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عدد المساهمات : 18956 التقييم : 35374 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers السبت 29 أبريل 2023, 12:15 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers Laurence W. McKeen
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Foreword 1. Introduction to the Effect of Heat Aging on Plastics 2. Introduction to the Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Plastics and Elastomers 3. The Effect of Heat Aging on the Properties of Styrenic Plastics 4. The Effect of Heat Aging on the Properties of Polyesters 5. The Effect of Heat Aging on the Properties of Polyimides 6. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Polyamides (Nylons) 7. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Polyolefins, Polyvinyls & Acrylics 8. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Fluoropolymers 9. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of High Temperature/High Performance Polymers 10. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Elastomers and rubbers 11. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Sustainable polymers Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables, respectively. A Acetal copolymer, 229 chemical structure, 231f vs. homopolymer, 229230, 232 Acetal homopolymer, 227 chemical structure, 231f vs. copolymer, 229230, 232 Acid scavengers, 2223 Acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) copolymers, 259270 applications and uses, 266 bound antioxidant NBR, 263 carboxylated nitrile (XNBR), 263 cold NBR, 259 crosslinked hot NBR, 263 HNBR, 263266 hot NBR, 259262 manufacturers and trade names, 266 monomers and polymer structure, 268f Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 73 chemical structures, 74f elongation energy to break vs. heat aging, 78f impact strength, as a function of aging time at 90°C and 120°C notched ABS, 76f unnotched ABS, 77f penetration energy vs. heat aging time at 90°C, 75f stress-strain curve, 78f TGA, 75f thermooxidation degradation polybutadiene, 74f yellowing, 76f Young’s modulus, 77f Acrylonitrile-styrene acrylate (ASA), 8082 penetration energy vs. heat aging time at 90°C, 82f yellowing, 82f Acudel 22000, TGA in air and nitrogen, 218f Acudel 25000, TGA in air and nitrogen, 218f Addition polymerization, 12, 2f chain initiation, 1 chain propagation, 1 chain termination, 1 Additives antiblock, 14, 14f antistatic, 16 platelet, 12 slip, 1314 Aflas thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 265f Aliphatic TPU, 240 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 47 standards for common polymer families, 50t Amodel A-1000, 163f Amodel A-1133, 164f Amorphous nylon (polyamides), 139141 applications and uses, 141 characteristics, 139 chemical structure, 142f manufacturers and trade names, 141 Amorphous plastic, crystalline plastic vs., 10, 10f Antiblock additives, 14, 14f Antioxidants chain breaking, 1718 phenolic. See Phenolic antioxidants Antistatic additives, 16 Aromatic TPU, 240 ASA. See Acrylonitrile-styrene acrylate (ASA) ASTM. See American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Atactic polypropene, 67, 7f Aurum, 124f B Bayer TPU, effect of 70 h of thermal aging on the tensile strength of, 241f Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer, 175176 manufacturers and trade names, 175 structure, 176f thermal stability as measured by time to 1% weight loss vs. temperature, 177f Biphenol diamine PMDA PEI, 124f Bis-benzoxazolyl-stilbene, 20 chemical structure, 22f excitation and emission curves, 21f 4,40-bisphenol A dianhydride (BPADA), 121 monomer, chemical structure, 125f BPADA-DDS PEI sulfone, 124f BPADA-MPD PEI, 124f BPADA-PMDA-MPD copolyetherimide, 125f BPADA-PPD PEI, 124f Branched polymers, 3, 3f Brighteners. See Optical brighteners Bromobutyl rubber, 244 applications and uses, 244 crosslinking (vulcanization), 258f elongation at break retained vs. aging time at various temperature, 259f isoprene-based structural units, 258f manufacturers and trade name, 244 C CalibreTM 300 PC effect of aging in air on yield stress, 100f effect of aging time in air at various