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| موضوع: كتاب Thermosets and Composites - Material Selection, Applications, Manufacturing, and Cost Analysis الثلاثاء 04 أبريل 2023, 5:23 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Thermosets and Composites - Material Selection, Applications, Manufacturing, and Cost Analysis Second Edition Michel Biron
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Acronyms and Abbreviations 5V UL fire rating AAGR Average annual growth rate ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ACM-V Vulcanized acrylate rubber ACS Acrylonitrile chlorinated polyethylene styrene AES or AEPDS Acrylonitrile EPDM styrene AMC Alkyd molding compound ArF or AF Aramid fiber ASA Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATBC Acetyltributyl citrate ATH Aluminum trihydrate BF Boron fiber BMC Bulk molding compound BMI Bismaleimide BOPLA Bi-axially oriented polylactic acid BOPP Bi-axially oriented Polypropylene BRIC Brazil-Russia-India-China CA Cellulose acetate CAB Cellulose acetobutyrate CAD Computer Aided Design CAGR Compound annual growth rate CBT Cyclic polybutadiene Terephthalate CE Cyanate ester CF Carbon fiber CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CIC Continuous impregnated compound CM or CPE Chlorinated polyethylene CNT Carbon nanotube COC or COP Cyclic olefin copolymers or cyclic olefin polymers CONC Concentrated solution COP or COC Cyclic olefin polymers or cyclic olefin copolymers COPE or TPEE COPolyester TPE CP Cellulose propionate CPE or CM Chlorinated polyethylene CPVC or PVC-C Chlorinated PVC CS Compression set CTLE Coefficient of thermal linear expansion CUT Continuous use temperature under unstressed state Cy Polycyanate DAP Diallyl phthalate DCPD Poly(dicyclopentadiene) DMC Dough molding compound DMTA Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis DRIV Direct resin injection and venting DSC Differential scanning calorimeter DTA Differential thermal analysis EB Elongation at break EBA, EGMA, EMAH, EEA, EAA Ethylene-acid and ethyleneester copolymers, e.g., ethylene-butylacrylate ECTFE Ethylene monochlorotrifluoroethylene EE, E&E Electricity & electronics EMA Ethylene-methacrylate ionomers EMI Electromagnetic interference EP Epoxy EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPDM rubber Terpolymer ethylene, propylene, diene EPS Expandable (or expanded) polystyrene ESBO Epoxidized soybean oil ESC Environmental stress cracking ESD Electrostatic discharge ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene EVA, E/VAC, EVAC, VAE, EVM Ethylene-vinylacetate copolymersxviii Acronyms and abbreviations EVOH Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers F-PVC Flexible PVC FDA Food and Drug Administration FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene FIM Film insert molding FR Fire retardant GF Glass fiber GFRP Glass fiber reinforced plastic GMT Glass mat thermoplastic HB UL fire rating HDPE or PE HD High density polyethylene HDT Heat deflection temperature HFFR Halogen free fire retardant HIPS High impact PS HPGF High-performance short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene HSCT High speed civil transport (aircraft) HTPC Hybrid thermoplastic composite HTV High temperature vulcanization ICP Inherently conductive polymer IDP Inherently dissipative polymer ILSS Interlaminar shear strength IMC In-mold coating IMD In-mold decoration IML In-mold labeling IPN Interpenetrating polymer network IRHD International rubber hardness IRM International referee material ISO International Standardization Organization LCA Life cycle assessment LCP Liquid crystal polymer LCTC Low cost tooling for composites LDPE or PE LD Low density polyethylene LED Light emitting diode LEFM Linear elastic fracture mechanics LFRT Long fiber reinforced thermoplastic LFT Long fiber reinforced thermoplastic LGF Long glass fiber LIM Liquid injection molding LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene LOI Limiting oxygen index LRI Liquid resin infusion LRTM Light RTM LSR Liquid silicone rubber LWRT Lightweight reinforced thermoplastic MABS Methylmethacrylateacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene MAH Maleic anhydride MBS Methylmethacrylate butadiene styrene MDPE Medium density polyethylene MF Melamine MPR Melt processable rubber (TPE) MVTR Moisture vapor transmission rate MWNT Multiwalled carbon nanotubes NB No break NVH Noise vibration harshness O&M Organization & methods department OIT Oxygen induction time OPET Oriented PET OPP Oriented PP OPS Oriented PS OTR Oxygen transmission rate PA Polyamide PA-T Transparent amorphous polyamide PAA Polyarylamide PAI Polyamideimide PAEK Polyaryletherketone PAN Polyacrylonitrile PAS Polyarylsulfone PB Polybutene-1 or polybutylene-1 PBB Polybrominated biphenyls PBDE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBI Polybenzimidazole PBO Polyphenylenebenzooxazole PBT or PBTP Polybutyleneterephthalate PC Polycarbonate PCB Printed circuit board PC-HT Polycarbonate – high temperature PCL Polycaprolactone PCT Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate PCTA Terephthalate/isophthalateAcronyms and abbreviations xix PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene PCTG Polycyclohexylenedimethylenediol/ethyleneglycol terephthalate PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane PE Polyethylene PEAA Polyethylene acrylic acid PEAR Polyetheramide resin PEBA Polyether block amide PEEK Polyetherether ketone PEG Polyethylene glycol PEI Polyetherimide PEK Polyetherketone PEKK Poly ether ketone ketone PEN Polyethylene naphthalenedicarboxylate PES or PESU Polyethersulfone PET or PETP Polyethylene terephthalate PETG Polyethyleneglycol/ cyclohexylene-dimethylenediol terephthalate PETI Phenylethynyl with imide terminations PEX Crosslinked polyethylene PF Phenolic resin PF1Ax PF general purpose, ammonia free PF2Cx PF heat resistant, glass fiber reinforced PF2Dx PF impact resistant, cotton filled PF2E1 PF mica filled PFA Perfluoroalkoxy PGA Polyglycolic acid PHA Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate PHBH Polyhydroxybutyratehexanoate PHBV Polyhydroxybutyrate-cohydroxyvalerate PI Polyimide PIR Polyisocyanurate PK Polyketone PLA Polylactic acid PMI Polymethacrylimide PMMA Poly methylmethacrylate PMP Polymethylpentene PO Polyolefin POE Polyolefin elastomer POM Polyoxymethylene or polyacetal POP