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| موضوع: كتاب Selection of Polymeric Materials - How to Select Design Properties from Different Standards الأحد 04 يونيو 2023, 3:54 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Selection of Polymeric Materials - How to Select Design Properties from Different Standards E. Alfred0 Campo
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface . xvii Acknowledgement . xix 1 Polymeric Materials and Properties 1 1.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Comparison Graphs 3 1.2 Property Data Information for Polymeric Materials 4 1.3 Material Selection Guidelines . 5 1.4 Polymeric Materials Specifications . 6 1.4.1 Single-Point Database Systems 6 1.4.2 Functional (Multi-point) Database Systems . 7 1.5 Testing Polymeric Materials . 8 1.6 The Need for Uniform Global Testing Standards . 10 1.6.1 Uniform Global Polymeric Materials Specifications . 13 1.6.2 Selection of Testing Standards 14 1.6.3 Issues and Concerns 15 1.6.4 Summary 16 1.7 Origin and Applications of Polymeric Materials 16 1.8 Modern History of Polymeric Materials 16 1.9 Polymeric Materials Families 18 1.10 Classification of Polymeric Materials by Performance . 18 1.11 Types of Thermoplastic Molecular Structures 19 1.12 Manufacturing of Polymers 19 1.13 Polymeric Materials Compounding Process . 20 1.13.1 Chemical Additives for Polymeric Materials Compounding . 20 1.13.2 Fillers and Reinforcements for Polymeric Materials Compounding . 23 1.13.3 Impact Modifiers for Polymeric Materials Compounding . 23 1.13.4 Colorants for Polymeric Materials Compounding . 24 1.14 Families of Thermoplastic Polymers . 24 1.14.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Terpolymer . 24 1.14.2 Acetal (Polyoxymethylene, POM, Polyacetal) 24 1.14.3 Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic, PMMA) . 25 1.14.4 High Temperature Nylon (HTN) 25 1.14.5 Liquid CrystalPolymer (LCP) 25 1.14.6 Polyamide (PA, Nylon) . 26 1.14.7 Polyetherimide (PEI) . 26 1.14.8 Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK) . 27 1.14.9 Polycarbonate (PC) 27 1.14.10 Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) 27 1.14.11 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) 28 1.14.12 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) . 28 1.14.13 Polyethylene (PE) 28 1.14.14 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) . 29 1.14.15 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) . 29 1.14.16 Polypropylene (PP) 30viii Contents 1.14.17 Polystyrene (PS) . 31 1.14.18 Polysulfone (PSU) . 31 1.14.19 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) . 31 1.15 Families of Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) 32 1.15.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Elastomer . 32 1.15.2 Styrenic Block Copolymer (SBS) Thermoplastic Elastomers 32 1.15.3 Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPO) 33 1.15.4 Elastomeric Alloy-Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (EA-TPV) . 33 1.15.5 Melt ProcessibleRubber (MPR) . 34 1.15.6 Block Copolyester Thermoplastic Elastomer . 34 1.16 Families of Thermoset Polymers 35 1.16.1 Polyester Alkyd (PAK) 35 1.16.2 Diallyl Phthalate/Isophthalate (DAP, DAIP) . 35 1.16.3 Epoxy (EP) . 36 1.16.4 Phenol-Formaldehyde (Phenolic, PF) 36 1.16.5 Unsaturated Polyester (UP) 37 1.16.6 Polyimide (PI) 37 1.16.7 Polyurethane (PUR) 38 1.16.8 Silicone (Si) 38 1.16.9 Vinyl Ester (BPA) 38 2 Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Materials 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Comparison Tables of Mechanical Properties 41 2.2.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Behavior 41 2.2.2 Flexural Strength 51 2.2.3 Compression Stress-Strain Behavior . 51 2.2.4 Shear Strength 52 2.2.5 Notched Izod Impact Strength 52 2.3 Comparison of ASTM and ISO Mechanical Test Standards . 52 2.3.1 Tensile Test Comparison (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7) . 52 2.3.2 Flexural Test Standards (2.10 and 2.11) 53 2.3.3 Compression Test Standards . 54 2.3.4 Shear Strength Test Standards 54 2.3.5 Tensile Strength Creep Test Standards 54 2.3.6 Impact Strength Test Standards . 54 2.4 Tensile Testing (ASTM D-638) . 54 2.4.1 Tensile Test Equipment . 55 2.4.2 Tensile Test Specimen 55 2.4.3 Specimen Conditioning . 56 2.4.4 Tensile Strength Test Procedures 56 2.4.5 Tensile Modulus and Elongation 58 2.5 Tensile Strength Effects Caused by Cross-Head Speeds 59 2.6 Molecular Orientation Effects 59 2.7 Compounding Processes and Properties of Glass Reinforced Polymeric Materials . 60 2.8 Effects of Fiber Glass on Polymeric Materials Properties . 60 2.9 Tensile Stress Effects Caused by Fiber Glass Orientation . 61 2.9.1 Fiber Glass Orientation Effects on Mold Shrinkage . 62 2.10 Weld Line Effects on Injection Molded Products . 63 2.10.1 Weld Line Definition . 64 2.10.2 How to Improve the Weld Line Strength 65 2.10.2.1 Thermoplastic Resin . 65 2.10.2.2 Product Design . 66Contents ix 2.11 Temperature Effects on the Behavior of Polymeric Materials 66 2.12 Effects of Moisture on Nylon Properties 67 2.13 Flexural Testing (ASTM D-790) 69 2.13.1 Apparatus 71 2.13.2 Test Procedures and Equations . 71 2.13.3 Flexural Modulus 73 2.14 Compressive Strength Testing (ASTM D-695) . 74 2.14.1 Compressive Test Apparatus . 74 2.14.2 Test Specimens and Conditioning . 74 2.14.3 Test Procedures . 75 2.14.4 Compressive Stress-Strain Curves . 75 2.15 Shear Strength Testing (ASTM D-732) . 75 2.15.1 Test Specimen and Apparatus 76 2.15.2 Test Procedures . 76 2.15.3 Significance and Limitations . 77 2.16 Stress-Strain Curves and Load Type Comparison . 77 2.17 Creep, Rupture, Relaxation, and Fatigue 78 2.18 Tensile Creep Testing . 78 2.18.1 Stress-Strain Effects Caused by Creep . 78 2.19 Flexural Creep Testing 79 2.20 Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves . 80 2.21 Procedure for Applying Creep Modulus 83 2.22 Creep Rupture 84 2.23 Stress Relaxation 85 2.24 Fatigue Characteristics 85 2.25 Impact Strength Testing . 85 2.26 Impact Fracture Mechanism 86 2.27 Pendulum Impact Tests . 87 2.27.1 Izod Impact Testing (ASTM D-256) . 87 2.27.1.1 Izod Impact Issues and Concerns . 88 2.27.2 Charpy Impact Testing (ASTM D-256) . 90 2.27.3 Chip Impact Testing 90 2.27.4 Tensile Impact Testing (ASTM D-1822) 91 2.28 Gardner Drop Weight Impact Testing (ASTM D-3029) 92 2.29 Falling Weight Tower Impact Testing 93 2.30 Instrumented Impact Testing . 93 2.30.1 Instrumented Pendulum Izod Impact Testers . 93 2.30.2 Instrumented Charpy Impact Pendulum Testers 94 2.31 Instrumented High Speed Horizontal Plunger Impact Tester . 94 2.32 Instrumented Impact Testing (Dynatup) . 96 2.33 Product Design Analysis Using Dynatup Test Data 98 2.33.1 Test Process Description 99 2.34 Miscellaneous Impact Testing . 101 3 Thermal Properties of Polymeric Materials 103 3.1 Introduction . 