temperatures on Izod impact strength, 99f Caprolactam, 141 Carbon black, 15 Catalysts, 14 Celanex PBT, 8890 decrease in tensile stress at break of flame retardant, heat aging trial at 180°C, 92f decrease in tensile stress at break of reinforced and unreinforced, heat aging trial at 180°C, 91f 273Celanex PBT (Continued) dimensional effects on heat aging at 149°C on glass reinforced, 93f dimensional effects on heat aging of glass reinforced, 91f heat aging effects at 170°C on dielectric strength of reinforced flame retardant grades, 93f heat aging effects at 170°C on dielectric strength of reinforced grades, 94f heat aging effects at 170°C on tensile strength of reinforced grades, 94f heat aging effects on tensile strength, reinforced flame retardant grades, 92f volume resistivity of reinforced grades, 95f Celcon shrinkage due to heat aging at various temperatures, 233f Chain breaking antioxidants, 1718 Chain-growth polymerization. See Addition polymerization Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. See Ryton, thermal aging effects; Xtel, thermal aging effects Chlorobutyl rubber, 244245 Chloroprene, 244245, 259f Cis-isomers, 6, 6f Cl2 molecule, 4 Coefficient of friction (COF), 13 COF. See Coefficient of friction (COF) Color, 4345, 44f, 45t Combustion modifiers, 12 Composites, 12 Condensation polymerization, 2, 2f Copolyesters, 102114 manufacturers, 114 monomers used, 113f Copolymer, acetal, 229 chemical structure, 231f vs. homopolymer, 229230, 232 Copolymers, 23. See also specific copolymers alternating, 2 block, 3 classifications, 2 graft, 3 random, 2 Coupling agents, 15 Covalent bonds, 4 CRASTIN PBT impact strength vs. aging time at 135°C and 100% humidity, 98f thermal endurance, 95f of additional, 96f of flame resistant, 96f ultimate tensile stress with aging time at 135°C and 100% humidity, 97f Creep, 17, 3141 categories, 33 illustration, 32f measures, 3441 creep strength and rupture strength, 3841 modulus, 3738 stress, strain, and time, 3437 regions, 3334 stages, 33 Creep modulus, 3738 relaxation modulus, 37, 38f time plot at various temperatures, 39f Creep rupture curves, 40, 40f, 41f Creep rupture stress (envelopes), 3839, 40f Crosslinked polymers, 3, 3f Crystalline plastic, vs. amorphous plastic, 10, 10f Cyclotenett 4026, 176f D Degree of polymerization, 9 Degree of unsaturation (DoU), 45 Delrin isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 232f time vs. heat aging temperature leading to a 78% retention of tensile strength, 232f Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 2730 glass transition process, 30f, 32f heat flux, 29f OIT, 31f polyethylene terephthalate, 30f power compensated, 29f Dipole bonding, 7 Dipole moment, 3, 4t DMTA. See Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) Dyes, 15 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), 6667, 67f E Eastar Copolyester 6763, 104114 accelerated physical aging data accelerated aging, in medical packaging, 114t yield stress as a function of aging time at 67°C, 114f ECTFE. See Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Elastollan TPU, 241f Elastomers, description, 239. See also specific elastomers Elastomer tests, 49t Electrical tests, 49t Electronegativity, 3 EMS-Grivory GV-4H, -5H, and -6H, 166f EMS-Grivory HT, 165f ENR. See Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) EPDM rubber, 242 Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), 250 EPR. See Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) Estane FR TPU, 241t Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, 200207 applications and uses, 207 chemical structure, 206f manufacturers and trade names, 205 Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), 242, 245246 applications and uses, 246 manufacturers and trade names, 246 types, 245246 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 198200 applications and uses, 200 chemical structure, 200f degradation (TGA) rates, 202t manufacturers and trade names, 200 TGA, 206f Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, 179182 manufacturers and trade names, 182 properties, 180 structure, 181f TGA in nitrogen, 182f Extenders, 15 