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عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Rubber Seals for Fluid and Hydraulic Systems الجمعة 19 مايو 2023, 2:22 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Rubber Seals for Fluid and Hydraulic Systems Chellappa Chandsekaran
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Rubber Properties for seal functional requirements 3. Seals for Radioactive media – Nuclear plants 4. Airborne Rubber seals 5. Rubber seals for oil field service 6. Rubbers chemical and compounding for ‘O’ rings & seals 7. Rubber expansion Joints 8. Swelling Aspects of Rubber related to seal performance 9. Rubber to Metal bonding 10. Manufacture of seals & ‘O’ rings 11. Storage and service life of rubber seals x 2,2-dichloro-l,l,l-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 65 A Abrasion, 133–4 Acrylate elastomers advantages and limitations, 87 Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), 60–1 Adhesive-metal failure, 100 Adhesive-primer coat failure, 101 Airborne rubber seals, 37 design of, 43–4 hydraulic systems, in aircraft, 40 molds and parting lines, design of, 41–3 sealing materials, 40–1 Aircraft fluid seal, 37, 40 Angular deflection, 76 Angular rotation, 76 Antidegradants, 59, 69 Anti-extrusion rings, 14, 15 Antioxidants, 69 Atomic electrical stations (AES), 34 Autotransmission cable seals, 66–7 Axial compression/extension, 76 B Becquerel equals, 25 Blends of rubber, 58 masterbatches, 58 rubber, choice of, 58 acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, 60–1 bromobutyl rubbers, 62 butyl rubbers, 61–2 chlorobutyl rubbers, 62 chloroprene rubber, 69–70 EPDM rubbers, 63–4 ethylene acrylic rubber, 67–8 fluorocarbon rubbers, 64–7 halobutyl rubbers, 62 isobutylene–isoprene rubbers, 61–2 natural rubber, 58–9 polybutadiene rubber, 60 pre-cross-linked butyl rubber, 63 reclaimed rubber, 70 silicone rubber, 68–9 styrene butadiene rubber, 59 Blistering, 2, 48 British Nuclear Group Sellafield Limited (BNGSL), 71 Brittle point, 131–2 Brominated butyl compound, 117 ‘O’ ring compound, 117–18 rotary seal compound, 117–18 Bromobutyl rubber (BIIR), 62 Butadiene acrylonitrile compounds, 112 ‘O’ ring compound, 112–14 rotary seal compound, 112–14 Butadiene acrylonitrile/polyvinyl chloride blend, 123 ‘O’ ring compound, 123–4 rotary seal compound, 123–4 Butadiene rubber, 57 Butyl rubber, 57, 61–2 advantages and limitations, 89 C Calcium stearate, 62 Carcass/body, 77 Chemical compatibility, 2, 9 Chemical properties, 135 Chlorinated polyethylene advantages and limitations, 88 Chlorinated rubber, 96 Chlorobutyl rubbers (CIIR), 62 Chloroprene compounds, 114 ‘O’ ring compound, 116–17 rotary seal compound, 114–16 Chloroprene rubber (CR), 57, 69–70 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene compounds, 121–2 ‘O’ ring compound, 122 rotary seal compound, 121–2 Completion fluid, 45 Compression set, 7, 41, 136 Creep, 132–3 Creep behavior of metal, 8 Cross-link density, 48, 50 versus vulcanizate properties, 49 Cross-linking of rubbers, 27–9, 48 Crystallization, 131–2 Curie, 25 D ‘Diesel effect’, 99 Double arch expansion joint, 73 E Elasticity of rubber, 7, 11–12, 129–30 Elastomer, 4 bondability index of, 96 Ethylene acrylate elastomers advantages and limitations, 87 Ethylene acrylic rubber, 67–8 Ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPM), 64 145Ethylene–propylene terpolymer (EPDM), 63–4 advantages and limitations, 89 Explosive decompression, 48, 49 F Fabric reinforced inflatable seals, 29–33 Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), 137–8 Feed clarification cell, 71 Fillers, 47, 48, 49, 128 Fluid leaks, 1 and seal failures, 2–5 Fluid resistance, of rubber sealing, 11–12, 51 Fluid sealing technology, 5 Fluid types, in oil field service, 51–3 Fluids effects, on rubber, 132 Fluorocarbon elastomers advantages and limitations, 89 Fluorocarbon rubber compounds, 41, 64–7, 125 ‘O’ ring compound, 126 rotary seal compound, 126–7 Fluororubbers, see Fluorocarbon rubber compounds