foam cores, 264–276, 264f fire, smoke, and toxicity (FST), 294–295 lightweight nature, 264–265 low resin uptake, 268 mechanical properties, 269–276 tuned thermal, acoustic, and dielectric properties, 265–267 shear properties of, 276–279 block shear test, 277–278 sandwich bending tests, 278–279 Foamed plastics, 266–267 Formaldehyde, 788 Fracture surface morphology, of PLA/KF composites, 95–97 Fracture toughness, 228, 484, 608–611, 877–878, 878f, 885–886 Friction assessment and screening test (FAST), 562 Friction coefficient, 22f, 594–595, 914 Friction dust, 560 Friction materials (FMs) classifications of, 554f complexity involved in performance evaluation of, 562 complexity of composition of, 560–561 evolution in, 554 formulation of FMs as a multicriteria optimization problem, 555–557 functions of, 553 Friction modifiers, 559 Full-field shear strains, 284–289 Functional/multifunctional nanostructured materials, 842–843 Functionalization of properties, 47 Functionalized interlayer technology (FIT), 400–413 polymer interleaf approach, 401–405 textile veil interleaf approach, 405–413 Functionalized macromonomers (FMMs), 931–932, 937–938 Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 925 G G827/BMI laminated samples, 396t Gage factor (GF), 357–359 Gallery, 146–147Index 951 Gamma micropolish II, 52 Gas barrier properties, of nanocomposites, 181 Gaussian chain network, 916–917 Gelatin, 35–36, 37f General Motors, 727 Germanium, 673 Gibbs free energy, 926 Glass beads (GBs), in the epoxy matrices, 598–600 Glass fiber-reinforced epoxies, 893 Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), 43, 467, 471, 875, 884–885, 890–893 Glass fibers (GF), 319 characterization of, 343–345 multifunctional composite interphases with nanoreinforcements, 350–359 multifunctional surface coatings with nanoreinforcements on, 345–350 surface nanostructuring of, 342–343 Glass-fiber-reinforced composites (GFRCs), 9–14, 28f, 893–895 Glass-mat-reinforced thermoplastic (GMT) composites, 507–508 Glassy carbon, 876 Glutardialdehyde, 36 Glycerol, 35–36 Glycerol monooleate, 504–506 (Glycodoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPS), 169 GNSs–nanoresin nanocomposites, 501–502 GO–CNT/PVA, 534, 536 Gold clusters, molecular, 853, 853f Gold-based nanocomposites, 850–851 Gold–polystyrene nanocomposite film, 850–851, 850f, 851f Gold–silver cluster, 853, 854f Graphene, 842–843, 843f Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), 215, 245, 342–343, 346–348 Graphene oxide (GO), 528 dispersion of CNTs by, 528–531 Graphene-based devices, 624 Graphene-based electrical sensors, 342 Graphite, 5, 14, 44–45, 245–246 intercalation in, 665 multimodal filler combination of, 8 volume conductivity of, 7f Graphite intercalated compounds (GIC), 245–246 Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs), 876–877, 879–881 Graphite structure, 628, 629f Grinded wood (GW), 700 Gross takeoff weight (GTOW), 56–57 Group transfer polymerization (GTP), 931–932 H Halogen-based fire retardants, 113 Halpin–Tsai equation, 6 Hansen’s total solubility parameter, 920 HB 7042-96, 376–377 Healing efficiency, 610, 791, 816–817 Health monitoring technologies, 885, 895 Heat deflection temperatures (HDT), 256–257 Heat exchanger, 45, 47 Heat release rate (HRR), 112, 119–123, 130f, 134f, 135 Heat-directed carbon/carbon composites, 46, 49–50 applications, 56–59 semi-passive and active TPS challenges, 57–58 thermal-structural challenges, 58–59 weight, cost, and heat-transfer efficiency challenges of hot structures, 56–57 evaluation, 49–51 experimental evaluation, 53–56 Hemicellulose, 105, 107t, 115 Hemp, 107–108 Hencky strain, 195 Heteroatom doping, 666 n-Hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide cations (CTAB), 155 Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-filled microcapsules, 590–592, 594 Hibiscus, 107 Hierarchical approach in investigation of polymer composite materials, 694 Hierarchical nanocomposites, 503–509 multifunctional, 509–517 nanoclay–nanoresin, 507–508 nanoparticle–nanoresin, 503–506 nanotube/nanosheet–nanoresin, 508–509 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 24, 83–84, 776–777 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), 859 High-temperature polymer coatings, 27–34 High-temperature-resistant thermoplastics, 3–9 Hitachi UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer, 864–865, 871–872 Hope-X, 45 Horizontal burn test, 119–120 Hot- and cold-state-line model, 739, 739f, 740f HP 83630B, 425–426 HP 8593E, 425–426 Hummer method, 876 Hybrid block copolymers (HBCPs), 937–938 Hybrid bushings, in diesel fuel injection pumps, 21–22952 Index Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), 663 Hybrid nanoparticle amphiphiles (HNPAs), 937–938 Hybrid PPS/SMA /Kevlar