103 3.2 Thermal Properties for Elevated Temperatures 103 3.2.1 Continuous Service Temperature Test (ASTM D-794) 111 3.2.2 Temperature of Deflection Test (ASTM D-648) . 112 3.2.3 Melting Temperature Test (ASTM D-3418) 112 3.2.4 Glass Transition Temperature Test (ASTM E-1356) 112 3.2.5 Vicat Softening Temperature Test (ASTM D-1525) 112 3.2.6 UL Standard Test Rating for Flammability (UL 94) 112x Contents 3.2.6.1 UL 94-5V, Vertical Burn Test . 112 3.2.6.2 UL 94-V0, Vertical Burn Test . 112 3.2.6.3 UL 94-V1, Vertical Burn Test . 112 3.2.6.4 UL 94-V2, Vertical Burn Test . 113 3.2.6.5 UL 94 HB, Horizontal Burn Test 113 3.2.6.6 Specimen Wall Thickness for UL 94 Flammability Test 113 3.2.7 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion Test (ASTM D-696) . 113 3.2.8 UL Relative Temperature Index Test (RTI Elect—UL 746) 113 3.2.9 Thermal Conductivity Test (ASTM C-177) . 113 3.2.10 Limiting Oxygen Index Test (ASTM D-2863) 113 3.3 Introduction to ISO Testing Standards . 114 3.3.1 Comparison between ASTM/UL and ISO Test Standards 114 3.3.2 Melting Temperature 114 3.3.3 Temperature of Deflection 114 3.3.4 Vicat Softening Temperature 114 3.3.5 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 114 3.3.6 Flammability Classification . 116 3.3.7 Limiting Oxygen Index 116 3.3.8 Glass Transition Temperature . 116 3.3.9 Brittleness Temperature 116 3.3.10 Continuous Service Temperature . 116 3.3.11 UL Relative Temperature Index Electrical . 116 3.3.12 UL Relative Temperature Index Mechanical with Impact 116 3.3.13 UL Relative Temperature Index Mechanical without Impact . 116 3.3.14 Thermal Creep Modulus . 116 3.3.15 Soldering Heat Resistance 116 3.3.16 Thermal Conductivity . 116 3.3.17 Melt Mass and Volume Flow Rates . 116 3.3.18 Relative Melt Viscosity 117 3.3.19 Smoke Density . 117 3.4 Melting Temperature Test (ASTM D-3418) 117 3.5 Vicat Softening Temperature Test (ASTM D-1525) 117 3.6 Glass Transition Temperature (ASTM E-1356) 118 3.7 Brittleness Temperature (ASTM D-746) . 118 3.7.1 Test Apparatus and Procedures 119 3.8 Continuous Service Temperature Test (ASTM D-794) 119 3.9 UL Temperature Index (UL 746) . 120 3.9.1 Relative Thermal Index 120 3.9.1.1 Thermoplastic Control Material . 120 3.9.1.2 Selection of Aging Temperatures 121 3.9.1.3 Test Procedure . 121 3.9.2 Long-Term Thermal Aging Index 121 3.9.3 Thermal Creep Modulus Test (UL-746B) 122 3.10 Heat Deflection Temperature Test (ASTM D-648) . 123 3.10.1 Apparatus and Test Specimens . 123 3.10.2 Test Procedure . 124 3.10.3 Test Variables and Limitations . 124 3.10.3.1 Residual Stress 124 3.10.3.2 Specimen Wall Thickness 124 3.10.3.3 Applied Stress . 124 3.10.3.4 Specimen Molding Effects . 124 3.11 Soldering Heat Resistance Performance . 125Contents xi 3.12 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion Testing (ASTM D-696) . 125 3.12.1 Test Procedure . 126 3.13 Thermal Conductivity Testing (ASTM C-177) 126 3.14 Melt Flow Rate . 127 3.14.1 Moisture Content . 128 3.15 Melt Mass-flow Rate Testing (ASTM D-1238) 128 3.15.1 Test Procedures . 128 3.15.2 Alternative Settings . 129 3.15.3 Factors Affecting Flow Rate Test Results 129 3.15.4 Interpretation of Test Results 129 3.16 Capillary Rheometer Relative Melt Viscosity Test (ASTM D-1703) . 130 3.17 Relative Melt Viscosity vs. Shear Rate Graph . 131 3.18 Flammability Characteristics of Polymeric Materials . 131 3.18.1 Inherent Flammability of Polymer Groups . 132 3.18.1.1 Inherently Flame Retardant Polymers . 132 3.18.1.2 Less Flame Retardant Polymers . 132 3.18.1.3 Flammable Polymers 133 3.19 UL 94 Flammability Test . 133 3.19.1 Factors Affecting UL 94 Flammability Test . 133 3.20 UL Horizontal Burn Testing (UL 94 HB) 133 3.20.1 Test Description 133 3.21 UL Vertical Burn Testing (UL 94-V0, UL 94-V1, UL 94-V2) 134 3.21.1 Test Description 134 3.22 UL Vertical Burn Testing (UL 94-5V, UL 94-5VA, UL 94-5VB) 135 3.22.1 Test Description 135 3.22.2 UL 94-5V Classification . 136 3.22.3 UL 94-5VA Classification (Bars and Plaques) . 136 3.22.4 UL 94-5VB Classification (Bars and Plaques) . 136 3.23 Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) Testing (ASTM D-2863) . 136 3.23.1 Test Procedures . 137 3.23.2 Factors Affecting the LOI Test Results 138 3.24 Smoke Generation Testing 138 3.24.1 Smoke Density Testing (ASTM D-2843) . 139 3.25 Self- and Flash Ignition Temperature Testing (ASTM D-1929) . 140 3.25.1 Definition . 140 3.25.2 Test Procedures . 140 4 Electrical Properties of Polymeric Materials . 141 4.1 Introduction . 141 4.2 Thermoplastic Polymers’ Characteristics for Electrical Applications . 141 4.3 Thermoset Polymers’ Characteristics for Electrical Applications 142 4.4 ASTM/UL Electrical Properties of Polymeric Materials . 142 4.4.1 Relative Temperature Index (RTI Elect—UL 746B) 143 4.4.2 Dielectric Constant (ASTM D-150) . 143 4.4.3 Dissipation Factor (ASTM D-150) . 143 4.4.4 Volume Resistivity (ASTM D-257) . 143 4.4.5 Surface Resistivity (ASTM D-257) . 143 4.4.6 Dielectric Strength (ASTM D-149) . 143 4.4.7 Hot-Wire Ignition (HWI—UL 746A) . 148 4.4.8 High-Amperage Arc Ignition (HAI—UL 746A) . 148 4.4.9 High-Voltage Arc Track Rate (HVTR—UL 746A) . 148 4.4.10 High-Voltage, Low-Ampere, Dry Arc Resistance (ASTM D-495) . 148xii Contents 4.4.11 Comparative Tracking Index (CTI—UL 746A) 148 4.5 Introduction to ISO/IEC Electrical Test Methods 148 4.5.1 ASTM/UL and ISO/IEC Comparison of Electrical Testing Standards 148 4.5.2 Relative Temperature Index . 148 4.5.3 Dielectric Constant 149 4.5.4 Dissipation Factor 149 4.5.5 Volume Resistivity 149 4.5.6 Surface Resistivity 149 4.5.7 Dielectric Strength 149 4.5.8 Comparative TrackingIndex (CTI) 149 4.5.9 High-Amperage Arc Ignition (HAI) . 149 4.5.10 High-Voltage Arc TrackRate (HVTR) . 150 4.5.11 Arc Resistance . 150 4.5.12 Hot Wire Ignition (HWI) . 150 4.5.13 Glow Wire 150 4.5.14 Hot Mandrel . 150 4.6 Electrical Terminology . 150 4.6.1 Dielectric . 150 4.6.2 Intrinsic Dielectric Strength . 150 4.6.3 Electrical Resistance 150 4.6.4 Surface Resistance 150 4.6.5 Power Factor . 150 4.6.6 Dielectric Loss Factor . 150 4.6.7 Corona (AC) . 150 4.6.8 Corona (DC) . 150 4.6.9 Corona Starting Voltage 151 4.6.10 Corona Extinguishing Voltage . 151 4.6.11 Static Decay Rate . 151 4.6.12 Conductive Polymeric Materials . 151 4.7 Electrical Insulation Properties 151 4.8 Electrical Resistance Properties 151 4.9 Dielectric ConstantTesting (ASTM D-150) . 152 4.9.1 Factors Affecting the Dielectric Constant 153 4.9.1.1 Frequency 153 4.9.1.2 Temperature . 153 4.9.1.3 Voltage . 153 4.9.1.4 Humidity . 153 4.9.1.5 Weathering 153 4.9.1.6 Specimen . 154 4.9.2 Test Procedure . 154 4.10 Dissipation Factor Testing (ASTM D-150) . 154 4.10.1 Definition . 154 4.10.2 Significance . 155 4.11 Volume Resistivity Testing (ASTM D-257) . 155 4.11.1 Test Procedure . 155 4.11.2 Significance . 