Polyolefin plastomer POSS Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane PP Polypropylene PPA Polyphthalamide PPE Polyphenylene ether PP/EPDM Unvulcanized EPDM blended with polypropylene or block copolymerized PP-EPDM (reactor TPO) – (TPE) (TPO) PP/EPDM-V Vulcanized EPDM dispersed in polypropylene (TPE) (TPV) PP/IIR-V Vulcanized butyl rubber dispersed in polypropylene (TPE) (TPV) PP/NBR-V Vulcanized nitrile rubber dispersed in polypropylene (TPE) (TPV) PPO Polyphenylene oxide PPS Polyphenylene sulfide PPSU Polyphenylenesulfone Prepreg Preimpregnated PS Polystyrene PSU Polysulfone PS-X or XPS Crosslinked polystyrene PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene PTMT or PBT Polytetramethylene terephthalate or polybutyleneterephthalate PTT Polytrimethylene terephthalate PUR Polyurethane PV Pressure*velocity PVA or PVAL or PVOH Polyvinyl alcohol PVAC Polyvinyl acetate PVAL or PVA or PVOH Polyvinyl alcohol PVB Polyvinyl butyrate PVC Polyvinyl chloride PVDC Polyvinylidene chloride PVC-C or CPVC Chlorinated PVC PVC-U Unplasticized PVC PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride PVF Polyvinyl fluoride PVOH or PVAL or PVA Polyvinyl a REACH Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemicalsxx Acronyms and abbreviations RF Radio frequency RFI Resin film impregnation RH Relative humidity or hygrometry RIM Reaction injection molding RIRM Resin injection recirculation molding RoHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances RP Reinforced plastic RRIM Reinforced reaction injection molding RT Room temperature RTM Resin transfer molding RTP Reinforced thermoplastic RTV Room temperature vulcanization SAN Styrene acrylonitrile SAP Super absorbent polymer SATUR Saturated solution SB Styrene butadiene SBC Styrenic block copolymer SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene (TPE) SCRIMP Seemann Composites resin infusion molding process SEBS Styrene ethylene/butylene styrene (TPE) SEPS Styrene ethylene/propylene styrene (TPE) SFRT Short fiber reinforced thermoplastic SGF Short glass fiber Si Silicone SIS Styrene isoprene styrene (TPE) SMA Styrene maleic anhydride SMC Sheet molding compound SMMA Styrene-methyl methacrylate SN curve Plot of stress or strain (S) leading to failure after N cycles of repeated loading SOL Solution SP-polyimides Condensation polyimides SPC Statistical process control SPDF Super plastic diaphragm forming SR Self-reinforced SRRIM Structural (reinforced) resin injection molding SWNT Single-walled carbon nanotubes TAC Triallyl cyanurate TDI Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate TFE Tetrafluoroethylene Tg Glass transition temperature TGA Thermogravimetric analysis TGV High-speed train TMC Thick molding compound TP Thermoplastic TPE Thermoplastic elastomer TPE/PVC PVC-based TPE, alloys of PVC and rubber (TPE) (TPO or TPV) TPEE or COPE Thermoplastic elastomer ester TPI Thermoplastic imide TPO Thermoplastic olefin TPR Thermoplastic rubber TPS Thermoplastic styrenic TP/Si-V TPV of a vulcanized silicone rubber dispersed in a thermoplastic phase TPU Thermoplastic polyurethane TPV Thermoplastic vulcanizate TR Temperature-retraction procedure TS Tensile strength UD Unidirectional composite UF Urea-formaldehyde UHMWPE or PE-UHMW Ultrahigh molecular weight PE UL Underwriters Laboratories Unkn. Unknown UP Unsaturated polyester USB United Soybean Board UV Ultraviolet V0 to V2 UL fire rating VAE Ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers VARI Vacuum-assisted resin injection VARTM Vacuum Assisted RTM VE Vinylester VGCNF Vapor grown carbon nanofibers VIP Vacuum infusion process VOC Volatile organic compounds VST Vicat softening temperature WPC Wood plastic composite XLPE Crosslinked LDPE XPE or PEX Crosslinked polyethylene XPS or PS-X Crosslinked polystyrene ZMC A highly automated process using molding compounds 1 Outline of the Actual Situation of Plastics Compared to Conventional Materials 2 The Plastics Industry: Economic Overview 3 Basic Criteria for the Selection of Thermosets 4 Detailed Accounts of Thermoset Resins for Molding and Composite Matrices 5 Thermoset Processing 6 Composites 7 Future Prospects for Thermosets and Composites A ABS. See Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ABS/PC alloys, 28t Accelerated aging, 107 Acetal, 446 Acrylate rubber-modified styrene acrylonitrile (ASA), 115, 309 Acrylics, 342, 389 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 309, 428 Additive costs, 39 Additive manufacturing (AM), 286 e-manufacturing, 286 prototyping, 286, 288 techniques, 286 Additives antistatic, 427 conventional conductive, 426 halogen-free fire retardant, 420 tribological, 445 Adhesive(s) bonding, 368 hot-melt, 368 non-reactive solution, 368 reactive, 368 Advanced molding compounds (AMC), 472 Aeronautics, 137, 479 Aerotech system, 493 AES. See Acrylonitrile-EPDM-styrene AF. See Aramid fibers AFM. See Atomic force microscopy Alkyd Molding Compound (AMC), 346 All-polymeric wear Additive (APWA), 446 Aluminum trihydrate (ATH), 265 AM. See Additive manufacturing AMC. See Advanced molding compounds; Alkyd Molding Compound Amino resins, 187. See also Epoxide resins aging, 194–195 applications, 76–77 chemical behavior, 195t consumption, 76 electrical properties, 195 filled unsaturated polyester modified melamines, 200t foams, 196, 196t glass fiber reinforced melamine, 194f ISO and ASTM standards, 196–197 joining, 195–196 mechanical properties, 194 optical properties, 194 phenolic modified melamines, 199t properties, 191–193 thermal behavior, 193–194 trade name and producer, 197–199 urea-formaldehyde molding powder, 200t Analysis and diagnostic equipment, 141–142 1-(9-anthracenylmethyl)piperazine (MAP), 155 Antistatic additives, 427 Antistatic specialities, 427 APWA. See All-polymeric wear Additive Aquacore, 482 Aquapoured. See Aquacore Aramid fibers (AF), 326 applications, 90–91 consumption, 90 Arc resistance, 110 ASA. See Acrylate rubber-modified styrene acrylonitrile Assemblage, 20 Assembly cost savings, 44–47 ASTM standards biobased products, 122–123 durability, 121–122 environmentally degradable plastics, 122–123 mechanical properties, 119–120 optical properties, 121 recycled plastics, 122 test specimens preparation, 119 thermal properties and fire behavior, 120–121 ATH. See Aluminum trihydrate Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 141 Aurum property, 455t