fabric, 713f Hybrid structure. See Active hybrid structures Hybrids, 620–623 Hydrofluoric acid (HF), 670–672 Hydrophilization, 419–420 Hydrophobic fibers, 36 Hydroxyapatite (HA), 909–910 Hygrothermal conditioning, 421, 425 I Ice management, in aircraft, 720, 722 IL (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), 635–636 Imidazole latent hardener, preparation of, 805–806 Impact damage resistance, 367, 371, 379, 413–414 Impact damage zones, 791, 792f, 794–796, 794f, 809–810, 809f Impact energy, 790–791, 793, 801, 808–811, 812f, 814, 818 Impact modifier (IM), 93 Impact strength modifier (ISM), 315, 324 for poly(ethylene terephthalate), 316–317 Impact toughness, 226 Impingement angle, 24–25 IMS65 carbon fiber, 626, 630–631, 632f In situ intercalation method, for PLA/clay nanocomposites preparation, 149–153 In situ nondestructive testing, 715–720 In situ sensing of thermal transitions and thermochemical changes, 775–778 In situ toughening, 373, 374f Incineration, 653–654 Inert purge gases, 117 Infrared (IR) camera, 49–50 with local heating source, 50–51 Injection molding (IM), 108, 252–253 of polymer nanocomposites, 214–216 polyolefin/clay nanocomposites, 216–219 Injection-molding compounding (IMC), 236–237 In-mold shear manipulation, 235–236 Innovation, definition of, 43–44 Innovative multifunctional carbon/carbon composites, 44–59 carbon/carbon composites, 44–46 fabrication of composites, 47–49 heat-directed carbon/carbon composites, 46 applications of, 56–59 evaluation of, 49–51 experimental evaluation of, 53–56 results and discussion, 51–56 VGCF dispersion function determination, 51 via nanotechnology, 46–51 Innovative multifunctional sandwich composite structure application, 62–64 fabrication and mechanical testing, 61–62 motivations and aims, 59–60 as roofs in snowfall regions, 59–65 Inorganic dispersant, preparation of, 860 Inorganic fibers functions, 558 Insertion reaction mechanism, 676–677 Inspection and repair methods, 652 Instron Dynatup MiniTower, 790 “Intellectual” material, 697 “Intellectual” structures, 690 multifunctional electromagnetic wave absorbing and fire-retardant materials, 697–700 problems in development of, 696–697 results and discussion, 700–705 strategy of synthesis of multifunctional materials, 691–696 Intercalated polymer nanocomposites, 148 Interface/interphase at nano- and micro length scale, 911–914 Interfacial storage, 665–666 Interfiber fracture (IFF), 886, 888–889 Interfiber fracture strength, influence on, 886 Interlaminar fracture toughness, 370, 373, 377f, 393t, 397, 404 Interlayer, 146–147 Interleaf toughening concept, 387–400 Internal lubricants, 14 Interpenetrating network (IPN), 822–823, 932 Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), 931–932 “Interphase”, 912 Intumescent fire retardants, 113–114 Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) systems, 73, 80–81 Intumescent flame-retardant APP, into natural fiberbased composites, 133 Ion conductivity vs. stiffness for SPE, 648f Ionic conductivity vs. storage modulus, 631f IPP/MMT nanocomposite granulates, 507–508 Irgamod 295, 307 Irganox B-1171, 307 Iron oxides, 680 Isocyanate chain extension, 312–313 Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 589–590 J Janus particles (JPs), 938 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 45 Java jute, 107Index 953 Joule effect, 422–423 Jute, 60–61, 107 Jute–poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites, 71–72 K Kenaf, 107, 118f, 125–131 Kenaf fiber (KF)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites fracture surface morphology, 95–97 mechanical properties of, 94–95 toughening of, 93–97 α-Keratin fibers, 103, 108–110 Keratins, 109–110 Kevlar, thermal properties of, 116t Knudsen effect, 265–266 L L,L-lactide, 149–153 Laminates, reflectivity and transparency of, 428–430 Langevin rubber elasticity, 916–917 Laser scanning system, 52 Laser-surgical training of surgeons for larynx operations, 34–38 model material preparation for, 35–36 objectives, 34–35 suitability test, 36–38 Lead sulfides (PbS), 852 Leaf fibers, 108 Levoglucosan, 74–76, 115 Li–alloy reaction mechanism, 673–676 LiftMode EFM, 351 Light-emitting diode (LED) powered by Swerea SICOMP laminated structural battery, 627f Lightning strike protection materials (LSP), 642 Lightweight structural composites, 419 microwave-absorbing properties, 425–432 insertion between antennas, 427–428 reflectivity and transparency of laminates, 428–430 moisture influence on mechanical properties, 420–425 strength and stiffness properties, 423–425 Lignin, 74–76, 105, 107t, 115, 123 Lignocellulose fibers, 103, 105–106 Limiting oxygen index (LOI) analysis, 78t, 79, 118–119 Liner low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)- toughened PLA nanocomposites, 