Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Ninth Edition الإثنين 24 يوليو 2023, 1:19 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Ninth Edition Richard G. Budynas Professor Emeritus, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology J. Keith Nisbett Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Brief Contents Preface xv Part 1 Basics 2 1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design 3 2 Materials 31 3 Load and Stress Analysis 71 4 Deflection and Stiffness 147 Part 2 Failure Prevention 212 5 Failures Resulting from Static Loading 213 6 Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading 265 Part 3 Design of Mechanical Elements 358 7 Shafts and Shaft Components 359 8 Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints 409 9 Welding, Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints 475 10 Mechanical Springs 517 11 Rolling-Contact Bearings 569 12 Lubrication and Journal Bearings 617 13 Gears—General 673 14 Spur and Helical Gears 733 15 Bevel and Worm Gears 785 16 Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and Flywheels 825 17 Flexible Mechanical Elements 879 18 Power Transmission Case Study 933 viiiPart 4 Analysis Tools 952 19 Finite-Element Analysis 953 20 Statistical Considerations 977 Appendixes A Useful Tables 1003 B Answers to Selected Problems 1059 Index 1065 Preface xv Part 1 Basics 2 1 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Design 3 1–1 Design 4 1–2 Mechanical Engineering Design 5 1–3 Phases and Interactions of the Design Process 5 1–4 Design Tools and Resources 8 1–5 The Design Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities 10 1–6 Standards and Codes 12 1–7 Economics 12 1–8 Safety and Product Liability 15 1–9 Stress and Strength 15 1–10 Uncertainty 16 1–11 Design Factor and Factor of Safety 17 1–12 Reliability 18 1–13 Dimensions and Tolerances 19 1–14 Units 21 1–15 Calculations and Significant Figures 22 1–16 Design Topic Interdependencies 23 1–17 Power Transmission Case Study Specifications 24 Problems 26 2 Materials 31 2–1 Material Strength and Stiffness 32 2–2 The Statistical Significance of Material Properties 36 2–3 Strength and Cold Work 38 2–4 Hardness 41 2–5 Impact Properties 42 2–6 Temperature Effects 43 Contents 2–7 Numbering Systems 45 2–8 Sand Casting 46 2–9 Shell Molding 47 2–10 Investment Casting 47 2–11 Powder-Metallurgy Process 47 2–12 Hot-Working Processes 47 2–13 Cold-Working Processes 48 2–14 The Heat Treatment of Steel 49 2–15 Alloy Steels 52 2–16 Corrosion-Resistant Steels 53 2–17 Casting Materials 54 2–18 Nonferrous Metals 55 2–19 Plastics 58 2–20 Composite Materials 60 2–21 Materials Selection 61 Problems 67 3 Load and Stress Analysis 71 3–1 Equilibrium and Free-Body Diagrams 72 3–2 Shear Force and Bending Moments in Beams 77 3–3 Singularity Functions 79 3–4 Stress 79 3–5 Cartesian Stress Components 79 3–6 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 80 3–7 General Three-Dimensional Stress 86 3–8 Elastic Strain 87 3–9 Uniformly Distributed Stresses 88 3–10 Normal Stresses for Beams in Bending 89 3–11 Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending 94 3–12 Torsion 101 3–13 Stress Concentration 110 3–14 Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders 113 3–15 Stresses in Rotating Rings 115 x3–16 Press and Shrink Fits 116 3–17 Temperature Effects 117 3–18 Curved Beams in Bending 118 3–19 Contact Stresses 122 3–20 Summary 126 Problems 127 4 Deflection and Stiffness 147 4–1 Spring Rates 148 4–2 Tension, Compression, and Torsion 149 4–3 Deflection Due to Bending 150 4–4 Beam Deflection Methods 152 4–5 Beam Deflections by Superposition 153 4–6 Beam Deflections by Singularity Functions 156 4–7 Strain Energy 162 4–8 Castigliano’s Theorem 164 4–9 Deflection of Curved Members 169 4–10 Statically Indeterminate Problems 175 4–11 Compression Members—General 181 4–12 Long Columns with Central Loading 181 4–13 Intermediate-Length Columns with Central Loading 184 4–14 Columns with Eccentric Loading 184 4–15 Struts or Short Compression Members 188 4–16 Elastic Stability 190 4–17 Shock and Impact 191 Problems 192 Part 2 Failure Prevention 212 5 Failures Resulting from Static Loading 213 5–1 Static Strength 216 5–2 Stress Concentration 217 5–3 Failure Theories 219 5–4 Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory for Ductile Materials 219 5–5 Distortion-Energy Theory for Ductile Materials 221 5–6 Coulomb-Mohr Theory for Ductile Materials 228 5–7 Failure of Ductile Materials Summary 231 5–8 Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory for Brittle Materials 235 5–9 Modifications of the Mohr Theory for Brittle Materials 235 5–10 Failure of Brittle Materials Summary 238 5–11 Selection of Failure Criteria 238 5–12 Introduction to Fracture Mechanics 239 5–13 Stochastic Analysis 248 5–14 Important Design Equations 254 Problems 256 6 Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading 265 6–1 Introduction to Fatigue in Metals 266 6–2 Approach to Fatigue Failure in Analysis and Design 272 6–3 Fatigue-Life Methods 273 6–4 The Stress-Life Method 273 6–5 The Strain-Life Method 276 6–6 The Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics Method 278 6–7 The Endurance Limit 282 6–8 Fatigue Strength 283 6–9 Endurance Limit Modifying Factors 286 6–10 Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity 295 6–11 Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses 300 6–12 Fatigue Failure Criteria for Fluctuating Stress 303 6–13 Torsional Fatigue Strength under Fluctuating Stresses 317 6–14 Combinations of Loading Modes 317 6–15 Varying, Fluctuating Stresses; Cumulative Fatigue Damage 321 6–16 Surface Fatigue Strength 327 6–17 Stochastic Analysis 330 6–18 Road Maps and Important Design Equations for the Stress-Life Method 344 Problems 348 Contents xixii Mechanical Engineering Design Part 3 Design of Mechanical Elements 358 7 Shafts and Shaft Components 359 7–1 Introduction 360 7–2 Shaft Materials 360 7–3 Shaft Layout 361 7–4 Shaft Design for Stress 366 7–5 Deflection Considerations 379 7–6 Critical Speeds for Shafts 383 7–7 Miscellaneous Shaft Components 388 7–8 Limits and Fits 395 Problems 400 8 Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints 409 8–1 Thread Standards and Definitions 410 8–2 The Mechanics of Power Screws 414 8–3 Threaded Fasteners 422 8–4 Joints—Fastener Stiffness 424 8–5 Joints—Member Stiffness 427 8–6 Bolt Strength 432 8–7 Tension Joints—The External Load 435 8–8 Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension 437 8–9 Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload 440 8–10 Gasketed Joints 444 8–11 Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints 444 8–12 Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in Shear 451 Problems 459 9 Welding, Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints 475 9–1 Welding Symbols 476 9–2 Butt and Fillet Welds 478 9–3 Stresses in Welded Joints in Torsion 482 9–4 Stresses in Welded Joints in Bending 487 9–5 The Strength of Welded Joints 489 9–6 Static Loading 492 9–7 Fatigue Loading 496 9–8 Resistance Welding 498 9–9 Adhesive Bonding 498 Problems 507 10 Mechanical Springs 517 10–1 Stresses in Helical Springs 518 10–2 The Curvature Effect 519 10–3 Deflection of Helical Springs 520 10–4 Compression Springs 520 10–5 Stability 522 10–6 Spring Materials 523 10–7 Helical Compression Spring Design for Static Service 528 10–8 Critical Frequency