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| موضوع: كتاب Handbook of Thermoset Plastics الخميس 03 أغسطس 2023, 2:11 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Handbook of Thermoset Plastics Third Edition Edited by Hanna Dodiuk , Sidney H. Goodman Table of contents
و المحتوى كما يلي :
1. Introduction History Definitions Cross-Linking and Curing Influence of Time, Temperature, and Mass Shelf Life and Pot Life Curing Staging Stoichiometric Considerations Prepolymerization and Adducting References Further Reading 2. Phenol–Formaldehydes Introduction Raw Materials Phenol Resinification (Production) of Phenol–Formaldehyde Resins Phenolic Resins in Friction Materials References Further Reading 3. Polybenzoxazine–new generation phenolics Introduction Synthesis of Benzoxazine Monomers (BZ) Ring-Opening Polymerization of Benzoxazines Regioselectivity and Cross-Linked Structure Inter/Intramolecular H-Bonding Kinetics of Thermal Cure Structure-Property Relationships Blends/Composites of Polybenzoxazines Green Chemistry Approaches in PBZ Click Chemistry in PBZ Stability and Degradation Outlook Acknowledgments References 4. Aminos Introduction Raw Materials Chemistry of UF Resins: Urea–Formaldehyde Condensation Chemistry of MF Resins: Melamine–Formaldehyde Condensation General Principles of Manufacture and Application Applications of Amino Resins References 5. Furans Introduction Resins from Furfuryl Alcohol and Furfural Photocross-Linkable Furan Polyesters Furan Polyurethane Foams Photoresists from Pending Furan Chromophores Ion-Exchange Resins Based on 2-Vinylfuran Networks Based on Diels-Alder Polycondensations References 6. Unsaturated Polyesters and Vinyl Esters Unsaturated Polyesters Vinyl Ester Resins Compounding of Unsaturated Polyester and Vinyl Ester Resins Property Modification of Unsaturated Polyesters Applicable Manufacturing Processes References 7. Allyls Introduction Polydiallyldiglycolcarbonate (CR-39) Polydiallyl Phthalates References 8. Epoxies Introduction Detailed Chemistry Characterization of Epoxies Applications References Further Reading 9. Polyurethanes Introduction General Characteristics of Polyurethanes Raw Materials Used in the Synthesis of Cross-Linked Polyurethanes Synthesis and Cross-Linking Reactions of Polyurethanes Morphology of Linear/Branched vs. Cross-Linked Polyurethanes Manufacturing Methods and Technical and Functional Properties of Thermosetting Polyurethanes References 10. High-Performance Polyimides and High Temperature Resistant Polymers Historical Perspective Polyimides from Condensation Reactions Thermoplastic Polyimides Addition-Curable Polyimides and Other Polymers Nadimide-Terminated Thermosetting Polyimides Maleimide-Terminated Thermosetting Polyimides Cyanate-Terminated Thermosetting Polymers High-Temperature Thermosetting Resins Based on Phthalonitrile Acetylene-Terminated Thermosetting Polymers Propargyl-Terminated Oligomers Phenylethynyl-Terminated Thermosetting Polymers Applicability of Thermoset Isoimides/Imides to Resin Transfer Molding Processing Galvanic Corrosion Resistance of Polyimide Composites High-Performance Polymers for Lightning Strike Protection Ultrahigh Temperature Resistant Polymers Chemical Structures Suitable for Ultrahigh Temperature Use Novel Cross–Linking Mechanisms for Stability at Ultrahigh Temperatures Thermosets as Dielectric Interlayers in Integrated Circuit (IC) Fabrication Polymer-Ceramic Materials Acknowledgments References Further Reading 11. Cyanate Esters Introduction Chemistry Characterization and Reaction Monitoring Processing of Cyanate Ester Resins Properties of Cyanate Esters Properties of Cyanate Ester Blends with Epoxy and BMI Recent Developments Applications Trade Names References 12. Maleimide-Based Alder-Enes Introduction to Bismaleimides Maleimide-Based Alder-Ene Polymers Alder-Ene Polymers from Various Allyl-Maleimide Compounds Alder-Ene Polymer Blends Nano-Modified Alder-Ene Polymers Shape Memory Alder-Ene Polymers Kinetics of Alder-Ene Polymerization Outlook Acknowledgments References 13. Syntactic Foams Introduction Syntactic Foams Based on Thermosets Recent Advances in Syntactic Foams Applications of Syntactic Foams Outlook Acknowledgments References 14. Silicones Introduction Silicone Elastomers Silicone Laminates Silicones in the Medical Device Industry Special Silicones Silicone Fluids Other Fluid Types/Copolymers References 15. Biobased Thermosets Polymers from Renewable Sources Determination of Bio-Based Content in Polymers Raw Materials for Renewable Sources Polymers Thermoset from Renewable Sources References 16. Nanotechnology Based Thermosets Introduction Nanoclays POSS Nano Silica Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Graphene and