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| موضوع: كتاب Adhesives Technology Handbook السبت 20 مايو 2023, 2:59 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Adhesives Technology Handbook Second Edition Edited by Sina Ebnesajjad
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Preface and Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction and Adhesion Theories 1 1.1 Definition of Adhesives and Adhesive Bonding 1 1.2 Functions of Adhesives 2 1.3 Classification of Adhesives 3 1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Joining Using 3 Adhesives 1.4.1 Advantages 3 1.4.2 Disadvantages 4 1.5 Requirements of a Good Bond 4 1.5.1 Proper Choice of Adhesive 5 1.5.2 Good Joint Design 5 1.5.3 Cleanliness 5 1.5.4 Wetting 5 1.5.5 Adhesive Bonding Process 5 1.6 Introduction to Theories of Adhesion 6 1.6.1 Mechanical Theory 7 1.6.2 Electrostatic (Electronic) Theory 8 1.6.3 Diffusion Theory 8 1.6.4 Wetting Theory 9 1.6.5 Chemical Bonding 11 1.6.5.1 Acid–Base Theory 13 1.6.6 Weak Boundary Layer Theory 13 1.7 Definition of Failure Modes 14 1.8 Mechanisms of Bond Failure 17 2 Surface Tension and Its Measurement 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 What is an Interface? 21 2.3 Surface Tension 21 2.4 Surface Free Energy 23 2.4.1 Surface Energy of Solids 23 2.4.2 Work of Adhesion 24 2.5 Contact Angle (Young’s Equation) 25 vvi 2.6 Surface Tension Measurement 25 2.6.1 Measurement for Liquids: du Nouy Ring and Wilhelmy Plate Methods 26 2.6.2 Measurement for Solids: Liquid Homolog Series 29 2.7 Fractional Polarity 33 2.8 Critical Surface Tension 33 3 Material Surface Preparation Techniques 37 3.1 General Considerations 37 3.2 Surface Treatment of Metals 38 3.3 Cleaning (Degreasing) Metals 38 3.3.1 General Sequence of Cleaning 38 3.3.1.1 Solvent Cleaning 39 3.3.1.2 Chemical Treatment 40 3.3.1.3 Priming 40 3.4 Surface Treatment of Plastics 40 3.4.1 Effect of Treatment on Plastic Surfaces 40 3.4.2 Surface Cleaning 41 3.4.3 Mechanical Treatment (Surface Roughening) 41 3.4.4 Corona Treatment 41 3.4.5 Flame Treatment 42 3.4.6 Plasma Treatment 42 3.4.7 Chemical Etching 43 3.5 Methods for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Surface Preparation 45 3.5.1 Dyne Liquids 45 3.5.2 Water-Break Test 45 3.5.3 Contact-Angle Test 46 4 Classifi cation of Adhesives and Compounds 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Adhesive Composition Formulation 47 4.2.1 Adhesive Base or Binder 47 4.2.2 Hardener (for Thermosetting Adhesives) 47 4.2.3 Solvents 48 4.2.4 Diluents 48 4.2.5 Fillers 48 4.2.6 Carriers or Reinforcements 48 4.2.7 Other Additives 48 ContentsContents 4.3 Classification of Adhesives 49 4.3.1 Source: Natural vs. Synthetic Adhesives 49 4.3.1.1 Natural Adhesives 49 4.3.1.2 Synthetic Adhesives 50 4.3.2 Classification by Chemical Composition 50 4.3.2.1 Thermosetting Adhesives 50 4.3.2.2 Thermoplastic Adhesives 51 4.3.2.3 Elastomeric Adhesives 51 4.3.2.4 Adhesive Alloys 52 4.3.3 Classification by Function 53 4.3.3.1 Structural Adhesives 53 4.3.3.2 Non-structural Adhesives 53 4.3.4 Classification by Physical Form 54 4.3.4.1 Liquid Adhesives 54 4.3.4.2 Paste Adhesives 54 4.3.4.3 Tape and Film Adhesives 55 4.3.4.4 Powder or Granule Adhesives 55 4.3.5 Classification by Mode of Application and Setting 55 4.3.6 Classification by Specific Adherends or Applications 55 4.3.7 Society of Manufacturing Engineering Classification 57 4.3.7.1 Chemically Reactive Types 57 4.3.7.2 Evaporative or Diffusion Adhesives 58 4.3.7.3 Hot-Melt Adhesives 58 4.3.7.4 Delayed-Tack Adhesives 59 4.3.7.5 Tape and Film Adhesives 59 4.3.7.6 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 59 4.3.8 Classification by Rayner 59 4.3.8.1 Thermosetting Resin Adhesives 59 4.3.8.2 Thermoplastic Resin Adhesives 60 4.3.8.3 Two-Polymer Adhesives (Alloys) 60 4.3.9 Additional Classification 61 5 Characteristics of Adhesive Materials 63 5.1 Acrylics 64 5.2 Allyl Diglycol Carbonate (CR-39) 65 5.3 Alloyed or Modified (Two-Polymer) Adhesives 65 5.4 Anaerobic Adhesives/Sealants 67 5.5 Aromatic Polymer Adhesives (Polyaromatics) 68 viiContents 5.6 Asphalt 69 5.7 Butyl Rubber Adhesives 69 5.8 Cellulose Ester Adhesives 73 5.9 Cellulose Ether Adhesives 73 5.10 Conductive Adhesives 73 5.10.1 Electrically Conductive Adhesives (Chip-bonding Adhesives) 73 5.10.2 Thermally Conductive Adhesives 75 5.11 Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 75 5.12 Delayed-Tack Adhesives 77 5.13 Elastomeric Adhesives 79 5.14 Epoxy Adhesives 80 5.14.1 Hardening Agents for Epoxy Adhesives 82 5.15 Epoxy-Phenolic Adhesives 82 5.16 Epoxy-Polysulfide Adhesives 83 5.17 Film and Tape Adhesives (see also Section 5.3) 84 5.18 Furane Adhesives 87 5.19 Hot-Melt Adhesives 88 5.19.1 Foamable Hot-Melt Adhesives 89 5.19.2 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Polyolefin Resins 90 5.19.3 Polyamide (Nylon) and Polyester Resins 90 5.19.4 Other Hot-Melt Adhesives 90 5.20 Inorganic Adhesives (Cements) 92 5.20.1 Soluble Silicates (Potassium and Sodium Silicate) 92 5.20.2 Phosphate Cements 92 5.20.3 Basic Salts (Sorel Cements) 93 5.20.4 Litharge Cements 93 5.20.5 Sulfur Cements 93 5.20.6 Sauereisen’s Adhesives 94 5.21 Melamine-Formaldehyde Adhesives (Melamines) 94 5.22 Microencapsulated Adhesives 94 5.23 Natural Glues 95 5.23.1 Vegetable Glues 95 5.23.2 Glues of Animal Origin 97 5.24 Neoprene (Polychloroprene) Adhesives 100 5.25 Neoprene-Phenolic Adhesives 100 5.26 Nitrile-Epoxy (Elastomer-Epoxy) Adhesives 101 5.27 Nitrile-Phenolic Adhesives 101 5.28 Nitrile Rubber Adhesive 102 5.29 Nylon Adhesives 102 viiiContents 5.30 Nylon-Epoxy Adhesives 103 5.31 Phenolic Adhesives 103 5.31.1 Acid-Catalyzed Phenolics 104 5.31.2 Hot-Setting Phenolics 105 5.32 Phenoxy Adhesives 105 5.33 Polybenzimidazole Adhesives 106 5.34 Polyester Adhesives 108 5.35 Polyimide Adhesives 108 5.36 Polyisobutylene Adhesives 109 5.37 Polystyrene Adhesives 110 5.38 Polysulfides (Thiokols) 110 5.39 Polysulfone Adhesives 111 5.40 Polyurethane Adhesives 112 5.41 Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesives 113 5.42 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 114 5.43 Polyvinyl Alcohol Adhesives 115 5.44 Polyvinyl Butyral Adhesives 115 5.45 Premixed Frozen Adhesives 115 5.46 