of Helical Springs 534 10–9 Fatigue Loading of Helical Compression Springs 536 10–10 Helical Compression Spring Design for Fatigue Loading 539 10–11 Extension Springs 542 10–12 Helical Coil Torsion Springs 550 10–13 Belleville Springs 557 10–14 Miscellaneous Springs 558 10–15 Summary 560 Problems 560 11 Rolling-Contact Bearings 569 11–1 Bearing Types 570 11–2 Bearing Life 573 11–3 Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability 574 11–4 Bearing Survival: Reliability versus Life 576 11–5 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 577 11–6 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading 579 11–7 Variable Loading 584 11–8 Selection of Ball and Cylindrical Roller Bearings 588 11–9 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings 590 11–10 Design Assessment for Selected Rolling-Contact Bearings 599Contents xiii 11–11 Lubrication 603 11–12 Mounting and Enclosure 604 Problems 608 12 Lubrication and Journal Bearings 617 12–1 Types of Lubrication 618 12–2 Viscosity 619 12–3 Petroff’s Equation 621 12–4 Stable Lubrication 623 12–5 Thick-Film Lubrication 624 12–6 Hydrodynamic Theory 625 12–7 Design Considerations 629 12–8 The Relations of the Variables 631 12–9 Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings 645 12–10 Clearance 648 12–11 Pressure-Fed Bearings 650 12–12 Loads and Materials 656 12–13 Bearing Types 658 12–14 Thrust Bearings 659 12–15 Boundary-Lubricated Bearings 660 Problems 669 13 Gears—General 673 13–1 Types of Gear 674 13–2 Nomenclature 675 13–3 Conjugate Action 677 13–4 Involute Properties 678 13–5 Fundamentals 678 13–6 Contact Ratio 684 13–7 Interference 685 13–8 The Forming of Gear Teeth 687 13–9 Straight Bevel Gears 690 13–10 Parallel Helical Gears 691 13–11 Worm Gears 695 13–12 Tooth Systems 696 13–13 Gear Trains 698 13–14 Force Analysis—Spur Gearing 705 13–15 Force Analysis—Bevel Gearing 709 13–16 Force Analysis—Helical Gearing 712 13–17 Force Analysis—Worm Gearing 714 Problems 720 14 Spur and Helical Gears 733 14–1 The Lewis Bending Equation 734 14–2 Surface Durability 743 14–3 AGMA Stress Equations 745 14–4 AGMA Strength Equations 747 14–5 Geometry Factors I and J (ZI and YJ) 751 14–6 The Elastic Coefficient C p (ZE) 756 14–7 Dynamic Factor Kv 756 14–8 Overload Factor Ko 758 14–9 Surface Condition Factor Cf (ZR) 758 14–10 Size Factor Ks 759 14–11 Load-Distribution Factor Km (KH) 759 14–12 Hardness-Ratio Factor CH 761 14–13 Stress Cycle Life Factors YN and ZN 762 14–14 Reliability Factor KR (YZ) 763 14–15 Temperature Factor KT (Yθ) 764 14–16 Rim-Thickness Factor KB 764 14–17 Safety Factors SF and SH 765 14–18 Analysis 765 14–19 Design of a Gear Mesh 775 Problems 780 15 Bevel and Worm Gears 785 15–1 Bevel Gearing—General 786 15–2 Bevel-Gear Stresses and Strengths 788 15–3 AGMA Equation Factors 791 15–4 Straight-Bevel Gear Analysis 803 15–5 Design of a Straight-Bevel Gear Mesh 806 15–6 Worm Gearing—AGMA Equation 809 15–7 Worm-Gear Analysis 813 15–8 Designing a Worm-Gear Mesh 817 15–9 Buckingham Wear Load 820 Problems 821 16 Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and Flywheels 825 16–1 Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes 827 16–2 Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes 832xiv Mechanical Engineering Design 16–3 External Contracting Rim Clutches and Brakes 840 16–4 Band-Type Clutches and Brakes 844 16–5 Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches 845 16–6 Disk Brakes 849 16–7 Cone Clutches and Brakes 853 16–8 Energy Considerations 856 16–9 Temperature Rise 857 16–10 Friction Materials 861 16–11 Miscellaneous Clutches and Couplings 864 16–12 Flywheels 866 Problems 871 17 Flexible Mechanical Elements 879 17–1 Belts 880 17–2 Flat- and Round-Belt Drives 883 17–3 V Belts 898 17–4 Timing Belts 906 17–5 Roller Chain 907 17–6 Wire Rope 916 17–7 Flexible Shafts 924 Problems 925 18 Power Transmission Case Study 933 18–1 Design Sequence for Power Transmission 935 18–2 Power and Torque Requirements 936 18–3 Gear Specification 936 18–4 Shaft Layout 943 18–5 Force Analysis 945 18–6 Shaft Material Selection 945 18–7 Shaft Design for Stress 946 18–8 Shaft Design for Deflection 946 18–9 Bearing Selection 947 18–11 Key and Retaining Ring Selection 948 18–12 Final Analysis 951 Problems 951 Part 4 Analysis Tools 952 19 Finite-Element Analysis 953 19–1 The Finite-Element Method 955 19–2 Element Geometries 957 19–3 The Finite-Element Solution Process 959 19–4 Mesh Generation 962 19–5 Load Application 964 19–6 Boundary Conditions 965 19–7 Modeling Techniques 966 19–8 Thermal Stresses 969 19–9 Critical Buckling Load 969 19–10 Vibration Analysis 971 19–11 Summary 972 Problems 974 20 Statistical Considerations 977 20–1 Random Variables 978 20–2 Arithmetic Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation 980 20–3 Probability Distributions 985 20–4 Propagation of Error 992 20–5 Linear Regression 994 Problems 997 Appendixes A Useful Tables 1003 B Answers to Selected Problems 1059 Index 1065 Index A Abrasion, 743 Abrasive wear, 328 Absolute safety, 12 Absolute system of units, 21 Absolute tolerance system, 21 Absolute viscosity, 620 Acme threads, 412 Addendum, 676 Addendum distances, 680 Adhesive bonding about, 498 adhesive types, 499–501 joint design, 504–506 stress distributions, 501–504 Admiralty metal, 58 AGMA equation factors allowable bending stress numbers, 747–749, 800 allowable contact stress, 750–752, 799–800 bending strength geometry factor, 751–754, 793–794 crowning factor for pitting, 793 dynamic factor, 756, 758, 791–792 elastic coefficient, 744, 756–757, 798–799 geometry factors, 751–756, 793–794 hardness-ratio factor, 761, 796 lengthwise curvature factor for bending strength, 793 load-distribution factor, 759–760, 793 overload factor, 758, 791 pitting resistance geometry factor, 751, 754–756, 793 reliability factors, 763, 797–798 reversed loading, 800 rim-thickness factor, 764 safety factors, 765, 791 size factor, 759, 793 stress-cycle factor, 762, 795–796 surface condition factor, 758 temperature factor, 764, 796 AGMA gear method bevel gears, 788, 801–802 helical gears, 745–750 spur gears, 745–750, 766–767 worm gears, 809 AGMA transmission accuracy-level number, 756 Alignment, 607 Allowance, 20 Alloy cast irons, 55 Alloying, 33 Alloy steels chromium, 52 manganese, 52 molybdenum, 53 nickel, 52 numbering system, 45 quenching, 50 silicon, 52 tempering, 50 tungsten, 53 vanadium, 53 Alternating and midrange von Mises stresses, 318, 367 Alternating stresses, 266, 301 Aluminum, 55–56 Aluminum brass, 58 Aluminum bronze, 58, 817 American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 12 standard, 573 American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 12 approach, 734 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 12 code, 489–490 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 12, 45 American National (Unified) thread standard, 410 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 12 numbering system, 46 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 12, 620 American Welding Society (AWS), 476–478 American Welding Society (AWS), 12 code, 490 Amplitude ratio, 302 Anaerobic adhesives, 500 Angle of action, 682 Angle of approach, 682 Angle of articulation, 908 Angle of recess, 682 Angle of twist, 101–102 Angular-contact bearing, 572 Angular-velocity ratios, 677, 683, 880, 882 Annealing, 49 Annealing effect, 44 Antifriction bearing lubrication, 604 Antifriction