Expanded Graphite Tungsten Disulfide References 17. Crosslinked Thermoplastics Introduction Radiation Cross-Linking of Thermoplastics Effects of Radiation Cross-Linking on Thermoplastic Polymers Chemical Cross-Linking with Organic Peroxides Effects of Peroxide Cross-Linking on Thermoplastic Polymers Cross-Linking of Thermoplastics Using Silane Grafting Reagents Effects of Silane Cross-Linking on Thermoplastic Polymers Comparison of Cross-Linking Methods Applications of Cross-Linked Thermoplastics References 18. Processing Introduction Processing of Monomers: Online Monitoring of Resin Synthesis Processing of Pre-Polymers: Online Monitoring of Resin Flow and Resin Cure During Composite Manufacture References Appendix. Polybenzoxazines – Commercial Information Commercial Benzoxazine Marketed by Huntsman Products by Henkel Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables, respectively. A Abietic-type acids, 597598, 598f Acenaphthylene, 401 Acetoxy cure, for silicones, 558560, 559t Acidic Ion Exchange Resin (AIER), 581 Acrylation, of epoxidized triglycerides, 582583, 583f Addition cure, RTV silicones, 561, 562t vs. condensation cure systems, 563t Adhesives phenolic bio-based, 41 PRF, 3940 reduced resorcinol content, 4041 resorcinol, 37 Aerospace industry, syntactic foams in, 546 Albumin, 593 Alder-ene polymer allyl compounds, 463486 blends, 486495 high-performance blends, 486491 nano-modified, 495497 overview, 462463 polymerization kinetics, 499504 reaction sequence, 462463, 463f shape memory, 497498 thermoplastic-toughened, 491495 Alkoxy cure, for silicones, 558559, 559t Alkyd resins, bio-based, 610611 Allyls overview, 173174 polydiallyldiglycolcarbonate (PDADGC), 174180 applications, 178180 formulation, 176 polymerization, 176 properties, 176177 trade names, 180 polydiallyl phthalates, 180187 applications, 185187 chemistry, 181 formulation, 183 general aspects, 180181 polymerization, 181183 properties, 183185 trade names, 187 Aluminium phosphate, 411412 Amide cure, for silicones, 558 Amino resins adhesive and bonding, 8283, 88 composite wood materials, 88 medium density fiberboard (MDF), 88 particle board, 88 coatings, 8384 application, 88 paper treatment, 88 protective, 88 textile treatment, 88 laminating, 84 application, 8889 manufacturing, 8087 mixed melamine resins, 7980 molding, 8487 application, 8990 overview, 8889 Anhydride, for curing epoxy syntactic foams, 523, 523f Animal proteins, 592593 Applications, 142144 cross-linked thermoplastics, 716734 acrylates, 730733, 731t fluoride-containing polymers, 733734 heat-shrinkable tubing, 723730, 725t polyolefin foams, 716719 rotational molding, 719723 cyanate ester resins, 448450 phenolic resins coating applications, 35 laminating applications, 3132 molding applications, 3234 syntactic foams, 545548 aerospace industry, 546 buoyancy, 545546 furniture, 547 military, 547 miscellaneous, 547548 plug-assist materials, 547 radomes, 546 shielding electronic components, 548 sports industry, 546547 synthetic marble, 547 thermal insulation materials, 546 Art objects, 161 ASTM D6866-11, 578 B Baekeland, Leo, 2 Beetle grades, 8384 Benzocyclobutene, 399400 Benzoxazines, 514, 514f curable moieties, 5156 curing, 47, 47f ortho positions, 48, 48f regioselectivity, 4749 ring-opening polymerization, 47, 47f 4,40-biamaleimido diphenyl methane (BMPM), 459 Bio-based content defined, 578 in polymers, 578579 Bio-based phenolic resins, 611615 Biopolymers, 2 4,40-bis(4-cyanatobenzyl) biphenyl (BBPCy), 442, 443f 2,20-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)isopropylidene (DCBA), 433435 Bismaleimide (BMI), 514515 blends with epoxy resins, cyanate ester resins, 435437 description, 459462 drawbacks, 461 flammability, 461 glass transition temperatures, 514 modification approaches, 462 reaction mechanism, 459, 460f structure, 532f synthesis, 459462, 460f, 515f thermo-mechanical properties, compared to other high-performing resin, 461t 761BMI. See Bismaleimide (BMI) Bulk molding compounds (BMC), 155156 Buoyancy applications, syntactic foams in, 545546 C Carbohydrates, 588589 polyols from, 607 Carbon-carbon syntactic foams, 535 applications, 548 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 578 Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), 546 Carbon nanotubes (CNT) epoxy resin, 656659 overview, 654665 phenolic resin, 659665 polyimides, 659665 polyurethanes, 659665 Cardanol, 592 structure, 592f Cardanol-formaldehyde resins, 613 Casted giftware, 161 Celluloid, 577 CEN/TS 16137, 578579 CFRP. See Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) Chemometrics, 742744 Chemosets, 3 Clay-polymer nanocomposites, 413 Coating applications, phenolic resins in, 35 Co-condensation, between phenol and urea, 36 Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of epoxy syntactic foams, 525 Cold box process, phenolic resin, 31 Collagen, 593 Composite wood products, phenolic resins, 27 fiber board, 27 particle board, 27 plywood, 2527 strand board, 27 water board, 27 Compression, syntactic foams, 519520, 519f Condensation cure RTV silicones, 560561, 562t DBT, 560 STO, 561 vs. addition cure systems, 563t Core sandwich composites, syntactic foams, 542543 closed-pore structure, 543 low moisture absorption, 543 one-step compression molding, 543 Cornerstone Research Group (CRG), 544545 Cow milk, 592593 CRG. See Cornerstone Research Group (CRG) Cross-linked acrylates, 730733, 731t Cross-linking, 34 applications, 716734 acrylates, 730733, 731t fluoride-containing polymers, 733734 heat-shrinkable tubing, 723730, 725t polyolefin foams, 716719 rotational molding, 719723 comparison methods, 715716 defined, 3 dimensional behavior upon, cyanate ester, 433 molecular functionality, 4 silane grafting reagents, 712715 effects, 715 wih peroxides, 708 polyethylene, 708711, 709f polypropylene, 711712 wih radiation. See Radiation crossLinking Cultured marble and onyx, 161162 Cumene process, for phenol, 15 Cure schedule, 7, 8f Curing, 78 defined, 5 Curing agent defined, 56 Cyanate ester resins applications, 448450 blends with epoxy and BMI, 435437, 436t curing, 427429 cyclo-trimerization, 430 dimensional behavior upon crosslinking, 433 distinctive features, 426t epoxy resins, 435436 gelation, 433 glass transition temperature and tensile elongation-at-break, 431, 432f heterocyclic aromatic structure, 427 hydrolysis behavior, 433435 industrial demand, 426, 426f metal catalyst, 430, 431t monomers, 427, 428t bio-based raw materials, 442445 conferring flame retardance, 440442 modifying flexibility, 437440 novel, 437445 optical spectroscopy, 429 overview, 437445 processing, 430431 catalyst composition, 430 frontal polymerization, 445446 microwave-assisted polymerization, 446447 nanoconfinement, 448 plasma polymerization, 448 properties, 425, 431435 electrical, 431433 mechanical, 431 physical, 434t thermal, 431, 432f Raman spectroscopy, 429 reaction scheme illustrating formation, 426f structural unit, 427, 427f thermal analysis, 429430 trade names, 451, 451t viscosity, 427 Cyanate esters syntactic foams, 514, 530531 Cymel grades, 84 D DBT. See Dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBT) Denaturation, proteins, 592593 Diallyl Bisphenol A (DABA), 532f Diamines, 459460 Dianhydrohexytols, 588589 Diazine, 401402 Dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBT), 560 Dielectric analysis sensors, 746748, 747f Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 750751 Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 512, 512f 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), 442, 443f Dimethylsilicone fluids, 571, 571t Dow process, for phenol, 15 Drying oils, 581 DSC. See Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) E EAS. See Epoxidized allyl soyate (EAS) Eco-Core, 525526 Elastomeric syntactic foams, 535 as stress relief coatings, 535, 548 Elmet GmbH, 567568 Engel Austria GmbH, 567568 Engineering thermosets, 2 Enone-containing triglycerides, 585, 586f EPB syntactic foam, 531, 532f modulus, 532, 533f strength, 532, 533f Epon resin, 595596 Epoxidation of catechin using epichlorohydrin, 596597, 597f of triglycerides, 582, 582f Epoxidized allyl soyate (EAS), 595596 762 INDEXEpoxidized linseed oil, 597, 597f Epoxidized oils, 595 chemical modification, 595596 Epoxidized soybean oil (EBSO), 595 Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), 524525, 525f Epoxy/nanoclay compositions, 625628 Epoxy resins, 8 acid-curing agents, 206210 cyclic anhydrides, 207209 Lewis acids, 206 mercaptans, 209210 organic acids, 207 phenols, 206207 polysulfides, 209210 alkaline curing agents, 201206 aliphatic amines, 202203 amine adducts, 203 aromatic amines, 204205 cyclic amines, 203204 Lewis bases, 201202 polyamides, 205206 applications, 243247 blends with BMI, cyanate ester, 435437 carbon nanotubes (CNT), 656659 characterization, 216243 chemoviscosity, 239240 colorants, 214216 cross-link density, 232240 cross-linking, 200 curing, 199200 curing agents, 200 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 234 temperature-modulated, 234236 diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 192195 diluents nonreactive, 212213 reactive, 210211 dyes, 214216 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, 237238 α-epoxy (or 1,2-epoxy), 192 ethylene oxide, 192f fillers, 213214 formulation principles, 210216 gass transition, 232240 gelation, 240241 glycidyl group, 192f graphene and expanded graphite, 667671 heat, 220232 historical development, 299314 hydantoin resins, 196 