171 Linum usitatissimum, 106 Liquid epoxy resins, 588–589 Liquid hydrogen, 45 Liquid molding, 397 Liquid-phase diisocyanates, 589–590 Lithium recycling, 654 Lithium storage mechanism, 665–666, 666f covalent interaction, 665 heteroatom doping, 666 intercalation in graphite, 665 interfacial storage, 665–666 storage in 3D defects, 665 Lithium–ion batteries (LIBs), 622–623, 662, 664f alloys, 670–673 germanium, 673 silicon, 670–672 tin, 672–673 carbon, 664–670 carbon nanofiber (CNF), 666–667 carbon nanotube (CNT), 667–670 lithium storage mechanism. See Lithium storage mechanism electrospun composite fiber anodes, challenges of, 682–683 metal oxides, 673–682 conversion reaction mechanism, 677–682 insertion reaction mechanism, 676–677 Li–alloy reaction mechanism, 673–676 Localized impact damage, sensing of, 768–769 M Macromolecular transformations, 304, 324–325 Macroscopic relaxation processes, 916 Magnesium hydroxide, 80–81, 113 Magnetic nanocomposite film, 853f Magnetophoresis, 844 Maleated polyethylene (MAPE), 80–81 Maleated polyolefins, 71–72 Maleated polypropylene, 71–72, 74, 77, 79–81, 98 Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, 125 Maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MA-g-PP), 221–222 Manganese oxides, 680–681 Mark–Houwink’s equation, 306 Masterbatch, 149–153, 150t–152t -based nanocomposites processing, 218–219 Materiomics, 903 features of nanocomposites relevant to hierarchical composites, 908–925 effect of particle dispersion, 918–925 interface/interphase at nano- and micro length scale, 911–914 reinforcing mechanisms at multiple length scales, 914–917 hierarchical multifunctional composite structures, investigating, 904–907954 Index Materiomics (Continued) nanoscale building blocks, 931–939 NSBB self-assembly, 937–939 POSS-based NSBBs, 933 POSS in polymers, 936–937 POSS properties, 935–936 POSS synthesis, 933–935 synthetic nanoscale building blocks (NSBBs) preparation, 931–933 technologies for assembling hierarchical composite superstructures, 925–931 commanded assembly, 930 self-assembly (SA), 926–930 “Matrix-dominated” composite properties, 624–625 Medulla, 109–110 Melamine (MEL), 73, 788 Melamine borate (MMB), 122–123 Melamine phosphate (MMP), 122–123 Melamine-formaldehyde, 82–83 Melamine–formaldehyde monomers, 788 Melamine–formaldehyde polymer (PMF), 788 Melamine–formaldehyde precondensate and oligomers, 788 Melt compounding strategies, 218–219 Melt intercalation, 215, 219, 221–222, 226 for PLA/clay nanocomposites preparation, 155–161 Melt-state rheological property, 186–196 Mercaptan, microencapsulation of, 787–788 Mesta, 107 Metal matrix composites, 554 Metal oxides, 673–682 conversion reaction mechanism, 677–682 cobalt oxides, 678–680 iron oxides, 680 manganese oxides, 680–681 nickel oxide (NiO), 678 ZnB2O4, 681–682 insertion reaction mechanism, 676–677 Li–alloy reaction mechanism, 673–676 Metal-like alloys, 843, 844f Metal–polymer nanocomposite, 843, 847 γ-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane, 71–72 Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (PERMEK N), 62 N-Methyl imidazole group, 854 4, 4′-Methylene-bis-phenylenediisocyanate (MDI), 312–313 1-Methylimidazole, 29 2-Methylimidazole, 804–805 Microcapsules, 598–600, 786–789, 798, 800, 807 Microcracking, 785 Microencapsulation of epoxy, 788–789, 806–807 of mercaptan, 787–788 Microfibrils, 109–110 Microheterogeneous structures, 693 Microscale damage, sensing of, 763–767 Microwave-absorbing properties, 425–432 insertion between antennas, 427–428 reflectivity and transparency of laminates, 428–430 MMT modified with the octadecylammonium cation (MMT-C18), 156–160 MMT modified with the trimethyloctadecylammonium cation (MMT-3C18), 157–160 Moisture content, of HDPE/WF composites, 90–91 Moisture influence on mechanical properties, 420–425 strength and stiffness properties, 423–425 Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, 531–534 Molten saturated polyesters, chemical changes in, 305t Montmorillonite (MMT), 147, 149–154 CDFA-MMT, 169 characteristics of, 145t clay types with different organic modifiers, 157–160 crystal structure of, 146f FA-MMT, 169 FHA-MMT, 169 MMT-3C18, 157–160 MMT-C18, 157–160 organically modified MMT (OMMT), 153–155 MRS extruder, 308 Multifunctional composites, 42–43. See also Innovative multifunctional carbon/carbon composites; Innovative multifunctional sandwich composite structure adding value to composites, 43f definition of, 451 development of, 43 examples of innovative, 43–44 Multifunctional hierarchical nanocomposites (MHNs), 492, 509–517 development flowchart for, 494f with fuzzy fibers, 509–511 multiscale, 517–518 with nanobrushes, 511–513 with nanoforests, 513–517 Multifunctional interphases, in polymer composites, 338 experimental, 