bearings, 570 Arc of action, 684 Arc of approach, 684 Arc of recess, 684 Area principal axes, 93 Area reduction, 39 Arithmetic mean, 980–984 Arrow side (weld symbol), 477 ASME-elliptic failure criteria, 305–306, 308, 338, 346, 369 ASM Metals Handbook (ASM), 269 ASTM fastener specifications, 432 Austenite, 50 Average factor of safety, 249 1065Average film temperature, 645 Average life, 574 Average strain rate, 42 Average tangential stress, 114, 116 Axial clutches, 845 Axial fatigue, 332 Axial layout of components, 363 Axial load support, 363 Axial pitch, 692, 695 Axle, defined, 360 B B 10 life, 574 Babbit, 657 Backlash, 676 Back-to-back (DB) mounting, 606 Bainite, 50 Bairstow, I., 276 Ball bearings, 570 Ball bearings selection, 588–590 Band-type clutches and brakes, 844–845 Barth equation, 739 Base circles, 678, 680 Base pitch, 682 Basic dynamic load rating, 574 Basic load rating, 574 Basic size, 395 Basic static load rating, 580 Baushinger’s theory, 276 Beach marks, 266 Beams in bending, normal stresses, 89–94 in bending, shear stresses, 94–100 curved beams in bending, 118–122 deflection methods, 152–153 deflections by singularity functions, 156–162 deflections by superposition, 153–156 load and stress analysis, 75–76, 89–100 shear force and bending moments in, 75–76 shear stresses in bending, 93–94 shear stress in rectangular, 95 Bearing alloy characteristics, 657 Bearing characteristic number, 622 Bearing fatigue failure criteria, 573 Bearing film pressure, 625 Bearing housing heat dissipation, 645 Bearing life life measure of an individual bearing, 573 recommendations for various classes of machinery, 583 reliability-life relationship, 570 rolling-contact bearings, 573–574 Bearing load life at rated reliability, 574–575 Bearings boundary dimensions for, 580 direct mountings of, 591 indirect mountings of, 591 parts of, 570 reliability, 600–603 selection of, 936, 947 shields, 572 stress, 452 suppliers, 591 supports, 372 types, 570–573, 658–659 Belleville springs, 557 Belting equation, 887 Belts, 880–883 centrifugal tension in, 884 tension, 903 Bending factor, 794 Bending moment, 75 Bending strain energy, 163 Bergsträsser factor, 519 Beryllium bronze, 58 Bevel and worm gears AGMA equation factors, 791–795 bevel gearing, general, 786–788 bevel-gear stresses and strengths, 788–791 Buckingham wear load, 820–821 designing a worm-gear mesh, 817–820 design of a straight-bevel gear mesh, 806–808 straight-bevel gear analysis, 803–805 worm-gear analysis, 813–816 worm gearing-AGMA equation, 809–812 Bevel gearing force analysis, 709–712 general, 786–788 Bevel-gear mounting, 788 Bevel gears, 674 straight, 690–691 terminology of, 690 tooth forces, 709 Bevel-gear stresses and strengths, 788–791 bending stress, 791 fundamental contact stress equation, 788–790 permissible bending stress equation, 791 permissible contact stress number (strength) equation, 791 Bilateral tolerance, 19 Blanking, 49 Bolted and riveted joints loaded in shear, 451–459 Bolt elongation, 441 Bolt preload, 425 Bolts, loosening of, 448 Bolt spacing, 444 Bolt strength, 432–435 Bolt tension, 437–440 Bolt torque and bolt tension, 437–440 Bottom land, 676 Boundary conditions axisymmetric beam and the bearing supports, 972 critical speeds, 383 finite-element analysis, 965–966 geometric, 151 long columns with central loading, 181 multipoint constraint equations, 966 simply supported beams, 152 superposition, 153 Boundary dimensions for bearings, 580 Boundary elements, 966 Boundary-lubricated bearings, 660–668 bushing wear, 663–666 linear sliding wear, 661–663 temperature rise, 666–668 Boundary lubrication, 619, 660–661 Boundary representative (B-rep) techniques, 963 Brake bands and flexible clutch, 844 Brake lining wear, 840 Brakes, operating mechanisms, 840 Brake shoes, self-deenergizing, 827 1066 Mechanical Engineering DesignBrass, 57 5 to 15 percent zinc, 57 20 to 36 percent zinc, 57–58 36 to 40 percent zinc, 58 Breakeven points, 13–14 Brinell hardness, 41, 761 Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM theory), 235–236 Brittle fracture, 44 Brittle materials, 33, 111 fatigue failure criteria, 314 maximum-normal-stress theory for, 235 meaning of, 238 modifications of the Mohr theory for, 235–237 Smith-Dolan focus, 314 Smith-Dolan fracture criteria for, 338–339 Brittle metal behavior, 218 Bronze, 57, 58 Buckingham Lewis equation, 812 Buckingham method, 848 Buckingham wear equation, 821 Buckingham wear load, 820–821 Buckling, 149 Burnishing, 690 Bushed-pin bearings, 661 Bushings, 618 Bushing wear, 663–666 Butt welds, 478–481 C Calculations and significant figures, 22–23 Caliper brakes, 849 Cams, 677 Cap screws, 423 Carbon content, 33 Carburization, 51 Cartesian stress components, 79–80 Cartridge brass, 57 Case hardening, 51 Case study bearing selection, 947–948 deflection check, 946–947 design for stress, 946 gear specification, 939–943 key design, 948–949 problem specification, 934–935 shaft layout, 944–946 speed, torque, and gear ratios, 937–939 Castigliano’s theorem, 164–168, 169, 176, 553, 559 Casting alloys, 56 Casting materials alloy cast irons, 55 cast steels, 55 ductile and nodular cast iron, 54 gray cast iron, 54 malleable cast iron, 55 white cast iron, 54–55 Cast iron, 283 Cast steels, 55 Catalog load rating, 574 Catastrophic failure, 190 Catenary theory, 892 Cementite, 54 Center distance, 682–683 Centipoise, 620 Centrifugal castings, 47 Centrifugal clutches, 832 Centrifugal extrusions, 687 Centrifugal force, 837 Centrifugal tension in belt, 884 Centroidal axis, 90, 119 Cermet pads, 863 Chain velocity, 909 Charpy notched-bar test, 42 Chevron lines, 267 Chordal speed variation, 910 Chromium, 52 Circular (button or puck) pad caliper brake, 852–853 Circular pitch, 675, 692 Clamshell marks, 266 Clearance, 19, 648–650, 676 Clearance circle, 676 Closed ends, 520 Closed thin-walled tubes, 107–108 Close running fit, 397 Close-wound springs, 544 Clutch capacity, 856 Clutches cone, 832 disk, 832 friction materials for, 864 multiple-plate, 832 operating mechanisms, 840 types of, 832 Clutches, brakes, couplings, and flywheels, 826–887 about, 827–831 band-type clutches and brakes, 844–845 cone clutches and brakes, 853–855 disk brakes, 849–853 energy considerations, 856–857 external contracting rim clutches and brakes, 840–844 flywheels, 866–871 frictional-contact axial clutches, 845–848 friction materials, 861–864 internal expanding rim clutches and brakes, 832–840 miscellaneous clutches and couplings, 864–865 temperature rise, 857–861 Clutches and couplings, 864–865 Codes, 12 Coefficient of friction of bearing, 625 elements affecting, 438 gears, general, 715–717 Petroff’s equation, 638–639 of power screws, 421 variance of, 837 Coefficient of speed fluctuation, 867 Coefficient of variance (COV), 251, 982 Coining, 49 Cold drawing, 48 Cold forming, 687 Cold rolling, 48, 687 Cold-work factor, 39 Cold working, 38 Cold-working processes, 48–49 Columns defined, 181 with eccentric loading, 184–188 Euler column formula, 181 intermediate-length, with central loading, 184 long, with central loading, 181–184 secant column formula, 186 unstable, 181 Index 1067Combinations of loading modes, 273, 317–321, 347 Combined radial and thrust loading, 579–584 Commercial bronze, 57 Commercial FEA packages, 954 Commercial seals, 607 Commercial vendor sources, 8–9 Companion distribution, 987 Completely reversed stress, 275, 285, 301, 317 Completely reversing simple