Automated tape placement machine, 360f Automotive, 48 B Basalt fibers, 330 Bedding, 56–57 Bio-composites, 387–388, 387f cores from renewable sources, 390 fibers and fillers, 389–390 polymer matrices, 388–389 Bio-plastics modeling, 480 Bio-polyurethanes, 264–265 Bio-sourced materials, 476 Bio-sourced plastics, 101–102 Biobased products, 122–123 Biodegradability, 495 Biodegradable materials, 495 BioSteel high-performance fibers, 500 BMC. See Bulk molding compounds Body elements, 75 Boilermaking, 18 Boron fibers, 57, 330 Brazil Market, 37 Brazilian plastic industry association, 37 Brittle point, 107 Building and civil engineering, 53–56 Bulk molding compounds (BMC), 96–97, 345 Note: Page numbers with “f ” denote figures; “t” tables.516 Index C CAD. See Computer-aided design Calorific properties, 58–60 Carbon fiber composites, 103–104 Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), 60, 486 Carbon fibers (CF), 323, 488 applications, 91–92 consumption, 91 Carbon nanotubes (CNT), 342, 482 Casting, 277 Cellulose nanofibers, 485 Cellulose propionate (CP), 388 Cellulosics, 308, 388 Centrifugal molding, 100, 361 Ceramic injection molding (CIM), 387 Ceramic nanofibers, 484 Ceramics, as thermal conductivity enhancers, 432 CF. See Carbon fibers CFRP. See Carbon fiber reinforced plastics Chemical Industry Federation (CPCIF), 35 Chemical resistance, 110 Chemolysis, 496 China Market, 35 China Plastics Processing Industry Association (CPPIA), 35 Chinese market, 34–35 CIC. See Continuous Impregnated Compound CIM. See Ceramic injection molding CIPP. See Cured-in-place pipe Clink, 283 CNT. See Carbon nanotubes Co-processing, 288 Coercive force, 449 Cold compression molding, 357 Composite insert molding, 365, 365f Composite matrices thermoplastics, 308–312 thermosets, 304–307 Composite processing, 282, 348 economic characteristics, 20t finishing operations, 367–368 primary processes, 18–19 process choice vs. part characteristics, 19t repairing composites, 369 sandwich composites, 365–367 secondary processing, 19–21 thermoplastic composites, 363–365 thermoset composites, 349–363 Composite(s), 266–267, 300 bio-composites, 387–390 characteristics, 369–387 intermediate semi-manufactured materials, 343–348 matrices, 304–312 mechanical performances continuous fibers, 302 distributed short fibers, 302 strength estimation, 302–304 processing, 348–369 reinforcements, 312–343 rules, 300–301 solutions for practical problems, 390–473 antifriction, 444 APWA, 446 carbon fiber reinforced polyimide, 454t magnetic composites, 448 magnetic thermoplastic compounds, 451t material evolution in sporting goods, 471f neat plastics, 445t PBI compression strength retention, 452f PEEK, 456, 456t PFPE, 446 PTFE, 446 sports and leisure, 471 thermoplastic polyimides, 453 turbine diameter increase, 469f ultra-high heat LCP property, 459t UV curing materials, 469t wind energy, 464–471 Compression molding, 270–271 Compression properties, 113 Compression set, 149 Compression transfer molding, 271–272, 358, 358f Computer-aided design (CAD), 286 Conductive carbon blacks, 426 Conductive composites, 382–385, 386t Conductive plastics, consumption and applications, 425 Conductive polymers, 424f, 426f Consumption, 1 Consumption growth trends composite application sectors in USA, 38t composites, 37 thermosets, 37, 38t Consumption trends, 28–32 Contact, chemical resistance by, 110 Continuous fiber composites, 374–378 Continuous Impregnated Compound (CIC), 346 Continuous sheet molding, 99–100 Continuous sheeting, 363, 363f Continuous use temperature (CUT), 6, 106, 130, 240 Converter, 289, 387 Copolymerization, 439 Cost savings hybrids, 480–481 integrating finishing, 481–482 material costs, 480–482 processing costs, 480–481 Coulomb’s modulus. See Shear modulus CP. See Cellulose propionate CPCIF. See Chemical Industry Federation CPPIA. See China Plastics Processing Industry Association Creep, 109, 116, 149, 169, 183, 204, 222, 241, 251 Crosslinked Polyethylene PE-X, 259–262 Crosslinking, 277, 285 compression strength examples, 131f flexural modulus examples, 130f heat modulus retention examples, 133f Crystallization test, 107 Cure, 284 Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), 164 Curing, 129–133, 284–285, 287 Custom satisfaction, 289 CUT. See Continuous use temperature Cyanates esters (Cy esters), 247, 306 aging, 251–252 applications, 85–86 consumption, 85–86 electrical properties, 252 mechanical properties, 250–251 neat polycyanates, 256t polycyanate composites, 255t polycyanate syntactic foams, 254t properties, 247–249Index 517 syntactic foams, 252–254 thermal behavior, 249–250 trade name and producer examples, 254 Cycle time reduction, 288 D DCPD. See Dicyclopentadiene Decoration, 66 Degradable materials, 495 Density, 126f Design freedom, 13 Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), 254–255, 258t applications, 86 consumption, 86 electrical properties, 257 joining, 257 mechanical properties, 257 properties, 255–257 thermal behavior and aging, 257 trade name and producer examples, 257 Dielectric strength, 110 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 116, 118 Dimensional stability, 194, 205, 222, 242, 251, 257, 105, 139–140, 170, 183 Direct resin injection and venting (DRIV), 481 DMC. See Dough Molding Compound DMTA. See Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis Double-wall Nanotubes (DWNT), 342 Dough Molding Compound (DMC), 346 DRIV. See Direct resin injection and venting DSC. See Differential scanning calorimetry Durability, 5–7, 121–122 DWNT. See Double-wall Nanotubes Dynamic fatigue, 225f Dynamic mechanical properties, 116 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), 141 E e-Manufacturing, 286, 288 EB. See Electron beam Eco-design strategy, 288–289 Ecobesta, 484 Ecology, 499 Economic growth, 16 Economic requirements, of plastic designing, 13–14 Elastic modulus, 108 Elastomer application, 69 Electrical properties, 110, 142 Electrically conductive composites, 423 Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 65 Electron beam (EB), 285 Electronics market, 417–435 EMI. See Electromagnetic interference Energy consumption, 286–287 Engine covers, 71 Environmental concerns, 494–500 Environmental constraints, 21–22 Environmental requirements, 16 Environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR), 120 Environmental stress cracking (ESC), 110, 117 Environmentally