molecular weight, 232240 nanoclays compositions, 625628 novolacs, 195 overview, 297299 peracid resins, 195196 POSS nanocomposites, 638641 resinous modifiers, 211212 rheological additives, 216 stoichiometry, 200201 structure, 532f Thermally Stimulated Depolarization, 238239 thermomechanical analysis (TMA), 236237 vitrification, 241243 Epoxy syntactic foams, 512, 520525 bulk density, 520521, 521f coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), 525 compressive strength, 520521, 521f curing agents, 523, 523f fracture toughness, 523 glass transition temperature, 523524, 523f materials and process details, 524t neat resins, 523524, 524f tensile properties with microballoon volume fraction, 520, 521f ESO. See Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) Expanded graphite epoxy resin, 667671 overview, 665674 phenolic resin, 671674 polyimides, 671674 polyurethanes, 671674 F Fatty acids, 579581, 580t Fevernova, 546547, 547f FGSF. See Functionally graded syntactic foams (FGSF) Fiber board, 27 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), 749750, 750f Fiber optics embedded, 748749 measurement, 748750 Fiber-reinforced syntactic foams, 535538 flexural strength, 536, 536f length of fiber, 537538, 538f short carbon fiber (SCF), 538, 539f storage modulus, 538, 539f tensile and flexural properties, 537, 538f thermal stability, 538, 539f mechanical properties, 536, 537f silica fiber, 536, 537f tensile strength, 536, 536f Young’s modulus, 537 Fillers, phenolic resins, 2324 Fluoride-containing polymers, 733734 trade names, 734t Formaldehyde, 1516 Formalin, 1516 impurities, 16 Frontal polymerization, cyanate ester resins, 445446 Functionalized vegetable oils (FVO), 524525 Functionally graded syntactic foams (FGSF), 542 RR-type, 542, 543f VF-type, 542, 543f Furan resins chromophores, 101103 Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, 95, 95f polycondensations, 105107 hydroxymethylfuraldehyde (HMF), 9495, 95f overview, 9396 photocross-linkable, 100 polyurethane foams, 101 2-vinylfuran (VF), 103105 Furfural (F) condensation, derivatives with aldehydes and ketones, 94f furfuryl alcohol (FA), 93 mechanism of formation, 94f monomers prepared from, 94f overview, 93 resins from, 96100 Furfuryl alcohol (FA), 93 resins from, 96100 Furniture, syntactic foams in, 547 FVO. See Functionalized vegetable oils (FVO) G Gelation, cyanate ester resins, 433 General purpose thermosets, 2 Geniomer, 568569, 569f Gliadin, 593 Global warming, 578 Glycerol, 588 Glycerolysis, 585587, 587f Graphene and expanded graphite epoxy resin, 667671 overview, 665674 phenolic resin, 671674 polyimides, 671674 polyurethanes, 671674 Graphite, expanded epoxy resin, 667671 overview, 665674 phenolic resin, 671674 polyimides, 671674 polyurethanes, 671674 Guaiacol, 614f H Hand layup, 150151 HCR. See High consistency silicone rubber (HCR) Heat-shrinkable tubing, 723730, 725t INDEX 763HEXA. See Hexamethylene tetramine (HEXA) Hexamethylene tetramine (HEXA), 16 Hexamine. See Hexamethylene tetramine (HEXA) High consistency silicone rubber (HCR), 561563 High temperature vulcanization (HTV), 561566 silicones, 561566 Hydroformylation, of triglycerides, 583, 584f Hydrolysis behavior, cyanate ester resins, 433435 Hydroxylated oils, maleinization, 585, 586f Hydroxylation, of triglycerides, 583584 Hydroxymethylfuraldehyde (HMF), 9495, 95f I Impranil, 546547 International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC), 753 Isocyanate, and phenolic resins, 3637 Isoidide, 588589, 588f Isomannide, 588589, 588f Isosorbide, 588589, 588f K Kienle, R. H., 610 L Laccain, 14. See also Phenolic resins Laminates, silicones, 566 Laminating applications, phenolic resins in, 3132 LCA. See Life cycle assessment (LCA) Life cycle assessment (LCA), 577578 Lignin, 443, 444f, 612613, 613f as additives, 590 in epoxy resin networks, 596 generic structure, 591f grafting of, 590591 hydrolysis, 590 methylolation, 614615 nonphenolic hydroxypropyl, 590 phenolation or phenolysis, 614615 Lignins, and phenolic resins, 36 Linear polymer, 3, 4f Lipids, 579 Liquid Silicone Rubbers (LSR), 565 Litidionite, organically modified, 412413 Low dielectric constants, syntactic foams, 520 LSR. See Liquid Silicone Rubbers (LSR) M Maleates, 585587 Maleinization acrylated epoxidized oils, 583, 584f hydroxylated oils, 585, 586f Mannich bridge (CH2-N-CH2), 4849 Mat molding, for UPR and VER, 157 MCR ALS. See Multivariate curve resolution calculated by alternating least squares (MCR ALS) Medical device industry, silicones in, 566567 Melamine, 76 Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins as adhesives, 7576 condensation, 7880 overview, 75 raw materials, 75 Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins, 7980 copolymerization, 