F FEP. See Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) Fillers, 1112 Flexural properties, 56 Fluon, 205f grades, 202t Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP), 185189 ball and stick three-dimensional representation, 189f chemical structure, 188f degradation (TGA) rates, 189t three-dimensional representation, 188f Fluoroelastomer (FKM), 246250 “A” types, 246247 “B” types, 247 compression set vs. hours aging, 266f curing chemistry, 265f 274 INDEXFFKM, 248249 “F” types, 247 FVMQ, 248 monomers used to make, 263f sealing force retention vs. hours aging at 204°C, 265f Viton GF, 247 Viton GFLT, 247248 Fluoropolymer ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, 200207 ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 198200 FEP, 185189 melting point ranges, 184t monomers, 184f overview, 183 perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 189191 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 193197 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 183185 polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 191193 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 198 Fortron izod impact strength vs. heat aging, at 150°C, 216f tensile modulus vs. heat aging, 217f tensile strength vs. heat aging, 216f at 150°C, 215f TGA in air and nitrogen, 217f G Glass transition temperature, 6671 mechanical methods, 6667 thermal-mechanical analysis, 30f, 68 thermal methods, 6871 Gloss measurement, 4546 Grilamid, 146f Grilamid TR55, 142f Grilon A, 150f Grilon B, 144f Grilon TS, 161f H Halar, 206f Hardness tests, 49t Haze measurement, 46 Head-to-tail isomers, 6, 6f Heat aging testing, 2331 oven aging, 2324 thermal analysis, 2431 DSC. See Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) TGA. See Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Heat deflection temperature, 6365, 65f Heating, 17 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 171 see also Polyethylene (PE) High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 3 HIPS. See High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) Homopolymer, acetal, 227 chemical structure, 231f vs. copolymer, 229230, 232 Homopolymers, polypropylene (PP), 172 Hostaform, isothermal TGA at 200°C in air, 236f Hostaform C 9021 elongation at break as a function of aging time change in, and temperature (in air) represented on an Arrhenius diagram, 235f relative, in air at elevated temperature, 234f tensile strength as a function of aging time change in, and temperature represented on an Arrhenius diagram, 234f relative, in air at elevated temperature, 233f Hostaform S 9064, 235f Hostaform S 9244, 235f Hostaphan PET, 111f Hydrocarbon molecules, 4 C-C and C-H bonds, 4 Hydrogen bonding, 7, 8f Hydrolysis, 2 Hyflon, 194f Hytrel 4056, 249t Hytrel 5556, 7246, and 8238 heat aging: blends of Hytrel 52FR flame retardant concentrate at 100°C, 251t at 125°C, 253t at 135°C, 255t Hytrel 51FR, 249t Hytrel 52FR, 251t I Illuminant, 43 Impact copolymers, polypropylene (PP), 173 Impact modifiers, 14 Impact tests, 49t Internal lubricants. See Slip additives/ internal lubricants ISO, standards for common polymer families, 50t Isomers, 57 geometric, 6 stereoisomers, 67 structural, 6, 6f Isophorone bisphenol-based PCs, 100102 applications and uses, 102 change in yellowness index at 1000 h vs. aging temperature, 113f chemical structure, 113f Isotactic polypropene, 7, 7f Iupilon/NOVAREX PC, 99f IXEF 1022, 162f IXEF 1521, 162t IXEF PAA, 162f K Kapton Type HN PI Film isothermal weight loss in air versus time, 133f isothermal weight loss in helium vs. time, 133f retained dielectric strength at 325°C, 132f tensile strength retained vs. aging in air at 325°C, 131f tensile strength vs. aging in air at 325° C, 129f TGA in air and helium, 134f time required for reduction in ultimate elongation from 70% to 1%, 129t ultimate elongation retained vs. aging in air at 325°C, 132f L LCP. See Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP) Lexan XHT PC, 101f Light source, 43 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 171, 174f see also Polyethylene (PE) density vs. aging time in air at various temperatures, 