Admin مدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 19001 التقييم : 35505 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب The UHMWPE Handbook - Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement الخميس 04 مايو 2023, 3:43 am | |
|
أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The UHMWPE Handbook - Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement Steven M. Kurtz, Ph.D. Principal Engineer, Exponent, Inc. Research Associate Professor, Drexel University 3401 Market Street, Suite 300 Philadelphia, PA 19104
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Contributors xi Preface xiii 1. A Primer on UHMWPE 1 Introduction 1 What Is a Polymer? 2 What Is Polyethylene? 4 Crystallinity 6 Thermal Transitions 7 Overview of the Handbook 9 2. From Ethylene Gas to UHMWPE Component: The Process of Producing Orthopedic Implants 13 Introduction 13 Polymerization: From Ethylene Gas to UHMWPE Powder 14 Conversion: From UHMWPE Powder to Consolidated Form 22 Machining: From Consolidated Form to Implant 31 Conclusion 32 3. Packaging and Sterilization of UHMWPE 37 Introduction 37 Gamma Sterilization in Air 38 Gamma Sterilization in Barrier Packaging 41 Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilization 44 Gas Plasma Sterilization 45 Shelf Life of UHMWPE Components for Total Joint Replacement 47 Overview of Current Trends 48 4. The Origins of UHMWPE in Total Hip Arthroplasty 53 Introduction and Timeline 53 The Origins of a Gold Standard (1958–1982) 55 Charnley’s First Hip Arthroplasty Design with PTFE (1958) 56 Implant Fixation with Pink Dental Acrylic Cement (1958–1966) 56 Interim Hip Arthroplasty Designs with PTFE (1958–1960) 58Final Hip Arthroplasty Design with PTFE (1960–1962) 58 Implant Fabrication at Wrightington 61 The First Wear Tester 62 Searching to Replace PTFE 64 UHMWPE Arrives at Wrightington 66 Implant Sterilization Procedures at Wrightington 66 Overview 68 5. The Clinical Performance of UHMWPE in Hip Replacements 71 Introduction 71 Joint Replacements Do Not Last Forever 73 Range of Clinical Wear Performance in Cemented Acetabular Components 75 Wear Versus Wear Rate of Hip Replacements 77 Comparing Wear Rates Between Different Clinical Studies 79 Comparison of Wear Rates in Clinical and Retrieval Studies 82 Current Methods for Measuring Clinical Wear in Total Hip Arthroplasty 83 Range of Clinical Wear Performance in Modular Acetabular Components 85 Conclusion 86 6. Alternatives to Conventional UHMWPE for Hip Arthroplasty 93 Introduction 93 Metal-on-Metal Alternative Hip Bearings 94 Ceramics in Hip Arthroplasty 101 Highly Crosslinked and Thermally Stabilized UHMWPE 109 Summary 114 7. The Origins and Adaptations of UHMWPE for Knee Replacements 123 Introduction 123 Frank Gunston and the Wrightington Connection to Total Knee Arthroplasty 126 Polycentric Knee Arthroplasty 129 Unicondylar Polycentric Knee Arthroplasty 132 Bicondylar Total Knee Arthroplasty 134 Patello–Femoral Arthroplasty 141 UHMWPE with Metal Backing 142 Conclusion 146 8. The Clinical Performance of UHMWPE in Knee Replacements 151 Introduction 151 Biomechanics of Total Knee Arthroplasty 153 Clinical Performance of UHMWPE in Knee Arthroplasty 160 Osteolysis and Wear in Total Knee Arthroplasty 172 UHMWPE Is the Only Alternative for Knee Arthroplasty 182 viii Contents9. The Clinical Performance of UHMWPE in Shoulder Replacements 189 Stefan Gabriel Introduction 189 The Shoulder Joint 190 Shoulder Replacement 191 Biomechanics of Total Shoulder Replacement 195 Contemporary Total Shoulder Replacements 197 Clinical Performance of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty 203 Controversies in Shoulder Replacement 207 Future Directions in Total Shoulder Arthroplasty 211 Conclusion 213 10. The Clinical Performance of UHMWPE in the Spine 219 Marta L. Villarraga and Peter A. Cripton Introduction 219 Biomechanical Considerations for UHMWPE in the Spine 222 Total Disc Replacement Designs