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 115 5.47 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Adhesives 117 5.48 Rubber-Based Adhesives 117 5.48.1 Silicone Adhesives 118 5.49 Solvent-Based Systems 121 5.50 Thermoplastic Resin Adhesives 122 5.51 Thermoplastic Rubber (for Use in Adhesives) 123 5.52 Thermosetting Resin Adhesives 123 5.53 UV-Curing Adhesives 124 5.54 Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives (Ureas) 124 5.55 Vinyl-Epoxy Adhesives 125 5.56 Vinyl-Phenolic Adhesives 125 5.57 Polyvinyl Formal-Phenolics 126 5.58 Polyvinyl Butyral-Phenolics 126 5.59 Vinyl-Resin Adhesives 126 5.60 Water-Based Adhesives 127 5.61 UV-Curing Adhesives 129 6 Adhesives for Special Adherends 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Metals 137 6.2.1 Aluminum and Alloys 137 6.2.2 Beryllium 138 6.2.3 Brass and Bronze 138 ixx Contents 6.2.4 Cadmium (Plated on Steel) 138 6.2.5 Copper and Copper Alloys 138 6.2.6 Gold 139 6.2.7 Lead 139 6.2.8 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 139 6.2.9 Nickel and Nickel Alloys 139 6.2.10 Plated Metals 140 6.2.11 Silver 140 6.2.12 Steel, Mild, Carbon (Iron) 140 6.2.13 Stainless Steel 140 6.2.14 Tin 140 6.2.15 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 141 6.2.16 Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys 141 6.2.17 Uranium 141 6.2.18 Zinc and Zinc Alloys 142 6.3 Thermoplastics 142 6.3.1 Acetal Copolymer (Celcon) 142 6.3.2 Acetal Homopolymer (Delrin) 142 6.3.3 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 143 6.3.4 Cellulosics 143 6.3.5 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene (E-CTFE) 143 6.3.6 Fluorinated-Ethylene Propylene (FEP; Teflon) 144 6.3.7 Fluoroplastics 144 6.3.8 Ionomer (Surlyn) 144 6.3.9 Nylons (Polyamides) 144 6.3.10 Perfluoroalkoxy Resins (PFA) 144 6.3.11 Phenylene-Oxide-Based Resins (Noryl) 144 6.3.12 Polyaryl Ether (Arylon T) 145 6.3.13 Polyaryl Sulfone (Astrel 360; 3M Co.) 145 6.3.14 Polycarbonate 145 6.3.15 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE; Aclar) 145 6.3.16 Polyester (Thermoplastic Polyester) 146 6.3.17 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 146 6.3.18 Polyetherimide (Ultem) 146 6.3.19 Polyethersulfone 146 6.3.20 Polyethylene 147 6.3.21 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 147 6.3.22 Polymethylpentene (TPX) 147 6.3.23 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS; Ryton) 147 6.3.24 Polypropylene 147 6.3.25 Polystyrene 148Contents xi 6.3.26 Polysulfone 148 6.3.27 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE; Teflon) 148 6.3.28 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 149 6.3.29 Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF; Tedlar) 149 6.3.30 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF; Kynar) 149 6.3.31 Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN; Lustran) 149 6.4 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets) 150 6.4.1 Diallyl Phthalate (DAP) 150 6.4.2 Epoxies 150 6.4.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (Melamines) 150 6.4.4 Phenol-Formaldehyde (Phenolics) 150 6.4.5 Polyester (Thermosetting Polyester) 151 6.4.6 Polyimide 151 6.4.7 Polyurethane 151 6.4.8 Silicone Resins 151 6.4.9 Urea-Formaldehyde 151 6.5 Reinforced Plastics/Composites 151 6.6 Plastic Foams 152 6.7 Rubbers (Elastomers) 154 6.8 Ceramics and Glass 154 7 Joint Design 159 7.1 Basic Principles 159 7.2 Types of Stress 159 7.2.1 Compression 160 7.2.2 Shear 160 7.2.3 Tension 160 7.2.4 Peel 161 7.2.5 Cleavage 161 7.3 Methods of Improving Joint Efficiency 161 7.4 Joint Design Criteria 163 7.5 Typical Joint Designs 166 7.6 Peeling of Adhesive Joints 168 7.7 Stiffening Joints 168 7.8 Cylindrical Joints 169 7.9 Angle and Corner Joints 169 7.10 Joints for Plastics and Elastomers 171 7.10.1 Flexible Materials 171 7.10.2 Rigid Plastics 173 7.11 Stress Analysis of Adhesive Joints 173 7.11.1 Theoretical Analysis of Stresses and Strains 173 7.11.2 Experimental Analyses 174xii Contents 7.11.3 Failure Analyses 179 7.11.4 Methods of Stress Analysis 180 8 Adhesive Applications and Bonding Processes 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Adhesive Storage 183 8.3 Adhesive Preparation 183 8.3.1 Small-Portion Mixer Dispensers 185 8.4 Methods of Adhesive Application 185 8.4.1 Liquid Adhesives 185 8.4.1.1 Brushing 185 8.4.1.2 Flowing 186 8.4.1.3 Spraying 186 8.4.1.4 Roll Coating 186 8.4.1.5 Knife Coating 187 8.4.1.6 Silk Screening 187 8.4.1.7 Oil Can and Squeeze Bottle 187 8.4.1.8 Hand Dipping 187 8.4.2 Pastes 188 8.4.2.1 Spatulas, Knives, Trowels 188 8.4.3 Powders 188 8.4.4 Films 189 8.4.5 Hot Melts 189 8.4.5.1 Melt-Reservoir Systems (Tank-Type Applications) 190 8.4.5.2 Progressive-Feed Systems 190 8.5 Joint-Assembly Methods 191 8.5.1 Wet Assembly 192 8.5.2 Pressure-Sensitive and Contact Bonding 192 8.5.3 Solvent Activation 192 8.5.4 Heat Activation 193 8.6 Curing 193 8.7 Bonding Equipment 194 8.7.1 Pressure Equipment 194 8.7.2 Heating Equipment 196 8.7.2.1 Direct Heating Curing 196 8.7.2.2 Radiation Curing 197 8.7.2.3 Electric Resistance Heaters 198 8.7.2.4 High-Frequency Dielectric (Radio Frequency) Heating 199Contents xiii 8.7.2.5 Induction Heating 199 8.7.2.6 Low-Voltage Heating 200 8.7.3 Ultrasonic Activation 200 8.7.4 Adhesive Thickness 201 8.8 Weldbonding 201 8.8.1 Weldbond Configuration 202 8.8.1.1 Advantages and Limitations 204 8.8.2 Surface Preparation 204 8.8.3 Adhesive Choice 205 8.8.4 Tooling for Weldbonding 206 8.8.5 Weldbonding Techniques 206 9 Solvent Cementing of Plastics 209 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Background 209 9.2.1 Solubility Parameter 210 9.2.2 Factors Affecting Adhesive and Solvent Bonding 212 9.2.2.1 Solubility 212 9.2.2.2 Stress Cracking 213 9.3 Solvents for Specific Polymers 215 9.3.1 Acetal Copolymer 215 9.3.2 Acetal Homopolymer 215 9.3.3 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene 216 9.3.4 Cellulosics 216 9.3.4.1 Cellulose acetate 216 9.3.4.2 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 216 9.3.4.3 Cellulose Nitrate 218 9.3.4.4 Cellulose propionate 218 9.3.4.5 Ethyl Cellulose 218 9.3.5 Nylons (Polyamides) 219 9.3.6 Polycarbonate 220 9.3.7 Polystyrene 220 9.3.8 Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) 222 9.3.9 Polysulfone 222 9.3.10 Polybutylene