loading, 344–346 Composite materials, 60 Compound gear ratio, 699 Compound reverted gear train, 701 Compression coil springs, 522 Compression members, general, 181 Compression springs, 520–521 Compressive stress, 79, 186, 190 Computational errors, 956 Computational tools, 8–9 Computer-aided design (CAD) software, 8 Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 9 Concept design, 6 Cone, 853 Cone angle, 853 Cone clutches, 832, 845, 853 Cone clutches and brakes, 853–855 uniform pressure, 855 uniform wear, 854–855 Conical springs, 558 Conjugate action, 677–678 Constant angular-velocity ratio, 906 Constant-force springs, 558 Constant-life curves, 303 Constructive solid geometry (CSG) techniques, 963 Contact adhesives, 500 Contact area, 691 Contact fatigue strength, 328 Contact-geometry factor, 794 Contact ratio, 684–685, 738 Contact strength, 328 Contact stresses, 122–126 cylindrical contact, 124–126 spherical contact, 123–124 Contact stress factor, 795 Contact-stress fatigue, AGMA strength, 762 Contact-stress fatigue failure, 762, 765 Continuous periodic load rotation, 586 Continuous random variable, 979 Continuous varying cyclic load, 587 Coordinate transformation equations, 86 Copper-base alloys brass with 5 to 15 percent zinc, 57 brass with 20 to 36 percent zinc, 57–58 brass with 36 to 40 percent zinc, 58 bronze, 58 Correlation coefficient, 995 Corrosion, 294 Corrosion-resistant steels, 53 Cost estimates, 15 Coulomb-Mohr theory, 228–230, 255 Counter-rotating rotation, selfenergization for, 842 Counting method for cycles, 322 Coupling clutches, 865 Crack extension, 278 Crack growth, 241, 279, 280–281 Crack modes, and stress intensity factor, 241–245 Cracks crack stages, 266 cycles to failure at initial crack, 280 fatigue crack growth, 281 fatigue cracks, 267 fracture mechanism, 239 growth of, 267–268, 279 metal spraying and, 294 nucleation, 279 opening crack propagation mode, 241 quasi-static fracture, 240 quenching, 50 rotary fatigue, 327 sliding mode, 241 tearing mode, 241 Creep, 44 Critical buckling load, 969–971 Critical frequency of helical springs, 534–536 Critical load, 181 Critical locations, 366–379 Critical speeds, 383 Critical speeds for shafts, 383–388 Critical stress intensity factor, 245 Critical unit load, 182 Crowned pulleys, 880, 888–889 Crowning factor for pitting, 793 Crystal slip, 278 Cumulative density function (CDF), 979 Cumulative fatigue damage, 273, 321–327 Cumulative probability distribution, 979 Cups, 853 Current gauge length, 34 Curvature effect, 519–520 Curved beams in bending, 118–122 Curved beams in bending, alternative calculations, 120–122 Cycles, 280, 322 Cyclic frequency, 294 Cyclic plastic strains, 276 Cylindrical contact, 124–126 Cylindrical materials, 317 Cylindrical roller bearings selection, 588–590 D Damping coefficients, 191 Dedendum, 676 Dedendum distances, 680 Definition of problem, 6 Deflection, 33 critical, 522 modes of, 156 and spring rate, 552–554 vs. strength, 66 Deflection and stiffness, 148–192 beam deflection methods, 152–153 beam deflections by singularity functions, 156–162 beam deflections by superposition, 153–156 Castigliano’s theorem, 164–168 columns with eccentric loading, 184–188 compression members, general, 181 deflection due to bending, 150–152 deflection of curved members, 168–175 elastic stability, 190 1068 Mechanical Engineering Designintermediate-length columns with central loading, 184 long columns with central loading, 181–184 shock and impact, 191–192 spring rates, 148–149 statically indeterminate problems, 175–181 strain energy, 162–164 struts or short compression members, 188–189 tension, compression, and torsion, 149 Deflection considerations, 379–383 Deflection due to bending, 150–152 Deflection of curved members, 168–175 DE-ASME elliptic, 368–369 DE-Gerber equation, 368–369 DE-Goodman equation, 368–369 DE-Soderberg, 368–369 Degrees of freedom (dof’s), 955 Design, 4–5 Design assessment for rolling-contact bearings, 599–603 Design assessment for selected rollingcontact bearings, 599–603 bearing reliability, 600–603 matters of fit, 603 Design categories, 216 Design considerations, 8 Design engineer’s professional responsibilities, 10–11 Design factors, 16 and factor of safety, 17–18 in fatigue, 342–343 for static design, 282 Design Manual for Cylindrical Wormgearing (ANSI/AGMA), 810, 817 Design of a gear mesh, 775–780 gear bending, 776 gear tooth bending, 779 gear tooth wear, 779 gear wear, 776 pinion bending, 776 pinion tooth bending, 778–779 pinion tooth wear, 779 pinion wear, 776 rim, 780 straight-bevel gear mesh, 806–808 worm-gear mesh, 817–820 Design requirements, 25 Design sequence for power transmission, 935–936 bearing selection, 936 final analysis, 936 force analysis, 935 gear specification, 935 key and retaining ring selection, 936 power and torque requirements, 935 shaft design for deflection, 936 shaft design for stress (fatigue and static), 935 shaft layout, 935 shaft material selection, 935 Design specifications, 25–26 Design tools and resources, 8–10 Design topic interdependencies, 23–24 Deterministic failure curves for ductile materials, 338 Deterministic quantity, 982 Deviation, 395 Diameter series, 580 Diametral clearance, 19 Diametral interferences, 399 Diametral pitch, 676 Die castings, 47 Differential damage, 586 Dimensionless multiple of rating life, 575 Dimensions and tolerances, 19–21 Dimension-series code, 580 Dip, 892 Directional characteristics, 293 Direct load, 456 Direct mountings of bearings, 591 Direct shear, 89 Discontinuities, 110, 267 Discrete frequency histogram, 981 Discrete random variable, 979 Discretization errors, 956 Disk brakes, 849 circular (button or puck) pad caliper brake, 852–853 uniform pressure, 851–852 uniform wear, 850–851 Disk clutches, 832, 845 Displacement, 165 Distance constraint, 701 Distortion-energy (DE) failure theory, 221–227, 254–255, 368, 523 Distribution curve lognormal, 576 Weibull, 576 Double-enveloping worm gear sets, 675 Double helical gear (herringbone), 691 Double-lap joints, 501 Double-row bearings, 572 Double-threaded screw, 410 Dowel pins, 391 Dowling method for ductile materials, 302 Drawing, 50 Drive pins, 391 Drum brake, 832 Ductile and nodular cast iron, 54 Ductile cast iron, 54 Ductile materials, 33, 111, 317 ASME-elliptic line for, 338 Coulomb-Mohr theory for, 228–230 deterministic failure curves for, 338 distortion-energy theory for, 221–227 Dowling method for, 302 maximum-shear-stress theory for, 219–221 static loading in, 218 Ductile metal behavior, 218 Ductility, 39 Dunkerley’s equation, 386 Duplexing, 606 Dynamic effects, 734–743 Dynamic equivalent loads, 598 Dynamic factor, 738, 756–758, 791–792 Dynamic loading, 112 Dynamic viscosity, 620 Dyne, 620 E Eccentricity, 120, 625 Eccentricity ratio, 186 Economics, 12–15 breakeven points, 13–14 cost estimates, 15 large tolerances, 13 standard sizes, 13 Effective arc, 883 Effective coefficient of friction, 900 Effective slenderness ratio, 522 Index 1069Effective stress, 222 Efficiency belt drive gears, 883 defined, 716 Egs units (special names), 620 Eigenvalues, 971 Elastic coefficient, 744, 756 Elastic coefficient for pitting resistance, 798–799 Elastic creep, 883 Elastic deformation of power screws, 419 Elasticity, 148 Elastic limit, 33, 36 Elastic loading, 40 Elastic stability, 190 Elastic strain, 87–88 Elastic-strain line, 278 Elastrohydrodynamic lubrication (EHDL), 604, 619 Electrolytic plating, 