Using UHMWPE 226 Clinical Performance of UHMWPE in the Spine 237 Alternatives to UHMWPE for Total Disc Arthroplasty in the Spine 239 Conclusion 240 11. Mechanisms of Crosslinking and Oxidative Degradation of UHMWPE 245 Luigi Costa and Pierangiola Bracco Introduction 245 Mechanisms of Crosslinking 245 UHMWPE Oxidation 250 Oxidative Degradation after Implant Manufacture 256 In Vivo Absorption of Lipids 257 12. Characterization of Physical, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties of UHMWPE 263 Stephen Spiegelberg Introduction 263 What Does the Food and Drug Administration Require? 264 Physical Property Characterization 265 Intrinsic Viscosity 269 Chemical Property Characterization 274 Mechanical Property Characterization 280 Other Testing 284 Conclusion 284 13. Development and Application of the Small Punch Test to UHMWPE 287 Avram Allan Edidin Introduction 287 Contents ixOverview and Metrics of the Small Punch Test 288 Accelerated and Natural Aging of UHMWPE 291 In Vivo Changes in Mechanical Behavior of UHMWPE 294 Effect of Crosslinking on Mechanical Behavior and Wear 295 Shear Punch Testing of UHMWPE 298 Fatigue Punch Testing of UHMWPE 301 Conclusion 305 14. Computer Modeling and Simulation of UHMWPE 309 Jörgen Bergström Introduction 309 Overview of Available Modeling and Simulation Techniques 310 Characteristic Material Behavior of UHMWPE 311 Material Models for UHMWPE 317 Discussion 334 15. Compendium of Highly Crosslinked and Thermally Treated UHMWPEs 337 Introduction 337 Honorable Mention 338 Crossfire 339 DURASUL 342 Longevity 345 Marathon 348 Prolong 351 XLPE 352 Current Trends and Prevalence in Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty 353 The Future for Highly Crosslinked UHMWPE 357 Appendix 365 Index 369 A Accelerated aging tests, 284, 291–293 Acid formation, 252 Aeonian, 338–339 Aequalis/Aequalis Fracture shoulder prosthesis system components, 202 Aging tests, 284, 291–293 Air permeable packaging. See Gas permeable packaging Alkyl macroradicals (R•), 254–256 Alumina ceramic(s) femoral heads, 105–106 in vivo fracture risk, 108–109 hip bearings, 102, 103t, 104 introduction of, 53 Alumina composite material, 103t, 105 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D4020-01A, 265 standard F648, 15, 265 Analytical closed-form solution methods, 310, 311t Anatomical Shoulder system components, 198f, 199 Anterior-posterior (A-P) radiographs, 176–177, 178f A-P radiographs, 176–177, 178f ArCom barrier packaging, 42f processing, 27, 28f, 29 Arthritis osteoarthritis hip complications, 132 shoulder complications, 190–191 shoulder complications, 193 Arthritis (Continued) osteoarthritis, 190–191 rheumatoid arthritis, 190 Artificial disc replacement. See Total disc arthroplasty/replacement (TDA/TDR) Aseptic loosening, 73–74 ASTM standard D4020-01A, 265 ASTM standard F648, 15, 265 Average radiographic wear, 78 Averill, Robert, 194 B Balloon lesions, 176 Barrier packaging air permeable packaging, replacement of, 39 gamma sterilization in, 41–44 Basell Polyolefins, 16–17 Bi-Angular shoulder prosthesis system components, 197f, 198 Bicondylar knee arthroplasty, 125 cruciate-sacrificing designs, 134, 136–141 cruciate-sparing designs, 134–136 Bigliani/Flatow humeral prostheses, 202 Bio-Modular shoulder prosthesis system components, 197 BiPolar shoulder prosthesis system components, 198 Bolland’s cycle, 250 “Bow-tie” wear scar, 182, 183f Branched polymers, 3 Bryan, Richard, 129 IndexC Calcium stearate, 21–22 Ceramic-on-ceramic (COC) alternative hip bearings, 93–94, 101 alumina ceramics, 102, 103t, 104 femoral heads, 105–106 in vivo fracture risk, 108–109 alumina composite material, 103t, 105 contemporary designs, 106–108 historical overview, 101–102 in vivo fracture risk, 108–109 zirconia, 102, 103t, 104–105 failure rate, 109 Chain folding, 6 Change in enthalpy, 8 Characteristic material response, 311–317 Charnley, Sir John, 53. See also Wrightington Hospital