degradable plastics, 122–123 EP. See Epoxy; Epoxides EP resins. See Epoxy resins EP-PMCs. See Epoxy powder molding compounds EPDM, 37 Epoxide resins. See also Phenolic resins applications, 78–80 consumption, 77–78 Epoxides. See Epoxy Resins Epoxy (EP), 10, 305 Epoxy powder molding compounds (EP-PMCs), 211 Epoxy resins aging, 205–206 chemical behavior, 207t–210t electrical properties, 206 epoxide composites, 218t dynamic fatigue, 205f filled and reinforced molding, 216t–217t foamed, 219t matrices, 215t molding and cast, 214t foamed epoxies and syntactic foams, 210–211 glass fabric reinforced epoxy composite, 206f heat resistant epoxide, 203f ISO and ASTM standards, 211–212 joining, 206–210 mechanical properties, 204–205 optical properties, 204 properties, 201–213 syntactic foams, 219t–220t thermal behavior, 203–204 trade name and producer examples, 212–213 unidirectional epoxide composites, 217t–218t Epoxy resins (EP resins), 199–200, 266 Epoxydes (EP), 130 Equipment maker, 289, 291t–296t ESC. See Environmental stress cracking ESCR. See Environmental stress crack resistance ETFE, 311 European Market, 33–34 Extruded wood, 499 Extrusion, 274 application, 274 characteristics, 275t–276t extruders, 274 Extrusion-compression process, 365, 365f F Fatigue, 109 dynamic. See Dynamic fatigue failure, 128f mechanical properties, ISO Standards, 116 FDM. See Fused deposition modeling Fenders, 405–406 Fiber reinforced plastics (FRP), 255 Fibers, 313 AF, 326 CF, 323 comparison of, 326–327, 328t glass, 318–323 industrial, 331 mineral, 330 sustainable natural vegetal, 327–330 textile, 330 Filament winding, 99, 360, 361f Fillers hygroscopic, 195 nanofillers, 340–342518 Index Films polyimide, 237t property examples, 420t Finishing operations, 367–368 FIPG. See Formed-in-Place Gaskets Fire resistance, 150, 172, 184, 195, 206, 226, 242, 252, 257 Flammability, 111, 117–118, 418 Flexible polyurethane foams, 163t Flexural properties, 113 Flow improvers, 140 Fluid contact behavior, ISO Standards, 117 Fluoroplastics, 311 Fluorosilicones. See Silicones FNCT. See Full-notch creep test Foam(s), 137, 152–154, 185, 196 application, 67–68, 147 epoxide syntactic, 219t–220t melamine, 196t phenolic, 192t polycyanate syntactic, 254t polyetherimide, 337t polyethersulfone, 338t polymethacrylimide, 337t polyurethane, 155t PVC, 334t rigid polyurethane, 162t for sandwich technology, 332–338 semi-rigid polyurethane, 162t silicone, 246t, 252t structural, 154t syntactic, 210–211, 245–246, 252–254 Foamed composites aramid reinforced acrylate urethane, 381t matrix composites, 378 RRIM and SRRIM composites, 378, 383t–384t syntactic foams, 378 thermoplastic prepregs, 381t Formed-in-Place Gaskets (FIPG), 247 Formulation, 133–141 Fossil plastics costs, 480 FRP. See Fiber reinforced plastics Fuel tanks, 73, 440 Full-notch creep test (FNCT), 117 Furan resins, 266 applications, 86–87 consumption, 86 Furans, 257, 259t ISO and ASTM standards, 259 properties, 257–259 properties and aging, 259 trade name and producer examples, 259 Furniture, 56–57 interior and communal, 56–57 outdoor and street, 57 Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 286 G Gas permeability, 111 Gas transmission, 117 Gehman test, 107 General Motors (GM), 103 GFRP. See Glass fiber reinforced composite GHG. See Greenhouse gas Glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRP), 324 Glass fiber(s) applications, 87–90 consumption, 87 flexural modulus, level on, 345f flexural strength, level on, 345f impact strength, level on, 345f reinforced phenolic molding powders, 188t–189t Glass mat thermoplastics (GMT), 346, 378, 379t–380t Glass reinforced plastics (GRP), 28, 172 Global plastics industry, 26–27 Glycolysis, 497 GM. See General Motors GMT. See Glass mat thermoplastics Grade, influence of, 106 Graphene, 482–483 Graphite, 446 Greenhouse gas (GHG), 101 GRP. See Glass reinforced plastics H Halogen-free fire retardant thermoplastics (HFFR thermoplastics), 141 additives, 420 based on phosphorous derivatives, 420 proprietary, 421 Hand lay-up molding, 351f technique, 98–99 Hardening. See Curing Hardness, 4f, 4t, 8 HDT. See Heat deflection temperature Heat deflection temperature (HDT), 6, 106–107, 315 Heat dissipaters, 446 Heat measurements, 106 HFFR thermoplastics. See Halogen-free fire retardant thermoplastics High heat thermoplastics, 453f High Modulus Compound (HMC), 344 High speed civil aircraft (HSCT), 490 High temperature vulcanization (HTV), 233 High viscosity rubber (HVR), 233 High-energy radiation, 81, 206, 224, 251 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), 259 High-pressure injection molding, 359, 359f HMC. See High Modulus Compound Homopolymers, 437 Honeycombs, 338–339 Hot compression molding, 357 Hot-melt adhesives, 283 Household appliances, 65 HPLC. See High-Performance Liquid Chromatography HSCT. See High speed civil aircraft HTPC. See Hybrid thermoplastic composite HTV. See High temperature vulcanization HVR. See High viscosity rubber Hybrid thermoplastic composite (HTPC), 494 Hybrid(s), 480–481 composites, 381–382 materials, 12–13 processing, 21 technique, 95–96 Hydrolysis, 496 Hydrolysis stabilized or resistant grades, 170 Hytrel, 388Index 519 I ICPs. See Inherently conductive polymers IDPs. See Inherently dissipative polymers ILSS. See Interlaminar shear strength IMC. See In mold coating Immersion, chemical resistance by, 110 Impact test, 109 In mold coating (IMC), 367 In-line techniques, 288 In-mold techniques, 288 India Market, 35–36 Induction, 449 Industrial fibers, 331 Infusibility, 129–130 Infusion process, 356f Inherently conductive polymers (ICPs), 428 Inherently dissipative polymers (IDPs), 428 Injected wood. See Extruded wood Injection molding, 272–274 high-pressure, 272f overmolding, 278 powder, 386–387 reaction, 278–280 thermoplastics, 401 blow, 42 thermosets, 17 low-pressure, 18 Innovative solutions, 428 Inorganic nanofibers, 485 Inrekor chassis, 333f Inserts, 272 Insulation, 63 Interlaminar properties, 114 Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), 108 Intermediate semi-manufactured materials advanced all-polymer prepregs, 348 BMC, 345 DMC, 346 examples, 348 GMT, 346–348 prepregs, 346 SMC, 344 ISO standards crosslinking, 118 electrical properties, 117 environmental aspects, 118 flammability, 117–118 fluid contact behavior, 117 long-term properties, 116–117 mechanical properties, 113–115 optical