155 4.12 Surface Resistivity Testing (ASTM D-257) . 155 4.12.1 Test Procedure . 156 4.12.2 Significance . 156 4.13 Dielectric Strength Testing (ASTM D-149) . 156 4.13.1 Short Time Test 157 4.13.2 Step by Step Test . 157Contents xiii 4.13.3 Factors Affecting Dielectric Strength Test Results . 158 4.13.3.1 Specimen wall thickness . 158 4.13.3.2 Temperature . 158 4.13.3.3 Relative Humidity 158 4.13.3.4 Electrode Configurations . 158 4.13.3.5 Time Procedure 158 4.13.3.6 Mechanical Stress 158 4.13.3.7 Injection Molding Process Defects . 158 4.13.4 Test Limitations and Interpretations . 158 4.13.5 Specimen . 158 4.13.6 Test Procedure . 159 4.13.7 Significance . 159 4.14 Hot Wire Ignition Testing (UL 746A/ASTM D-3874) 159 4.14.1 Definition . 159 4.14.2 Test Procedure . 159 4.15 High-Amperage Arc Ignition Testing (UL 746A) 159 4.15.1 Definition . 159 4.15.2 Significance . 160 4.16 High-Voltage Arc Tracking Rate (UL 746A) 160 4.16.1 Method ASTM D-2132 160 4.16.2 Method ASTM D-2303 161 4.17 Arc Resistance Testing (ASTM D-495) 161 4.17.1 Test Procedure . 162 4.17.2 Significance . 162 4.18 Comparative Track Index Testing (ASTM D-3638/UL 746A) 163 4.18.1 Test Procedure . 163 4.18.2 Significance . 163 4.19 Glow Wire Testing 164 4.19.1 Test Procedure . 164 4.19.2 Significance . 164 4.20 Hot Mandrel Testing . 164 4.21 Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Yellow Cards 165 4.22 How to Read and Interpret the “UL Yellow Card” 165 4.23 UL Electrical Insulation Systems . 169 4.23.1 How to Obtain the UL Electrical Insulation Systems . 171 4.23.2 Material Substitutions in the UL Electrical Insulation Systems . 171 5 Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials 175 5.1 Introduction . 175 5.2 ASTM Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials . 175 5.2.1 Specific Gravity 175 5.2.2 Water Absorption 24 hr 175 5.2.3 Water Absorption Saturation 175 5.2.4 Surface Hardness . 175 5.2.5 Taber Abrasion . 175 5.2.6 Mold Shrinkage—Melt Flow and Transverse Directions . 181 5.3 ASTM and ISO Comparison of Physical Testing Standards 181 5.3.1 ISO Categories—Rheological and Other Properties 181 5.3.2 Melt Mass-Flow andVolume-Flow Rates . 181 5.3.3 Mold Shrinkage—Melt Flow and Transverse Directions . 181 5.3.4 Water Absorption Properties 181 5.3.5 Density and Specific Gravity 181xiv Contents 5.3.6 Optical Properties . 181 5.3.7 Surface Hardness . 182 5.3.8 Taber Abrasion . 182 5.3.9 Coefficient of Friction . 183 5.4 Specific Gravity Testing (ASTM D-792) . 183 5.4.1 Test Procedures . 183 5.4.1.1 Specific Gravity Test Method “A” 183 5.4.1.2 Specific Gravity Test Method “B” 183 5.5 Density Gradient Testing (ASTM D-1505) . 184 5.6 Optical Testing Properties 184 5.6.1 Introduction . 184 5.6.2 Optical Polymeric Materials 185 5.6.3 Refractive Index (ASTM D-542) . 186 5.6.3.1 Refractometric Method 186 5.6.3.2 Microscopic Method 186 5.6.3.3 Specimen . 187 5.6.3.4 Significance . 187 5.6.4 Luminous Transmittance and Haze (ASTM D-1003) . 187 5.6.4.1 Procedure “A”—Hazemeter 187 5.6.4.2 Procedure “B”—Recording Spectrophotometer . 188 5.6.5 Specular Gloss (ASTM D-523) 188 5.7 Water Absorption Testing (ASTM D-570) 189 5.7.1 Test Specimen . 190 5.7.2 Test Procedure . 190 5.7.3 Significance . 190 5.8 Surface Hardness Testing . 190 5.8.1 Rockwell Hardness Testing (ASTM D-785-60T) 191 5.8.2 Test Apparatus and Specimen 191 5.8.3 Durometer Hardness Testing (ASTM D-2240) 192 5.8.4 Barcol Hardness Testing (ASTM D-2583) 193 5.8.5 Factors Affecting the Test Results 194 5.9 Abrasion Resistance Testing (ASTM D-1044) . 194 5.9.1 Types of Wear 194 5.9.2 Adhesive Wear . 195 5.9.3 Abrasive Wear 195 5.9.4 Corrosive Wear . 195 5.9.5 Wear Factor Effects by Temperature 195 5.9.6 Taber Abrasion Testing (ASTM D-1044) . 196 5.9.7 Theoretical Analysis of Wear 196 5.10 Tear Resistance (ASTM D-624) . 197 5.10.1 Significance . 197 5.10.2 Specimen . 197 5.10.3 Procedure . 197 5.11 Coefficient of Friction Testing (ASTM D-1894) . 197 5.11.1 Coefficient of Friction of Polymeric Materials 198 5.11.2 Effects of Lubricants 198 5.11.3 Low Coefficient of Friction Additives . 199 5.12 Mold Shrinkage Testing (ASTM D-955) . 199 5.12.1 Purpose of Mold Shrinkage Testing . 199 5.12.2 Factors Affecting Mold Shrinkage 200 5.12.3 Molding Process Effects on Mold Shrinkage 200Contents xv 5.12.4 Injection Molding Machine Effects on Mold Shrinkage . 200 5.12.5 Requirements for Sampling . 200 5.12.6 Test Specimens . 201 5.12.7 Test Specimens Conditioning 201 5.12.8 Test Procedures . 201 5.12.9 Injection Molding Machine Conditions 201 5.12.10 Injection Pressure . 202 5.12.11 Mold Cavity Temperature 202 5.12.12 Gate Type, Dimensions, Number, and Location . 202 5.12.13 Specimen Wall Thickness . 202 5.12.14 Mold Shrinkage Measurements 202 5.12.15 Mold Shrinkage Calculations 203 6 Microbial, Weather, and Chemical Resistance of Polymeric Materials 205 6.1 Introduction . 205 6.2 Fungal Resistance Testing (ASTM G 21-70) 205 6.3 Bacteria Resistance Testing (ASTM G 22) . 206 6.4 Fungi and Bacteria Outdoor Exposure Resistance Limitations 206 6.5 Weathering Tests for Polymeric Materials 207 6.5.1 Weathering Creep Factors (Degradation) . 207 6.5.2 Ultraviolet Radiation 207 6.5.3 Temperature . 208 6.5.4 Moisture 208 6.5.5 Oxidation . 208 6.5.6 Microorganisms 208 6.5.7 Weathering Resistance of Generic Polymeric Materials . 209 6.6 Accelerated Weathering Testing (ASTM G 23) 209 6.7 Exposure to Fluorescent UV Lamp, Condensation (ASTM G 53) . 210 6.8 Accelerated Weather Testing, Weather-Ometer . 211 6.8.1 Significance . 212 6.9 Exposure to Carbon Arc Light and Water Testing (ASTM D-1499) 212 6.10 Exposure to Xenon Arc Light and Water Testing (ASTM D-2565) . 212 6.10.1 Significance . 213 6.10.2 Accelerated Weathering Test Limitations . 213 6.11 Outdoor Weathering Testing (ASTM D-1435) . 215 6.11.1 Significance . 217 6.12 Chemical Resistance Testing of Polymeric Materials . 217 6.12.1 Introduction . 217 6.12.2 Testing Methods 218 6.12.3 Immersion Testing (ASTM D 543) . 219 6.12.4 Solvent Stress-Cracking Resistance Testing 219 6.12.5 Chemical Resistance Comparative Ratings of Polymeric Materials 220 6.12.6 Interpretation of Comparative Ratings . 220 6.13 Chemical Resistance Tables of Delrin Homopolymer Acetal 222 6.13.1 Effects Caused by Specific Chemical Reagents 222 6.13.2 Solvents 223 6.13.3 Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids . 223 6.13.4 Gasoline 223 6.13.5 Agricultural Chemicals . 223 6.13.6 Acids, Bases, and Oxidizing Agents 223 6.13.7 Zinc Chloride and Chlorine . 223xvi Contents 6.13.8 Test Data Unstressed 223 6.13.9 Test Data Stressed 223 Appendix-A Acronyms 227 A.1 Generic Polymeric Material Acronyms 227 A.2 Common Acronyms . 230 A.3 Process Acronyms 231 A.4 Reinforcement and Filler Acronyms 232 Appendix-B Nomenclature . 235 Appendix-C English and Metric Units Conversion Guide 237 Bibliography . 