artificial joint design, 55 filled PTFE experimentation, 64–65 hip arthroplasty pink dental acrylic cement, use of, 56–57 wear performance study, 79–82 hip arthroplasty designs first design with PTFE, 56 second, third and fourth designs with PTFE, 58 fifth and final design with PTFE, 58–60 knee replacement design, 129, 135f Thompson prostheses, implantation of, 65 UHMWPE, first reaction to, 66 Chas. F. Thackray Ltd., 67 Chemical characterization, 274 Chemical testing electron spin resonance spectroscopy, 276–277, 278f Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 274–276 gel permeation chromatography, 270–271 swell ratio testing, 278–280 trace element analysis, 274 CHIRULEN, 16–17, 24 SB Charité III implants, 227 COC alternative hip bearings. See Ceramic-on-ceramic (COC) alternative hip bearings Cofield/Cofield2, Monoblock shoulder prosthesis system components, 201 Compression molding, 24–25 direct compression molding, 27, 29 Compressive response, 313–314 Computer-assisted radiographic wear measurement Martell technique, 84 three-dimensional techniques, 83–84 Computer modeling and simulation, 310–311 analytical closed-form solution methods, 310, 311t characteristic material response, 311–317 FE analysis, 310–311 handbook solution, 311t hybrid model, 326–332, 333f hyperelasticity, 320–321 isotropic J2-plasticity, 324–326 linear elasticity, 318–320 linear viscoelasticity, 321–324 material modeling, 317–334 Consolidation. See Conversion/ consolidation Consolidation defects, 24 Conversion/consolidation, 22–24 ArCom UHMWPE processing, 27, 28f, 29 compression molding, 24–25 defects, 24 direct compression molding, 27, 29 extruded versus molded UHMWPE, 29–31 grain boundaries, 23 intergranular diffusion, 22–23 ram extrusion, 25–27 self-diffusion, 22 Copolymers, 3 Craven, H. UHMWPE cup machine(s), 61–62 UHMWPE testing, 66 wear testing rig, 62–64 Creep, 283 Crossfire, 339–342 Crosslinked HDPE components, 53–54 Crosslinking, 245–246 H-crosslinking mechanism, 249–250 370 IndexCrosslinking (Continued) highly crosslinked UHMWPE. See Highly crosslinked/thermally stabilized UHMWPE isolated radicals, reaction of, 247–248 mechanical behavior and wear, effect on, 295–298 radicals formation during irradiation, 246–247 isolated radicals, reaction of, 247–248 Y-crosslinking mechanism, 248–249 Cruciate and collateral knee ligaments, 153, 154f Crystalline lamellae, 6–7, 8f D DCM (direct compression molding), 27, 29 Delta shoulder prosthesis, 212 Density measurements, 272–273 Density properties, 30 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 8 Dilute solution viscometry, 266t Direct compression molding (DCM), 27, 29 Disc replacement. See Total disc arthroplasty/replacement (TDA/TDR) Disk bend test. See Small punch test(ing) Dislocated shoulder, 191 DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), 8, 266–267, 268f Duracon total knee prostheses, 152f DURASUL, 342–345 Duration, 338–339 E E-beam irradiation-induced oxidation, 253 Eius unicondylar prostheses, 152f Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, 276–277, 278f Equibiaxial small punch data, 314, 317f ESR (electron spin resonance) spectroscopy, 276–277, 278f Ester formation, 252 Ethylene gas, 4 polymerization to UHMWPE powder. See Polymerization Ethylene oxide sterilization (EtO), 38t, 44–45 Extruded UHMWPE versus molded UHMWPE, 29–31 ram extrusion, 25–27 F Fatigue testing, 282–283 small punch, 301–304, 305f FDA testing guidelines, 264–265 FE analysis, 310–311 Fick’s law, 255 Fixed-bearing knee designs, 144, 151, 152f FLEXICORE TDR, 239 Flow temperature (Tf), 7–9 Fluoroscopy-guided A-P radiographs, 177–178 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) testing guidelines, 264–265 Foundation/Foundation fracture humeral prostheses, 199–200 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 274–276 Freeman-Swanson knee prosthesis, 134f, 135f, 140–141 FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, 274–276 Fusion