294 Element geometries, 957–959 Element library, 957 Element loading, 964 Elimination approach, 961 Enclosures, 607–608 End-condition constant, 182, 522 Endurance limit, 272, 275, 282–283, 330–331 Endurance limit modifying factors corrosion, 294 cyclic frequency, 294 electrolytic plating, 294 frettage corrosion, 294 loading factor, 290 Marin equation, 331–334 metal spraying, 294 miscellaneous-effects factor, 293–294 reliability factor, 292–293 rotating-beam specimen used, 286–294 size factor, 288–290 surface factor, 287–288 temperature factor, 290–292 types of, 272 Endurance strength Marin equation, 287 Energy considerations of clutches, brakes, couplings, and flywheels, 856–857 Energy-dissipation rate, 857 Energy method. See Castigliano’s theorem Engineering strengths, 35 Engineering stress, 34, 35 Engineering stress-strain diagrams, 34 Engineer’s Creed (National Society of Professional Engineers), 11 Engraver’s brass, 57 Epicyclic gear trains, 703 Equation of motion of flywheel, 865 Equilibrium, 72 Equilibrium and free-body diagrams, 72–75 Equivalent bending load, 917, 922 Equivalent diameter, 289 Equivalent radial load, 579 Equivalent steady radial load, 584 Equivalent stress, 222 Equivalent von Mises stresses, 318 Euler column formula, 181 Euler columns, 183 Euler’s equation for inertia, 869 Evaluation, 7 Expanding-ring clutches, 832 Extension springs, 542–550 External contracting rim clutches and brakes, 840–844 External loads, tension joints, 435–437 Extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants, 660 Extrusion, 48, 687 F Face, 83 Face-contact ratio, 695 Face load distribution factor, 759 Face-to-face mounting (DF), 606 Face width, 698 Factor of safety average factor of safety, 249 and defects, 183 and design factor, 4, 17–18 fatigue, 446–447, 539, 922 MSS theory vs. DE theory, 183 in shear, 220 significance of, 46 static, 922 strength-to-stress ratio, 247 in wear, 776 of wire rope, 918, 920–921 Failure criteria, 306 Failures of brittle materials summary, 238 defined, 214 of ductile materials summary, 231–234 Mohr theory of, 228 Failures resulting from static loading, 214–263 about, 214–215 Coulomb-Mohr theory for ductile materials, 228–230 distortion-energy theory for ductile materials, 221–227 failure of brittle materials summary, 238 failure of ductile materials summary, 231–234 failure theories, 219 introduction to fracture mechanics, 239–248 maximum-normal-stress theory for brittle materials, 235 maximum-shear-stress theory for ductile materials, 219–221 modifications of the Mohr theory for brittle materials, 235–237 selection of failure criteria, 238–239 static strength, 216–217 stochastic analysis, 248–254 stress concentration, 27–28 Failure theories, 219 Failure theory flowchart, 255 Failure zone, 342 Fastener specifications, 432 Fastener stiffness, 424–427 Fastening methods, 410 Fatigue axial loading, 432 Fatigue cracks computer programs and growth, 281 formation and propagation, 267 Fatigue ductile coefficient, 277 Fatigue ductility exponent, 277 Fatigue factor of safety, 446–447, 539, 922 1070 Mechanical Engineering DesignFatigue failure appearance of, 266 approach in analysis and design, 267–271 from bending, 762 from contact-stress, 762 stages, 266–267 from variable loading, 54 of wire rope, 921 Fatigue failure criteria brittle materials, 314 fluctuating simple loading, 346 for fluctuating stress, 303–316 for modified Goodman line, 368 Fatigue failure from variable loading characterizing fluctuating stresses, 300–302 combinations of loading modes, 317–321 cumulative fatigue damage, 321–327 endurance limit, 282–283 endurance limit modifying factors, 286–294 fatigue failure criteria for fluctuating stress, 303–316 fatigue-life methods, 273 fatigue strength, 283–286 introduction to fatigue in metals, 266–271 linear-elastic fracture mechanics method, 278–282 road maps and important design equations for the stress-life method, 344–347 stochastic analysis, 330–344 strain-life method, 276–278 stress concentration and notch sensitivity, 295–300 surface fatigue strength, 327–330 torsional fatigue strength under fluctuating stresses, 317 varying, fluctuating stresses, 321–327 Fatigue in metals, introduction, 266–271 combinations of loading modes, 273 cumulative fatigue damage, 273 endurance limit modifying factors, 272 fatigue-life methods, 272 fatigue strength and the endurance limit, 272 fluctuating stresses, 273 stress concentration and notch sensitivity, 273 varying, fluctuating stresses, 273 Fatigue-life methods, 272, 273 Fatigue limit. See also endurance limit at high temperature, 291 Fatigue loading, 496–497 of helical compression springs, 536–539 of tension joints, 444–451 Fatigue of springs, 521 Fatigue ratio, 330 Fatigue strength, 274, 283–286 coefficients, 277 and endurance limit, 272 exponents, 278 helical coil torsion springs, 554–557 SAE approximation of, 284 Fatigue-stress concentration factors, 295, 490, 752 Fatigue-testing machine, 274 Felt seals, 607 Ferrite, 50 Figure of merit for belts, 894 for gears, 776, 780, 808 for springs, 528–529, 532, 540 Fillers, 60 Fillet radius of shoulders, 372 Fillet welds, 478–481 Filling notch, 572 Film pressure, 641–642 Final analysis, 936 Finishing, 690 Finite element (FE) programs, 175 Finite element (term), 956 Finite-element analysis (FEA), 218, 954–974 about, 954–955 boundary conditions, 965–966 critical buckling load, 969–971 element geometries, 957–959 finite-element method, 955–957 finite-element solution process, 959–962 load application, 964–965 mesh generation, 962–964 modeling techniques, 966–969 thermal stresses, 969 vibration analysis, 971–972 Finite-element method, 955–957 Finite-element solution process, 959–962 Finite life, 296 Finite-life region, 275 First-cycle localizing yielding, 318 Fit, 603 Fitted bearing, 625 Flat-belt drives, 883–898 Flat belts, 882 Flat metal belts, 895–898 Flat springs, 518 Flexibility, 518 Flexible clutch and brake bands, 844 Flexible mechanical elements belts, 880–883 flat- and round-belt drives, 883–898 flat metal belts, 895–898 flexible shafts, 924–925 roller chain, 907–915 timing belts, 906–907 V belts, 898–906 wire rope, 916–924 Flexible shafts, 924–925 Flexural endurance limit, 327 Flexure formula, 94 Floating caliper brakes, 849 Fluctuating loads, 317 Fluctuating simple loading, 346–347 Fluctuating stresses, 266, 273 characterization of, 300–302 fatigue failure criteria for, 303–316 stochastic analysis, 338–342 torsional fatigue strength under, 317 varying, 321–327 Fluid lubrication, 618 Index 1071Flywheels, 866–871 equation of motion, 865 function of, 826 inertia, 868 work-input and output, 866–867 Force, 165 Force analysis, 935 bevel gearing, 709–712 helical gearing, 712–714 power transmission case study, 945 spur gearing, 705–706 worm gearing, 714–720 Force-contact ratio, 751 Forced-feed lubrication, 657 Force fit, 397 Forging, 48 Form cutters, 687 Forming, 49 Formulas for sections of curved beams, 121 Fracture mechanics about, 239–240 crack modes and the stress intensity factor, 241–245 design equations, 256 fracture toughness, 245–248 quasi-static fracture, 240–241 Fracture toughness, 245–248 Free-body diagrams, 73 Free-cutting brass, 57 Free running fit, 397 Free-wheeling clutches, 865 Frequency function, 979 Frettage corrosion, 294 Frictional coefficients, 191 Frictional-contact axial clutches, 845–848 uniform pressure, 847–848 uniform wear, 846–847 Friction drives, 895 