241 Index . 243 INDEX Index Terms Links A ABS, see Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Abrasion resistance testing (ASTM D-1044) 194 Taber abrasion testing (ASTM D-1044) 196 types of wear 194 see also Wear Abrasive wear 195 Accelerated weather testing ASTM G 23 209 limitations 213 weather-ometer 211 Acetal 24 141 Acrylic 142 185 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) terpolymer 23 141 phase systems of 24 Styreneacrylonitrile (SAN) 24 ADC, see Allyl diglycol carbonate Adhesive wear 195 Aging temperatures, selection of 121 Alkyd 142 Allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) 186 Alumina trihydrate 23 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods 4 see also ASTM physical properties; Capillary rheometer relative melt viscosity test (ASTM D-1703); Heat deflection temperature test (ASTM D-648); Melt mass-flow rate (MFR) testing (ASTM D-1238) ASTM-UL thermal properties coefficient of linear thermal expansion test (ASTM D-696) 113 coefficient of linear thermal expansion testing (ASTM D-696) 125 continuous service temperature test (ASTM D-794) 111Index Terms Links American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods (Cont.) glass transition temperature test (ASTM E-1356) 112 limiting oxygen index test (ASTM D-2863) 113 melt mass-flow rate testing (ASTM D-1238) 128 melting temperature test (ASTM D-3418) 112 melting temperature test (ASTM D-3418) 117 of thermoplastic resins 104 of thermoset resins 110 temperature of deflection test (ASTM D-648) 112 thermal conductivity test (ASTM C-177) 113 thermal conductivity testing (ASTM C-177) 126 vicat softening temperature test (ASTM D-1525) 112 vicat softening temperature test (ASTM D-1525) 117 mechanical test standards 52 Amorphous polymers 19 Antifogging agents 20 Antioxidants 20 205 Antistatic agents 20 Applications, polymeric materials 16 Applied stress 124 Arc resistance 150 ASTM D-495 161 significance 162 test procedure 162 Arc tracking 163 Arrhenius equation 121 ASTM physical properties of polymeric materials 175 mold shrinkage 181 specific gravity 175 surface hardness 175 Taber abrasion 175 of thermoplastic materials 176 of thermoset materials 180 water absorption 24 hr 175 water absorption saturation 175 ASTM/UL electrical properties 142 comparative tracking index (CTI UL 746A) 148 dielectric constant (ASTM D-150) 143Index Terms Links ASTM/UL electrical properties (Cont.) dielectric strength (ASTM D-149) 143 dissipation factor (ASTM D-150) 143 high-amperage Arc ignition (HAI UL 746A) 148 high-voltage Arc track rate (HVTR UL 746A) 148 high-voltage, low-ampere, dry Arc resistance (ASTM D-495) hot-wire ignition (HWI UL 746A) 148 relative temperature index (RTI Elect—UL 746B) 143 surface resistivity (ASTM D-257) 143 of thermoplastic resins 144 of thermoset resins 148 volume resistivity (ASTM D-257) 143 ASTM-UL testing methods 9 properties database 11 electrical 12 flammability 13 hardness 12 mechanical 11 optical 13 physical 11 thermal 12 toughness 12 Atactic polypropylene 30 Automotive ABS sensor 170 B Bacteria resistance testing (ASTM G 22) 206 Barcol hardness 182 ASTM D-2583 193 Barium sulfate 23 Baron fibers 23 Biocides 20 Block copolyester TPEs 34 Blowing agents 20 Brittleness temperature 116 ASTM D-746 118 test apparatus and procedures 119Index Terms Links C Calcium carbonate 23 Calcium sulfate 23 Capillary rheometer analyzer 131 Capillary rheometer relative melt viscosity test (ASTM D-1703) 130 Carbon arc light and water testing (ASTM D-1499), exposure to 212 carbon arc Weather-Ometer 212 Carbon black 23 Carbon, graphite fibers 23 Celluloid 17 Ceramic fibers 23 Charpy impact testing (ASTM D-256) 90 apparatus 90 Chemical additives for compounding 20 Chemical resistance 205 comparative ratings 220 immersion testing (ASTM D-543) 219 solvent stress-cracking resistance testing 219 tables of Delrin homopolymer acetal 222 see also Delrin homopolymer acetal resins testing methods 218 constant strain test 219 immersion tests 218 tensile or flexural tests 218 testing 10 217 tests, interpretation 220 A = Acceptable 222 Ex = Excellent 222 M = Marginal 220 U = Unsatisfactory 220 Classification of polymeric materials by performance 18 commodity plastics 18 engineering thermoplastics 19 high performance engineering materials 19 intermediate plastics 18Index Terms Links Coal 19 Coefficient of Friction 183 ASTM D-1894 testing 197 coefficient of friction of polymeric materials 198 low coefficient of friction additives 199 lubricants effects 198 static coefficient of friction testing 198 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion graph 3 114 ASTM D-696 113 125 test procedure 126 Colorants for polymeric materials compounding 24 Commodity plastics 18 Comparative tracking index (CTI) 149 CTI UL 746A 148 test configuration 163 Comparison tables of mechanical properties 41 Compounding process 20 chemical additives for 20 colorants for 24 fiber glass length used for 61 impact modifiers for 23 and properties of glass reinforced polymeric materials 60 Compression stress-strain behavior 51 Compression test standards 54 Compressive strength testing (ASTM D-695) 74 apparatus 74 compressive stress-strain curves 75 test procedures 75 test specimens and conditioning 74 Compressive stress-strain curves 75 Conductive polymeric materials 151 Constant strain test 219 Continuous exposure temperature graph 3 Continuous service temperature 116 ASTM D-794 111 119 Corona (AC) 150 Corona (DC) 150Index Terms Links Corona extinguishing voltage 151 Corona starting voltage 151 Corrosive wear 195 Coupling agents 20 Cracking 219 Creep 78 creep modulus, procedure for applying 83 creep rupture 84 flexural creep testing 79 stress-strain effects caused by 78 Cross-linking agents 20 Crude oil 19 Crystalline polymers 19 CTI, see Comparative tracking index Curing agents 20 D Dacron 17 Data information Delrin 100 8 Fina 625 polystyrene 7 functional (multi-point) database system 7 for polymeric materials property 4 single-point database system 6 Delrin homopolymer acetal resins chemical reagents, effects caused by 222 acids, bases, and oxidizing agents 223 agricultural chemicals 223 gasoline 223 lubricants and hydraulic fluids 223 solvents 223 test data stressed 223 test data unstressed 223 zinc chloride and chlorine 223 chemical resistance tables of 222 Delrin 100, property data sheet 8 Density gradient testing (ASTM D-1505) 184 Density 181Index Terms Links DGEBA, see Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A Diallyl phthalate/isophthalate (DAP, DAIP) 35 molding compound types of 35 Dielectric constant 149 ASTM D-150 143 152 test procedure 154 factors affecting 153 frequency 153 humidity 153 specimen 154 temperature 153 voltage 153 weathering 153 Dielectric loss factor 150 Dielectric medium 150 Dielectric strength testing (ASTM D-149) 143 156 factors affecting 158 electrode configurations 158 injection molding process defects 158 mechanical stress 158 relative humidity 158 specimen wall thickness 158 temperature 158 time procedure 158 limitations and interpretations 158 short time test 157 significance 159 specimen 158 step by step test 157 test procedure 159 Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) 36 Dissipation factor 149 ASTM D-150 143 154 definition 154 significance 155 Ductile failure 86 Durometer hardness 182 ASTM D-2240 192Index Terms Links Dyes 24 Dynatup 96 product design analysis using 98 test process description 99 E EA-TPV, see Elastomeric alloy-thermoplastic vulcanizate Elastomeric alloy-thermoplastic vulcanizate (EA-TPV) 33 Elastomers 23 Electrical properties 12 141 see also ASTM/UL electrical properties arc resistance testing (ASTM D-495) 161 comparative tracking index (CTI) test configuration 164 dielectric constant testing (ASTM D-150) 152 dielectric strength testing (ASTM D-149) 156 see also Dielectric strength testing (ASTM D-149) dissipation factor testing (ASTM D-150) 154 electrical terminology 150 glow wire testing 164 high-amperage Arc ignition testing (UL 746A) 159 high-voltage Arc tracking rate (UL 746A) 160 hot mandrel testing 164 hot wire ignition testing (UL 746A/ASTM D-3874) 159 insulation properties 151 ISO/IEC electrical test methods 148 resistance properties 151 surface resistivity testing (ASTM D-257) 155 thermoplastic polymers characteristics for 141 ABS 141 Acetal 141 Acrylic 142 Nylon 142 PET 142 Polycarbonate 142 Polyimide 142 Polyolefin (PE, PP) 142Index Terms Links Electrical properties (Cont.) Polystyrene 142 Polysulfone 142 PPO 142 PTFE 142 PVC 142 TFE 142 thermoset polymers’ characteristics for 142 Alkyd 142 DAP 142 Epoxy 142 Epoxy 142 Melamine formaldehyde 142 Phenolic 142 Polyester 142 Silicone 142 Urethane (rigid foam) 142 underwriters laboratories (UL) yellow cards 165 see also Underwriters laboratories (UL) volume resistivity testing (ASTM D-257) 155 Electrical resistance 150 Electrical testing 10 Electrical volume resistivity graph 3 Elevated temperatures thermal properties for 103 see also under Thermal properties Elongation, tensile 58 Encapsulated transformer 170 Engineering thermoplastics 17 19 Epoxy (EP) 36 142 EPDM 23 EPM 23 types 36 Extensometers types of 57Index Terms Links F Failure ductile failure 86 stages 86 Falling weight impact tests 87 Falling weight tower impact testing 93 Families of thermoplastic polymers 24 Acetal (Polyoxymethylene, POM, Polyacetal) 24 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) terpolymer 24 high temperature nylon (HTN) 25 liquid crystal polymer (LCP) 25 modifi ed polyphenylene oxide (PPO) 27 Polyamide (PA, Nylon) 26 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) 28 Polycarbonate (PC) 27 Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK) 27 Polyetherimide (PEI) 26 Polyethylene (PE) 28 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 28 Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic, PMMA) 25 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) 29 Polypropylene (PP) 30 Polystyrene (PS) 31 Polysulfone (PSU) 31 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 29 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 31 Families of thermoset polymers 35 diallyl phthalate/isophthalate (DAP, DAIP) 35 Epoxy (EP) 36 phenol-formaldehyde (Phenolic, PF) 36 Polyester Alkyd (PAK) 35 Polyimide (PI) 37 Polyurethane (PUR) 38 Silicone (Si) 38 unsaturated polyester (UP) 37 Vinyl Ester (BPA) 38Index Terms Links Families of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) 32 Block copolyester TPEs 34 elastomeric alloy-thermoplastic vulcanizate (EA-TPV) 33 melt processible rubber (MPR) 34 styrenic block copolymer (SBS) thermoplastic elastomers 32 thermoplastic elastomer (TPO), polyolefin 33 thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer 32 Families, polymeric 18 see also individual entries liquid injection molding silicone 18 thermoplastic polymers 18 TPE resins 18 Fatigue 78 characteristics 85 Ferrous metal families 2 Fiberglass “E” type fiber glass 60 effect on polymeric materials properties 60 orientation effects on mold shrinkage 62 melt flow direction 61 tensile stress effects caused by 61 transverse direction 61 Fillers 23 Fina 625 polystyrene, property data sheet 7 Flame retardants 20 Flammability 13 characteristics 131 see also Inherent flammability classification 116 Flexural creep testing 79 Flexural modulus 73 Flexural strength 51 Flexural test standards (2.10 and 2.11) 53Index Terms Links Flexural Testing (ASTM D-790) 69 apparatus 71 flexural modulus 73 Procedure “A” 70 Procedure “B” 70 test procedures and equations 71 Fluorescent UV weathering test lamp exposure, condensation (ASTM G 53) 210 Frequency 153 Functional (multi-point) database system 7 Fungal resistance testing (ASTM G 21-70) 205 Fungi and bacteria outdoor exposure resistance limitations 206 G Gardner drop weight impact testing (ASTM D-3029) 92 Gate type, dimensions, number, and location 202 General purpose class of LCP 26 Glass fibers 23 Glass reinforced polymeric materials compounding processes and properties 60 Glass transition temperature 116 ASTM E-1356 112 118 Global testing standards, uniform achievement of 14 issues and concerns 15 need for 10 specifications 13 Gloss meter 188 Glow wire 150 testing 164 Guarded hot plate thermal conductivity testing 127 H HAI, see High amperage arc ignition Hardness 12 see also Surface hardnessIndex Terms Links Haze 182 187 Hazemeter 187 HDPE, see High density polyethylene Heat deflection temperature test (ASTM D-648) 123 apparatus and test specimens 123 test procedure 124 test variables and limitations 124 applied stress 124 residual stress 124 specimen molding effects 124 specimen wall thickness 124 Heat stabilizers 20 High density polyethylene (HDPE) 28 High performance engineering materials 19 High rate instrumented impact tests 87 High shear rate flow testing 130 High temperature nylon (HTN) 25 High-amperage arc ignition (HAI)/testing 149 HAI UL 746A 148 UL 746A 159 High-voltage arc track rate (HVTR) 150 HVTR UL 746A 148 160 Method ASTM D-2132 160 Method ASTM D-2303 161 High-voltage, low-ampere, dry Arc resistance (ASTM D-495) Horizontal burning test 134 Hot mandrel 150 testing 164 Hot wire ignition (HWI) 150 UL 746A/ASTM D-3874 148 159 Humidity 153 I Immersion testing (ASTM D-543) 218 Impact fracture mechanism/Impact tests 86 falling weight impact tests 87 high rate instrumented impact tests 87Index Terms Links Impact fracture mechanism/Impact tests (Cont.) instrumented pendulum impact tests 87 miscellaneous impact tests 87 pendulum impact tests 87 see also Pendulum impact tests Impact modifiers for polymeric materials compounding 23 Impact strength testing 85 factors affecting 