342–345 characterization of glass fibers and composites, 343–345Index 955 surface nanostructuring of glass fibers, 342–343 results and discussion, 345–360 multifunctional composite interphases with nanoreinforcements, 350–359 multifunctional surface coatings with nanoreinforcements on glass fibers, 345–350 Multifunctional matrix, 624–625, 635–636 Multifunctional nanobiocomposites, of biodegradable polylactide and nanoclay barrier property, 180–186 biodegradation, 196–205 clays and clay-containing polymer nanocomposite formation, 146–148 current challenges and future prospects, 205 mechanical properties, 162–171 dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 162–164 tensile properties, 165–171 melt-state rheological property, 186–196 processing and characterization, 148–162 in situ intercalation method, 149–153 melt intercalation, 155–161 solution intercalation, 153–155 thermal stability and flammability, 171–179 Multifunctional nanocomposites, applications of, 846–854 Multifunctional nanostructured materials, 842–843 Multifunctional polymer composites KF/PLA composites toughening, 93–97 using natural fiber reinforcements, 71 WF/PE composites, 89–93 WF/PP composites, 74–89 Multifunctional products, 42 Multifunctional structures, 619 Multifunctionality, 3, 842–843 ceramic nanoparticles in thermoplastic composites breaking up of agglomerates, 16–18 experimental, 16 general effects of nanoparticles in tribocompounds, 19–21 for high wear resistant and low friction sliding elements, 14–23 hybrid bushings in diesel fuel injection pumps, 21–22 objectives, 14–15 results and discussion, 16–23 tensile and impact properties, 18–19 erosion stability of lightweight composite components, 23–27 CF/PEEK erosion, 25–26 erosion-resistant hybrid structure, 27 experimental, 24–25 objectives, 23 polymer foils erosion, 26 results and discussion, 25–27 wear data, comparison of, 26–27 glass-fiber-reinforced composites (GFRCs), 9–14 experimental, 9–10 objectives, 9 results and discussion, 10–12 high-temperature polymer coatings elastic modulus and adhesion to substrate, 32 objectives, 27–29 for piston skirts in combustion engines, 27–34 results and discussion, 31–34 sample preparation, 29–30 solubility and decomposition, 31–32 testing methods used, 30–31 tribological performance, 33–34 high-temperature-resistant thermoplastics with electrical conductivity, 3–9 electrical properties, 6–7 experimental, 5 morphology, 6 objectives, 3–5 results and discussion, 6–9 tensile properties, 6 tribological properties, 8 laser-surgical training of surgeons for larynx operations, 34–38 model material preparation for, 35–36 objectives, 34–35 suitability test, 36–38 microstructure of polymer composite with, 4f properties, 4f in reinforced polymers and composite structures, 3 Multiphoton photopolymerization, 930 Multiple length scales, reinforcing mechanisms at, 914–917 Multi-scale reinforcement of composites, systemic mapping of, 453–459 bulk resin modification, 454–455 fiber–matrix interface modification, 456–457, 457f, 458f interlaminar region modification, 457–459, 458f Multi-state smart bias systems, 836 Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 3–6 on modulus, 6f multimodal filler combination of, 8 volume conductivity of, 7f Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 499, 511, 513–515, 514f, 886, 888–889956 Index N Nano-augmentation, 449 Nanobrush nanocomposites, 511 Nanoclay/polymer composites, 216 Nanoclay–nanoresin nanocomposites, 497–498, 507–508 Nanocoating, 573–574 optical properties of, 575–577 Nanocomposite coatings erosive wear resistance of, 581–584 fretting wear resistance of, 579–581 optical properties of, 575–577 surface mechanical properties of, 577–579 Nanocomposite multifunctionality, demonstration of, 476–483 Nanocomposites preparation, 877f Nanocomposites with tailored optical properties, 842 functional and multifunctional nanostructured materials, 842–843 multifunctional nanocomposites, applications of, 846–854 nanostructures in polymer-embedded form, 843–846 Nanocor, 217 Nano-design, 450 Nanodielectrics, 692 Nano-enabling, 477–479 Nano-engineering, 450 Nano-expanded graphite (nEG), 245 multifunctionality, applications exploring, 254–259 Nanofil SE 3000, 219 Nanofiller, 145–146, 338, 348–349, 359–360 Nanoforest, 492 multifunctional hierarchical nanocomposites with, 513–517 NanofriKS, 29–30 Nanoindentation, 577 Nanomer 1.28E, 175 Nanomer 1.34TCN, 175 Nano-modification, 451, 453f Nanomodified polymers use general effects of nanoparticles in tribocompounds, 19–21 hybrid bushings in diesel fuel injection pumps, 21–22 Nanoparticle/polymer coatings, 573 Nanoparticle–nanoresin, 503–506 Nanoparticle–nanoresin nanocomposites, 496–497 Nanoparticles (NPs), 905, 921–922 Nanoparticles-reinforced