properties, 118 oxygen index, 117–118 smoke generation, 117–118 test specimens production, 113 thermomechanical properties, 115–116 J Joining, decoration, 150–152, 164, 172, 185, 195–196, 206–210, 230, 245, 257, 283, 368 L Labor, 287–288 Laminated object modeling (LOM), 286 LCP. See Liquid crystal polymer LCTC. See Low cost tooling for composites LEFM. See Linear elastic fracture mechanics Leisure, 471 LFI. See Long fiber injection LFRT. See Long fiber reinforced thermoplastics Light resin transfer molding (LRTM), 481 Light resistance, 116 LIM. See Liquid injection molding Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), 116 Liquid crystal polymer (LCP), 42, 308, 312, 331, 434, 436t fibers, 331 high heat, 457 Liquid injection molding (LIM), 233, 277–278 Liquid molding, 282 Liquid resin infusion (LRI), 262, 263t Liquid silicone rubber (LSR), 233 Liquid thermoset processing, 277 casting, 277 composite processes, 282 foaming, 282 LIM, 277–278 molding by spraying, 277 RIM, 278–280 rotational molding, 280–281 Liquid thermosets molding, 17–18 LOM. See Laminated object modeling Long fiber injection (LFI), 278 Long fiber reinforced thermoplastics (LFRT), 374, 375t–376t, 400, 403, 485–486 Long-term light resistance, 109–110 Long-term mechanical properties, 109 Low cost tooling for composites (LCTC), 482 Low temperature behavior, 222 LRI. See Liquid resin infusion LRTM. See Light resin transfer molding LSR. See Liquid silicone rubber Lubricants, 407 M Machine control algorithm, 287 Machining, 18, 282–283 Magnetic composites, 448 compounds, 450 Magnetic polymers, 448 Maintenance cost savings, 48 Manufacturer, 289 associations, institutes, specialized websites, 289t–291t machinery and equipment makers and distributors, 289, 291t–296t MAP. See 1-(9-anthracenylmethyl)piperazine Market shares, 27t application sectors, 28–32, 30f, 30t composite consumption, 29f composite matrixes, 30f of composites, 28 in European countries, 34f, 35t matrices, 30t thermoplastic processings, 33f thermoset application sectors, 31f, 31t thermoset families, 27–28 thermoset processings, 33f total plastic consumption, 29f whole thermoset consumption, 29f520 Index Market(ing), 478–480 Asian, 34–37 Brazil, 37 Chinese, 34–35 consumption trends of, 478–479 Indian, 35–36 laws of, 475–476 North American, 34 requirements, 15–16, 475–476, 479–480 Russia, 37 shares of composites, 28 for main application sectors, 28–32 of thermoplastic families, 27–28 survey of, 48–67 Material consumption, 286 Material costs, 7–8, 480 Material hardness, 4f Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 142 Material selection, 123–124 Material upgrading and competition carbon fibers, 488 molecular reinforcement, 483 nano-carbon, 482–483 nanofibers, 483–485 new high-performance polymers, 488–490 polymer nanotubes, 483 short fiber reinforced thermoplastics, 485–486 thermoplastic, 486 thermoset competition, 486 3D reinforcements, 487–488 Mats, 319 Maximum energy product, 449 Mechanical assembly, 283–284 Mechanical measurements, 108 Mechanical properties, 3–4, 108–109, 113–115, 119–120, 149–150, 169–170, 183, 194, 204–205, 222, 241–242, 250–251, 257, 259 Medical market, 65–66 Melamine and urea-formaldehyde resins. See Amino resins Melamine fibers, 331 Melamine/phenolic powder molding compounds (MP-PMCs), 185 Melt flow index (MFI), 141 Melt flow rate (MFR), 141 Metal consumption, 1–3 Metal Injection Molding (MIM), 387 Metal powders, 426 Metal replacement, 395–396, 402 Metals, 4–6, 477 MFI. See Melt flow index MFR. See Melt flow rate MIM. See Metal Injection Molding Mineral fibers, 330 Mineral filled phenolic molding powders, 189t–190t Mixed solutions, 428 Modified processes, 481 Molded parts, precision of, 124–126 Molding centrifugal, 100 compression, 270–271 compression transfer, 271–272 condensation polyimides for, 234t–235t continuous sheet, 99–100 injection, 272–274 LIM, 277–278 liquid thermosets, 17–18 powders, 187 RIM, 278–280 rotational, 280–281 solid thermosets, 17 by spraying, 277 thermoset polyimides for, 232t–233t undefined polyimides for, 236t Molecular reinforcement, 483 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), 445–446 Mono-material concept, 50, 52, 491 MoS2. See Molybdenum disulfide MP-PMCs. See Melamine/phenolic powder molding compounds MSDS. See Material safety data sheet Multi-wall Nanotubes (MWNT), 342 MWNT. See Multi-wall Nanotubes N Nano-carbon CNT, 482 graphene, 482–483 Nano-scaled graphene plates (NGP), 482 Nanocomposites, 369–370, 371t Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), 485 Nanofibers, 484–485 Nanofillers, 340–342, 483–484 Nanotubes, 483 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 490 NCC. See Nanocrystalline cellulose NDE. See Non-destructive examination NDI. See Non-destructive inspection NDT. See Non-destructive testing Neat thermoplastic matrices continuous use temperatures, 313f HDT A, 314f tensile modulus, 315f tensile strength, 316f New processes, 481 NGP. See Nano-scaled graphene plates Non-destructive examination (NDE), 111 Non-destructive inspection (NDI), 111 Non-destructive testing (NDT), 111 Non-oil alternatives, 101, 101f Non-reactive solution adhesives, 283 North American Market, 34 NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory O Opacity, 432 Operating cost savings, 47 OPM. See Oxford Performance Materials Optical properties, 111, 118, 121, 149, 169, 183, 194, 204, 222, 241 Organic filled phenolic molding powders, 190t–191t Outdoor furniture, 57 Overbraiding, 362 Overmolding, 21, 421 Oxford Performance Materials (OPM), 454 Oxygen index, 111 ISO Standards, 117–118 P PA. See Polyamide PA 11, 115 PA 12, 115Index 521 Packaging, 66, 68, 77, 148 PAEK. See Polyaryletherketones PAI. See Polyamide imide PAN. See Polyacrylonitrile Paper honeycomb, 390 Paraloid, 141 Patent analysis, 490 by polymer type, 490 by reinforcement type, 490–491 by structure and process type, 491 PBI. See Polybenzimidazole PBI/PEEK alloys, 456 PBO. See Polybenzoxazoles PBO fibers, 331 PC. See Polycarbonate PCTFE. See Polychlorotrifluoroethylene PE. See Polyethylene PE-RT. See Polyethylene of Raised Temperature PEEK. See Polyetheretherketone PEI. See Polyetherimide PEK. See Polyetherketones Perfluorinated thermoplastic composites, 463t Perfluorinated thermoplastics, 462 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 311, 462 Perfluoropolyether (PFPE), 446 Permeability, 111, 333 