174f elongation at break retained vs. aging time in air at various temperatures, 174f Linear polymers, 3, 3f Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), 8586 applications and uses, 85 chemical structures of monomers, 87f manufacturers and trade names, 85 M Mechanical testing, 4763, 48t Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 171 see also Polyethylene (PE) Melt flow index, 63, 63f Melting point estimation, 6566, 66f Metal dactivators, 20, 21f Mica, 15 Molar mass dispersity index, 9 INDEX 275Molecular unsaturation, 45 Molecular weight, 89, 9f N Natural rubber, 250259 applications and uses, 250 epoxidation, 250 heat aging, 267t thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air, 268f NeoflonTM, 192f elongation after exposure at 200°C, 205f elongation vs. aging time at 200°C, 190f tensile strength after exposure at 200°C, 204f tensile strength vs. aging time at 200°C, 189f TGA, 190f Neoprene WRT polychloroprene, 260t Network polymer. See Crosslinked polymers Nitrile rubber, 259 modulus properties vs. heat aging, 270t tensile strength and elongation at break vs. heat aging, 269t Nordel EPDM changes in the properties at various temperatures, 261t variation of dielectric constant vs. aging time at 90°C, 262f variation of resistivity vs. aging time at 90°C, 262f Nylon 6 (polyamide 6), 141142 characteristics, 141142 chemical structure, 143f manufacturers and trade names, 142 Nylon 11 (polyamide 11), 142 characteristics, 142 chemical structure, 144f manufacturers and trade names, 142 TGA, 145f Nylon 12 (polyamide 12), 142145 characteristics, 142145 chemical structure, 145f manufacturers and trade names, 145 Nylon 46 (polyamide 12), 145 applications and uses, 145 characteristics, 145 chemical structure, 146f Izod impact strength vs. heat aging at 150°C, 149f manufacturers and trade names, 145 ultimate tensile strength versus heat aging at 150°C, 148f Nylon 66 (polyamide 66), 145157 applications and uses, 148 characteristics, 145148 chemical structure, 149f dependence of impact strengths on aging time, 158f dependence of ultimate tensile stresses on aging time, 157f manufacturers and trade names, 148 TGA, 149f Nylon 612 (polyamide 612), 158159 applications and uses, 159 characteristics, 158159 chemical structure, 159f manufacturers and trade names, 159 Nylon 666 (polyamide 666), 159 Nylon (polyamides) amino acids, 141f amorphous, 139141 characteristics, 139 chemical structure, 142f diacids, 140f diamines, 140f generalized reaction, 140f monomers, 140t overview, 139 properties, 139 stabilization, 139 thermooxidation, 139, 141f O OIT. See Oxidative induction time/ oxidation induction time (OIT) Optical brighteners, 1415, 2021 chemical structure, 22f reflectance vs. wavelength of polyester composite with and without, 22f Oven aging, 2324 heat aging curves, 2324, 24f, 25f Oxidative induction time/oxidation induction time (OIT), 3031, 31f P Parylene HT dielectric strength vs. long-term heat aging under various conditions, 227f vs. short-term heat aging under various conditions, 229f modulus vs. long-term heat aging under various conditions, 228f vs. short-term heat aging under various conditions, 230f tensile strength vs. long-term heat aging under various conditions, 228f vs. short-term heat aging under various conditions, 230f TGA, 227f water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) vs. long-term heat aging under various conditions, 229f vs. short-term heat aging under various conditions, 231f Parylene (poly(p-xylylene)), 224226 applications and uses, 226 manufacturers and trade names, 226 structures, 226f PBT. See Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 189191 ball and stick three-dimensional representation, 191f break elongation, change in, 193f chemical structure, 191f comonomers, 190t melt flow rate, change in, 193f tensile strength, change in, 192f three-dimensional representation, 191f PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Petra 130 PET, 111f Phenolic antioxidants, 1718 chemical structure, 19f hydroperoxide radicals and, 18, 19f Phosphites, 1819, 19f, 20f Phosphonites, 1819 Pigments, 15 Plasticizers, 15 