CERASET preceramic polymer matrix, 506f Nanoplatelet applications, 232 Nanoplatelet-assisted mixing method, 864–873 characterization of ZrP-assisted ZnO nanoparticle dispersion in epoxy, 864 incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles and ZrP nanoplatelets in epoxy matrix, 864 multifunctional PMMA/ZnO nanocomposites dispersed by ZrP nanoplatelets, 870–873 optical absorption, with controlled nanoparticle dispersion, 864–868 photoluminescence property, with controlled nanoparticle dispersion, 868–870 Nano-reinforced composites, electrical conductivity of, 468–476 Nanoresin, definition of, 492 Nanoresin nanocomposites, 495–503 challenges, 495–496 nanomaterials for, 496–503 CNFs–nanoresin nanocomposites, 498 CNT/nanoparticle–nanoadhesive nanocomposites, 500–501 CNTs–nanoresin nanocomposites, 499–500 GNSs–nanoresin nanocomposites, 501–502 nanoclay–nanoresin nanocomposites, 497–498 nanoparticle–nanoresin nanocomposites, 496–497 processing and manufacturing, 502–503 Nanoscale building blocks (NSBBs), 903, 905, 921–922, 926–927, 931–939 NSBB self-assembly, 937–939 POSS-based NSBBs, 933 POSS in polymers, 936–937 POSS properties, 935–936 POSS synthesis, 933–935 synthetic NSBBs preparation, 931–933 Nanostructures, in polymer-embedded form, 843–846 Nano-TA, 341–342, 345 Nanotechnology, definition of, 492–493 Nanotube fibers and skins for sensing, 773 Nanotube/fiber multiscale hybrid composites, processing of, 755–763 direct hybridization processing approaches, 758–762 dispersion/infusion processing approaches, 756–758 Nanotube/nanosheet–nanoresin, 508–509 Natural ferromagnetic resonance (NFMR), 694 Natural fibers, 103–111 animal fibers, 108–111 classification of, 104f fiber hybridization, 135–136Index 957 fire-retardant performance of, 122–136 fire retardants, 112–115 flammability. See Flammability life cycle of biocomposites, 105f plant fibers, 105–108 thermal decomposition mechanisms, 111–112 Natural weathering, on PP and PP/WF composites, 85–89 Neat EP resins, 823–827 NET-NDE technique, 483f Ni/CE composite, 504–505 Nickel oxide (NiO), 678 Nickel titanium (NiTi), 728 Nitrile butadiene (NBR), 560 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 29f Nonasbestos low metallic fiber-reinforced phenolicbased composites (NALMFRP), 557–560 Nonasbestos organic brake materials, multifunctionality of, 549 complexity involved in performance evaluation of FMs, 562 complexity of composition of FMs, 560–561 friction materials (FMs), evolution in, 554 formulation of FMs as a multicriteria optimization problem, 555–557 NAO FMs, classes of ingredients used in, 557–560 NAO FMS, complex influence of ingredients in, 562–570 amount and type of fibers, influence of, 568–569 amount and type of resins, influence of, 568 influence of newly developed resins, 569 size, shape, and amount of metallic contents, influence of, 563–568 role in automotives, 551–553 tribological situations and role of friction and wear, 551 Nonasbestos organic friction materials (NAO FMs) classes of ingredients used in, 557–560 complex influence of ingredients in, 562–570 amount and type of fibers, influence of, 568–569 amount and type of resins, influence of, 568 influence of newly developed resins, 569 size, shape, and amount of metallic contents, influence of, 563–568 Nondestructive inspection (NDI), 476, 885 Nondestructive testing (NDT), in situ, 715–720 Nonflammable polymeric materials, 697–699 Novel nanosized precipitated calcium carbonate (NPCC) filler, 496–497 Nylon-6, 116t, 692–693 On -Octadecylamine modified MMT (ODA-M), 167 Octadecylammonium cation (Nanocor), 156–157 Oligo-PCL (o-PCL), 156–157, 164 One-way shape memory effect, 731–732, 732f OOF modeling, 225–226 Open cell potential (OCP), 625–626 Optical filters, 852 Optical sensors, 849 Optical strain measurements, 284 Order–disorder transition (ODT), 928 OREC (organically modified rectorite), 150t–152t, 170 Organic fibers functions, 559 Organically modified MMT (OMMT), 153–155, 169, 182 Organoclay, 150t–152t, 165–167, 226 Organo-montmorillonite (MMT) clay, 507–508 Organophilic clays, 833 Ownership issues, 652–655 durability, 655 inspection and repair methods, 652 recycling of carbon fibers, 652–653 of connectors, 654 of lithium, 654 of polymer electrolytes, 653 safety, 654–655 Oxazines, 310 Oxygen gas permeabilities of the PLA/OMLS hybrid films, 182t Oxygen index (OI), 700 P P-802 nanoMax, 219 Painter–Coleman association model, 936–937 Palladium acetylacetonate, 847 PAN (polyacrylonitrile) fibers functions, 559 Particle dispersion, effect of, 918–925 Peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), 122–124, 129–131 Pectin, 105 PEG stearylamine modified MMT (PGS-M), 167 PEK-C, 373–376, 381, 383, 401 molecular structure of, 374f photomicrographs of, 