PES. See Polyethersulfone (PESU) PESU. See Polyethersulfone PET, 308, 310 PET. See Thermoplastic polyesters PEX-AL-PEX. See Polyethylene/Aluminum/Cross-linked Polyethylene PF. See Phenolic resins PFA. See Perfluoroalkoxy PFPE. See Perfluoropolyether PHA. See Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHB. See Polyhydroxybutyrate Phenolic resins (PF), 176, 266, 304 aging, 183–185 applications, 75–76 chemical behavior, 184t consumption, 74–75 electrical properties, 185 foams, 185 ISO and ASTM standards, 185–187 joining, 185 mechanical properties, 183 optical properties, 183 phenolic BMC aging, 182f–183f phenolic foam, 192t phenolic molding powders, 179t–180t, 189t–190t glass fiber reinforced, 188t–189t mineral filled organic filled, 190t–191t tribological, 191t properties, 179–182 SMC and BMC, 192t thermal behavior, 182–183 Photovoltaic system (PV system), 103 Physical properties, 320t PI. See Polyimides PIM. See Powder injection molding PIR. See Polyisocyanurate PLA. See Polylactic acid Plastic and metal consumption, 1 durability, 5–7 equal tensile stress, 2t material costs, 7–8 hardnesses, 4f, 4t tensile modulus, 6f, 8f tensile properties, 5t, 7t tensile strength, 6f, 8f mechanical properties, 3–4 plastics annual consumption, 3 production volume, 2t production weight, 2t world consumption evolutions, 4f world consumption growth, 3t Plastic costs, 39 additive costs, 39 part costs, 42–44 processing costs, 40–42 raw material costs, 39, 40f reinforcement costs, 39, 41f Plastic processing industry, 38 company and employment statistics, 39t turnover statistics, 39t Plastic properties evaluation, 105 chemical resistance by immersion, 110 electrical properties, 110 flammability, 111 gas permeability, 111 long-term light, 109–110 long-term mechanical properties, 109 low temperature behavior, 107 mechanical properties, 108–109 NDT, 111–112 optical properties, 111 polymers tensile behavior, 108f thermal behavior, 105–107 Plastics, 13 economic requirements, 13–14 environmental requirements, 16 marketing requirements, 15–16 materials ratios, 14t sustainability, 16 technical requirements, 14–15 tensile modulus vs. costs per liter, 15f tensile strength vs. costs per liter, 15f weaknesses, 16 Plywood-based composites, 339 Poisson’s ratios, 128, 138t Pollution, 21 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 308 Polyacetal (POM), 308, 310, 386 Polyacrylics, 308 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), 323 Polyamide (PA), 308, 489 Polyamide imide (PAI), 308, 457, 458t–459t Polyaryletherketones (PAEK), 454 Polyarylketones, 456t Polyarylsulfone, 462 Polybenzimidazole (PBI), 452 Polybenzoxazines, 262 Polybenzoxazoles (PBO), 262–264 Polycarbonate (PC), 308 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 311 Polycyanates. See Cyanates esters (Cy esters) Polyester nanofibers, 485 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 57, 63, 312 alloys, 456, 456t fibers, 331522 Index Polyetherimide (PEI), 308, 312, 399, 463–464, 466t–467t fibers, 331 foam, 337t Polyetherketones (PEK), 454 Polyethersulfone (PESU), 311 foams, 338t Polyethylene (PE), 308, 335t Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT), 261 Polyethylene/Aluminum/Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX), 261 Polyglycolic acid, 500 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), 500 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), 500 Polyimides (PI), 213, 221f, 305 aging, 224–226 applications, 81–83 ASTM standards, 230–231 chemical behavior, 226t–229t condensation polyimides, 234t–235t consumption, 80–81 dynamic fatigue, 225f electrical properties, 226–230 films, 237t foamed polyimides and syntactic foams, 230 foams, 237t joining, 230 for laminates, 237t mechanical properties, 222 optical properties, 222 properties, 213–221 thermal behavior, 221–222 thermoset polyimides, 232t–233t trade name and producer examples, 231 tribological properties, 223t undefined polyimides, 236t Polyisocyanurate (PIR), 147 Polylactic acid (PLA), 500 Polymer composites, 11 advantages, 11 material costs, 12f, 14f conductive, 110, 424f, 426f consumption, 1–3 cost of, 7–8 customization of, 22 durability of, 5–7 economic possibilities of processing, 16–21 electrical properties of, 4–5 environmental constraints, 21–22 final material/process/cost compromise, 22 hybrid materials, 12–13 materials, weakness of, 16 mechanical properties of, 3–4 intrinsic, 3–4 specific, 4 nanotubes, 483 plastic and metal consumption, 1–3 plastics, 13–16 pollution associated with, 491–494 polymer composites, 11–12 recycling, 21–22 source examples, 22 thermal properties of, 10t thermosets, 8–11 toxicity of, 21 upgrading of, 133–141 Polymethacrylimide foams, 337t Polyolefins, 35 Polyphenylene ether (PPE), 308 Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 308 Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 308, 457, 492 fibers, 331 Polyphenylene sulfide composites, 460t–461t Polyphenylenesulfone (PPSU), 462 Polyphthalamide (PPA), 462, 464t Polypropylene (PP), 35, 288, 308–309, 336t fibers, 331 foams, 335–336, 336t, 446 glass fibers-reinforced, 492, 497t Polysiloxanes. See Silicones Polystyrene (PS), 308, 335t Polysulfone (PSU), 308, 311, 462 Polysulfone composites, 465t–466t Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 446 Polyurea properties, 164t Polyurethanes (PUR), 67, 146, 306, 334t aging, 150 automotive and transport, 69 castable polyurethanes, 159t–160t chemical behavior, 151t–152t coating and sealing application, 69 elastomer application, 69 electrical properties, 150 flexible polyurethane foams, 163t foam application, 67–68 foams, 152–154, 154t ISO and ASTM standards, 154–157 joining, 150–152 mechanical properties, 149–150 optical properties, 149 properties, 147–148 rigid polyurethane foams, 162t RIM application, 68–69 elastomer polyurethanes, 161t structural foam polyurethanes, 162t semi-rigid polyurethane foams, 162t thermal behavior, 148–149 trade name and producer examples, 157–158 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 309, 334t foams, 51, 55 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 311, 337–338 foams, 337–338 Polyzole fibers, 331 POM. See Polyacetal Powder injection molding (PIM), 386 PP. See Polypropylene PPA. See Polyphthalamide PPE. See Polyphenylene ether PPO. See Polyphenylene oxide PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide PPSU. See