Terephthalate (Valox) 222 9.3.11 Polymethylmethacrylate 223 9.3.12 Phenylene-Oxide Based Resins (Noryl) 223 9.3.13 Polyvinyl Chloride 225 9.3.14 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) 227 9.3.15 Polyetherimide (Ultem) 227xiv 10 1 Durability of Adhesive Bonds 23 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 High Temperature 233 10.2.1 Epoxies 234 10.2.2 Modified Phenolics 235 10.2.2.1 Nitrile-Phenolic 235 10.2.2.2 Epoxy-Phenolic 235 10.2.3 Polysulfone 235 10.2.4 Silicones 236 10.2.5 Polyaromatics 236 10.2.5.1 Polyimides 237 10.2.5.2 Polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) 237 10.3 Low and Cryogenic Temperatures 237 10.4 Humidity and Water Immersion 240 10.4.1 Effects of Surface Preparation on Moisture Exposure 241 10.4.2 Stressed Temperature/Humidity Test 242 10.4.3 Hot-Water-Soak Test 246 10.4.4 Fatigue-Life Data 248 10.5 Salt Water and Salt Spray 249 10.5.1 Seacoast Weathering Environment 249 10.5.2 Salt Water Immersion 251 10.5.2.1 Nitrile-Phenolic Adhesives 252 10.5.3 Boeing/Air Force Studies on Salt-Spray Effects 252 10.6 Weathering 253 10.6.1 Simulated Weathering/Accelerated Testing 253 10.6.2 Outdoor Weathering (Picatinny Arsenal Studies) 254 10.7 Chemicals and Solvents 260 10.8 Vacuum 262 10.9 Radiation 264 10.10 Biological 269 10.11 Test Methods 270 11 3 Testing of Adhesive Bonds 27 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Tensile 273 11.3 Shear 274 11.4 Peel 275Contents xv 11.5 Cleavage 276 11.6 Creep 276 11.7 Fatigue 277 11.8 Impact 277 11.9 Durability 278 11.10 Compilation of Test Methods and Practices 278 11.10.1 Aging (Permanency) 278 11.10.2 Amylaceous Matter 278 11.10.3 Ash Content 279 11.10.4 Biodeterioration 279 11.10.5 Blocking Point 279 11.10.6 Characterization 279 11.10.7 Cleavage 279 11.10.8 Chemical Reagents 279 11.10.9 Cleavage/Peel Strength 279 11.10.10 Corrosivity 280 11.10.11 Creep 280 11.10.12 Cryogenic Temperatures 280 11.10.13 Density 280 11.10.14 Durability (Including Weathering) 280 11.10.15 Electrical Properties 280 11.10.16 Electrolytic Corrosion 281 11.10.17 Fatigue 281 11.10.18 Filler Content 281 11.10.19 Flexural Strength 281 11.10.20 Flow Properties 281 11.10.21 Fracture Strength in Cleavage 281 11.10.22 Gap-filling Adhesive Bonds 281 11.10.23 Grit Content 281 11.10.24 High-Temperature Effects 282 11.10.25 Hydrogen-Ion Concentration 282 11.10.26 Impact Strength 282 11.10.27 Low and Cryogenic Temperature 282 11.10.28 Non-volatile Content 282 11.10.29 Odor 282 11.10.30 Peel Strength (Stripping Strength) 282 11.10.31 Penetration 283 11.10.32 pH 283 11.10.33 Radiation Exposure (Including Light) 283 11.10.34 Rubber Cement Tests 283 11.10.35 Salt Spray (Fog) Testing 283xvi Contents 11.10.36 Shear Strength (Tensile-Shear Strength) 283 11.10.37 Specimen Preparation 284 11.10.38 Spot-Adhesion Test 285 11.10.39 Spread 285 11.10.40 Storage Life 285 11.10.41 Strength Development 285 11.10.42 Stress-Cracking Resistance 285 11.10.43 Stripping Strength 285 11.10.44 Surface Preparation 285 11.10.45 Tack 286 11.10.46 Tensile Strength 286 11.10.47 Torque Strength 286 11.10.48 Viscosity 286 11.10.49 Volume Resistivity 286 11.10.50 Water Absorptiveness (of Paper Labels) 287 11.10.51 Weathering 287 11.10.52 Wedge Test 287 11.10.53 Working Life 287 12 9 Quality Control 28 12.1 Introduction 289 12.2 Incoming Material Control 292 12.2.1 Adhesives 292 12.2.1.1 Adhesives: Mechanical Properties 293 12.2.1.2 Adhesives: Miscellaneous Properties (Including Creep) 293 12.2.2 Surface Preparation Control 294 12.2.3 Process Control of Bonding 295 12.2.3.1 Prefit 295 12.2.3.2 Adhesive Application 295 12.2.3.3 Assembly 296 12.2.3.4 Curing 296 12.2.3.5 Standard Test Specimen 297 12.3 Final Inspection 297 12.4 Non-destructive Tests 297 12.4.1 Sonic Methods 297 12.4.1.1 Sonic Resonator 300 12.4.1.2 Eddy-Sonic Test Method 300 12.4.1.3 Pulsed Eddy-Sonic Test Method (Shurtronic Harmonic Bond Tester) 300 12.4.1.4 Arvin Acoustic Analysis System 301Contents xvii 12.4.2 Ultrasonic Methods 301 12.4.2.1 Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Contact Impedance Testing 302 12.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Immersion 303 12.4.2.3 Ultrasonic Multiple Transducer 304 12.4.3 Sweep-Frequency Resonance Method 305 12.4.4 Liquid Crystals 306 12.4.5 Holography 306 12.4.6 Thermal Image Inspection 307 12.4.7 Thermal Infrared Inspection (TIRI) 308 12.4.8 Radiography 308 12.4.9 X-ray Techniques 308 12.4.10 Radioisotope Methods 308 12.4.11 Neutron Radiography 309 12.4.12 Penetrant Inspection 309 12.4.13 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) 309 12.5 Weldbonding 310 13 Safety, Environmental, and Economic Aspects, and Future Trends 313 13.1 Safety 313 13.2 Environmental Considerations 317 13.2.1 Environmental Trends 318 13.3 Economics 319 13.4 Future Trends 321 Glossary 323 Index 34 349 A Abhesive, 323 ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene), 143 solvent cementing for, 216 Accuthane, 113 Acetal copolymer (Celcon), 142 solvent cementing for, 215 Acetal homopolymer (Delrin), 142–143 solvent cementing for, 215 Acid base theory, 11, 13 lewis definitions, 13 Acid-catalyzed phenolics, 104–105 Acrylics, 64–65, 124 components, 64 first-generation, 64 Adherence, 323 Adherend, 323 Adhesion, 323 mechanical, 323 specific, 323 Adhesive, 323–324 adhesive bonding. See Bonding, adhesive adhesive spread, 326 anaerobic, 324 assembly, 324 bonded, 324 cold-setting, 324 contact, 324 dispersion (or emulsion), 324 encapsulated, 324 film, 324fi lm-supported, 325 film-unsupported, 325 foamed, 325 gap-filling, 325 heat-activated, 325 heat-sealing, 325 hot setting, 325 hot-melt, 325 intermediate-temperature setting, 325 latex, 325 multiple-layer, 325–326 one-component, 326 pressure-sensitive, 326 room-temperature setting, 326 separate-application, 326 solvent, 326 solvent-activated, 326 structural, 326–327 two-component, 327 warm-setting, 327 Aging (permanency) tests, 278 Aliphatic polyamine hardeners, 82 Alloyed/modified (two-polymer) adhesives, 65–67 Alloys, adhesive, 52–53 Allyl diglycol carbonate, 65 Aluminum, 74 and alloys, adhesives for, 137 Amylaceous matter, 278, 327 Anaerobic adhesives/sealants, 67–68 application, 67 Angle and corner joints, 169–171 Anhydride hardeners, 82 Animal glues, 