7980 phenol, 80 UF and MF mixtures, 7980 Methacrylation, monoglycerides, 587 Methylphenylpolysiloxane fluids, 571573, 572t Methylpolysiloxane fluids, 569, 570t Methyl-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), 524525, 525f Microballoon, in syntactic foams, 515517, 517f Microspheres syntactic foams, 515517 Microwave-assisted polymerization, cyanate ester resins, 446447 Military, syntactic foams in, 547 Moisture absorption, syntactic foams, 520 Molding applications, phenolic resins in, 3234 Monoglycerides, 585587 methacrylation, 587 Monolithic flooring, 162 Monomers, cyanate ester resins, 427, 428t bio-based raw materials, 442445 conferring flame retardance, 440442 modifying flexibility, 437440 novel, 437445 MTHPA. See Methyl-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA) Multivariate curve resolution calculated by alternating least squares (MCR ALS), 744 N Nanoclays compositions epoxy, 625628 phenolic resins, 631633 polyimide, 635637 polyurethane, 633635 unsaturated polyesters, 628631 nanocomposites, 625 overview, 623625 Nanoconfinement, cyanate ester resins, 448 Nano reinforcement, in syntactic foams, 539540 Nano silica. See Silica nanocomposites NASA Ames Research Center, 546 Natural oils, 579587. See also Triglycerides direct polymerization, 581 double bonds, chemical modification of, 581585 Natural rubber, 2 Network polymer, 3, 4f NMR spectroscopy, 750 Novocardt, 598 Novolak phenolic resins, 1920 vs. resole, 20 O One-component RTV silicones, 557560 acetoxy cure, 558560, 559t alkoxy cure, 558559, 559t amide cure chemistry, 558 oxime cure chemistry/by-product, 558 primers, 560 Si-O-Si bonds, 557558 Online monitoring tools overview, 739 resin flow/cure, 744753 dielectric analysis sensor, 746748 embedded fiber optics, 748749 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), 749750 other methods, 750 SMARTweave sensor, 746 thermal analysis, 750753 ultrasonic sensors, 748 resin synthesis, 740744 chemometrics, 742744 general aspects, 740 optical spectroscopy, 740744 Raman spectroscopy, 742 Optical fibers. See Fiber optics Optical spectroscopy, 740744 FTIR, 741742 infrared (IR), 741742 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 741742 Optical spectroscopy, cyanate ester resins, 429 Organically modified litidionite, 412413 Organic peroxides, chemical cross-linking with, 708 Oxime cure chemistry/by-product, silicones, 558 Ozonolysis, triglycerides, 583, 585f P [2.2]Paracyclophane, 397398 Partially stabilized zirconium oxide (PSZ), 412 Particle board, 27 764 INDEXPeroxide cross-linking, 708 polyethylene, 708711, 709f polypropylene, 711712 Peroxide curing agents, silicone, 564t, 565 Phenol, 1516 cumene process, 15 Dow process, 15 Raschig process, 15 urea and, co-condensation between, 36 Phenol-formaldehyde resins. See Phenolic resins Phenolic microballoons, in syntactic foams, 517 Phenolic (P1) and PN resin (PNM), 527, 527f Phenolic resins bio-based, 611615 carbon nanotubes (CNT), 659665 coating applications, 35 co-condensation between phenol and urea, 36 composite wood products, 27 fiber board, 27 particle board, 27 plywood, 2527 strand board, 27 water board, 27 description, 1415 differences between resole and novolac, 20 fillers, 2324 friction materials, 2941 graphene and expanded graphite, 671674 hexamethylene tetramine (HEXA), 16 as insulation materials, 29 isocyanate, addition of, 3637 laminating applications, 3132 lignins, addition of, 36 modification, 3537 molding applications, 3234 nanoclay compositions, 631633 nanoclays compositions, 631633 novolak, 1920 plywood, 2527 POSS nanocomposites, 641646 PRF. See Phenol-resorcinolformaldehyde (PRF) processing methods, 2425 properties, 2023 raw materials for, 15 resinification, 1629 polymerization process, 1619 reaction mechanism, 16 resole, 19 silica nanocomposites, 650654 tannins, addition of, 3637 urea, addition of, 3536 Phenolic syntactic foams, 512514, 525528 aldehyde groups, 528, 528f hollow carbon microspheres, 528, 528f, 529f mechanical properties, 526527, 526t microballoon-based, 528 PN resin (PNM), 527, 527f tensile and flexural strength, 526527 Phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF), 37 adhesives, 3940 Plant oil, 579581 fatty acids, 579581, 580t polymers, 581 triglycerides, 579581, 579f Plasma polymerization, cyanate ester resins, 448 Plasticization, proteins, 592593 Plug-assist materials, syntactic foams as, 547 Plywood, 2527 Polybenzimidazole syntactic foams, 534 Polybenzoxazines (PBz), 514 bio-based products, 6768 blends, 6167 co-reactive, 6164 non-reactive, 6164 chemical bridge structures, 48, 48f click chemistry, 6869 composites fiber, 6566 micro, 6566 cross-linked structure, 4749, 49f inter/intramolecular H-bonding, 49 main chain, 6061 nanocomposites, 