assessment, 271 Fusion defects, 24 G Gamma irradiation-induced oxidation, 253 Gamma sterilization in air permeable packaging, 38–41 in barrier packaging, 41–44 Gamma Vacuum Foil (GVF) barrier packaging, 43f Gas permeable packaging barrier packaging, replacement with, 39 ethylene oxide sterilization, 38t gamma sterilization in, 38–41 gas plasma sterilization, 38t Gas plasma sterilization, 38t, 44–47 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 270–271 Geomedic knee prosthesis, 132, 133f, 134f, 135 Geometric knee, 135–136 Geometric strain hardening, 289 Index 371Geometric strain softening, 289 Glass transition temperature (Tg), 7–8 Glenohumeral forces, 195 Global Advantage humeral prostheses, 199 Global FX humeral prostheses, 199 Global humeral prostheses, 199, 206 Gluck, 123 GPC (gel permeation chromatography), 270–271 Grain boundaries, 23 Griffith wear performance study, 79–82 Guépar hinged knee replacement, 127f Gunston, Frank, 123 GUR resins, 16–17 versus 1900 resin, 19–20 GVF (Gamma Vacuum Foil) barrier packaging, 43f H H-crosslinking mechanism, 249–250 HDPE (high-density polyethylene), 4 crosslinked HDPE components, 53–54 Hemiarthroplasties. See also Shoulder arthroplasty/replacement bipolar prosthesis, 209 procedures, 191–192 results and rates, 209 UHMWPE’s role in, 209 Hercules Powder Company, 17 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 4 crosslinked HDPE components, 53–54 Highly crosslinked/thermally stabilized UHMWPE, 93, 337–338 Aeonian, 338–339 Crossfire, 339–342 current trends, 353 DURASUL, 342–345 Duration, 338–339 future for, 357–358 hip arthroplasty/replacement. See Hip arthroplasty/replacement knee arthroplasty/replacement, 182, 184 Longevity, 345–348 Marathon, 348–351 prevalence in total hip arthroplasty, 354–356 in total knee arthroplasty, 356–357 Prolong, 351–352 XLPE, 352, 353t Hip arthroplasty/replacement age of persons receiving, 71, 72f alumina ceramics, 102, 103t, 104 femoral heads, 105–106 in vivo fracture risk, 108–109 alumina composite material, 103t, 105 aseptic loosening, 73–74 average radiographic wear, 78 ceramic-on-ceramic alternative bearings, 93, 94, 101 alumina ceramics, 102, 103t, 104 alumina composite material, 103t, 105 contemporary designs, 106–108 historical overview, 101–102 in vivo fracture risk, 108–109 zirconia, 102, 103t, 104–105, 109 ceramic on UHMWPE, 105–106 highly crosslinked/thermally stabilized UHMWPE, 53, 109–110 contemporary designs, 110, 111f current clinical outlook, 114 historical clinical experience, 110 prevalence in THA, 354 thermal treatment, effect of, 111–114 historical developments, 53–55. See also Charnley, Sir John; Wrightington Hospital alumina ceramic, 53 crosslinked HDPE components, 53–54 highly crosslinked UHMWPE, 53 Hylamer, 54 McKee-Farrar prosthesis, 97, 99f McKee prostheses, 96–97, 98f Wiles, 96 linear wear rate, 77, 85t metal-on-metal alternative bearings, 93–96 biological risks, 100–101 contemporary designs, 98–99, 100f historical overview, 96–97, 98f osteolysis, 74, 93 projected increase in, 72, 73f, 74 radiographic lysis, 74 stresses in UHMWPE components, 156–157 timeline of developments, 54t volumetric wear rate, 78, 85t 372 IndexHip arthroplasty/replacement (Continued) wear measurement computer-assisted radiographic wear measurement, 83–84 Livermore circular templates, 83 radiostereometric analysis, 83–84 wear performance/rates average radiographic wear, 78 in cemented acetabular components, 75–77 Charnley/Griffith studies, 79–82 Isaac study, 82–83 linear wear rate, 77, 85t in modular acetabular components, 85–86 volumetric wear rate, 78, 85t zirconia, 102, 103t, 104–105 failure rate, 109 HIPing (hot isostatic pressing), 27, 28f, 29 Hip simulators, 284 HM (hybrid model), 326–332, 333f Hoechst, 16 Homopolymers, 3 Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing), 27, 28f, 29 H radicals, 246–247 H transfer reactions, 246–248 Hybrid model (HM), 326–332, 333f Hydroperoxide decomposition (ROOH), 254–255 Hydroperoxides, 251–252 decomposition, 254–255 Hylamer, 54 glenoid component wear, 206 Hyperelasticity, 320–321 I Insall-Burstein (IB) knee prosthesis, 160, 161f Inspection of knee UHMWPE components, 180 Integral work to failure (WTF), 288–289 Integrated shoulder prosthesis system components, 198 Intergranular diffusion, 22–23 Intrinsic viscosity (IV) measurements, 17–18, 269 Irradiation. See Sterilization Isaac study (wear performance), 82–83 Isolated radicals, reaction of, 247–248 ISO standard 5834-1, 15 Isotropic J2-plasticity, 324–326 IV (intrinsic viscosity) measurements, 17–18, 269 J J-integral testing, 280–281 K Kenmore, 194 Ketone formation, 251 Knee anatomy, 153–154 Knee arthroplasty/replacement abrasion, 171–172 age of persons receiving, 71, 72f anatomical considerations, 153–154 articulating surface damage modes, 167–172 backside wear, 180–181 bicondylar knee arthroplasty, 125 cruciate-sacrificing designs, 134, 136–141 cruciate-sparing designs, 134–136 biomechanics of, 153–160 burnishing, 171 deformation at surface, 170–172 delamination, 170, 172 embedded debris, 168, 169f, 170, 172 fixed-bearing knee designs, 144, 151, 152f Gunston’s cemented implant design, 123, 127–129 highly crosslinked and thermally stabilized UHMWPE, 182, 184 historical developments, 126–129 infections, 165 loosening, 165 metal backing, incorporation of, 142, 143f fixed bearing designs, 144 mobile bearing designs, 139f, 144–146 mobile bearing knee designs, 139f, 144–146, 151 osteolysis, 172–176 patellar complications, 165 patellar component implants, 125 patellar resurfacing, 125 patello-femoral arthroplasty, 141–142 pitting, 167–168, 169f, 172 polycentric knee arthroplasty, 129–132 Index 373Knee arthroplasty/replacement (Continued) post damage, in posterior-stabilized tibial components, 181–182, 183f projected increase in, 72, 73f, 74 revision surgery, reasons for, 165–166 scratching, 169f, 170, 172 semiconstrained hinged knee design, 125 survivorship of, 162–163, 163f–165f total condylar knee, 135f, 136–141 “tufting,” 171–172 UHMWPE component stresses, 156–160 unicondylar knee arthroplasty, 125 unicondylar polycentric knee arthroplasty, 132–134 wear or surface damage, 165–167 articulating surface damage modes, 167–172 backside wear, 180–181 post damage, in posterior-stabilized tibial components, 181–182, 183f in vivo wear assessment methods, 176–180 “wear polishing,” 171 Knee joint loading, 154–156 L LCS mobile bearing knees, 145–146 LDPE (low-density polyethylene), 4 Linear elasticity, 318–320 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 4 “Linear lytic defect,” 176 Linear polymers, 3 Linear viscoelasticity, 321–324 Linear wear rate (LWR), 77, 85t Lipid absorption, 257, 258f Livermore circular templates, 83 LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 4 Longevity, 345–348 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 4 LWR (linear wear rate), 77, 85t M Machining, 31–32 Machining marks, 31 MacIntosh tibial plateau, 126, 127f Macroradicals, 246–247, 250 alkyl, 254–256 peroxy, 254 Marathon, 348–351 Mark-Houwink equation, 18 Marmor knee prosthesis, 132, 135f Martell technique, 84 Material behavior computer modeling, 311–317 testing of. See Chemical testing; Mechanical testing; Physical testing Material modeling, 317–318, 334 hybrid model, 326–332, 333f hyperelasticity, 320–321 isotropic J2-plasticity, 324–326 linear elasticity, 318–320 linear viscoelasticity, 321–324 MAVERICK TDR, 239 McKee-Farrar prosthesis, 97, 99f McKee prostheses, 96–97, 98f McKeever tibial plateau, 126, 127f Mechanical characterization, 280 Mechanical testing creep, 283 fatigue testing, 282–283 J-integral testing, 280–281 Poisson’s ratio, 280 small punch. See Small punch test(ing) tensile testing, 281, 282f Medical grade powder requirements, 15 Melt temperature (Tm), 7–8 Meniscal knee bearings, 144–145 Metal-on-metal (MOM) alternative hip bearings, 93–96 biological risks, 100–101 contemporary