97–100 bone glues, 98 fi sh glues, 99 hide glues, 98 processing conditions for, 98 shellacs, 99–100 Anodize, 327 Application of adhesives, 183–207. See also Methods of adhesive application Aromatic polyamine hardeners, 82 Aromatic polymer adhesives (polyaromatics), 68–69 Artifi cial latex, 129 Arvin acoustic analysis system, 301 Ash content tests, 279 Asphalt, 69 Assembly (for adhesive), 327 A-stage, 323 ASTM C813–90 (1994)e 1 technique, 28 Index350 INDEX ASTM D5725–99 technique, 28 ASTM D5946–96 technique, 28 ASTM D724–99 technique, 28 Autoclave bonding, 195, 327 B Backing, 327 Bag molding (blanket molding), 327 Bag, vacuum, 327 Bell peel tests, 276 Beryllium, adhesives for, 138 Beveled lap joints, 167 Binders, 47, 328 Biodeterioration tests, 279 Biological organisms, 269–270 Bite, 328 Blister, 328 Blocking, 328 blocked-curing agent, 328 blocking point tests, 279 Blood albumen (blood glues), 98 Blushing, 328 Body, 328 Bond, 328 strength, 328 structural, 328 Bonding, adhesive, 183–207 bonding equipment, 194–201 heating equipment, 196–200. See also individual entry pressure equipment, 194–196 ultrasonic activation, 200–201 defi nition of, 1–2 good bond, basic requirements, 4–6 choice of adhesive, 5 cleanliness, 5 joint design, 5 wetting, 5 process of, 5–6 types of, 1. See also Non-structural adhesives; Structural adhesives weldbonding, 201–207. See also individual entry Bondline, 328 Bone glues, 98 Boron trifl uoride hardeners, 82 Brass, adhesives for, 138 Bronze, adhesives for, 138 Brushing, 185 B-stage, 327 Bubble pressure method, 26 Bulk methods, 40 Butt joints, 166 Butyl rubber adhesives, 69–72 C CAB (Cellulose Acetate Butyrate) solvent cementing for, 216–217 CAB (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate), 143 Cadmium (Plated on Steel), adhesives for, 138 Carriers/reinforcements, 48 Casein glue, 97 Catalyst, 329 Cellulose acetate, solvent cementing for, 216 Cellulose ester adhesives, 73 Cellulose ether adhesives, 73 Cellulose nitrate, 143 solvent cementing for, 218 Cellulose propionate, 143 solvent cementing for, 218 Cellulosics, 143 solvent cementing for, 216–219 Cement, 329 Ceramics, 154–156 adhesive bonding for, 155–156 Characteristics of adhesives, 63–130 characterization tests, 279 Chemical bonding, adhesion, 11–13. See also Interactions acid base theory, 13 weak boundary layer theory, 13–14 Chemical etching, 43–45 Chemical modifi cation techniques, 40 Chemical reagents tests, 279 Chemical treatment, 38, 40 Chemicals and solvents, 260–262 Chip-bonding adhesives, 73–75 Classifi cation of adhesives, 3, 47–61 by activation and cure requirements, 56–57 catalyst, 56 heat, 56 pressure, 56INDEX 351 radiation, 57 reactivation, 57 time, 56 vulcanizing, 56 adhesives/sealants, 61 anaerobic adhesives, 61 by chemical composition, 50–53 adhesive alloys, 52–53 elastomeric adhesives, 51–52 one-part systems, 50 thermoplastic adhesives, 51 thermosetting adhesives, 50–51 two-part systems, 50 conductive adhesives, 61 elastomeric adhesives, 61 by end use, 55 fast-setting adhesives, 61 by function, 53–54 non-structural adhesives, 53–54 structural adhesives, 53 microencapsulated adhesives, 61 by mode of application and setting, 55 by physical form, 54–55 liquid adhesives, 54 paste adhesives, 54 powder or granule adhesives, 55 tape and fi lm adhesives, 55 pre-mixed frozen adhesives, 61 by Rayner, 59–60 Society of Manufacturing Engineering classification, 57–59 by specifi c adherends or applications, 55–57 by source, 49–50 natural adhesives, 49–50 synthetic adhesives, 50 Cleaning (degreasing) metals for adhesion, 38–40 general sequence, 38–40 chemical treatment, 38, 40 priming, 39–40 solvent cleaning, 38 Cleavage, 161 cleavage/peel strength tests, 279 tests, 276 Cohesion, 329 Cohesive energy density CED, 8 Cohesive failure, 14 in the adherend, 15 in the adhesive layer, 15 ESCA in, 15–16 Cold pressing, 329 Collagen, 329 Colophony, 329 Composition formulation, adhesive, 47–49 base/binder, 47 carriers/reinforcements, 48 diluents, 48 fillers, 48 hardener, 47 solvents, 48 Compression, 160 compression shear tests, 274 Condensation, 329 Conductive adhesives, 73–75 Consistency, 330 Contact angle (Young’s equation), 25, 330 Contact bonding technique, 129, 330 Contact-angle test, 46 Copolymer, 330 Copper and copper alloys, 74 adhesives for, 138 Core, 330 Corona Treatment, 41–42 Corrosion, 330 corrosivity tests, 280 Cottoning, 330 Covalent bonds, 11 Coverage, 330 CPVC, solvent cementing for, 227 Crazing, 330 Creep tests, 276–277, 280, 330 Critical surface tension, 30, 33–35 Cross-linking, 330 Cryogenic adhesives, 237–240 Cryogenic temperatures tests, 280 C-stage, 328–329 Cure, 193–194, 330 cure (curing) temperature, 331 cure (curing) time, 331 cured loctite, 380 curing agent (hardener), 331 cyanoacrylate adhesive, 78 radiation curing, 197–198352 INDEX Cyanoacrylate adhesives, 75–77 advantages, 76–77 polymerization of, 76 Cylindrical joints, 169 D DAP (Diallyl Phthalate), 150 Degrease, 331 Delamination, 331 Delayed-tack adhesives, 59, 77–79 Density tests, 280 Development, adhesives, 130–131 Dextrins, 96, 331 DfE (Design for Environment), 317 Dicyandiamide (DICY), 138 Dicyclohexyl phosphate (DCHP), 106 Dielectric curing, 331 Diffusion theory of adhesion, 8–9 Diluents, 48, 331 reactive, 331 Dipole interactions, 11 dipole–dipole forces, 12 Dipping process, 187–188 Direct heating curing, 196–197 Dispersion component of surface tension, 33 Doctor bar or blade, 332 Doctor roll, 332 Double lap joints, 167 Double spread, 332 Drop volume method, 26 Du Nouy ring method, 26–29 Dual element transducer, 305 Durability of adhesive bonds, 231–270 biological organisms, 269–270 chemicals and solvents, 260–262 fatigue-life data, 248–249 high temperature tolerance, 233–237. See also individual entry hot-water-soak test, 246–247 humidity and water immersion, 240–249 low and cryogenic temperatures, 237–240 nitrile-phenolic adhesives, 252 radiation, 264–269 salt spray, 249–253 salt water immersion, 251–252 salt water, 249–253 seacoast weathering environment, 249–251 test methods, 270, 278 vacuum, 262–264 weathering, 253–260. See also individual entry Dynamic surface tension measurement methods, 25–26 Dynamic Wilhelmy method, 27 Dyne liquids, 45 E Economic aspects, 319–320 E-CTFE (EthyleneChlorotrifluoroethylene), 143 Eddy-sonic test method, 300 Elasticity, modulus of, 332 Elastomer, 332 elastomer-epoxies, 66 Elastomeric adhesives, 51–52, 79–80 joints for, 171–173 properties, 70–72 Electric resistance heaters, 198–199 Electrical properties tests, 280 Electrically conductive adhesives (chip-bonding adhesives), 73–75 Electrolytic corrosion tests, 281 Electrostatic (electronic) theory of adhesion, 8 Emulsion, 332 Environmental considerations, 317–321 environmental trends, 318 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 317 Epoxies, 66, 150, 153, 266 high temperature tolerance, 234–235 Epoxy adhesives, 80–82, 124–125 epoxy-phenolic adhesives, 82–83 epoxy-polysulfi de adhesives, 83–84 fi lm adhesives, 84–87 hardeners for, 82 aliphatic polyamine hardeners, 82 anhydride hardeners, 82 aromatic polyamine hardeners, 82 boron trifl uoride hardeners, 82 fatty polyamides, 82 one-part epoxy adhesives, 81 tape adhesives, 84–87INDEX 353 Epoxy polysulfides, 66 Epoxy-nylon adhesives, 240 Epoxy-phenolics, 66 high temperature tolerance, 235 ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), 15–16 Ethyl cellulose, 143 solvent cementing for, 218–219 Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), 90 Evaporative or diffusion adhesives, 58 Extender, 332 F Failure modes, adhesion. See also Mechanisms of bond failure adhesive failure, 14 cohesive failure, 14 in the adhesive layer, 15 in the adherend, 15 defi nition of, 14–16 locus of failure, 14 Failure, adherend, 332 Failure, adhesive, 332 Failure, cohesive, 332 Failure, contact, 333 Failure, wood, 333 Fatigue, 333 fatigue-life data, 248–249 tests, 277, 281 Fatty polyamides, 82 Faying surface, 333 Feathering, 333 FEP (Fluorinated-Ethylene Propylene) (Teflon), 144 Fillers, 48, 333 fi ller content tests, 281 fi ller sheet, 333 Fillet, 333 Film adhesives, 55, 84–87 application, 189 handling and reliability advantages of, 85 supported, 84 unsupported, 84 Fish glues, 99 Flame treatment, 42 Flexible materials joints for, 171–173 Flexural strength tests, 281 Flow/Flowing, 186, 333 fl ow properties tests, 281 Fluoroplastics, 144 Foamable hot-melt adhesives, 89 Fokker bond tester, 306 Fractional polarity, 33 Fracture strength in cleavage tests, 281 Functions of adhesives, 2–3 primary function, 2 Furane adhesives, 87–88 Future trends, 321 globalization, 321 government regulations, 321 technological maturity, 321 G Gap-fi lling adhesive bonds tests, 281 Gel/Gelation, 333 Glass, 154–156 Glues, 95–100, 333–334. See also Natural glues glue line (bond line), 334 Gold, 74 adhesives for, 139 Graphite-fabric technique, 199 Green strength (grab), 334 Grit content tests, 281 Gum, 334 H Hand dipping, 187–188 Hardeners, 47, 334 for epoxy adhesives, 82 HCS (Hazard Communication Standard), 313–314 Heat activation, 193 Heat reactivation technique, 130, 334 Heat seal, 334 Heating equipment, 196–200 direct heating curing, 196–197 hot presses or platens, 197 liquid baths, 196 oven heating, 196 electric resistance heaters, 198–199 high-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating, 199 induction heating, 199–200354 INDEX low-voltage heating, 200 radiation curing, 197–198 Heteropolymerization, 334 Hide glues, 98–99 High-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating, 199 High temperature tolerance, 233–237 epoxies, 234–235 epoxy-phenolics, 235 modifi ed phenolics, 235 nitrile-phenolics, 235 polyaromatics, 236–237 polybenzimidazoles (PBIs), 237 polyimides, 237 polysulfones, 235–236 silicones, 236 tests, 282 HMIS (Hazardous Material Identification System), 314–315 Holography, 306–307 Honeycomb core, 334 Hot presses, 197 Hot melt adhesives, 58, 88–92 application, 189–191 melt-reservoir system, 189–190 pressure feed systems, 189 progressive-feed systems, 190–191 EVA, 90 foamable hot-melt adhesives, 89 polyamide (nylon) and polyester resins, 90 polyolefi n resins, 90 Hot setting phenolics, 105 Hot-water-soak test, 246–247 Humidity, adhesive strength and, 240–249 Hydrogen bonds, 11–12 Hydrogen-ion concentration tests, 282 I Impact shock, 334 strength tests, 282 tests, 277–278 Incoming material control, 292–297 adhesives, 292–293 process control of bonding, 295–297 adhesive application, 295 assembly, 295–296 cure, 295–296 prefit, 295 standard test specimen, 297 surface preparation control, 294–295 Induction heating, 199–200 Inhibitor, 334 Inorganic adhesives (cements), 92–94 basic salts (sorel cements), 93 litharge cements, 93 Sauereisen’s adhesives, 94 soluble silicates (potassium and sodium silicate), 92 sulfur cements, 93–94 Interactions during chemical bonding, 11 acid base interactions, 11 covalent bonds, 11 dipole (polar molecule), 11 dipole dipole forces, 12 hydrogen bonds, 11–12 intermolecular, 11 Lifshitz van der Waals forces, 11 London dispersion forces, 12 polarizability, 12 types of, 11 Interface, 21, 334 Intermolecular interactions, 11 Ionomer (Surlyn), 144 J Jig. A, 334 Joints/Joint design, 159–181, 335. See also Stress analysis of adhesive joints in adhesive bonding fl at adherends, 162 angle and corner joints, 169–171 beveled lap joints, 167 butt joints, 166, 335 cylindrical joints, 169 design criteria, 163–166 double lap joints, 167 for elastomers, 171–173 joint-assembly methods, 191–193 heat activation, 193 pressure-sensitive and contact bonding, 192 solvent activation, 192–193 wet assembly, 192 joint effi ciency, improving methods, 161–163INDEX 355 lap joints, 166, 335 peeling of, 168 for plastics, 171–173 principles, 159 for rigid plastics, 173 for rubber under stress, 172 scarf, 335 single lap joint, 163 starved, 335 stiffening joints, 168–169 straight joints for solid bars, 170 straight joints for tubular forms, 170 strap joints, 167 stresses in, 159–161 using adhesives, 3–4 advantages, 3–4 disadvantages, 4 K Knife coating, 187 L L/t curve, 164–165 Laminate, 335 cross, 335 parallel, 335 Lap joints, 166 Latexes, water-based adhesive, 128, 335 artificial, 129 bonding techniques for, 129 contact bonding, 129 heat reactivation, 130 open-time bonding, 129 solvent reactivation, 129 wet bonding, 129 natural, 129 synthetic, 129 Lead, adhesives for, 139 Legging, 335 Lifshitz van der Waals forces, 11 Liquid adhesives, 54, 185–188. See also under Methods of adhesive application Liquid baths, 196 