6667 stability and degradation, 69 syntactic foams mechanical strength, 529, 529f thermal curing, 4951 unfunctionalized, 5660 Polyester syntactic foams, 534 Polyethylene peroxide cross-linking, 708711 radiation cross-linking, 703 silane cross-linking, 712715 Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) epoxy, 638641 isocyanate groups, 642643 N-phenylaminomethyl, 643 octa(aminophenyl)-POSS, 644 OpePOSS, 642 overview, 637646 phenolic resin, 644 polyimides (PI), 644645 polyurethanes, 641643 silanols, 646 silsesquioxanes, 644 unsaturated polyester, 643644 Polyimides acetylene-terminated, 361374 imide oligomers, 364367 oligomers, cure mechanism, 369374 quinoxalines, 362364 sulfones, 364 addition-curable, 335336 adhesive formulations, 388 AFR700B resins, 344 aromatic characteristics, 298f carbon nanotubes (CNT), 659665 coatings high-temperature resistant, 388 insulative, 386 condensation reactions, 299314 conductive paint, 388 conductive polymer blends, 386 corrosion galvanic, 385387 mechanism, 385386 cyanate esters polyimide-based, 355356 semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN), 355 cyanate-terminated, 351356 graphene and expanded graphite, 671674 historical perspective, 297299 hydrogen-free, 393395 imide structural analogs, 387 isoimide modification, 367369 low-viscosity SIPN imide blends, 384385 maleimide-terminated, 344350 modified nadimide end-caps, 343344 nanoclay compositions, 635637 nanoclays compositions, 635637 nonmetallic conductive materials, 388 NR-150 (DuPont), 318 phenylethynyl-terminated, 374382 phthalonitrile, 356361 polyamic acid converted to, 298f polycyanurates electronic industry, 356 flame retardancy, 356 POSS nanocomposites, 641646 propargyl-terminated oligomers, 374 resin transfer molding (RTM) aerospace resins, 383384 isoimides/imides applicability, 382385 polyimides, relevance of, 384 silica nanocomposites, 650654 thermoplastic, 314334 Torlon, 325328 Ultem, 318324 ultrahigh temperature resistant polymers, 388389 XU 218 (XIV), 329332 Polyimide syntactic foams, 531532 Polymer-ceramic materials, 409413 INDEX 765Polymer-clay nanocomposites, 625 Polymer concretes, 162164 Polymeric microballoons, in syntactic foams, 517 Polymerization, cyanate ester resins frontal, 445446 microwave-assisted, 446447 plasma, 448 Polymerization process, phenolic resins, 1619 Polymers biphenylene, 396397 bisazoles, 390393 phthalocyanine, 393 ultrahigh temperature resistant, 388389 Polyolefin foams, 716719 Polyols from carbohydrates, 607 from lignocellulosic materials, 606 from natural polyphenols, 607 Polyols, from carbohydrates, 607 Polyphenols, 589592 Polypropylene peroxide cross-linking, 711712 radiation cross-linking, 703707 Polyurethanes (PU), 633635 adhesives, 286287 auxiliary agents, 264266 bio-based, 601610 from vegetable oils, 602606 blowing agents, 264 carbon nanotubes (CNT), 659665 catalysts, 263264 chain extenders, 263 characteristics, 254258 coatings, 286287 cross-linked, 276277 medicine, 287289 cross-linking, 266274 radical reactions, 272274 via allophanate or biuret bonds, 269 via cross-linkers, 267269 via isocyanates dimerization or trimerization, 270272 via polyols, 266267 foams, 284286 graphene and expanded graphite, 671674 isocyanates, 258261 health hazard evaluation, 258261 linear/branched, 275276 manufacturing methods, 277289 nanoclays compositions, 633635 oligomerols, 261263 derived from glycolysates, 262 other types, 263 from renewable raw materials, 262 unsaturated, 262 overview, 253254 POSS nanocomposites, 641646 raw materials, 258266 silica nanocomposites, 650654 vegetable oils, 602606 Polyurethane syntactic foams, 533534 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 707708 Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) microspheres, 547 ultra low-density, 547 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 733734 Pot life, 7 Preform molding, for UPR and VER, 157 Premix molding, for UPR and VER, 157 Pre-preg process, 153 Pressure-bag process, 153154 PRF. See Phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) Primasetr PT-30, 439440, 441f Prolamine proteins, 593 Propargyl ether novolac (PN) mechanical properties, 526t synthesis, 513, 513f Proteins, 592594 albumin, 593 animal and vegetable, 592593 collagen, 593 cow milk, 592593 denaturation, 592593 gliadin, 593 gluten, 593 plasticization, 592593 prolamine, 593 soy, 593594 whey, 593 zein, 593 Prototype molding, for UPR and VER, 156157 Pultrusion, UPR and VER in, 158 R Radiation cross-linking, 698703 oxidation, 701702 polyethylene, 703, 706t polymers, 702t polypropylene, 703707, 706t polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 707708 Radomes, syntactic foams in, 546 Raman spectroscopy, 742 Raman spectroscopy, cyanate ester