Friction materials characteristics of, 861–862 for clutches, 864 clutches, brakes, couplings, and flywheels, 861–864 Friction variables, 638 Full bearing, 625 Full-film lubrication, 618 Functional products, 4 Fundamental contact stress equation, 788–790 Fundamental critical frequencies, 536 Fundamental deviation, 395–396 Fundamental division, 395 Fundamental frequencies, 535 Fundamentals, 678–684 G Gamma function, 991, 1058 Gasketed joints, 444 Gauge length, 34 Gaussian (normal) distribution, 37, 985–986 Gear hobbing, 687 Gear mesh. See also design of a gear mesh bevel and worm gears, 806–808, 817–820 design decisions for, 775–776 Gears, general, 674–732 AGMA factors, See AGMA equation factors conjugate action, 677–678 contact ratio, 684–685 force analysis, bevel gearing, 709–712 force analysis, helical gearing, 712–714 force analysis, spur gearing, 705–706 force analysis, worm gearing, 714–720 fundamentals, 678–684 gear teeth formation, 687–690 gear trains, 698–705 interference, 685–687 involute properties, 678 nomenclature, 675–676 parallel helical gears, 691–695 straight bevel gears, 690–691 tooth systems, 696–698 types of gears, 674–675 worm gears, 695–696 Gear specification, 935, 936–937 Gear supports, shoulders at, 372 Gear teeth, 937 bending strength of, 739 maximum teeth on, 687 Gear teeth formation, 687–690 finishing, 690 hobbing, 689 milling, 688 shaping, 688–689 Gear tooth bending, 770, 773, 779 Gear tooth wear, 770, 773, 779 Gear trains, 698–705 Gear wear, 776, 808 Gear wear equations, 767 General three-dimensional stress, 86–87 Generating centers, 687 Generating line, 679, 682 Geometric stress-concentration factors, 111 Geometry factors, 751–756 Gerber fatigue failure criteria, 305–307, 342, 346, 368–369, 447 Gib-head key, 392 Gilding brass, 57 Goodman fatigue failure criteria, 305–307, 342, 346, 368–369, 447 Goodman line, 305 Government sources, 8–9 Gravity loading, 965 Gray cast iron, 54 Griffith, A. A., 240–241 Grinding, 690 Grip, 425, 437 Grooved pulleys, 880 Guest theory, 219 H Hagen-Poiseulle law, 620 Hardness, 41–42 Hardness-ratio factor, 796, 797 Harmonic frequencies, 535 Harmonics, 383 Heading, 49 Heat dissipation of bearing housing, 645 Heat generation, 856 Heat generation rate, 646 Heat treatment, 33 Heat treatment of steel annealing, 49 case hardening, 51 quenching, 50 tempering, 50–51 Helical coil torsion springs, 550–557 bending stress, 552 deflection and spring rate, 552–554 describing the end location, 551–552 fatigue strength, 554–557 static strength, 554 1072 Mechanical Engineering DesignHelical compression springs design for fatigue loading, 539–542 design for static service, 528–534 fatigue loading of, 536–539 Helical gearing force analysis, 712–714 Helical gears, 674, 691 parallel, 691–695 Helical springs, 853 critical frequency of, 534–536 deflection, 520 Helix angle, 692 Hertzian endurance strength, 328 Hertzian stresses, 122 Hexagonal nuts, 423 Hexagon-head cap screws, 423 Hidden cycles, 321–322 High-cycle fatigue, 273, 275 High-leaded brass, 57 High temperature, fatigue limit at, 291 Hobbing, 689 Holding power, 388 Hole basis, 395 Hook ends, 542 Hooke’s Law, 33, 87 Hoop stress, 114 Horizontal shear stress, 96 Hot melts, 500 Hot milling, 48 Hot-working processes, 47–48 Hydraulic clutches, 832 Hydrodynamic lubrication, 618 Hydrodynamic theory, 625–629 Hydrostatic lubrication, 619 Hyperbolic stress distribution, 119 Hypoid gears, 674, 787 I Identification of knowns and unknowns, 10 Identification of need, 5 Idle arc, 884 Idler pulleys, 880, 892 Impact properties, 42–43 Impact value, 42 Important design equations Coulomb-Mohr theory, 255 distortion-energy theory, 254–255 failure theory flowchart, 255 fracture mechanics, 256 lognormal-lognormal case, 256 maximum shear theory, 254 modified Mohr (plane stress), 255 normal-normal case, 256 stochastic analysis, 256 Inch-pound-second system (ips), 21 Indirect mountings of bearings, 591 Influence coefficients, 384 Initial crack, cycles to failure at, 280 Initial belt tension, 885, 892 Injection molding, 688 In-line condition shafts, 702 Interference, 20, 249, 397 of gears, 685–687 general, 253–254 Intermediate-length columns with central loading, 184 Internal expanding rim clutches and brakes, 832–840 Internal friction theory, 228 Internal gears, 682 Internal shear force, 75 Internal-shoe brake, 832 International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM), 620 International System of Units (SI), 22 International tolerance grade numbers, 395 Interpolation, 644–645 Intersecting and offset-shaft bevel gearing, 788 Invention of the concept, 6 Investment casting, 47, 687 Involute curve construction, 679 Involute curves, 678 Involute generating line, 678 Involute helicoil, 691 Involute profile, 677 Involute properties, 678 Isotropic materials, 60 IT numbers, 396 Izod notched-bar test, 42 J J. B. Johnson formula, 184 Joints bolted and riveted, 455–459 design, 504–506 fastener stiffness, 424–427 gasketed, 444 member, 427–432 separation, 440–441 shear, with eccentric loading, 455–459 stiffness constant of, 436 Journal bearings loading on, 631 lubrication for, 618 K Keys, 364 design safety factors, 391 and pins, 390–394 and retaining ring selection, 936, 948–950 Keyseats, 392 Keyways and stress concentration, 372 Kinematic viscosity, 620 Kinetic energy, 856 Kips, 21 LL 10 life, 574 Labyrinth seals, 607 Laminates, 60 Landgraf, R. W., 276 Langer first-cycle yielding criteria, 306–308 Lapping, 690 Lap-shear joints, 501 Large tolerances, 13 Lead-bronze, 817 Leakage. See side flow Length/diameter ratio, 664 Lengthwise curvature factor for bending strength, 793 Lewis bending equation, 734–743 Lewis form factor, 737 Libraries, 8–9 Limits, 19 Limits and fits, 395–400 Linear damage hypothesis, 586 Linear damage rule, 323 Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), 239, 273, 278–282 Linear regression, 994–997 Linear sliding wear, 661–663 Index 1073Linear spring, 148 Line elements, 957 Line of action, 677, 679, 682 Line of action and reaction, 73 Line of contact, 125 Load, life and reliability of bearings, 577–579 Load and stress analysis, 410 Cartesian stress components, 79–80 contact stresses, 122–126 curved beams in bending, 118–122 elastic strain, 87–88 equilibrium and free-body diagrams, 72–75 general three-dimensional stress, 86–87 Mohr’s circle for plane stress, 80–86 normal stresses for beams in bending, 89–94 press and shrink fits, 115–117 shear force and bending moments in beams, 75–76 shear stresses for beams in bending, 94–100 singularity functions, 77–79 stress, 79 stress concentration, 110–113 stresses in pressurized cylinders, 113–115 stresses in rotating rings, 115–116 temperature effects, 117 torsion, 101–110 uniformly distributed stresses, 88–89 Load application, 964–965 Load application factors, 578 Load cycle factors, 762 Load-distribution factor, 759–760, 793 Load eccentricity, 504 Load factor, 440 Loading factor, 290 Loading modes, combination of, 347 Load intensity, 75 Load line, 221, 445 Loads and materials, 656–658 Load-sharing ratio, 752 Load-stress factor, 328 Load zone, 592 Local geometry, 360 Locational clearance fit, 397 Locational interference fit, 397 Logarithmic strain, 34 Lognormal distribution, 987–989 Lognormal distribution curve, 576 Lognormal-lognormal case, 250–251, 256 Long bar, 149 Long columns with central loading, 181–184 Long structural members in compression, 190 Loose running