Liquid homolog method (Zisman) method, 27 Liquid homolog series, 29–33 Litharge cements, 93 Locus of failure, 14 London dispersion forces, 12 Low and cryogenic temperature tests, 282 Low-voltage heating, 200 M Magnesium and magnesium alloys, adhesives for, 139 Mastic, 335–336 Material surface preparation techniques, 37–46 cleaning (degreasing) metals, 38–40 evaluating methods, 45–46 contact-angle test, 46 dyne liquids, 45 water-break test, 45 surface treatment, 37 of metals, 38–40 of plastics, 40–45. See also Plastics priming, 38 Matrix, 336 Measurement techniques of surface tension, 25–33 bubble pressure, 26 drop volume, 26 du Nouy ring, 26–29 dynamic Wilhelmy, 27 dynamic, 25–26 liquid homolog method (Zisman), 27 for liquids, 26 pendent drop, 26 powder contact angle, 27 sessile drop, 27 single fiber Wilhelmy, 27 for solids, 27 spinning drop, 26 standard contact angle measurement methods, 28 static, 25–26 Wilhelmy plate, 26–29 Mechanical theory of adhesion, 7–8 Mechanical treatment, 41 Mechanisms of bond failure, 17–18 fracture, 17 internal stresses, 17 joint failure, 17 Melamine-formaldehyde adhesives (Melamines), 94, 138, 150356 INDEX Melt-reservoir systems (tank-type applications), 189–190 Metals, adhesives for, 137–142 Methods of adhesive application, 185–191 liquid adhesives, 185–188 brushing, 185 films, 189fl owing, 186 hand dipping, 187–188 hot melts, 189–191 knife coating, 187 knives, 188 oil can and squeeze bottle, 187 pastes, 188 powders, 188–189 roll coating, 186–187 silk screening, 187 spatulas, 188 spraying, 186–187 trowels, 188 Microencapsulated adhesives, 94–95 Modifi ed adhesives, 65–67 Modifi ed nylons, 102 Modifier, 336 Modulus, 336 Moisture, adhesive strength and, 240 surface preparation effects on, 241–242 Monomer, 336 MSDS (material safety data sheet), 313, 316 Mucilage, 336 Multiple-part adhesives, 184 N Natural adhesives, 49–50 Natural glues, 95–100 blood albumen (blood glues), 98 casein glue, 97 dextrins, 96 glues of animal origin, 97–100 soybean glue (nitrogenous protein soybean), 96 starch adhesives, 95 vegetable glues, 95–97 Natural latex, 129 Natural rubber (polyisoprene), 70 Neoprene (polychloroprene) adhesives, 72, 79, 100, 154 Neoprene-phenolics, 66, 100–101 Neutron radiography, 309 Newtonian fluid, 336 NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), 314 Nickel and nickel alloys, 74 adhesives for, 139–140 Nitrile rubber adhesives, 71, 102, 154 Nitrile-epoxy (elastomer-epoxy) adhesives, 101 Nitrile-phenolic adhesives, 66–67, 101–102, 240, 252 high temperature tolerance, 235 Non-destructive tests, 297–310 physical visual tests, 298 sonic methods, 297–301 tap test, 297 ultrasonic methods, 301–310. See also individual entry visual inspection, 297 Non-structural adhesives, 1, 53–54 Non-volatile content tests, 282 Novalak, 336 Nylon adhesives, 102–103 Nylon-epoxies, 66–67, 103 Nylons (Polyamides), 144 solvent cementing for, 219 O Odor tests, 282 One-part adhesives, 184 Open-time bonding technique, 129, 336 Organosilanes, 12 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 313 Oven heating, 196 P Paste adhesives, 54 Paste, n, 336 PBIs (Polybenzimidazoles), high temperature tolerance, 237 PCTFE (Polychlorotrifluoroethylene) (Aclar), 145–146 PEEK (Polyetheretherketone), 146 Peel test, 161, 275–276 strength tests, 282–283 Peeling of Adhesive Joints, 168INDEX 357 designs to minimize, 168 bead end, 168 increase stiffness, 168 increase width, 168 peel, 168 rivet, 168 Pendent drop method, 26 Penetrant Inspection, 309 Penetration, 336 tests, 283 Permanence, 336 PFA (Perfl uoroalkoxy) resins, 144 Phased array transducer, 305 Phenol etch, 44 Phenol-formaldehyde (Phenolics), 103, 150, 266 Phenolic adhesives, 103–105, 153 acid-catalyzed phenolics, 104–105 hot-setting phenolics, 105 phenoxy adhesives, 105–106 Phenolic resins, 66 Phenoxy adhesives, 105–106 Phenylene oxide-based resins (Noryl), 144–145, 152 solvent cementing for, 223–225 Phosphate cements, 92–93 Photographing, 336 Physical surface treatment methods, 40 Physical visual tests, 298 Picatinny arsenal studies, 254–260 Pick-up roll, 336 Plasma treatment, 42–43 Plastic foams, 152–153 contact-bond, 152 phenylene oxide-based resins (Noryl), 152 polycarbonate, 153 polyethylene-nitrile rubber, 152 polystyrene, 152 pressure-sensitive adhesives, 152 PVC, 153 solvent cements, 152 water-based adhesives, 152 Plasticity, 337 Plasticizer, 337 Plastics. See also Solvent cementing of plastics joints for, 171–173 surface treatment of, 40–45 bulk methods, 40 chemical etching, 43–45 chemical modifi cation techniques, 40 corona treatment, 41–42 effect of, 40–41 fl ame treatment, 42 mechanical treatment, 41 phenol, 44 physical surface treatment methods, 40 plasma treatment, 42–43 sanitizing, 44 sodium etch, 44 sodium hydroxide, 44 sodium hypochlorite, 44 sulfuric acid dichromate etch, 44 surface cleaning, 41 Plated metals, adhesives for, 140 PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate), 147 Polar component of surface tension, 33 Polarizability, 12 Polyamide (nylon) and polyester resins, 90 Polyaromatics, 68–69 high temperature tolerance, 236–237 Polyaryl ether (Arylon T), 145 Polyaryl sulfone (Astrel 360; 3M Co.), 145 Polybenzimidazole (PBIs) adhesives, 68, 106–107 Polybutylene terephthalate (Valox), solvent cementing for, 222 Polycarbonate, 145, 153 solvent cementing for, 220 Polycondensation, 337 Polyester (Thermoplastic Polyester) adhesives, 108, 146, 151 Polyetherimide (Ultem), 146 solvent cementing for, 227 Polyethersulfone, 146–147 Polyethylene, 14, 147 Polyethylene-nitrile rubber, 152 Polyimide (PI) adhesives, 68, 108–109, 151, 267 high temperature tolerance, 237 Polyisobutylene adhesives, 70, 109 Polymer, 337 Polymerization, 337358 INDEX Polymethylmethacrylate, solvent cementing for, 223 Polymethylpentene (TPX), 147 Polyolefi n resins, 90 Polypropylene, 147 Polystyrene adhesives, 110, 148, 152 solvent cementing for, 220–222 Polysulfi de (Thiokols), 72, 110–111 Polysulfone adhesives, 111–112, 148, 266 high temperature tolerance, 235–236 solvent cementing for, 222 Polyurethane adhesives, 71, 112–113, 151, 153, 267 Polyvinyl acetal adhesives, 113–114 Polyvinyl alcohol adhesives, 115 Polyvinyl butyral adhesives, 115, 127 Polyvinyl formal-phenolics, 127 Porosity, 337 Postcure, 