86 exposure to environmental stress 86 geometry 86 molding process variables 86 shape and geometry 86 stress concentration 86 thickness of plastic molded product 86 standards 54 Inherent flammability 132 flammable polymers 133 inherently flame retardant polymers 132 less flame retardant polymers 132 Injection molding machine conditions 201 machine effects on mold shrinkage 200 products weld line effects on 63 Injection pressure 202 Instrumented high speed horizontal plunger impact tester 94 Instrumented impact testing 93 see also Dynatup instrumented charpy impact pendulum testers 94 instrumented pendulum Izod impact testers 93 Instrumented pendulum impact tests 87 Insulation properties, electrical 151 intermediate plastics 18 Internal lubricants 20 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14 ASTM/UL and ISO test standards, comparison between 114 115 ISO 10350:1993 14Index Terms Links International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (Cont.) ISO 178:1993 test 53 ISO 179:1993 Charpy impact strength 54 ISO 8256:1990 tensile impact 54 ISO 527:1993 53 mechanical test standards 52 ISO 10350:1993 test standards 52 testing standards 114 brittleness temperature 116 coefficient of linear thermal expansion 114 continuous service temperature 116 flammability classifi cation 116 glass transition temperature 116 limiting oxygen index 116 melt mass and volume flow rates 116 melting temperature test (ASTM D-3418) 117 melting temperature 114 relative melt viscosity 117 smoke density 117 soldering heat resistance 116 temperature of deflection 114 thermal conductivity 116 thermal creep modulus 116 UL relative temperature index electrical 116 UL relative temperature index mechanical with impact 116 UL relative temperatureindex mechanical without impact 116 vicat softening temperature 114 Intrinsic dielectric strength 150 ISO, see International Organization for Standardization ISO/IEC electrical test methods 148 ASTM/UL and ISO/IEC comparison of electrical testing standards 148 comparative tracking index (CTI) 149 dielectric constant 149 dielectric strength 149 dissipation factor 149 glow wire 150 high-amperage arc ignition (HAI) 149Index Terms Links ISO/IEC electrical test methods (Cont.) High-voltage arc track rate (HVTR) 150 hot mandrel 150 hot wire ignition (HWI) 150 relative temperature index 148 arc resistance 150 surface resistivity 149 TC>ASTM/UL and ISO/IEC electrical test standards 149 volume resistivity 149 Isochronous stress-strain curves 80 creep strain vs. time at various stress levels 81 stress-strain creep curves at any given time 81 Isotactic polypropylene 30 Izod impact test method 52 ASTM D-256 87 issues and concerns 88 K Kaolin 23 L LCP, see Liquid crystal polymer LDPE, see Low density polyethylene Limited oxygen index (LOI) testing 116 ASTM D-2863 113 136 factors affecting 138 test procedures 137 Liquid crystal polymer (LCP) 25 classes of 26 general purpose class 26 lower temperature performance class 26 more temperature resistant class 26 Liquid injection molding silicone 18 LOI, see Limited oxygen index Long-term thermal aging index 121 Low coefficient of friction additives 199 Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 28Index Terms Links Lower temperature performance class LCP 26 Lubricants effects 198 Luminous transmittance 181 187 and haze testing (ASTM D-1003) 187 Procedure “A” (Hazemeter) 187 Procedure “B” (Recording Spectrophotometer) 188 M Manufacturing of polymers 19 alkylation in 19 flexibility in 19 flow chart for 21 Material selection guidelines 5 plastic resin selection 5 Materials specifications 6 Mechanical properties 41 ASTM and ISO mechanical test standards, comparison 52 ISO 179:1993 Charpy impact strength 54 ISO 8256:1990 tensile impact 54 tensile test comparison (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7) 52 flexural test standards (2.10 and 2.11) 53 ASTM mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomers 50 of thermoplastic materials 42 of thermoset materials 48 comparison tables of mechanical properties 41 compounding processes and properties of glass reinforced polymeric materials 60 compression stress-strain behavior 51 compressive strength testing (ASTM D-695) 74 see also Compressive strength testing falling weight tower impact testing 93 flexural strength 51 flexural testing (ASTM D-790) 69 see also Flexural testing gardner drop weight impact testing (ASTM D-3029) 92 instrumented high speed horizontal plunger impact tester 94Index Terms Links Mechanical properties (Cont.) instrumented impact testing 93 see also Instrumented impact testing isochronous stress-strain curves 80 miscellaneous impact testing 101 moisture effects on nylon properties 67 molecular orientation effects 59 notched Izod impact strength 52 shear strength testing (ASTM D-732) 75 see also Shear strength testing shear strength 52 stress-strain curves and load type comparison 77 temperature effects 66 tensile creep testing 78 tensile strength effects caused by cross-head speeds 59 tensile stress-strain behavior 41 tensile testing (ASTM D-638) 54 weld line effects on injection molded products 63 see also Weld line Mechanical testing 9 Melamine formaldehyde 142 Melamine resins 17 Melt flow rate (MFR) 127 ASTM D-1238 testing 128 alternative settings 129 factors affecting 129 interpretation of test results 129 Procedure “A” 128 Procedure “B” 128 test procedures 128 moisture content 128 Melt mass and volume flow rates 116 Melt processible rubber (MPR) 34 Melting temperature test (ASTM D-3418) 112 117 MFR, see Melt flow rate Mica 23 Microbial resistance 205Index Terms Links Microscopic method 186 Microspheres, hollow 23 Microspheres, solid 23 Miscellaneous impact tests 87 101 Modern history of polymeric materials 16 ABS 17 Celluloid 17 melamine resins 17 nylon 17 “Phenolic” resin 17 polyamide 17 polyester (PET) resins 17 thermoset polyester resins 17 Urea-formaldehyde 17 Modulus of elasticity 50 graph 3 Modulus, tensile 58 Moisture 208 content 128 effects on nylon properties 67 Mold cavity temperature 202 Mold shrinkage 181 ASTM D-955 199 calculations 203 factors affecting 200 gate type, dimensions, number, and location 202 injection molding machine conditions 201 injection molding machine effects 200 injection pressure 202 measurements 202 mold cavity temperature 202 molding process effects on 200 purpose of 199 sampling requirements 200 specimen wall thickness 202 test procedures 201 test specimens 201 fiberglass orientation effects on 62Index Terms Links Molding process for phenolic materials 17 Molecular orientation effects 59 Molecular structures, thermoplastic types 19 More temperature resistant class of LCP 26 Motorette assemblies for testing 169 MPR, see Melt processible rubber N NAS 185 Natural gas 19 Nonferrous metal families 2 Notched Izod impact strength 