designs, 98–99, 100f historical overview, 96–97, 98f METASUL, 98, 100f Miller-Gallante (MG) knee prosthesis, 160, 161f Mobile bearing knee designs, 139f, 144–146, 151 Modeling. See Computer modeling and simulation Modular Shoulder System, 201 Molded UHMWPE compression molding, 24–25 direct compression molding, 27, 29 versus extruded UHMWPE, 29–31 Molecular weight, 17–19 MOM alternative hip bearings. See Metal-on-metal (MOM) alternative hip bearings 374 IndexMonomers, 3 Montell Polyolefins, 17 MV (viscosity average molecular weight), 18 N Neer, Charles, II, 193–194 Neer II/Neer III shoulder prosthesis system components, 194, 200–201 Nu-Life dental cement, 56–57 N2-Vac barrier packaging, 43f O OA (osteoarthritis) hip complications, 132 shoulder complications, 190–191 OIT (oxidation induction time) measurements, 267 Osteoarthritis (OA) hip complications, 132 shoulder complications, 190–191 Osteolysis, 74, 93 Oxidation, 250–251 after implant manufacture, 256–257, 258f aging tests, 284, 291–293 critical products of, 251–252 E-beam irradiation-induced, 253 gamma irradiation-induced, 253 rate, 255–256 sterilization, effects of, 253–257 in vivo oxidation, 294, 295f Oxidation induction time (OIT) measurements, 267 P Packaging, 37–38 barrier gamma sterilization in, 41–44 replacement of air permeable packaging, 39 gas permeable barrier packaging, replacement with, 39 ethylene oxide sterilization, 38t gamma sterilization in, 38–41 gas plasma sterilization, 38t Patellar component implants, 125 Patellar resurfacing, 125 Patello-femoral arthroplasty, 141–142 Patello-femoral joint loading, 155t PCL (posterior cruciate ligament), 153–154 Péan, 193 Peroxy macroradicals (ROO•), 254 Perplas Medical, 24 Peterson, Lowell, 129 Photo-oxidation, 250 Physical properties HDPE, 5t UHMWPE, 5t, 265 Physical testing density measurements, 272–273 differential scanning calorimetry, 266–267, 268f dilute solution viscometry, 266t fusion assessment, 271 intrinsic viscosity, 269 oxidation induction time measurements, 267 scanning electron microscopy, 267, 268f, 269 transmission electron microscopy, 271–272 Poisson’s ratio, 280 Polycentric knee arthroplasty, 129–132 Polyethylene, 4–5 Poly Hi Solidur Meditech, 24 Polymerization, 14–16 calcium stearate, 21–22 GUR resins, 16–17 GUR resins versus 1900 resin, 19–20 and molecular weight, 17–19 1900 resins, 16–17 Polymers, 2–4 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Charnley’s hip arthroplasty designs. See Charnley, Sir John debacle, 71 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), 153–154 Posterior-stabilized total condylar prosthesis II (TCP II), 140 PRODISC implants, 226–227 biomaterials, 234–235 biomechanics of performance, 236–237 clinical performance, 238–239 design concept, 234, 235f historical development, 234 shock absorption capacity, 235–236 Prolong, 351–352 Index 375PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) Charnley’s hip arthroplasty designs. See Charnley, Sir John debacle, 71 R Radicals formation during irradiation, 246–247 H radicals, 246–247 isolated radicals, reaction of, 247–248 macroradicals, 246–247, 250 alkyl, 254–256 peroxy, 254 Radiographic lysis, 74 Radiostereometric analysis (RSA), 83–84 R• (alkyl macroradicals), 254–256 Ram extrusion, 25–27 RA (rheumatoid arthritis), 190 RCH-1000, 5, 24 Resins conversion to consolidated form. See Conversion/consolidation GUR resins, 16–17 GUR resins versus 1900 resins, 19–20 1900 resins, 16–17 Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis system, 211f, 212 Reverse total shoulder prosthesis design concept, 211–212 Revision knee arthroplasty/replacement, 165–166 rate(s), 73–74 shoulder arthroplasty/replacement, 193 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 190 ROOH (hydroperoxide decomposition), 254–255 ROO• (peroxy macroradicals), 254 Rotating platform knees, 144 RSA (radiostereometric analysis), 83–84 Ruhrchemie AG, 14–15 S Savastano knee prosthesis, 132, 133f SB