fit, 397 Loose-side tension, 884 Low-contact-ratio (LCR) helical gears, 752 Low-cycle fatigue, 273, 275 Lower deviation, 395–396 Lowest critical speed, 383 Low-leaded brass, 57 Lubricants deterioration of, 631 flow of, 639–641 temperature rise, 642–644 velocity, 652 Lubrication roller chain, 915 rolling-contact bearings, 603–604 selection, 657 viscosity, 632 Lubrication and journal bearings bearing types, 658–659 boundary-lubricated bearings, 660–668 clearance, 648–650 design considerations, 629 hydrodynamic theory, 625–629 loads and materials, 656–658 Petroff’s equation, 621–623 pressure-fed bearings, 650–656 relations of the variables, 631–645 stable lubrication, 623–624 steady-state conditions in selfcontained bearings, 645–648 thick-film lubrication, 624–625 thrust bearings, 659–660 types of lubrication, 618–619 viscosity, 619–621 Lubrication types, 618–619 Lüder lines, 219 Lumped masses, Rayleigh’s model for, 383 M Macaulay functions, 72, 76 Machine screws, 423 Magnesium, 56 Magnetic clutches, 832 Major diameter, 410 Malleable cast iron, 55 Manganese, 52 Manson-Coffin relationship, 278 Manson’s approach, 325–326 Manual mesh generation, 962–963 Manufacturable products, 5 Margin of safety, defined, 249 Marin equation, 286–287 Marin factors, 287–294 Marin, Joseph, 231 Marin size factor, 759 Marketable products, 5 Martensite, 50, 283 Material efficiency coefficient, 65 Material index, 65 Materials selection, 61–67 for shafts, 361 strength and stiffness, 32–36 worm gears, 817–820 Material selection charts, 61 Mating materials, 327 Matrix, 60 Maximum film pressure, 653 Maximum-normal-stress theory for brittle materials, 235 Maximum-shear-stress theory for ductile materials, 219–221 Maximum shear theory, 254 Maxwells’ reciprocity theorem, 384 McKee abscissa, 623 Mean coil diameter, 518 Mean design failure and probability of failure, 338 Mean ultimate tensile strength, 331 Mechanical efficiency, 813 Mechanical engineering design, 5 Mechanical springs. See springs Mechanics of power screws, 414–422 Median life, 574 Medium drive fit, 397 Member joints, 427–432 Mesh, 962 1074 Mechanical Engineering DesignMesh generation, 962–964 manual mesh generation, 962–963 semiautomatic mesh generation, 963 Mesh refinement, 962 Metal-mold castings, 47 Metal spraying, 293, 294 Metric fastener specifications, 412, 432, 435 Metric M and MJ profiles, 410 Metric threads, 411 Microdiscontinuity stress concentration, 218 Midspan compressive stress, 186 Milling, 688 Miner’s rule, 322 Minimum film thickness, 624, 625, 637–638 Minimum film thickness curve, 650 Minimum life, 574 Minimum proof load, 432 Minimum proof strength, 432 Minimum tensile strength, 282, 432 Minor diameter, 410 Misalignment, 572 Miscellaneous-effects factor, 293–294 Miscellaneous springs, 558–560 Mixed-film lubrication, 660 Model analysis, 971, 972 Modeling techniques, 966–969 Moderate applications, 740 Modern Steels and Their Properties Handbook (Bethlehem Steel), 52 Modes of deflection, 156 Modifications of the Mohr theory for brittle materials brittle-Coulomb-Mohr, 235–236 modified Mohr, 235–237 Modified Goodman criteria, 370 Modified Goodman diagrams, 303–304 Modified Goodman fatigue failure criteria, 305–307, 342, 346, 368–369, 447 Modified Goodman line, 306 Modified Mohr theory, 235–237, 255 Modified Neuber equation, 335 Module, 676 Modulus of elasticity, 33, 87 of rope in wire rope, 916 and slenderness ratio, 182 Modulus of resilience, 36 Modulus of rigidity, 35, 88 Modulus of roughness, 36 Modulus of rupture, 35 Mohr’s circle diagram, 82 Mohr’s circle for plane stress, 80–86 Mohr’s circle shear convention, 82–84 Mohr theory of failure, 228 Molded-woven-asbestos lining, 863 Molded-woven-asbestos pads, 863 Molybdenum, 53 Moment connection, 482 Moment load, 456 Moments, 76 Monte Carlo computer simulation, 21 Moperay, 223 Mounting and enclosure alignment, 607 enclosures, 607–608 preloading, 607 rolling-contact bearings, 604–608 Multiple-plate clutches, 832 Multiple-threaded product, 410 Multiple-thread worms, 813 Multiplication method, 52 Multipoint constraint equations, 966 Muntz metal, 58 N N (factor of safety), 46 Natural frequencies, 535 Naval brass, 58 Needle bearings, 573 Neuber constant, 296 Neuber equation, 296 Neutral axis, 89 Neutral plane, 90 Newtonian fluids, 620 Newtonian heat transfer equation, 858–859 Newton’s cooling model, 858 Newton’s equation for viscous flow, 651 Newton’s third law, 73 Newton’s viscous effect, 619 Nickel, 52 Nickel-bronze, 817 Nodes, 955 Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH), 499 Nomenclature of gears, 675–676 Nominal mean stress method, 302 Nominal size, 19 Nominal strengths, 35 Nominal stresses, 35, 111 Noncircular cross sections, 92 Nonferrous metals aluminum, 55–56 copper-base alloys, 57 magnesium, 56 titanium, 57 Noninvolute flank, 685 Nonlinear softening spring, 149 Nonlinear stiffening spring, 148 Normal circular pitch, 692 Normal coupling equation, 250 Normal diametral pitch, 692 Normal distribution, 37, 985–986 Normalizing, 49 Normal-normal case, 249–250, 256 Normal stress, 79 Normal stresses for beams in bending beams with asymmetrical, 93–94 load and stress analysis, 89–94 two-plane bending, 92 Normal tooth force components, 712 Notch-free materials, 317 Notch sensitivity defined, 295 and stress concentration, 295–300, 334–335, 338 Notch sensitivity equations, 296 Notch summary, 43 Numbering systems, 45–46 Number of cycles vs. stress reversals, 277 Nuts grades of, 433 reuse of, 423 O Octahedral-shear-stress theory, 223–224 Offset method, 33 Oiles bearings, 661 Oiliness agents, 660 Oilite bearings, 661 Oil outlet temperature, 632 Opening crack propagation mode, 241 Open thin-walled sections, 109–110 Index 1075Optimization, 7 Original area, 35 Other side (weld symbol), 477 Output power of worm gears, 814 Overconstrained systems, 175 Overload factors, 758, 765, 791, 792 Overload release clutches, 864 Overrunning clutch, 865 P Palmgren linear damage rule, 327 Palmgren-Miner cycle-ratio summation rule, 322 Parabolic formula, 184 Parallel-axis theorem, 91, 483 Parallel helical gears, 691–695 Parent distribution, 987 Paris equation, 280 Partial bearing, 625 Partitioning approach, 961 Pattern of variation, 978 Pearlite, 54 Pedestal bearings, 645 Peel stresses, 504 Performance factors, 630 Permanent joint design adhesive bonding, 498–506 butt and fillet welds, 478–481 fatigue loading, 496–497 references, 507 resistance welding, 498 static loading, 492–495 welded joints, strength of, 489–491 welded joints in torsion, stresses in, 482–486 welding symbols, 476–478 Permanent-mold castings, 687 Permissible bending stress equation, 791 Permissible contact stress number (strength) equation, 791 Peterson, R. E., 218 Petroff’s equation, 621–623 Phases and interactions of the design process, 5–8 Phosphor bronze, 57, 58 Photoelastic analysis, 480 Piecewise continuous cycle, 585 Pillow-block bearings, 645 Pinion, 675, 682 Pinion bending, 776, 808 Pinion teeth, smallest number of, 687 Pinion tooth bending, 770, 772–773, 778–779 Pinion tooth wear, 770, 773, 779 Pinion wear, 776, 808 Pins, 364 Pitch, 410 Pitch circles, 675, 677 Pitch cones, 690 Pitch diameters, 675, 679 Pitch length, 900 Pitch-line velocity, 679, 707, 792 Pitch point, 677, 679 Pitch radius, 677 Pitting, 743 Pitting failure, 327 Pitting resistance geometry factor, 754, 793 stress-cycle factor for, 795 Plain ends, 520 Plane of analysis, 220 Plane slider