52 Nylons 26 142 nylon 6 26 nylon 6/12 26 nylon 6/6 26 properties, moisture effects on 67 O Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers 23 Optical polymeric materials 185 187 Acrylic 185 Allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) 186 NAS 185 Polycarbonate (PC) 186 Polystyrene (PS) 185 Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 185 Optical properties 13 181 haze 182 luminous transmittance 181 refractive index 181 specular gloss 182 Optical testing 10 properties 184 Organic fillers 23 Origin of polymeric materials 16 Outdoor exposure tests 206 Outdoor weathering testing (ASTM D-1435) 215Index Terms Links Oxidation 208 P Pendulum impact tests 87 Charpy impact testing (ASTM D-256) 90 Izod impact testing (ASTM D-256) 87 tensile impact testing (ASTM D-1822) 91 Percentage of elongation 50 Petroleum 19 Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) 4 36 polymerization 17 Phenolic molding materials 36 Phenolic resins 17 36 142 Physical properties 175 see also ASTM physical properties abrasion resistance testing (ASTM D-1044) 194 see also Abrasion resistance testing ASTM and ISO comparison of testing standards 181 coefficient of friction 183 density and specific gravity 181 ISO categories 181 melt mass-flow and volume-flow rates 181 optical properties 181 surface hardness 182 taber abrasion 182 water absorption properties 181 coefficient of friction testing (ASTM D-1894) 197 density gradient testing (ASTM D-1505) 184 luminous transmittance and haze testing (ASTM D-1003) 187 mold shrinkage testing (ASTM D-955) 199 optical testing properties 184 refractive index testing (ASTM D-542) 186 specific gravity testing (ASTM D-792) 183 specular gloss testing (ASTM D-523) 188 surface hardness testing 190 see also Surface hardness testing tear resistance testing (ASTM D-624) 197 water absorption testing (ASTM D-570) 189Index Terms Links Pigments 24 205 Plastic resin selection guidelines 5 Plasticizers 23 Polyamide (PA, Nylon) 26 Polyamide-imide (PAI) 4 Polyaryletherketone (PAEK) 4 Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 28 Polycarbonate (PC) 27 142 186 Polyester (PET) resins 17 142 Polyester alkyd (PAK) 35 Polyester 142 polyether-based TPUs 32 Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK) 27 chemical resistance at elevated temperatures 27 mechanical properties 27 production 27 Polyetherimide (PEI) 4 26 amorphous structure of 27 unreinforced PEI resins 27 Polyethylene (PE) 28 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 28 Polyethylene 17 28 Polyimide (PI) 37 142 Polymer fibers 23 Polymethacrylate 58 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 25 185 Polyolefin (PE, PP) 142 Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO), modified 27 142 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) 29 64 Polypropylene (PP) 30 64 structures 30 atactic 30 isotactic 30 syndiotactic 30 Polystyrene (PS) 31 142 185 grades of 31 expandable polystyrene (EPS) 31 general purpose (GPPS) 31Index Terms Links Polystyrene (PS) (Cont.) high impact (HIPS) 31 modified medium impact (MIPS) 31 Polysulfone (PSU) 31 64 142 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 29 65 142 Polyurethane (PUR) 23 38 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 31 142 categories 31 dispersion materials 31 homopolymer suspension powder blend 31 Power factor 150 Procedure “A” of flexural Testing (ASTM D-790) 70 Procedure “B” of flexural Testing (ASTM D-790) 70 Product design 66 Properties, polymeric materials 1 see also Material selection guidelines; Materials specifications automotive cast iron engines 1 coefficient of linear thermal expansion graph 3 comparison 2 continuous exposure temperature graph 3 electrical volume resistivity graph 3 ferrous metal families 2 metals 1 modulus of elasticity graph 3 nonferrous metal families 2 portable electric tools 1 property data information 4 see also Data information PVC 1 rubber families 2 specific gravity graph 3 tensile strength graph 3 tensile stress-strain comparison graphs 3 thermal conductivity graph 3 thermoplastic families 2 thermoset families 2 toilet anti-siphon valves 1Index Terms Links Properties, polymeric materials (Cont.) TPOs 1 TPEs 1 Proportional limit 50 Pyroxylin 16 R Radiation susceptibility testing 10 Recording spectrophotometer 188 Refractive index 181 ASTM D-542 186 microscopic method 186 refractometric method 186 significance 187 specimen 187 Reinforcements 23 Relative melt viscosity 117 vs. shear rate graph 131 Relative temperature index 143 148 Relative thermal index 120 aging temperatures selection 121 test procedure 121 thermoplastic control material 120 Relaxation 78 Residual stress 124 Resistance properties, electrical 151 Rockwell hardness 182 ASTM D-785-60T 191 Rubber families 2 and thermoplastic elastomers 23 Rupture 78 S Selection of materials 1 Self-and flash ignition temperature testing (ASTM D-1929) 140 definition 140 test procedures 140Index Terms Links Self-lubricating polymers 198 Semi-crystalline polymers 19 198 Shear strength test standards 54 ASTM D-732 75 significance and limitations 77 test procedures 76 test specimen and apparatus 76 Short time test, dielectric strength 157 Silica 23 Silicone (Si) 38 142 Single-point database system 6 Smoke density 117 ASTM D-2843 139 Smoke generation testing 138 Soldering heat resistance 116 performance 125 Solvent stress-cracking resistance testing 219 Specific gravity 175 181 ASTM D-792 183 test method “A” 183 test method “B” 183 test procedures 183 graph 3 Specimen conditioning, in tensile testing 56 Specimen molding effects 124 Specimen wall thickness 124 Specular gloss 182 ASTM D-523 188 Static coefficient of friction testing 198 Static decay rate 151 Step by step test 157 Strain 50 Stress relaxation 85 Stress-strain curves 3 see also Compression stress-strain behavior; Isochronous stress-strain curvesIndex Terms Links Stress-strain curves (Cont.) for alloyed steel 4 for brittle resins 5 for elastomers 4 for high carbon steel 4 and load type comparison 77 for medium carbon steel 4 for nonferrous alloys and cast iron 4 for reinforced resins 5 for unfilled resins 4 Styreneacrylonitrile (SAN) 24 64 185 Styrene-butadiene multi-blocks 23 Styrenic block copolymer (SBS) thermoplastic elastomers 32 Surface hardness 175 182 Barcol hardness 182 Durometer hardness 182 Rockwell hardness 182 testing 190 Barcol hardness testing (ASTM D-2583) 193 Durometer hardness testing (ASTM D-2240) 192 factors affecting the test results 194 Rockwell hardness testing (ASTM D-785-60T) 191 test apparatus and specimen 191 Surface lubricants 20 Surface resistance 149 ASTM D-257 143 155 Syndiotactic polypropylene 30 T Taber abrasion 175 ASTM D-1044 196 Talc 23 Tear resistance testing (ASTM D-624) 197 Temperature 153 208 effects, on polymeric materials behavior 66Index Terms