Charité III implants, 226–227 abrasive wear on contact zones, 230, 231f, 232f biomaterials, 227–229 biomechanics of performance, 230, 233, 234t clinical performance, 237–238 SB Charité III implants (Continued) core deformation, 229–230 design concept, 227 historical development, 227 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 267, 268f, 269 Scorpio PS total knee prostheses, 152f Select shoulder prosthesis system components, 199 Self-diffusion, 22 Semiconstrained hinged knee design, 125 Semiconstrained reverse shoulder prosthesis, 212 SEM (scanning electron microscopy), 267, 268f, 269 Shear punch testing, 298–301 Shelf life of components, 47–48 Shelf storage, oxidation during, 256, 258f small punch tests, 291–293 Shiers knee, 126, 127f Shoulder arthroplasty/replacement, 189 annual number of, 192 biomechanics of, 195–196 controversies in, 207, 209–210 glenoid component materials, 209–210 hemiarthroplasties bipolar prosthesis, 209 procedures, 191–192 results and rates, 209 UHMWPE’s role in, 209 history of, 193–195 load magnitudes and directions, 195–196 patient age, 193, 203 procedures, 191–192 revision of, 193 stresses in UHMWPE components, 195–196 success rates, 203–204, 209 total. See Total shoulder arthroplasty/replacement (TSA/TSR) Shoulder complications arthritis, 193 osteoarthritis, 190–191 rheumatoid arthritis, 190 TSA success rates, 203 dislocations, 191 fractures/trauma, 191, 193 TSA success rates, 203 376 IndexShoulder complications (Continued) ligament abrasions and ruptures, 190 osteoarthritis, 190–191 rheumatoid arthritis, 190 tendon abrasions and ruptures, 190 Shoulder joint, 190 Simulation generally. See Computer modeling and simulation hip simulators, 284 Small punch test(ing), 283, 288–291 aging of UHMWPE, 291–293 crosslinking’s effect on mechanical behavior and wear, 295–298 fatigue punch testing, 301–304, 305f geometric strain hardening, 289 geometric strain softening, 289 metrics of, 288–289 shear punch testing, 298–301 in vivo changes of UHMWPE, 294, 295f Solar humeral prostheses, 200 Song’s model, 32 Spinal discectomy, 219 Spinal disc replacement. See Total disc arthroplasty/replacement (TDA/TDR) Spinal fusion, 219–221 Sterilization, 37–38 ethylene oxide sterilization, 38t, 44–45 gamma sterilization in air permeable packaging, 38–41 in barrier packaging, 41–44 gas plasma sterilization, 38t, 44–47 and oxidation, 253–257 radical formation during, 246–247 temperature effects during, 253–255 at Wrightington Hospital, 66–67 Stillbrink, 194 Sulzer Orthopedics’ MOM hip designs, 98, 100f Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register, 163 Swell ratio testing, 278–280 T TCP (total condylar prosthesis), 139 TCP II (total condylar prosthesis II), 140 TDA/TDR. See Total disc arthroplasty/replacement (TDA/TDR) TEM (transmission electron microscopy), 271–272 crystalline lamellae, 6–7, 8f Tensile properties, 30 Tensile testing, 281, 282f Tf (flow temperature), 7–9 T g (glass transition temperature), 7–8 Thackray, 67 THA/THR. See Total hip arthroplasty/replacement (THA/THR) Thermally stabilized UHMWPE. See Highly crosslinked/thermally stabilized UHMWPE Thermal transitions, 7–8 “3-D/2-D matching,” 178 Tibiofemoral joint anterior shear, 155t compression, 155t Ticona, 15–17, 24 TKA/TKR. See Total knee arthroplasty/replacement (TKA/TKR) Total condylar knee, 135f, 136–141 Total condylar prosthesis (TCP), 139 Total condylar prosthesis II (TCP II), 139–140 Total disc arthroplasty/replacement (TDA/TDR), 219–221 biomechanical considerations, 222–226 design goals, 221 FLEXICORE TDR, 239 indications for, 221 interfaces for devices, 222 kinematic considerations, 222–223, 224f kinetic considerations, 223, 225 load-sharing considerations, 225–226 MAVERICK TDR, 239 PRODISC implants, 226–227 biomaterials, 234–235 biomechanics of performance, 236–237 clinical performance, 238–239 design concept, 234, 235f historical development, 234 shock absorption capacity, 235–236 SB Charité