Friction of rubber, 133–4 G Garter springs, 18, 19 Gaskets, 37, 38 Glass transition temperature, of various rubbers, 10–11, 90 Gray, 23, 24 H Halobutyl rubbers, 62 HCFC-123, 65 High temperature behavior, of rubber seals, 11 Hildebrand solubility parameter, 12 Hydraulic systems, in aircraft, 37, 40 Hypalon rubbers advantages and limitations, 87 Hysteresis, 8, 133, 134 I Incompressibility of rubbers, 12 Inflatable seals fabric reinforced inflatable seals, 29–33 non-reinforced inflatable seals, 33 operation and capabilities, 34 Irradiation vulcanization, 29 Isobutylene–isoprene (butyl rubber) compounds, 117 ‘O’ ring compound, 117 rotary seal compound, 117 Isobutylene–Isoprene Rubbers (IIR), 61–2 J Japan, nuclear power generation in, 29 Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 27 Joule’s effect, 16 L Labyrinth seal, 75 Light aging, 136 Low temperature behavior, of rubber seals, 10–11 M Magnesium oxide, 62 Masterbatches, 58 Mechanical engineers, 3–4 Mechanical seals, 21–2 Metal bonding, rubber to, 95 bonding agents, 96 compounding of rubber, 99–100 factors, 97 process, 97 bonding agents, application of, 98 mold design, 99 rubber molding, 98–9 substrate cleaning, 97–8 rejections, 100–1 Metal bonded oil seals, manufacture of, 104–5 Mold design, 99 Molds and parting lines, design of, 41–3 M/s Dupont USA, 67 M/s Hayakawa Rubber Co Ltd, 26–7 N Natural rubber (NR), 10, 57, 58–9 advantages and limitations, 89 Natural rubber compounds, 109 ‘O’ ring compound, 110 rotary seal compound, 109–10 Neoprene-based adhesive solution, 77 Neoprene rubbers advantages and limitations, 86 Neoprenes, see Chloroprene rubber The New York Times, 25 Nitrile rubber, 57 advantages and limitations, 86 Nitrite rubber, 60 Non-oil-resistant elastomers, 81 Non-reinforced inflatable seals, 33 Nuclear plants, 23 cross-linking by radiation, chemical mechanism of, 27–9 fabric reinforced inflatable seals, 29–33 inflatable seal operation and capabilities, 34 non-reinforcedinflatableseals, 33 pump assemblies, seals in, 34–5 radiation units, 23 gama irradiation dosage units, 24–5 radioactive source, activity of, 25 radiation-resistant rubber seals, 26–7 rubber seal failures in, 25–6 O Oil field service, rubber seals for, 45 completion fluid, 45 explosive decompression, 48, 49 fluid types in, 51–3 increased molecular weight, effect of, 48, 50 physical property trends, 53–4 Index 146stimulation fluid, 46–7 stretching crystallization, 50–1 well fluid, 45 Oil-resistant elastomers, 81 Oil-resistant synthetic rubbers and polymerization type, 92 Oxygen, 11, 85 attack, 135 Oil seals, 18–20 Ozone attack, 136 ‘O’rings, 7, 12–13, 37–8 compounds design for, 57 cross-section, 14–15 for rotary sealing application, 16–18 precautions, handling, 138–9 reciprocating applications, 13–14 static application, 13 ‘O’ rings, manufacture of, 103 blank preparation, 107–8 filler effects, on permeability of rubbers, 128 fluid seal rubber formulations, 109 brominated butyl compound, 117–18 butadiene acrylonitrile compounds, 112–14 butadiene acrylonitrile/ polyvinyl chloride blend, 123–4 chloroprene compounds, 114–17 chlorosulfonated polyethylene compounds, 121–2 fluorocarbon rubber compounds, 125–7 isobutylene–isoprene (butyl rubber) compounds, 117 natural rubber compounds, 109–10 poly-acrylic ester compounds, 119 polysulfide rubber compounds, 120–1 polyurethane compounds, 124–5 silicone rubber compounds, 118–19 styrene butadiene compounds, 110–11 seal molding shop productivity, 106–7 static seals against gases, 127–8 trimming/deflashing, 108–9 P Packings, 37 Permanent set, 8 Peroxide vulcanization, 62 Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins, 60, 96 Phenolic resins, 60 Poly-acrylic ester compounds, 119 Polybutadiene rubber (BR), 60 advantages and limitations, 90 Polyisocyanates, 96 Polyisoprene rubber advantages and limitations, 90 Polysulfide rubber compounds, 41, 120 ‘O’ ring compound, 120–1 rotary seal compound, 120–1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 97 Polyurethane compounds, 