Polyphenylenesulfone Precision, of molded parts, 124–126 Prepreg applications, 99–100 draping, 360, 365 Press fitting, 368 Pressure bag molding, 353f Primary processes, 343–348 Processing costs, 481 compounding integrated example, 481 modified processes, 481 new processes, 481Index 523 Processing trends, 286–289 Property tables, 158, 173, 187, 199, 213, 231, 247, 254, 257, 259 Prototyping, 286, 288 PS. See Polystyrene PSU. See Polysulfone PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene Pullwinding, 362, 362f Pultrusion, 99, 361, 362f Pultrusion–extrusion, 365 PUR. See Polyurethanes PV system. See Photovoltaic system PVC. See Polyvinyl chloride PVDF. See Polyvinylidene fluoride R Rapid prototyping, 288 Raw material costs, 39 Raw polymers aspect and dimensional stability, 139–140 characteristics, 140–141 cost cutters, 140 cure state, 136–137 customization, 133 dielectric loss factor examples, 137f dielectric rigidity examples, 136f fatigue examples, 134f formulation, 133 mechanical Property Examples, 138t modulus variation vs. crosslink density examples, 139f part tolerances examples, 138t processing enhancers, 140 property upgrading examples, 139f reinforcement, 137–139 resistivity examples, 135f upgrading, 133 Reaction injection molding (RIM), 154, 278 alternative methods, 278 elastomer polyurethanes, 161t main advantages and drawbacks, 280 mixing heads, 278 principle, 280f structural foam polyurethanes, 162t Reactive adhesive, 368 Real-time monitoring, 287 Recycled plastics, 122 Recycling, 288 of polymers, 21–22 Reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM), 278, 355 Reinforcement, 137–139 CNT, 342–343 distributed short fibers, 302 fiber forms, 331–332 fibers, 313–331 foams for sandwich technology, 332–338 honeycombs, 338–339 nanofillers, 340–342 with orthogonal layers, 302 plywood, 339 sandwich properties, 340 unidirectional, 302 wood based composites, 339 Reinforcement costs, 39 Relative temperature index (RTI), 457 Relaxation, 5, 109, 116, 368 Renewable cellulose, 485 Repair possibilities, 21 Repairing composites, 369 Resin Film Impregnation (RFI), 356 Resin injection recirculation molding (RIRM), 481 Resin transfer molding (RTM), 481 Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), 422 RFI. See Resin Film Impregnation Rigid polyurethane foams, 162t RIM. See Reaction injection molding RIRM. See Resin injection recirculation molding Riveting, 283 RoHS. See Restriction of Hazardous Substances Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV), 233 Rotational molding, 280–281 Rotomolding. See Rotational molding RRIM. See Reinforced reaction injection molding RTI. See Relative temperature index RTM. See Resin transfer molding RTM process, 97–98 RTV. See Room temperature vulcanizing Russia Market, 37 S SAN. See Styrene acrylonitrile Sandwich composites, 93–95, 365–367, 378 Sandwich properties flexural modulus vs. density, 340f flexural strength vs. density, 340f Sandwich structure, 366f Sandwich technology, 332–338 Scrap percentage, 287 Screwing, 283 SCRIMP. See Seemann composites resin infusion molding process Secondary processing, 19–21 Seemann composites resin infusion molding process (SCRIMP), 468, 481 Selective laser sintering (SLS), 286 Self-reinforcing polymers, 93 Semi-rigid polyurethane foams, 162t Semicrystalline Polyarylketones, 456t Shear modulus, 108 Shear properties, 114 Sheet molding compound (SMC), 103, 265, 344, 486 Short aramid fibers, 373 Short carbon fibers, 372–373 Short fiber composites conductive composites, 382–385 continuous fiber composites, 374–378 epoxy syntactic foams, 385t foamed composites, 378 glass fiber reinforced SMCs, 376t–378t hybrid composites, 381–382 LFRT and BMC, 374 PIM, 386–387 sandwich composites, 378 short aramid fibers, 373 short carbon fibers, 372–373 short glass fibers, 371 significant parameters, 370–371 smoke emission, 385t Short fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, 485–486 Short glass fibers, 371 Silica fibers, 330 Silicones, 231, 446 aging, 242 applications, 83–85524 Index Silicones (Continued) consumption, 83 elastomers for electronics, 252t electrical properties, 245 electronics and optics, 248t fluorosilicone elastomers, 253t fluorosilicone resins, 253t and fluorosilicones, 243t–245t foamed silicones and syntactic foams, 245–246, 246t foams, 252t glass fiber reinforced, 248t HVR silicones, 249t ISO and ASTM standards, 246–247 joining, 245 LSR silicones, 250t mechanical properties, 241–242 optical properties, 241 properties, 236–240 RTV silicones, 251t thermal behavior, 240–241 trade name and producer examples, 247 Simulation, 288 Single-wall Nanotubes (SWNT), 342 SLA. See Stereolithography SLS. See Selective laser sintering SMC. See Sheet molding compound SMC process, 96–97 Smoke opacity, 111 ISO Standards, 117 Snap-fit, 368 Solid thermoset processing, 269 compression molding, 270–271 compression transfer molding, 271–272 extrusion, 272–274 injection molding, 272–274 injection unit characteristics examples, 273t–274t methods, 270f Solid thermosets, molding, 17 Solid-state molding, 282 Soy-derived polyesters, 265 SPDF. See Superplastic diaphragm forming Spray lay-up molding, 98–99, 352, 352f Spring work, 368 SRIM. See Structural reaction injection molding SRRIM. See Structural reinforced reaction injection molding Stainless steel fibers, 330 Stamping, 363, 364f Steel fibers, 427 Stereolithography (SLA), 286 Strain ultimate, 108 at yield, 108 Strength estimation, 302–304 Stress ultimate, 108 at yield, 108 Structural reaction injection molding (SRIM), 278 Structural reinforced reaction injection molding (SRRIM), 278, 355 Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), 309, 413t foams, 336 Styrenics, 389, 407–408 Supercritical fluid technology, 496 Superplastic diaphragm forming (SPDF), 486 Surface resistivity, 110 Survey of main markets aeronautics, space, armaments, 57 composites advantages, 58 composites disadvantages, 58 operational or development parts, 58–60 anti-corrosion equipment, 62–64 applications, 66–67 art, decoration, 66 automotive and transportation, 48 composites in railway applications, 52–53 thermosets and composites in, 49–52 barriers to composite use, 62 building and civil engineering industry, 53–54 composites in offshore oil rig construction, 61–62 composites in shipbuilding sector, 60–61 electric household appliances, 65 electricity, electronics, 64–65 