375f SEM images of, 401f Pencil hardness, 577 Pentaerythritol (PER), 73, 80–81 Percolation threshold (PT), 248–249, 252–253, 469 Performance defining attributes (PDAs), 560 Petroleum source-derived biodegradable polymers, 144958 Index Phenolic resins, 557–558, 569 Phosphorus-containing fire retardants, 113 Photoluminescence property, with controlled nanoparticle dispersion, 868–870 Piezoresistive mechanical/electrical coupling behavior, 754 Piezoresistivity, 754 Piston skirts in combustion engines, hightemperature polymer coatings for, 27–34 Plant fibers, 103, 105–108 -based composites, 122–131 chemical composition, 105–108 and flammability, 115 structure, 105 Plasticity index, 577 Plate-on-ring (POR) sliding wear test rig, 30–31 Platinum acetylacetonate, 847 Poly(alkylene terephthalate) (PAT)-based composites chemical reactions in molten PATS, 304–313 blocking of terminal functional groups, 308–309 chain extension, 309–313 controlled degradation, 307–308 degradation and stabilization of polyester macromolecules, 305–307 future trends, 326–327 interphase reactions and their use in technology of short fiber-reinforced polyester composites, 319–325 polyester nanocomposites, 325–326 reactive compatibilization in technology of, 302 reactive compounding technology of high impact strength polyester blends, 314–319 transreactions in polyester blends, 313–314 Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), 700 Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) biocomposites, 71–72, 132, 257–258 Poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), 932 Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 125, 149–153, 164, 167, 932 Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), 635–638 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 268, 303 chemical degradation of, 307, 308f controlled glycolysis of, 308 factors influencing catastrophic degradation of, 320t foaming of, 275, 279–280, 296, 307, 316–317 impact strength modifier for, 316–317 reaction of integration between 1, 4-PBO and carboxyl end groups of, 310f PET/PP blends, 317 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 666–667, 669–672, 676–677, 862–863 characterization of ZnO nanoparticle dispersion directly mixed in, 861–862 optical property of, by direct solution mixing, 862–863 solution mixing of ZnO nanoparticles with, 860–861 thermal stability of, by direct solution mixing, 863 thermogravitational analysis (TGA) of, 863 UV–vis spectra of, 862–863 ZnO nanoparticle dispersion directly mixed in, 861–862 ZrP nanoplatelets in, 858–859 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 528, 534 tensile properties of, 537f Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) matrix, 845f Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), 183, 827–828, 932 Polyacrylonitril (PAN)-based fibers, 559, 628–630 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, 666–667 Polyamide 6 (PA 6) nanocomposites, 215 Polyamide 66 (PA66), 15–16 Charpy impact toughness of, 19, 20f SEM of, 17f sliding process of, 21f TEM of, 18f Polyamide-imide (PAI) resin, 27–29, 29f, 31 Polycondensation polymers, 313–314, 327 Polyepoxide-based CEs, 311 Polyester thermal degradation of, 305 thermal properties of, 116t unsaturated, 62 Polyester blends high impact strength, 314–319 transreactions in, 313–314 Polyester melt macromolecular breakdown in, 307 macromolecular transformations in, 324 Polyester nanocomposites, 325–326 Polyester thermoplastic elastomers (TPEE), 303, 313, 317 Polyester/polyphenylene oxide (PPO) blends, 317 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 15–16, 367–368 erosion of, 25–26 SEM of, 17f tensile modulus of, 19f Polyethersulfone (PES), 267–268 Polyethylene (PE), 71–72, 267–268, 700 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 35–36, 125, 149–153, 157, 167, 831–832, 932Index 959 Polyethylene terephtalate (PET) foam, 263, 267– 268, 275 Polyethylene–octane elastomer (POE), 496–497 Polyethylenimine (PEI), 267–268 Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), 183 Polylactic acid, 123 Polylactic acid/kenaf fiber (KF) composites, 93–97 Polylactide (PLA), 144–145, 932 PLA/qC13(OH)-Mica4, 197–198 PLA/qC16SAP4, 197–198 PLA-710, 167 processing techniques and structures of claycontaining nanobicomposites of, 150t–152t properties, 145t Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), 666–667 Polymer electrolytes, 623–624, 647 recycling of, 653 Polymer foam cores, multifunctionality of, 264–276 fire, smoke, and toxicity (FST), 294–295 lightweight nature, 264–265 low resin uptake, 268 mechanical properties, 269–276 polyethylene terephtalate (PET) foam, 275 polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam, 273–275 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam, 