Platelet additives, 12 Polar bond, 34 Polarity, 34 qualitative ranking, 4f Polyacetals, 228 Polyacrylics, 177 applications and uses, 177 heat aging, 178t manufacturers and trade names, 177 Polyamide alloys, 168 Polyamide-imides (PAI), 117 chemical structure, 118f monomer, 118f polymer units, 118t, 119t Polyarylamide, 159161 applications and uses, 161 characteristics, 161 manufacturers and trade names, 161 Polyaryletherketone (PAEK), 209210 PEEK. See Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) properties, 209 structure, 209, 209f Polybutylene naphthalate (PBN), 99100, 112f heat aging effect on tensile strength at 200°C, 112f Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 8693 applications and uses, 87 chemical structure, 90f 276 INDEXheat aging effect on tensile strength at 200°C, 112f manufacturers and trade names, 87 properties, 8687 Polycarbonate (PC), 9396 applications and uses, 96 chemical structure, 98f monomers, 98f effect of aging time at 135°C in air on the glass transition temperature, 101f effect of Arkema Durashield Impact modifier on impact strength and aging at 120°C, 100f manufacturers and trade names, 96 properties, 9495 thermal decomposition chemistry, 95 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 193197 applications and uses, 196 chemical structure, 196f degradation rate, 197t manufacturers and trade names, 195 thermal degradation, 197f Polydispersity (PDI), 9 Polyesters copolyesters, 102114 formulation, 85 isophorone bisphenol-based PCs, 100102 LCP. See Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP) PBN, 99100, 112f PBT. See Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) PEN, 99100 PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate polyester (PET) polycarbonate (PC), 9396 stabilization, 85 thermal degradation, 85 Polyester TPU, 239 characteristic features, 240 Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), 209, 211f properties, 209210 structure, 209, 209f Polyetherimide (PEI), 117125 applications and uses, 125 manufacturers and trade names, 121 monomers, chemical structures, 124f, 125f performance features, 117 Polyethersulfone (PES), 221224 flexural modulus vs. aging time at 204° C, 225f heat deflection temperature vs. aging time at 204°C, 226f manufacturers and trade names, 222 properties, 222 structure, 221222, 221f tensile elongation vs. aging time at 204° C, 225f tensile strength, half-life period of, temperature dependence, 222f tensile strength vs. aging time at 204°C, 224f Polyether TPU, 239240 characteristic features, 240 Polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene. See Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 99100 applications and uses, 100 manufacturers and trade names, 100 structure, 112f Polyethylene (PE), 171172 applications and uses, 172 classifications, 171 degradation pathways, 173f graphical depictions, 172f graphical diagram of crystal structure, 172f high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 171 linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 171, 174f low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 171 manufacturers and trade names, 172 medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 171 monomers, 171f TGA in air and nitrogen, 173f thermal decomposition, 27f thermooxidative degradation, 172 ultra low-density polyethylene (ULDPE), 171 very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), 171 Polyethylene terephthalate, 2 Polyethylene terephthalate polyester, 9799 applications and uses, 98 chemical structure, 101f heat aging effect on elongation, 108f on the impact strength, 109f on the modulus, 109f on the tear strength, 110f on the tensile strength, 110f impact strengths with aging time, 108f manufacturers and trade names, 98 ultimate tensile stresses with aging time, 107f Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene. See Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Polyflon elongation vs. aging time at 380°C, 188f specific gravity vs. aging time at 380° C, 187f tensile strength vs. aging time at 380°C, 188f Polyformaldehyde, 227 and acetic acid, condensation reaction, 228 Polyimides, 