furniture and bedding, 56 interior and communal furniture, 56–57 outdoor and street furniture, 57 medical, 65–66 office automation, 65 packaging, 66 refrigeration, 65 sports and leisure sector, 66 Sustainability, 16 Sustainable natural fibers applications, 93 consumption, 92–93 Sustainable natural vegetal fibers, 327–330 Sustainable thermoplastics, 500 SWNT. See Single-wall Nanotubes SymTerra composites, 500 Synthetic foams, 338, 338t core influence on, 340 T Tape winding, 365 Technical requirements, of plastic designing, 14–15 Temperature coefficients, 449 Tensile properties, 5t, 6f, 7t, 8f, 113 Tension set, 116 Tetrafluoroethylene, 311 Textile fibers, 330 TFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Thermal behavior, 6, 10, 105–107, 148–149, 167–169, 182–183, 193–194, 203–204, 369, 456t Thermally conductive thermoplastics, 428 Thermoforming, 18 Thermolysis, 496 Thermoplastic composites, 95–96, 363–365 characteristics of, 348–369 conductive composites, 382–385 continuous fiber composites, 374–378 honeycombs, 338–339 long fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, 374 matrices, 304–312 plywood-based, 339–340 reinforcements, 312–343 by arranged continuous fibers, 302 by randomly distributed short fibers, 302 sandwich composites, 378 strength estimation, 302–304 wood plastic composites, 407 wood-based, 339Index 525 Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 388 Thermoplastic foams, 196 Thermoplastic polyesters (PET), 308, 310 Thermoplastic Polyimide (TPI), 453, 455t Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), 388 Thermoplastic resins, 259, 452 Thermoplastic starch, 388 Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV), 51 Thermoplastics, 308, 486 neat thermoplastic matrices, 313f Thermoset matrices mechanical properties, 307f thermal properties, 307f Thermoset processing, 17–18 active parameters example, 287t additive manufacturing techniques, 286 curing, 284–285 liquid thermoset processing, 277–282 manufacturer, converter and equipment maker search, 289 processing trends, 286–289 from renewable raw materials, 264 solid thermoset processing, 269–277 thermoset assembly, 283–284 thermoset machining, 282–283 Thermosets, 8–11, 304–307 advantages, 9 assembly, 282–283 calorific properties of, 497–498 competition, 486 composites, 349–363 before crosslinking, 15f after crosslinking, 15f disadvantages, 10 electrically conductive, 423 families, market shares of, 27–28 families of, 10 fatigue failure examples, 10f fire retardant, 417–435 glass mat, 403 high heat-resistant, 452 large parts, advantage for, 21 machining, 282–283 magnetic, 448 materials thermal properties, 10t mechanical properties of, 497–498 molding liquid, 17–18 solid, 17 order of magnitude, 11t, 13t perfluorinated, 462 physical and electrical properties, 9t processing, 17–18 pyramid of excellence, 15f–16f recycling of, 495–499 thermally conductive, 428, 430, 433 Thermosets and composites answers and assets, 476–478 cost savings, 480–482 design diagram, 477f environmental concerns in plastics, 491–494 laws and requirements, 475–476, 476f low-cost tool examples, 482 markets, 478–480 material upgrading and competition, 482–490 patents, 490–491 project diagram, 477f recent awards, 491–494 recycling, 495 costs, 498–499 main recycling routes, 496 recyclates, 497–498 specifics, 496–497 wastes collection and pre-treatment, 495 Thermosets selection criteria analysis, 141–142 ASTM standards, 112–123 crosslinking, curing, hardening, 129–133 diagnostic equipment, 141–142 environmental trends, 142–143 ISO standards, 112–123 material selection, 123–124 molded parts precision, 124–126 plastic properties evaluation, 105–112 raw polymers, 133–141 thermoset and composite properties comparison, 126 elongation, 128f flexural strength examples, 129f tensile strength examples, 127f Thermosetting bio-plastics development, 22 Thick Molding Compound (TMC), 346 Three-dimensional-reinforced composites, 487–488 3D-printing, 286 Torsion properties, 114 Toughening, 137–139 Toxicity of polymers, 21 TPEs. See Thermoplastic elastomers TPI. See Thermoplastic Polyimide TPU. See Thermoplastic polyurethanes TPV. See Thermoplastic vulcanizates Trade names, 323, 325–326, 434, 435t Transportation, 48–53 Tribological additives, 445 Tribological phenolic molding powders, 191t Tribological thermoplastics, 445 Two-dimensional-reinforced composites, 487 U Ultimate strain, 108 Ultimate stress, 108 Ultraviolet resistance, 109–110 Underwriters Laboratories (UL) UL94 Fire Rating, 111 Unidirectional (UD), 137 United Soybean Board (USB), 102, 164, 264 Unsaturated polyesters (UP), 10, 158, 304 aging, 170–172 applications, 70–74 aramid and carbon fiber reinforced acrylate urethane, 179t BMC, 176t consumption, 69–70 electrical properties, 172 filled or short fiber reinforced, 175t fire retardant vinylester resins, 176t glass fiber reinforced, 178t glazings, 477 ISO and ASTM standards, 172–173 joining, 172 mechanical properties, 169–170 optical properties, 169526 Index Unsaturated polyesters (UP) (Continued) properties, 158–167 SMC, 177t thermal behavior, 167–169 trade name and producer examples, 173 unreinforced resins, 174t vinylester neat resins, 175t Unsaturated-polyester powder molding compounds (UP-PMCs), 172 Urea-formaldehydes (UF), 10 UTS-ultrafino, 485 UV vulcanization process, 288 V Vacuum Assisted Resin Injection (VARI), 356, 357f, 481 Vacuum assisted Resin transfer molding (VARTM), 468, 481 Vacuum infusion process (VIP), 481 Vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF), 484–485 Vapor permeability, 117 Vegetable Oil Polymer Network (VOPNet), 389 Vicat softening temperature (VST), 107 ISO Standards, 116–117 Vinylester composites flexural strength retention vs. aging time, 168f flexural strength retention vs. time, 168f tensile modulus retention vs. testing temperature, 168f Viscoelastic behavior, 391, 395–396 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 173 Volume resistivity, 110 W Waste(s) collection of, 495 pretreatment of, 495 safe elimination of, 495 Weathering, 83, 121–122, 142, 150, 170, 242, 261 Weight savings, 395, 395f Whiskers, 330 Wind energy, 102, 464–471 Wind Turbine Blade’ courtesy GURIT, 468f Wood Plastics Composites (WPC), 104 Wood-based composites, 339 Y Yield point, 108 Young’s modulus, 108 Z ZMC process, 96–97 Zylon, 262, 263t
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