270–273 tuned thermal, acoustic, and dielectric properties, 265–267 Polymer foils, erosion of, 26 Polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process, 49 Polymer interleaf approach, 401–405 Polymer nanocomposite injection-molding compounder (PNC-IMC), 236–237, 238f Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), 146–147, 213– 214, 219–220, 238f, 495–496, 858, 909–910, 915–916 injection molding of, 214–216 Polymer scaffolds, 918 Polymer-embedded form, nanostructures in, 843–846 Polymer-embedded nanoscopic metal particles, 846 Polymer-embedded semiconductors, 852 Polymer-like formulations, 843, 844f Polymer-supported graphene, 842–843, 843f Polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam, 273–275 Polyolefin/clay nanocomposites injection-molding advances in, 235–238 injection-molding compounding (IMC), 236–237 in-mold shear manipulation, 235–236 characterization of, 219–225 crystallization behavior, 222–224 morphology development, 221–222 nanoparticle exfoliation and dispersion, 219–220 shrinkage and warpage, 224–225 melt compounding strategies, 218–219 performance, 225–233 fracture behavior, 228–229 impact behavior, 226–228 injection-molding processing conditions on, 233–235 surface properties and triboperformance, 229–232 tensile and flexural behavior, 225–226 thermal conductivity performance, 233 thermal stability and flammability performance, 232–233 triaxial impact tests, 226–227 uniaxial tensile and biaxial flexural impact tests, 227–228 routes for, 216–219 PolyOne, 217 Polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) composite, 3–6, 6f mechanical and functional values of, 9f volume conductivity of, 7f Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 267–268 Polypropylene (PP), 71, 108, 145, 215, 218, 221, 229, 236, 267–268, 700 -based nanocomposites, 496–497 kenaf flammability, 125–131 thermal properties of, 116t wool flammability, 133–135 Polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-gMA), 254 Polypyrrole (PPy), 638 Polystyrene (PS), 71, 145, 846f, 847 Polystyrene-embedded silver nanoparticles, thermochromism of, 849f Polystyrene–organoclay nanocomposites, 215 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 14, 631–633, 716 Polythiol, 787–788 Polyurethane (PU) foams, 132–133, 263, 267–268 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 36, 263, 270–273 Polyvinyl chloride, 36, 71 thermal properties of, 116t Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 676 Porous ferroelectric and magnetic media, 694–695 POSS (polyhedral silsesquioxane), 905, 932 -based NSBBs, 933 in polymers, 936–937 properties, 935–936 synthesis, 933–935 Potassium titanate whiskers functions, 559 Potential of mean force (PMF), 920–921960 Index Preform-based toughening technology, 397–400, 414 Pressure fade, 555 Printed circuit boards (PCB), 267 Pristine ZrP nanoplatelets, 860, 861f Properties of nanocomposites, 877–884 electrical properties, 878–881 mechanical properties, 877–878 sensing, 881–884 Protein fibers, 108, 110 Proteins, 108, 905–906 Pseudoelasticity, 732 Pyromelliticdianhydride (PMDA), 311 Q Quantum yield (QY), 854 R Radar cross section (RCS), 420, 425 Radio controlled model car demonstrator, 644–645 Ragone plot, 621f Raman microscopy study, 794–796, 795f Ramie-fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites, 77–78 Raw cocoon silk, 110, 110f Reactive compounding technology, 314–319 Reactive extrusion (RE), 304 Reactive fire retardants, 112 Recovery stress, 824–826, 833–834 Recycling of carbon fibers, 652–653 of connectors, 654 of lithium, 654 of polymer electrolytes, 653 Reference state bias, 916–917 Reflectivity and transparency of laminates, 428–430 Reflectivity curves, 428, 429f, 430, 431f Reichert-Jung Ultracut-E microtome, 860–861 Reinforcement/electrode development, 634–635 Representative volume element (RVE), 915–916 Resin BMI resins, 381, 390–391, 391t epoxy resins, 588–589, 598–600, 611–612 influence of, in nonasbestos organic friction materials, 568–569 in NAO FMs, 568–569 uptake, 268, 269f, 269t Resin transfer molding (RTM) composites, 9, 10f, 387–400, 756, 758 RTMable BMI matrix composites, 390–397 RTMable epoxy matrix composites, 387–390 Retractive force, 917 Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), 931–932 Rheometric dynamic analyzer (RDAII) instrument, 179 Riggleman model, 915 Rigorac, 62 Ring-closing metathesis polymerization (RCM), 931–932 Ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP), 931–932 Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), 931–932 Rouse model, 916 Rubber elasticity, Langevin function-based theory of, 916–917 Rubbers, 315, 560, 849–850 EP rubber, 827 S S80 Bootlid demonstrator, 645–646 Sandwich bending tests, 278–279 Sandwich GFRP/jute composites