III implants, 226–227 abrasive wear on contact zones, 230, 231f, 232f biomaterials, 227–229 Index 377Total disc arthroplasty/replacement (Continued) biomechanics of performance, 230, 233, 234t clinical performance, 237–238 core deformation, 229–230 design concept, 227 historical development, 227 versus spinal discectomy, 219 versus spinal fusion, 219–221 UHMWPE alternatives, 239 UHMWPE designs, 226–239 Total hip arthroplasty/replacement (THA/THR), 71, 73 generally. See Hip arthroplasty/replacement highly crosslinked UHMWPE, prevalence of, 354–356 Total knee arthroplasty/replacement (TKA/TKR), 123, 124f. See also Knee arthroplasty/replacement evolutionary stages for UHMWPE in, 125 highly crosslinked UHMWPE, prevalence of, 356–357 osteolysis, 172–176 tricompartmental, 124f, 125 in vivo wear assessment in, 176–180 Total shoulder arthroplasty/replacement (TSA/TSR) abrasion, 207 Aequalis/Aequalis Fracture system components, 202 Anatomical Shoulder system components, 198f, 199 Bi-Angular system components, 197f, 198 Bigliani/Flatow humeral prostheses, 202 biomechanics of, 195–196 Bio-Modular system components, 197 BiPolar system components, 198 burnishing, 207 cobalt chromium alloy, use of, 212 Cofield/Cofield2, Monoblock system components, 201 complete wear-through, 207 complications with, 204t glenoid loosening, 204–205 instability, 204t, 205 wear or damage, 205–207, 208f Total shoulder arthroplasty/replacement (Continued) contemporary designs, 197–203 deformation, 207 delamination, 207 Delta prosthesis, 212 embedded debris, 207 Foundation/Foundation fracture humeral prostheses, 199–200 fractures, 207 future directions in design, 211–212 in materials, 212 glenoid loosening, 204–205 Global humeral prostheses, 199, 206 history of, 193–195 instability, 204t, 205 Integrated system components, 198 Modular Shoulder System, 201 Neer II/Neer III system components, 200–201 pitting, 207 procedures, 192 Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis system, 211f, 212 reverse total shoulder prosthesis design concept, 211–212 scratching, 207 Select system components, 199 semiconstrained reverse prosthesis, 212 Solar humeral prostheses, 200 success rates, 203–204, 209 wear or damage, 205–207, 208f Townley knee prosthesis, 134f, 135f, 136 Trace element analysis, 274 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 271–272 TSA/TSR. See Total shoulder arthroplasty/replacement (TSA/TSR) U Ubbelohde viscometer, 269, 270f UKA (unicondylar knee arthroplasty), 125 Ultrasound for knee wear assessment, 178–179 Uniaxial compressive response, 313–314 Uniaxial tension response, 313 Unicondylar disease, 132 378 IndexUnicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), 125 Unicondylar polycentric knee arthroplasty, 132–134 VV iscosity average molecular weight (MV), 18 Volumetric wear rate (VWR), 78, 85t von Mises stresses hip replacements, 156 knee replacements, 158–159 VWR (volumetric wear rate), 78, 85t WW alldius knee, 126, 127f Wear performance/rates crosslinking, effect of, 295–298 HDPE, 5, 6f hip arthroplasty. See Hip arthroplasty/replacement knee arthroplasty/replacement, 165–167 articulating surface damage modes, 167–172 in vivo wear assessment methods, 176–180 from machining, 32 total shoulder arthroplasty/ replacement, 205–207, 208f UHMWPE, 5, 6f Wrightington Hospital hip arthroplasty/replacement. See also Craven, H. implant fabrication at, 61–62 UHMWPE cup sterilization at, 66–67 knee arthroplasty/replacement Charnley’s design, development of, 129 Gunston’s design, development of, 123, 127–129 UHMWPE’s arrival at, 66 WTF (integral work to failure), 288–289 X XLPE, 352, 353t YY -crosslinking mechanism, 248–249 Z Zipple, 194 Zirconia, 102, 103t, 104–105 failure rate, 109 Index 379
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب The UHMWPE Handbook - Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب The UHMWPE Handbook - Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement
|
|