125136 applications and uses, 128 chemical structures monomers, 128f typical, 128f manufacturers and trade names, 128 Polyisoprene. See Natural rubber Polymerization see also Copolymers addition, 12, 2f condensation, 2, 2f description, 12 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 177, 177f Polyolefins, 171175 monomers, 171f polyethylene (PE), 171172 applications and uses, 172 classifications, 171 degradation pathways, 173f graphical depictions, 172f graphical diagram of crystal structure, 172f high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 171 linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 171 low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 171 manufacturers and trade names, 172 medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 171 monomers, 171f TGA in air and nitrogen, 173f thermooxidative degradation, 172 ultra low-density polyethylene (ULDPE), 171 very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), 171 polypropylene (PP). See Polypropylene (PP) Polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer (TPO), 242 applications and uses, 242 manufacturers and trade names, 242 Polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM-Co), 229 see also Acetal copolymer Polyoxymethylene (POM), 227 see also Acetal homopolymer Polyphenylene ether (PPE). See Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 237238 chemical structure, 237f thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 238f Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 210214 applications and uses, 213 manufacturers and trade names, 213 INDEX 277Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) (Continued) properties, 212213 tensile strength vs. aging time at 150°C, 219f variants, 212 Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 221 applications and uses, 221 manufacturers and trade names, 221 properties, 221 structure, 221f TGA in air and nitrogen, 221f Polyphthalamide (PPA), 161167 applications and uses, 163 change in Izod impact strength (ASTM D 4812) vs. heat aging at 150°C, 166f change in tensile strength (ASTM D 638) vs. heat aging at 150°C, 165f characteristics, 161163 chemical structures, 163f manufacturers and trade names, 163 Polypropene see also Isomers atactic, 67, 7f isotactic, 7, 7f structure, 6, 6f syndiotactic, 7, 7f Polypropylene (PP), 172175 applications and uses, 175 degradation pathways, 175f homopolymers, 172 impact copolymers, 173 manufacturers and trade names, 175 random copolymers, 173 stabilization, 174175 TGA in air and nitrogen, 176f thermal stability, 175f thermooxidative degradation, 174 types, 172174 Polystyrene, 7377 chemical structure, 78f TGA, 80f thermooxidation pathways, 79f Polystyrene (PS), 237238 Polysulfone (PSU), 215220 structure, 219f thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 220f Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 13, 183185 ball and stick three-dimensional representation, 184f chemical structure, 184f degradation (TGA) rates, 185t electrical properties, 185t elongation vs. aging time at 250°C, 187f tensile strength vs. aging time at 250°C, 186f TGA, 186f three-dimensional representation, 184f Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 177179 applications and uses, 179 chemical structure, 179 dehydrochlorination, 179f elongation at break vs. aging time at several temperatures, 181f Izod impact strength versus aging time at several temperatures, 181f manufacturers and trade names, 179 radical generation, 179f stabilization, 179 tensile modulus vs. aging time at several temperatures, 180f tensile strength vs. aging time at several temperatures, 180f thermal degradation, 179 Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 191193 applications and uses, 193 description, 193 structure, 195f Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 198 applications and uses, 198 change in tensile strength and break elongation, 199f manufacturers and trade names, 198 PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) Puncture resistance, 5660 Charpy impact strength, 58, 59f, 60f, 60t drop dart impact test, 5758, 58f Gardner impact strength, 