application, as roofs in snowfall regions, 62–64 fabrication and mechanical testing of, 61–62 motivations and aims, 59–60 specific impact load–displacement curves, 62, 63f Sandwich structures, 262–263, 263f, 280f Saponite modified with the hexadecyltributylphosphonium cation (SAP-O), 157–160 Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), 790–791 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 506, 580, 798, 829f charge contrast imaging (CCI) in, 6 of MWNT/PPS composite, 7f of PA66 and PEEK nanocomposites, 17f Schulamid 6 MV 14 (Polyamide 66), 16 Secondary brakes, 553 Selective laser sintering (SLS), 925 Self-assembly, of NSBB, 903–904, 921, 926–930, 937–939 Self-healing, 589–590, 609–610, 829–830 Self-healing epoxy composites fracture surfaces of, 610–611, 611f fracture toughness of, 609–610 Self-healing woven glass/epoxy composites, 785 double-capsule strategy, 787–804 characterization of self-healing capability, 789–804 microencapsulation of epoxy, 788–789 microencapsulation of mercaptan, 787–788 single capsule strategy, 804–818Index 961 characterization of self-healing capability, 807–818 microencapsulation of epoxy, 806–807 preparation of imidazole latent hardener, 805–806 Self-lubricating, 604 Self-sensing, 736–737 Self-sensing carbon nanotube composites. See Carbon nanotube composites Semiconductors, polymer-embedded, 852 Semi-ductile erosion mode, 25 Semi-passive functionalities, 452 Sensing carbon nanotube-based composites for, 763–778 damage in joints, sensing of, 770–773 in situ sensing of thermal transitions and thermochemical changes, 775–778 localized impact damage, sensing of, 768–769 microscale damage, sensing of, 763–767 nanotube fibers and skins for sensing, 773 with carbon nanoparticle-modified matrix, 892–900 characterization of center wing box demonstrator via electric sensing, 898–899 damage mapping, 895–898 Sensor, 773 Separator development, 635 Sericin, 110 Service brakes, 553 SFM modified with the N-(cocoalkyl)-N, N-[bis(2- hydroxyethyl)- N-ethylammonium cation (SFMO), 157–160 Shape fixity ratio, 823–826 Shape memory (SM) properties, 823 Shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC), 728 Shape memory alloys (SMA), 727, 833–834, 836 -based composites, 709 characterization of, 733–738 modeling of, 733–738 overview and important properties, 731–733 phenomenological material model for, 738–740 Shape memory epoxy (SMEP), 822 applications, 836 composites, 831–836 fiber- and fabric-reinforced, 833–836 particulate-filled, 831–833 formulations, 823–831 EP rubber, 827 EP thermoplastic, 827–830 EP thermoset, 830–831 neat EPs, 823–827 outlook and future trends, 837–838 Shape memory polymers (SMPs), 822–823 Shape programming procedure, 833–834 Shape recovery ratio, 823 Shape-memory research, 692–693 Shear controlled orientation in injection-molding (SCORIM), 217, 222–224, 235–236, 237f Shear lag phenomenon, 744 Shear properties of foam core materials, 276–279 block shear test, 277–278 sandwich bending tests, 278–279 Short carbon fibers (SCFs), 5–6, 14 on modulus, 6f multimodal filler combination of, 8 volume conductivity of, 7f Short fiber-reinforced polyester composites interphase reactions and their use in, 319–325 Short-fiber-reinforced electrodes, 625–626 Shrinking, 224–225 Silicate layers dispersion, in PLA matrix, 167 Silicium dioxide (SiO2), 9–10, 11f, 12f Silicon, 670–672 Silicone rubber (SR), 9–10, 11f, 12f Silk, 110, 117, 132 thermal properties of, 116t Silk fiber, 110, 110f Silkworm cocoon silk, 110 Silsesquioxane, 933–934 Silver acetylacetonate, 847 Silver nanoparticles, 847–848 Silver–polymer alloys, 843 Silver–polystyrene nanocomposites, microstructure of, 848f Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), 409, 496, 499–500, 502–503, 532–534 Sliding compound (SC), 30 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 149 Smart textiles, 692–693 Società Metropolitana Acque Torino (SMAT), 201 Sodium styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer (SMANa), 787–789 Soil burial, 89–92 Sol–gel technique, 573–574 Solid particle erosion process, 23 Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), 625–628, 632f ion conductivity vs. stiffness for, 648f Solution-intercalation method, 153–155 Solvent-free shear mixing technique, 757–758 Spar tip displacement, 898–899, 899f Specific electrical volume resistivity, 442 Spectrum analyzer model, 425–426 State-of-the-art polymer materials, 908–909962 Index Steady shear rheological parameters, 192 Steel fibers reinforcement, 440, 444–445 Stereolithography, 925 Sternstein’s theory of nanocomposite reinforcement, 917 Stock root, 107 Stokes–Einstein equation, 920 STORAGE consortium, 633, 638 Storage modulus, 828, 829f STORAGE project
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