Links Temperature (Cont.) temperature of deflection 114 ASTM D-648 112 resistance testing 10 Tensile creep testing 78 Tensile impact testing (ASTM D-1822) 91 Tensile or flexural tests 218 Tensile strength creep test standards 54 effects caused by cross-head speeds 59 graph 3 Tensile stress 50 Tensile stress-strain behavior 41 comparison graphs 3 see also Stress-strain curve Tensile testing 3 see also Stress-strain curve ASTM D-638 54 equipment 55 instron tester thermally insulated 55 specimen conditioning 56 specimen 55 universal testing machines 55 comparison (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7) 52 procedures 56 tensile bar measurement, elongation, and break 57 tensile modulus and elongation 58 types of tensile test elongation and breaks 57 Testing polymeric materials 8 14 see also American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods; Global testing standards; International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ASTM-UL testing methods 9 11 chemical resistance testing 10 electrical testing 10 mechanical testing 9 optical testing 10Index Terms Links Testing polymeric materials (Cont.) statistical analysis of test data 10 temperature resistance 10 weather exposure and radiation susceptibility 10 Thermal conductivity 116 ASTM C-177 113 126 graph 3 Thermal creep modulus 116 UL-746B 122 Thermal properties 12 103 ASTM-UL thermal properties of thermoplastic resins 104 of thermoset resins 110 brittleness temperature (ASTM D-746) 118 capillary rheometer relative melt viscosity test (ASTM D-1703) 130 coefficient of linear thermal expansion testing (ASTM D-696) 125 continuous service temperature test (ASTM D-794) 111 continuous service temperature test (ASTM D-794) 119 flammability characteristics 131 for elevated temperatures 103 glass transition temperature (ASTM E-1356) 118 heat deflection temperature test (ASTM D-648) 123 inherent flammability of 132 ISO testing standards 114 see also under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) limited oxygen index (LOI) testing (ASTM D-2863) 136 melt flow rate 127 melt mass-flow rate testing (ASTM D-1238) 128 relative melt viscosity vs. shear rate graph 131 self- and flash ignition temperature testing (ASTM D-1929) 140 smoke density testing (ASTM D-2843) 139 smoke generation testing 138 soldering heat resistance performance 125Index Terms Links Thermal properties (Cont.) thermal conductivity test (ASTM C-177) 113 thermal conductivity testing (ASTM C-177) 126 UL 94 flammability test 133 UL 94-5V classifi cation 136 UL 94-5VA classifi cation 136 UL 94-5VB classifi cation 136 UL horizontal burn testing (UL 94 HB) 133 UL relative temperature index test (RTI Elect—UL 746) 113 UL temperature index (UL 746) 120 see also UL temperature index (UL 746) UL vertical burn testing 134 vicat softening temperature test (ASTM D-1525) 117 Thermoplastic control material 120 Thermoplastic elastomer olefins (TPOs) 1 33 Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) 1 142 families of 32 see also Families Thermoplastic families 2 Thermoplastic polymers 18 families of 24 see also Families Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer 32 phases 32 polyester type 32 polyether type 32 thermal stability of 32 Thermoplastic resins 1 65 Thermoset families 2 Thermoset Polymers, Families of 35 see also Families Toughness 12 TPEs, see Families of thermoplastic elastomers TPE resins 18Index Terms Links UL, see Underwriters laboratories UL 94-5V classification 136 UL 94-5VA classification 136 UL 94-5VB classification 136 UL horizontal burn testing (UL 94 HB) 133 test description 133 UL relative temperature index electrical 116 mechanical with impact 116 mechanical without impact 116 UL standard test rating for flammability (UL 94) 112 133 factors affecting 133 specimen wall thickness for UL 94 flammability test 113 UL 94 HB, horizontal burn test 113 UL 94-5V, vertical burn test 112 UL 94-V0, vertical burn test 112 UL 94-V1, vertical burn test 112 UL 94-V2, vertical burn test 113 UL temperature index (UL 746) 120 long-term thermal aging index 121 relative thermal index 120 see also Relative thermal index thermal creep modulus test (UL-746B) 122 UL vertical burn testing 134 test description 134 Ultimate strength 51 Ultraviolet radiation 207 Underwriters laboratories (UL) electrical insulation systems 169 see also individual entries automotive ABS sensor 170 encapsulated transformer 170 material substitutions in 171 Motorette assemblies for testing 169 obtaining 171 washing machine motor 170 Underwriters laboratories (UL) yellow cards 165 reading 165 Column 1 (Material designation) 165 Column 10 (High-voltage tracking rate (HVTR)) 167 UIndex Terms Links Underwriters laboratories (UL) yellow cards (Cont.) Column 11 (High-voltage, low-current, dry arc resistance) 168 Column 12 (Comparative track index (CTI)) 168 Column 2 (Colors) 165 Column 3 (Wall thickness) 165 Column 4 (Flammability classifi cation according to UL 94) 165 Column 5 (Relative temperature index electrical properties) 166 Column 6 (Relative temperature index mechanical properties with impact) 166 Column 7 (Relative temperature index mechanical properties without impact) 167 Column 8 (Hot wire ignition) 167 Column 9 (High amperage arc ignition (HAI)) 167 Unreinforced phenolic polymer 37 Unsaturated polyester (UP) 37 Urea-formaldehyde 17 Urethane (rigid foam) 142 UV stabilizers 23 205 V Vertical burning test 135 Vicat softening temperature 114 ASTM D-1525 112 117 Vinyl ester 38 Voltage 153 Volume resistivity 149 ASTM D-257 143 155 significance 155 test procedure 155 W Washing machine motor 170 Water absorption 24 hr 175 Water absorption properties 181 Water absorption saturation 175Index Terms Links Water absorption testing (ASTM D-570) 189 significance 190 test procedure 190 test specimen 190 Wear abrasive wear 195 adhesive wear 195 coefficient of friction and 195 corrosive wear 195 theoretical analysis of 196 types of 194 wear factor effects by temperature 195 Weather resistance 205 Weathering/Weathering tests 207 see also Accelerated weather testing; Fluorescent UV Weathering test; Outdoor weathering testing (ASTM D-1435) accelerated weathering testing (ASTM G 23) 209 exposure testing 10 microorganisms 208 moisture 208 oxidation 208 temperature 208 ultraviolet radiation 207 weathering creep factors (degradation) 207 weathering resistance of generic polymeric materials 209 Weather-ometer 211 carbon arc Weather-Ometer 212 Weld line definition 64 effects on injection molded products 63 strength of, improving 65 product design 66 thermoplastic resin 65 Wollastonite 23 Wood flour (cellulosic filler) 37Index Terms Links X Xenon arc light and water testing (ASTM D-2565), exposure to 212 Y Yield point 50 Yield strength 50 Z Zytel FE-8018 99
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