5860, 60f high-speed puncture test, 5657 Izod impact strength, 58, 59f, 60f, 60t PVC. See Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) R Radel tensile strength retained vs. thermal aging, 223f TGA in air and nitrogen, 222f Random copolymers, 173 see also Polypropylene (PP) Release agents, 12 Rigidity, 53 Riteflex, 248f RYNITE 408, 98 heat aging effect on tensile strength, 105f RYNITE 530, 98 heat aging effect on impact resistance, 106f heat aging effect on tensile strength, 102f RYNITE 545, 98 heat aging effect on impact resistance, 106f heat aging effect on tensile strength, 102f RYNITE 555, 98 heat aging effect on tensile strength, 103f RYNITE 935, 98 heat aging effect on tensile strength, 105f RYNITE FR530, 99 heat aging effect on impact resistance, 107f heat aging effect on tensile strength, 103f RYNITE FR543, 99 heat aging effect on tensile strength, 104f RYNITE FR943, 99 heat aging effect on tensile strength, 104f Ryton, thermal aging effects at 165°C, 213t at 200°C, 214t at 220°C, 214t at 240°C, 215t S Santoprene 40, 246t Santoprene 50, 248t Santoprene 55, 242t Santoprene 64, 243t Santoprene 73, 244t Santoprene 80, 245t Santoprene 87, 246t Shear properties, 5356 Slip additives/internal lubricants, 1314 Solef mechanical properties, 199f TGA, 200f thermal aging tests at 150°C, 199t thermal aging tests at various temperatures, 198t Stanyl heat aging resistance, 147t tensile strength after heat aging at 150° C, 147f tensile strength after heat aging at 210° C, 147f Step-growth polymerization. See Condensation polymerization Stereoisomers, 67 see also Isomers; Polypropene Steric hindrance, 5, 5f Stress rupture, 38, 39f Stress-strain-time plot, 3437, 34f, 36f Structural isomers, 6, 6f Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), 7779 chemical structure, 81f TGA curve, 81f Styrenic-butadiene copolymer (SBC), 8283 microscopic structure, 83f penetration energy vs. heat aging time at 90°C, 83f yellowing, 84f 278 INDEXStyron 685D, 80f Sumikaexcel 4800G tensile strength half-life, temperature dependence, 223f tensile strength vs. aging time at 150°C in air, 224f Sumikasuper LCP, 86 tensile strength vs. heat aging at 260°C, 90f thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 90f Syndiotactic polypropene, 7, 7f T Tear properties, 6061 Elmendorf tear strength, 6061, 61f trouser tear measurement, 61, 62f Tedlar elongation vs. hours of aging at 149°C, 195f flex life vs. hours of aging at 149°C, 196f impact strength vs. hours of aging at 149°C, 196f tensile strength vs. hours of aging at 149°C, 195f Tefzel effect of heat aging on the tensile strength at 23°C, 203f at 150°C, 204f effect of temperature aging on Izod impact strength, 201t estimated upper service temperatures, 201t initial weight loss, 201t retention at various levels of room temperature tensile elongation after heat aging, 202f retention at various levels of room temperature tensile strength after heat aging, 203f Tensile properties, 4752 Terpolymer, 2 Thermal analysis, 2431, 50t DSC. See Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) TGA. See Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Thermal degradation, 17, 18f radicals’ reactions, 18t Thermal oxidation, 17, 18f Thermal property tests, 6371 glass transition temperature, 6671 mechanical methods, 6667 thermal-mechanical analysis, 30f, 68 thermal methods, 6871 heat deflection temperature, 6365, 65f melt flow index, 63, 63f melting point estimation, 6566, 66f standard tests, 46t Vicat softening temperature, 65, 65f Thermal stabilizers, 15 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 2526 analyzer, 26f kinetic analysis, 28f lifetime prediction, 2627 Thermogravimetry (TG), 25 curve, 25f Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers (TPE-E or COPE), 243244 characteristics, 243 manufacturers and trade names, 244 Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), 239241 aliphatic, 240 aromatic, 240 manufacturers and trade names, 240 molecular structure, 240f polycaprolactone, 240 polyester, 239240 polyether, 239240 properties, 240 Thermoplastics, vs. thermosets, 910 Thermosets, thermoplastics vs., 910 