bearing, 626 Plane strain fracture toughness, 245 Plane stress, 80, 220, 254 Plane-stress transformation equations, 80 Planetary gear trains, 703 Planet carrier gears, 703 Planet gears, 703 Plastics, 58–59 Plastic-strain line, 278 Pneumatic clutches, 832 Point of contact, 678 Poise, 620 Poisson’s ratio, 88 Polished materials, 317 Polymeric adhesives, 498 Population, 980 Positioning drives, 895 Positive-contact clutches, 864 Positive lubrication, 657 Potential energy, 162 Pound-force, 21 Powder-metallurgy bushings, 657 Powder-metallurgy process, 47, 687 Power and speed relationship, 707 Power and torque requirements, 935, 936 Power in equals power out concept, 936 Power ratings, 900 Power screws, 414 coefficient of friction of, 421 elastic deformation of, 419 mechanics of, 414–422 Power takeoff (PTO), 365 Power transmission case study about, 934 bearing selection, 947–948 deflection check, 946–947 design for stress, 946 design sequence for power transmission, 935–936 force analysis, 945 gear specification, 936–937, 939–943 key and retaining ring selection, 948–950 key design, 948–949 power and torque requirements, 936 problem specification, 934–935 shaft design for deflection, 946 shaft design for stress, 946 shaft layout, 943 shaft material selection, 945 speed, torque, and gear ratios, 937–939 Power transmission case study specifications design requirements, 25 design specifications, 25–26 Preload, 435, 442 Preloading, 607 Presentation, 7 Presetting process, 521 Press and shrink fits, 115–117 Press fits, 365 Pressure angle, 679 Pressure-cone method for stiffness calculations, 428 Pressure-fed bearings, 650–656 Pressure line, 679, 682 Pressure-sensitive adhesives, 500 Pretension, 425 Primary shear, 456, 482 Principal directions, 81 Principal distribution, 987 Principal shear stresses, 87 Principal straight-bevel gear bending equations, 801 Principal straight-bevel gearwear equations, 801 1076 Mechanical Engineering DesignPrincipal stresses, 81, 254 Probability density, 37 Probability density function (PDF), 37, 979, 989 Probability distributions cumulative, 979 Gaussian (normal) distribution, 985–986 linear regression, 994–997 lognormal distribution, 987–989 propagation of error, 992–994 uniform distribution, 989–990 Weibull distribution, 990–992 Probability function, 979, 991 Probability of failure and mean design failure, 338 reliability and, 18 Problem analysis, 11 Problem definition, 6, 10 Professional societies, 8–9 Proof load, 432 Proof strength, 432 Propagation of dispersion, 19 Propagation of error, 19, 992–994 Propagation of uncertainty, 19 Proportional limit, 33 Pulley correction factor, 887 Punch presses, 869 Pure, defined, 88 Pure compression, 88 Pure rolling, 715 Pure shear, 88 Pure sliding, 715 Pure tension, 88 Q Quality numbers, 756 Quasi-static fracture, 240–241 Quench-hardenability, 53 Quenching, 50 R Rack, 682 Radial clearance, 19, 624 Radial clearance ratio, 622 Rain-flow counting techniques, 322 Random experiments, 978 Random variables, 978–980, 982 Rate of shear, 620 Rating life, 574, 575 Rayleigh’s model for lumped masses, 383 Rectangular beam, shear stress in, 95 Red brass, 57 Redundant systems, 175 Regression, 994 Relations of the variables coefficient of friction, 638–639 film pressure, 641–642 interpolation, 644–645 iteration technique, 631–632 lubricant flow, 639–641 lubricant temperature rise, 642–644 minimum film thickness, 637–638 viscosity charts, 632–638 Relatively brittle condition, 240 Relative velocity, 716 Reliability, 4, 18–19, 249, 990 Reliability factors, 292–293, 763–764, 797–798 Reliability goal, 579 Reliability-life relationship, 570 Reliability method of design, 18 Reliability versus life, 576–577 Reliable products, 5 Repeated stresses, 266 Residual stresses, 293 Residual stress methods, 302 Resilience, 36 Resistance welding, 498 Resultant forces, 456 Retaining rings, 394–395 Retaining ring selection, 949 Reversed loading, 800 Reversing pulley, 880 Reyn (ips viscosity unit), 620 Reynolds equation for one-dimensional flow, 629 Right-hand rule for gears, 698, 718 threaded fasteners, 410 for vectors, 101 Rigid elements, 966 Rim, 780 Rim-thickness factor, 764–765 Ring gears, 682, 703 Rivet joints, 453 Road maps for bending fatigue failure, 765 for contact-stress fatigue failure, 765 Roadmaps of gear bending equations, 766 of gear wear equations, 767 of principal straight-bevel gear bending equations, 801 of principal straight-bevel gearwear equations, 801 for straight-bevel gear bending, 800 for straight-bevel gearwear relations, 767 for straight-bevel gear wear relations, 800 Road maps and important design equations for the stress-life method combination of loading modes, 347 completely reversing simple loading, 344–346 fluctuating simple loading, 346–347 Roark’s formulas, 153 Rockwell hardness, 41, 761 Rolled threads, 444 Roller chain, 907–915 Roller chain lubrication, 915 Rolling bearings, 570 Rolling-contact bearings, 570 ball bearings selection, 588–590 bearing life, 573–574 bearing load life at rated reliability, 574–575 bearing survival, 576–577 bearing types, 570–573 combined radial and thrust loading, 579–584 cylindrical roller bearings selection, 588–590 design assessment for, 599–603 lubrication, 603–604 mounting and enclosure, 604–608 relating load, life and reliability, 577–579 reliability versus life, 576–577 tapered roller bearings selection, 590–599 variable loading, 584–588 Roll threading, 49 Root diameter, 410 Rope in wire rope, 916 Rotary fatigue, 327 Index 1077Rotating-beam machine, 274 Rotating-beam specimens, 282 Rotating-beam test, 274 Rotational degrees of freedom, 955 Rotation factor, 580 Roughness, 36 Round-belt drives, 883–898 Running fits, 648 S SAE approximation of fatigue strength, 284 SAE fastener specifications, 432 Safety, 765 Safety and product liability, 4, 15 Safety factors AGMA equation factors, 791 in key design, 391 Saint Venant’s principle, 964–965 Sample, 980–981 Sample mean, 980 Sample space, 978 Sample standard deviation, 981 Sample variance, 980 Sand casting, 46, 687 Saybolt Universal Viscosimeter, 620 Saybolt universal viscosity (SUV) seconds, 620 Scoring, 743 Screws, self-locking, 416 Seam welding, 498 Secant column formula, 186 Second-area moments, 93 Secondary shear, 456, 482 Section median line, 108 Section modulus, 90 Seireg curve, 655 Selection of failure criteria, 238–239 Self-acting phenomena, 829 Self-aligning bearings, 572, 580, 607 Self-deenergizing brake shoe, 827 Self-energization for counter-rotating rotation, 842 Self-energizing design, 849 Self-energizing shoes, 840 Self-locking phenomena, 829 Self-locking screws, 416 Semiautomatic mesh generation, 963 Separators, 571 Set removal process, 521 Setscrews, 364, 388–390 Shaft basis, 396 Shaft components, miscellaneous keys and pins, 390–394 retaining rings, 394–395 setscrews, 388–390 Shaft design for deflection, 936, 946 Shaft design for stress critical locations, 366–379 fatigue and static, 935 power transmission case study, 946 shaft stresses, 367–372 stress-concentration estimation, 372–378 Shaft layout, 361–366, 935 assembly and disassembly, 365–366 axial layout of components, 363 axial load support, 363 case study gear specification, 944–946 power transmission case study, 943 torque transmission provision
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Ninth Edition رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design - Ninth Edition
|
|