124–5 advantages and limitations, 88 ‘O’ ring compound, 125 rotary seal compound, 124–5 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 60–1 PPA (polypropylene adipate), 112 Pre-cross-linked butyl rubber, 63 Properties of rubber, for seal functional requirements, 7–10 fluid resistance, 11–12 high temperature behavior, 11 incompressibility, 12 low temperature behavior, 10–11 mechanical seals, 21–2 oil seals, 18–20 ‘O’rings, 12–18 sealing lip design, 20 stretching, 11 Pump assemblies in nuclear plants, seals in, 34–5 R Rad, 24 Radiation, cross-linking by chemical mechanism of, 27–9 Radiation units, 23–5 Radiation-resistant rubber seals, 26–7 Rated movements, 78 Reclaimed rubber, 70 Reinforcing fillers, 59, 60 Rem (radiation equivalent man), 24 Roentgen, 23 Rotary seal compound brominated butyl compound, 117–18 butadiene acrylonitrile compounds 112–14 butadiene acrylonitrile/polyvinyl chloride blend, 123–4 chloroprene compounds, 114–16 chlorosulfonated polyethylene compounds, 121–2 fluorocarbon rubber compounds, 125–7 isobutylene–isoprene (butyl rubber) compounds, 117 natural rubber compounds, 109–10 poly-acrylic ester compounds, 119 polysulfide rubber compounds, 120–1 polyurethane compounds, 124–5 silicone rubber compounds, 118–19 styrene butadiene compounds, 110–11 Rotary shaft seals, 29 Rubber expansion joints, 71, 74 advantages, 75–6 in chemical process industry, 73 constructional features, 76–8 expansion and compression strains, 76 in food and beverages industry, 73 in heating and air conditioning systems, 74 in hydrocarbon process industry, 74 manufacture of, 78–9 multiple bellows in industrial plants, 74 Rubber failure, 101 Index 147Rubber molding, 98–9 Rubber-/top coat failure, 101 S Sealing lip design, 20 Sealing materials, 40–1 Seals of rubber, storage and service life, 129 abrasion, 133–4 brittle point, 131–2 chemical properties, 135 compression set, 136 creep, 132–3 crystallization, 131–2 failure mode and effects analysis, 137–8 fluids effects, 132 friction, 133–4 hysteresis, 133 light aging, 136 ‘O’ rings, handling precautions, 138–9 oxygen attack, 135 ozone attack, 136 rubber elasticity, 129–30 second order transition, 131–2 storage specification, 137 stress relaxation, 132–3 tearing, 133–4 thermal effects, 134–5 vulcanization, 130 water resistance, 136 Second order transition, 131–2 Shape factor effects, 12 Side-chain group versus oil resistance, 91–2 Sievert, 24, 25 Silicone rubber compounds, 68–9, 118–19 advantages and limitations, 88 ‘O’ ring compound, 118–19 rotary seal compound, 118–19 Silicones, 41 Single arch expansion joint, 72 Society of Automotive Engineers’ (SAE) straight thread, 2–3 Solubility parameters, 12 for common rubbers, 91 for some common solvents, 91 Squeeze type seals, 7 Stimulation fluid, 46–7 Storage specification, 137 Strain, under swelling, 83–4 Strain crystallization, see Stretching crystallization Stress decay, 8 Stress relaxation, 8, 132–3 Stretching, 11 Stretching crystallization of elastomers, 51 of rubbers, 50–1 Styrene butadiene compounds, 110 ‘O’ ring compound, 111 rotary seal compound, 110–11 Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), 57, 59 advantages and limitations, 90 Substrate cleaning, 97–8 Swelling aspects of rubber, to seal performance, 81 side-chain group versus oil resistance, 91–2 under strain, 83–4 structures versus oil, 92 temperature effects, 85–6 tests, 84–5 by various solvents, 92 volume change, 82–3 Synthetic elastomers, 81–2 Synthetic rubbers, 57, 58 T Tearing of rubber, 133–4 Temperature effects, on rubber seal, 85–6 Thermal effects, on rubber seal, 134–5 Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant (THORP), 71 Transverse deflection, 76 Trichloroethylene, 104 V Vamac, 67 Van der Waals’ forces, 129 Vibration fatigue, 1 Viton, 41, 126 Volume change, in rubber swelling, 82–3 Vulcanization, 27–9, 130 W Water, resistance to, 136 Well fluid, 45 Z Zinc diethyl dithiocarbomate (ZDC) accelerator, 62 Zinc oxide, 62
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