Thioethers. See Thiosynergists Thiosynergists, 20 chemical structures, 20f, 21f hydroperoxides, decomposition, 20f Time-temperature superposition techniques, 39 Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 15 Torlon 4203L PAI flexural modulus vs. aging at 260°C, 123f heat deflection temperature vs. aging at 260°C, 123f retention of properties after thermal aging, 120t tensile elongation vs. aging at 260°C, 122f tensile strength vs. aging at 260°C, 122f thermogravimetric analysis in air and nitrogen, 121f Torlon PAI tensile strength vs. aging at 250°C, 121f thermal indices, 120t Tougheners, 14 Toughness, 6163, 62f TPO. See Polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer (TPO) Trans-isomers, 6, 6f Tristimulus coefficients, 46t Trogamid T, 143f U Udel GF-130, tensile strength vs. heat aging time, 220f Udel P-1700, tensile strength vs. heat aging time, 219f Ultem 1000 Series, 124f flexural modulus vs. aging at 204°C, 127f heat deflection temperature vs. aging at 204°C, 127f tensile elongation vs. aging at 204°C, 126f tensile strength vs. aging at 204°C, 126f Ultem 6000 Series, 125f Ultem XH6050, 124f Ultraform isothermal TGA at 200°C in air, 236f tensile strength vs. heat aging period at 100°C, 120°C, 140°C, 237f yield stress vs. heat aging in air at 100° C and 120°C, 236f Ultra low-density polyethylene (ULDPE), 171 see also Polyethylene (PE) Ultramid A, 144f, 150f Ultramid A3WC4, 158f Ultramid T KR 4350, 143f Unsaturation. See Molecular unsaturation Upimol SA101 PI elongation vs. oven aging time, 130f tensile strength vs. oven aging time, 130f TGA, 131f Urethanes, 239 see also Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) UV/radiation stabilizers, 14 V Van der Waals forces, 8 Vectra A950 LCP, 87f Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), 171 see also Polyethylene (PE) Vespel SP-21 and ST-2010 PI elongation vs. heat aging at 260°C, 135f tensile strength vs. aging at 260°C, 136f Vespel SP PI approximate time to 50% reduction in tensile strength vs. aging temperature, 136f elongation retained vs. aging in air at 200°C, 135f tensile strength retained vs. aging in air at 200°C, 134f Vespel TP-8000 Series, 129f Vestamid, 146f Vestodur PBT, 97f Vicat softening temperature, 65, 65f Victrex PLC Victrex tensile strength and elongation to break retained vs. aging time, 210t thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air, 211f INDEX 279Victrex PLC Victrex (Continued) in nitrogen, 210f volume resistivity vs. electrification time, 212f Viton B FKM, 264t Voltale, 197f X Xtel, thermal aging effects at 150oC, 213t at 165oC, 213t at 200oC, 214t at 220oC, 214t Y Yellowness index (YI), 4647 Z ZENITE LCP 6130 tensile strength retained vs. temperature and time, 88f unnotched Izod vs. heat and time, 89f ZENITE LCP 7130 tensile strength retained vs. temperature and time, 88f unnotched Izod vs. heat and time, 89f Zytel 101 effect of air oven aging on tensile impact strength retained, 151f effect of air oven aging on tensile strength, 151f Zytel 151, 160f Zytel FN, 168t Zytel 70G33HS1L, 156f Zytel 70G 13L, 155f Zytel 70G33L, 155f Zytel 71G 13L, 156f Zytel 71G33L, 157f Zytel 77G33L, 159f Zytel 77G43L, 160f Zytel 408HS effect of air oven aging on tensile impact strength, 153f effect of air oven aging on tensile strength, 153f Zytel 103HSL effect of air oven aging on tensile impact strength retained, 152f effect of air oven aging on tensile strength, 152f Zytel HTN92 Series retention of stress at break vs. heat aging time at 230°C, 168f tensile strength vs. heat aging time at 180°C, 167f tensile strength vs. heat aging time at 210°C, 167f Zytel PLS95G45DH3 BK261, 148f Zytel ST801HS effect of air oven aging on tensile impact strength, 154f effect of air oven aging on tensile strength, 154
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net The Unzip Password : books-world.net أتمنى أن تستفيدوا من محتوى الموضوع وأن ينال إعجابكم رابط من موقع عالم الكتب لتنزيل كتاب The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers رابط مباشر لتنزيل كتاب The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers
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