337 Post-vulcanization bonding, 337 Pot life (working life), 337 Potassium silicate, 92 Powder adhesives, application, 188–189 Powder contact angle method, 27 Powder/granule adhesives, 55 PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), 314–315 PPS (PolyPhenylene Sulfide) (Ryton), 147 Prebond treatment, 337 Premixed frozen adhesives, 115 Preparation, adhesives, 183–185 small-portion mixer dispensers, 185 Pressure equipment, 194–196 autoclave bonding, 195 pneumatic and hydraulic presses, 195 screw-activated devices, 194 Pressurefeed systems, 189 Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), 59–60, 79, 115–117, 152, 338 and contact bonding, 192 Primer/Priming, 38–40, 338 Progressive-feed systems, 190–191 PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) (Teflon), 148 Pulse echo immersion, 303–304 Pulsed eddy-sonic test method, 300 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), 149, 153 cementing, 225–227 PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) (Kynar), 149 PVF (Polyvinyl Fluoride) (Tedlar), 149 Q QPL, 338 Qualifi cation test, 338 Quality control, 289–311. See also Non-destructive tests fi nal inspection, 297 fl ow chart of, 289 incoming material control, 292–297. See also individual entry weldbonding, 310–311 R Radiation affecting adhesive joints, 264–269 epoxies, 266 phenol-formaldehyde, 266 PIs, 267 polysulfones, 266 polyurethanes, 267 unsaturated polyesters, 267 exposure tests, 283 radiation curing, 197–198 UV-acrylics cure, 197 Radiographic inspection techniques, 308 Radioisotope methods, 308–309 Rayner classifi cation of adhesives, 59–60 thermoplastic resin adhesives, 60 thermosetting resin adhesives, 59 two-polymer adhesives, 60 Reclaimed rubber, 70 Reinforced plastics/composites, 151–152 Release agent, 338 Release paper, 338 Resin, 338 Resinoid, 338 Resite, 338 Resitol, 338 Resol, 338 Resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives, 117 Retrogradation, 338 Rigid plastics, joints for, 173 Roll coating, 186–187 Rosin, 339INDEX 359 RTV (Room-temperature-vulcanizing) silicones, 237–238 Rubber cement tests, 283 Rubber phenolics (elastomer-phenolics), 240 Rubbers (Elastomers), 154 rubber-based adhesives, 117–120 silicone adhesives, 118–120 rubber under stress joints for, 172 S Safety aspects, 313–317 Sagging, 339 Salt spray (fog) testing, 249–253, 283 Boeing/air force studies on, 252–253 Salt water immersion, 249–253 SAM (Scanning Acoustic Microscopy), 309–310 SAN (Styrene-Acrylonitrile) (Lustran), 149 solvent cementing for, 222 Sandwich panel, 339 Sanitizing, 44 Sauereisen’s adhesives, 94 Seacoast weathering environment, 249–251 Sealant, 339 Self-vulcanizing, adj, 339 Service conditions, 339 Sessile drop method, 27 Set, 339 Shear, 160 strength tests, 283–284 tensile, 339 tests, 274–275 Shelf life, 339 Shellacs, 99–100 Shortness, 339 Shrinkage, 339 Shurtronic harmonic bond tester, 300 Silicones/Silicone adhesives, 72, 118–120, 151, 153 acid-curing type, 120 applications, 118 high temperature tolerance, 236 non-acid-curing type, 120 one-part silicone systems, 120 peel and lap-shear strength of, 119 two-part silicone adhesive/sealants, 120 Silk screening, 187 Silver, 74 adhesives for, 140 Single fi ber Wilhelmy method, 27 Single lap joint, 163 Single-spread, 339 Sizing, 339–340 Skinning, 340 Slip, 340 slip sheet interliner, 340 slippage, 340 Society of Manufacturing Engineering classification, 57–59 chemically reactive types, 57–58 delayed-tack adhesives, 59 evaporative or diffusion adhesives, 58 hot-melt adhesives, 58 pressure-sensitive adhesives, 59–60 tape and fi lm adhesives, 59 Sodium etch, 44 Sodium hydroxide etch, 44 Sodium hypochlorite etch, 44 Sodium silicate, 92 Softener, 340 Solid bars, straight joints for, 170 Solids content, 340 Soluble silicates (potassium and sodium silicate), 92 Solutions, water-based adhesive, 128 Solvent activation, 192–193 Solvent bonding, 340 Solvent cementing of plastics, 209–228, 340 ABS, 216 acetal copolymer, 215 acetal homopolymer, 215 cellulose acetate butyrate, 216–217 cellulose acetate, 216 cellulose nitrate, 218 cellulose propionate, 218 cellulosics, 216–219 CPVC, 227 ethyl cellulose, 218–219 factors affecting, 212–215 solubility, 212–213 stress cracking, 213–215360 INDEX Solvent cementing of plastics (contd.) Hildebrand solubility parameters for solvents, 211 nylons (polyamides), 219 phenylene-oxide based resins (Noryl), 223–225 polybutylene terephthalate (Valox), 222 polycarbonate, 220 polyetherimide (Ultem), 227 polymethylmethacrylate, 223 polystyrene, 220–222 polysulfone, 222 PVC, 225–227 solubility parameter, 210–212 Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN), 222 Solvent cleaning, 38–39 solvent wipe, immersion or spray, 39 ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse, 39 ultrasonic vapor degreasing, 39 vapor degreasing, 39 Solvent joint, 340 Solvent reactivation technique, 129, 340 Solvent welding (solvent bonding or solvent cementing), 341 Solvent wipe, immersion or spray, 39 Solvent-based adhesives, 58, 121–122 Solvents, 48 Sonic methods, 297–301 arvin acoustic analysis system, 301 eddy-sonic test method, 300 pulsed eddy-sonic test method (shurtronic harmonic bond tester), 300 sonic resonator, 300 Soybean glue (nitrogenous protein soybean), 96 Special adherends, adhesives for, 137–156 Spinning drop method, 26 Spot-adhesion test, 285 Spot-weld adhesive bonding. See Weldbonding Spraying, 186–187 Spread (adhesive spread), 341 Spread tests, 285 Squeeze-out, 341 Stabilizer, 341 Stainless steel, adhesives for, 140 Standard contact angle measurement methods, 28 ASTM C813–90 (1994)e 1, 28 ASTM D5725–99, 28 ASTM D5946–96, 28 ASTM D724–99, 28 TAPPI T458, 28 Starch adhesives, 95 Static surface tension measurement methods, 25–26 Steel, adhesives for, 140 Stiffening joints, 168–169 Storage life, 341 tests, 285 Storage, adhesives, 183 Strap joints, 167 Strength development tests, 285 Strength, cleavage, 341 Strength, dry, 341 Strength, fatigue, 341 Strength, impact, 342 Strength, longitudinal shear (lap-joint strength), 342 Strength, peel, 342 Strength, shear, 342 Strength, tensile, 342 Strength, wet, 342 Stress analysis of adhesive joints, 173–181 experimental analyses, 174–179 failure analyses, 179–180 shear stress distribution, 