resins, 429 Rapid Thermal Processing, 613 Raschig process, for phenol, 15 Renewable sources polymers bio-based polymers, 577578 crbon content, 578579 bio-based polyurethanes, 601610 bio-based unsaturated polyester, 598601 epoxy, 594615 natural oils, 579587. See also Triglycerides direct polymerization, 581 double bonds, chemical modification, 581585 raw materials for, 579594 Resin, defined, 56 Resin cure modeling, 750753 Resin flow/cure analysis, online monitoring tools for, 744753 dielectric analysis sensor, 746748 embedded fiber optics, 748749 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), 749750 other methods, 750 SMARTweave sensor, 746 thermal analysis, 750753 ultrasonic sensors, 748 Resin infusion process, 153154 Resin synthesis, online monitoring tools, 740744 chemometrics, 742744 general aspects, 740 optical spectroscopy, 740744 Raman spectroscopy, 742 Resin transfer molding (RTM), 154155 Resole phenolic resins, 19 vs. novolak, 20 Resorcinol adhesives, 37 Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resins, 37 chemistry, 3739 Room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicones, 557561 addition cure, 561, 562t condensation cure, 560561, 562t DBT, 560 STO, 561 one-component, 557560 acetoxy cure, 558560, 559t alkoxy cure, 558559, 559t amide cure chemistry, 558 oxime cure chemistry/by-product, 558 primers, 560 Si-O-Si bonds, 557558 two-component, 560 vs. one-component, 560 Rosin, 597598 Rotational molding, 719723 RR-type FGSF, 542, 543f RTV. See Room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicones Rubberized syntactic foams, 540542, 542f S Saccharides, 588589 Saran microballoons, 517, 547 Sensors dielectric analysis, 746748, 747f SMARTweave, 746, 746f ultrasonic, 748, 748f 766 INDEXSFRSF. See Short fiber-reinforced syntactic foams (SFRSF) Shape memory, UPR with, 164 Shape memory polymer (SMP)-based syntactic foams, 543545 compressed and expanded forms, 545f DMA studies, 543544, 544f durability, 544 glass transition temperature, 543544 thermomechanical properties, 544, 545f ultraviolet radiation, 544 Sheet molding compounds (SMC), 155156 Shelf life, 7 Shell molding process, phenolic resin in, 31 Shielding electronic components, syntactic foams in, 548 Shirasu microballoons, 517 Shock absorbers, syntactic foams as, 547 Short carbon fiber (SCF), 538, 539f Short fiber-reinforced syntactic foams (SFRSF), 538, 539f Silane cross-linking, 712715 effects, 715 Silica nanocomposites epoxy resin, 646650 overview, 646 phenolic resin, 650654 polyimides, 650654 polyurethanes, 650654 unsaturated polyesters, 650654 Silicon alkoxide-derived polymer ceramic materials, 410411 Silicone fluids, 569573 copolymers, 573 dimethylsilicone, 571, 571t methylphenylpolysiloxane, 571573, 572t methylpolysiloxane, 569, 570t temperature on viscosity, effects on, 569, 571t Silicone/glass microbubble foam, 535 Silicones compounding, 564 curing, 565566 elastomers, 557 thermoplastic, 568569 fluids. See Silicone fluids high temperature vulcanization (HTV), 561566 laminates, 566 medical device industry, 566567 overview, 555557 room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV), 557561 addition cure, 561 condensation cure, 560561 one-component, 557560 two-component, 560 trade names, 573, 573t UV-activated, 567568 Silicone syntactic foams, 534535 SMARTweave sensors, 746, 746f Soccer balls, 546547 Soft sensors, 744 Solgel-derived polyimide-silica nanocomposites, 413 Soy proteins, 593594 Specialty thermosets, 2 Sports industry, syntactic foams in, 546547 Spray layup, 151153 Staging, 810, 8f Stannous tin octoate (STO), 561 STO. See Stannous tin octoate (STO) Strand board, 27 Structural reaction injection molding (S-RIM), 155 Styrene monomer, 111112 Sugar, 588589 Sugar-based epoxy systems, 596 Sulfonalion process, 15 Syntactic foams applications, 545548 aerospace industry, 546 buoyancy, 545546 furniture, 547 military, 547 miscellaneous, 547548 plug-assist materials, 547 radomes, 546 shielding electronic components, 548 sports industry, 546547 synthetic marble, 547 thermal insulation materials, 546 bismaleimides, 514515 carbon-carbon, 535 core sandwich composites, 542543 cyanate esters, 514, 530531 elastomeric, 535 epoxy, 512, 520525 features, 519520 fiber-reinforced, 535538 functionally graded, 542 matrices used, 511515 microspheres, 515517 nano reinforcement, 539540 overview, 511520 phenolic, 512514, 525528 polybenzimidazole, 534 polybenzoxazines, 529 polyester, 534 polyimide, 531532 polyurethane, 533534 preparation, 518519 coating method, 519 impregnation techniques, 518 properties, 519 compression, 519520, 519f low dielectric constants, 520 mechanical, 519 moisture absorption, 520 thermal, 520 rubberized, 540542 silicone, 534535 SMP-based, 543545 