176–178 theoretical analysis, 173–174 theory of Goland and Reissner, 180 theory of volkersen, 180 Stress cracking solvent cementing of plastics, 213–215 stress-cracking resistance tests, 285 Stresses in adhesive joints types of, 159–161 cleavage, 161 compression, 160 peel, 161 shear, 160 tension, 160 Stringiness, 342 Stripping strength tests, 285 Structural adhesives, 1, 53, 342 Structural bond, 342INDEX 361 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 71 Substrate, 343 Sulfur cements, 93–94 Sulfuric acid dichromate etch, 44 Surface energy, 21, 23–24 of solids, 23–24 work of adhesion, 24 Surface preparation for adhesion, 37–46, 343. See also Material surface preparation techniques Surface tension critical surface tension, 30 critical surface tension, 33–35 definition, 22 dispersion component, 33 fractional polarity, 33 measurement, 25–33. See also Measurement techniques of surface tension of polymers, components, 22 dispersion, 22 polar, 22 polar component, 33 surface free energy, 23–24 Surface treatment of metals, 38–40 priming, 38 of plastics, 40–45 Sweep-frequency resonance method, 305–306 Syneresis, 343 Synthetic adhesives, 50 Synthetic latex, 129 T Tack, 343 aggressive, 343 dry, 343 tackifier, 343 tack range (tack stage), 343 tests, 286 Tap test, 297 Tape adhesives, 55, 59, 84–87 handling and reliability advantages of, 85 TAPPI T458 technique, 28 Teeth, 343 Telegraphing, 344 Temperature curing, 344 drying, 344 maturing, 344 setting, 344 Tensile strength tests, 286 tests, 273–274 Tension, 160 Testing of adhesive bonds, 273–287 aging (permanency), 278 amylaceous matter, 278 ash content, 279 bell peel test, 276 biodeterioration, 279 blocking point, 279 characterization, 279 chemical reagents, 279 cleavage test, 276 cleavage/peel strength, 279 corrosivity, 280 creep, 276–277, 280 cryogenic temperatures, 280 density, 280 destructive tests, 344 durability, 278 electrical properties, 280 electrolytic corrosion, 281 fatigue, 277, 281 fi ller content, 281 fl exural strength, 281 fl ow properties, 281 fracture strength in cleavage, 281 gap-filling adhesive bonds, 281 grit content, 281 high-temperature effects, 282 hydrogen-ion concentration, 282 impact strength, 282 impact, 277–278 low and cryogenic temperature, 282 non-destructive tests, 344 non-volatile content, 282 odor, 282 peel strength, 282–283 peel test, 275–276 penetration, 283 radiation exposure, 283 rubber cement tests, 283362 INDEX Testing of adhesive bonds (contd.) salt spray (fog) testing, 283 shear strength, 283–284 shear tests, 274–275 specimen preparation, 284 spot-adhesion test, 285 spread, 285 storage life, 285 strength development, 285 stress-cracking resistance, 285 stripping strength, 285 surface preparation, 285–286 tack, 286 tensile strength, 286 tensile tests, 273–274 test methods and practices, compilation, 278–287 torque strength, 286 T-peel test, 275 viscosity, 286 volume resistivity, 286 water absorptiveness, 286–287 wedge test, 287 working life, 287 Theories of adhesion, 6–14 chemical bonding, 11–13. See also Interactions diffusion theory, 8–9 electrostatic (electronic) theory, 8 mechanical theory, 7–8 recent, 7 traditional, 7 wetting theory, 9–11 Thermal image inspection, 307 Thermally conductive adhesives, 75 Thermoplastic adhesives, 51 Thermoplastic polyester, 153 Thermoplastic resin adhesives, 60, 122–123 Thermoplastics, 344 adhesives for, 142 thermoplastic rubber, 123 Thermosetting adhesives, 50–51, 345 Thermosetting foams, 153 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets), 150–151 Thermosetting resin adhesives, 59, 123–124 Thickness, adhesive controlling, 201 Thinner, 345 Thixotropy, 345 Through-transmission techniques, 304 Time assembly, 345 curing, 345 drying, 345 of fl ight diffraction technique, 305 joint conditioning, 346 setting, 346 Tin, adhesives for, 140 TIRI examination, 308 Titanium and titanium alloys, adhesives for, 141 Torque strength tests, 286 T-peel tests, 275 Tubular forms, straight joints for, 170 Tungsten and tungsten alloys, adhesives for, 141 Two-component adhesives, 184 Two-polymer adhesives, 60, 65–67 U Ultrasonic activation, 200–201 Ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse, 39 Ultrasonic methods, 301–310 holography, 306–307 liquid crystals, 306 neutron radiography, 309 penetrant inspection, 309 radiography, 308 radioisotope methods, 308–309 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM), 309–310 sweep-frequency resonance method, 305–306 thermal image inspection, 307 thermal Infrared Inspection (TIRI), 308 ultrasonic multiple transducer, 304–305 ultrasonic pulse echo contact impedance testing, 302–303 ultrasonic pulse echo immersion, 303–304 ultrasonic vapor degreasing, 39 x-ray techniques, 308 Unsaturated polyesters, 267INDEX 363 Uranium, adhesives for, 141 Urea-formaldehyde adhesives (Ureas), 125–126, 151, 153 Urethane-modified acrylic technology, 68 UV-curing adhesives, 124–125 V Vacuum, 262–264 Vapor degreasing, 39 Vegetable glues, 95–97 Vehicle, 346 Vinyl acetal-phenolic adhesives, 240 Vinyl-epoxy adhesives, 126 Vinyl-phenolics, 66, 126–127 Vinyl-resin adhesives, 127–128 Viscosity, 346 tests, 286 viscosity coefficient (coeffi cient of viscosity), 346 Volkersen’s theory, 180 Volume resistivity tests, 286 Vulcanization, 346 W Warp, 346 Water absorptiveness tests, 286–287 Water immersion, adhesive strength and, 240–249 Water-based adhesives, 58, 128–130, 152 latexes, 128 principal polymers used for, 128 solutions, 128 Water-break test, 45 Weak boundary layer theory, 13–14 Weathering affecting adhesive joints, 253–260 outdoor weathering (Picatinny Arsenal studies), 254–260 simulated weathering/accelerated testing, 253–254 Webbing, 347 Wedge test, 287 Weldbonding, 201–207, 347 adhesive choice, 205 advantages, 204 configuration, 202–204 limitations, 204 quality control, 310–311 single-lap weldbond joint, 202 surface preparation, 204–205 techniques, 206–207 tooling for, 206 Wetting, 5, 347 wet assembly, 192 wet bonding technique, 129 wetting theory of adhesion, 9–11 Wilhelmy plate method, 26–29 Wood veneer, 347 Working life, 287, 347 X X-ray Techniques, 308 Y Yield value, 347 Young’s equation, 25 Z Zinc and zinc alloys, adhesives for, 142 Zisman plot, 27, 30–34
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