stress-strain curve for compression testing, 519520, 519f structure, 517518 three-phase, 518, 518f two-phase, 517518, 518f Synthetic marble, syntactic foams in, 547 Syringol, 614f T Tannins, 589, 613614 condensed, 590f hydrolyzable, 589 Tannins, and phenolic resins, 3637 Tectosil, 561, 563f, 569 Terpene-derived acid anhydride (TPAn), 597 Thermal insulation materials, syntactic foams as, 546 Thermal properties, syntactic foams, 520 Thermosets categories of, 2, 3t defined, 1 engineering, 2 general purpose, 2 historical milestones of, 3t relationship in chemistry, 2f specialty, 2 Three-phase syntactic foams, 518, 518f Trans-anethol, and cyanate ester monomers, 443445, 445f Trelleborg Emerson & Cuming, Inc., 547 2,2,4-tri(4-cyanatophenoxy)- 4,6,6-tris-phenoxy-2?5,4?5,6?5- [1,3,5,2,4,6]-triazatriphosphine, 442, 442f Triglycerides, 579581, 579f acrylation of epoxidized, 582583, 583f conversion into mono/diglycerides/ simple fatty acids, 585587 double bonds, 581 enone-containing, 585, 586f epoxidation, 582, 582f hydroformylation, 583, 584f hydroxylation, 583584 maleinization acrylated epoxidized oils, 583, 584f hydroxylated oils, 585, 586f oxypolymerization, 581f ozonolysis, 583, 585f 1,2,3-tris(4-cyanatophenyl) propane, 439440, 441f Tungsten disulfide epoxy resin, 675 overview, 674675 INDEX 767Two-component RTV silicones, 560 addition cure, 561, 562t vs. condensation cure systems, 563t condensation cure, 560561, 562t DBT, 560 STO, 561 vs. addition cure systems, 563t curing, 565566 vs. one-component, 560 U Ultrasonic sensors, 748, 748f Unsaturated polyesters applicable manufacturing processes overview, 148149 work place safety, 149 bio-based and recycled raw materials, 120122 carbonanotubes, 137139 carbon nanofibers, 137139 cross-linking by copolymerization with co-monomers, 116118 cured, 123125 chemical resistance, 124125 flexible, 123124 hydrolytical stability, 124125 rigid general purpose (GP), 123 embedding matrix for magnetostrictive materials, 166 fiber-reinforced, 150160 flame retardance, 139144 inorganic filler materials, 139140 structural modification, 140142 foamed, 166 general aspects, chemistry, 112 in luminescent solar concentrators, 165166 manufacturing, 112116 market situation, 112, 113f nanoclays as fillers, 137 nanoclays compositions, 628631 nanocomposites, 136139 nanofibrous fillers, 137139 nanoparticles, 139 neat, 122 overview, 111112 polymeric capacitators in printed circuit boards, 166 POSS nanocomposites, 641646 processing equipment and manufacturing, 118119 process intensification, 120 property modification, 136148 raw materials, 114t shrinkage, 144148 anti-shrink additives, 148 anti-shrink units, 148 silica nanocomposites, 650654 styrenated, 122123 trade names & manufacturers, 167t ultrafine, 166 vinyl ester resins, compounding with, 129136 aromatic tertiary amine/benzoyl peroxide-based catalysts, 131 commercial pre-promoted resins, 131132 curing systems, 130132 fiber reinforcements, 136 fillers, 134136 handling catalysts and promoters, 132 heat curing systems, 132 inhibitors, 132 ketone peroxide-based catalysts, 130131 metal soaps, 130131 overview, 129130 room temperature (RT) curing, 130132 thickening agents, 136 thixotropic/flow control agents, 132134 ultraviolet absorbers, 132 vs. saturated polyesters, 112 Unsaturated polyesters, bio-based, 598601 Unsaturated polyesters (UP), 628631 Urea, 76 phenol and, co-condensation between, 36 phenolic resin and, 3536 Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins condensation, 7678 overview, 75 raw materials, 76 Urethane elastomer/glass microbubble foam, 535 V Vacuum-bag process, 153 Vegetable oils, 579 copolymerization, 581 polyurethanes from, 602606 Vegetable proteins, 592593 Veriflex SMP, 543 Verilyte, 544545 VF-type FGSF, 542, 543f Vinyl ester resins, 125129 overview, 125126 special qualities, 127129 trade names & manufacturers, 167t with unsaturated polyster, compounding, 129136 aromatic tertiary amine/benzoyl peroxide-based catalysts, 131 commercial pre-promoted resins, 131132 curing systems, 130132 fiber reinforcements, 136 fillers, 134136 handling catalysts and promoters, 132 heat curing systems, 132 inhibitors, 132 ketone peroxide-based catalysts, 130131 metal soaps, 130131 overview, 129130 room temperature (RT) curing, 130132 thickening agents, 136 thixotropic/flow control agents, 132134 ultraviolet absorbers, 132 Vulcanization, 2 W Wacker Chemie AG, 568 Water board, 27 Water extended polyester (WEP), 161 WEP. See Water extended polyester (WEP) Whey proteins, 593 Wood products, composite, phenolic resins, 27 fiber board, 27 particle board, 27 plywood, 2527 strand board, 27 water board, 27 Working life. See Pot life Z Zein proteins, 593
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