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| موضوع: كتاب Weathering of Plastics - Testing to Mirror Life Performance الثلاثاء 04 أبريل 2023, 5:10 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Weathering of Plastics - Testing to Mirror Life Performance George Wypych, Editor
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of Contents Preface Vll George TVypych Basic Parameters in Weathering Studies George Wyp)Jch and T0111 Faulkner Choices in the Design of Outdoor Weathering Tests 15 LarlY W Masters and Laurence F. Bond A Comparison of New and Established Accelerated Weathering Devices in Aging Studies of Polymeric Materials at Elevated Irradiance and Temperature 29 Jorg Boxha111111er and Kurt P. Scott Current Status of Light and Weather Fastness Standards. New Equipn1ent Technologies, Operating Procedures and Application of Standard Reference Materials 43 Jorg Boxhal11111er Weatherability of Vinyl and Other Plastics 61 Jal11es W SUl11111ers and Elvira B. Rabinovitch Aging Conditions' Effect on UV Durability 69 Robert L. Gray, Robert E. Lee, and Brent M Sanders Molecular Weight Loss and Chemical Changes in Copolyester Sheeting with Outdoor Exposure 77 D. R. Fagerburg and M E. Donelson Fourier Transform Infrared Micro Spectroscopy. Mapping Studies of Weathered PVC Capstock Type Formulations. II: Outdoor Weathering in Pennsylvania 83 Dana Garcia and Janine Black Effects of Water Spray and Irradiance Level on Changes in Copolyester Sheeting with Xenon Arc Exposure 93 D. R. Fagerburg and M. E. Donelson Hot Water Resistance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics 99 Takafu111i Kawaguchi, Hiroyuki Nishilnura,Fu111iaki Miwa, Kazunori Ito, Takashi Kuri}'a111a, and Ikuo Narisawa Surface Telnperatures and Temperature Measurement Techniques on the Level of Exposed Samples During Irradiation/Weathering in Equipment 105 Jorg Boxhanl111eriv Table of Contents Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics: Characterization of Transmission Behavior of Eleven Thermoplastics 121 Hong Jlln Yeh and Robert A Grimm Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics. Colored Pigments and Carbon Black Levels on Transmission of Infrared Radiation 127 Robert A GriJnnl and Hong Yeh Predicting Maximum Field Service Temperatures From Solar Reflectance Measurements of Vinyl 133 Henry K. Hardcastle III Residual Stress Distribution Modification Caused by Weathering 141 Li Tong and J R White Residual Stress Development in Marine Coatings Under Simulated Service Conditions 151 Gu Yan and J R White Balancing the Color and Physical Property Retention of Polyolefins Through the Use of High Performance Stabilizer Systems 161 M J. Paterna, A. H Wagner and S. B. Salnuels Activation Energies of Polymer Degradation 169 Sanlliel Ding, Michael T. K. Ling, Atul Khare and Lecon Woo Failure Progression and Mechanisms of Irradiated Polypropylenes and Other Medical Polymers 177 L. Woo, Samuel Y Ding, Atul Khare, and Michael T. K. Ling Chemical Assessment of Automotive Clearcoat Weathering 185 R. O. Carter III, John L. Gerlock and Cindy A. Sn1ith Effect of Aging on Mineral-Filled Nanocomposites 195 A. Ya. Goldnlan, J. A. Montes, A. Barajas, G. Beall and D. D. Eisenhour The Influence of Degraded, Recycled PP on Incompatible Blends 211 Claudia M. C. Bonelli, Agnes F. Martins, Eloisa B. Mano and Charles L. Beatty Interactions of Hindered Amine Stabilizers in Acidic and Alkaline Environments 217 K. Keck-Antoine, D. Scharf and H. Koch Interactions of Pesticides and Stabilizers in PE Films for Agricultural Use 225 Edina Epacher and Bela Pllkanszky The Influence of Co-Additive Interactions on Stabilizer Performance 233 Robert L. Gray and Robert E. LeeTable of Contents New High Performance Light Stabilizer Systems for Molded-in Color TPOs: An Update Peter Solera and Gerald Capocci Stabilization of Polyolefins by Photoreactive Light Stabilizers Gilbert Ligner and Jan Malik Effect of Stabilizer on Photo-Degradation Depth Profile T. J. Turton and J. R. White New Light Stabilizer For Coextruded Polycarbonate Sheet Jalnes H. Botkin and Andre Schn1itter Ultraviolet Light Resistance of Vinyl Miniblinds. Part 2. Reaction Products Formed by Lead in Air Richard F. Grossnzan Case Studies of Inadvertent Interactions Between Polymers and Devices in Field Applications Joseph H. Groeger, Jeffrey D. Nicoll, Joyce M Riley, and Peter T. Wi·onski Automotive Clearcoats George W}pJ)ch and Fred Lee Index A ABS 61 accelerated electrons 178 accelerated tests 10 acceleration factor 12 acid etching 303 acid rain 162 acids 218 acrylic-melamine 296 acrylics 297 activation energy 173 additives 253 agriculture 218, 225 alkalinity 217 alkyd-lnelalnine 293 alninoplasts 298 alnorphous 77, 183, 199 antagonistic interaction 225 antioxidants 169, 179, 225, 234 antistatics 5 appliances 99 Arizona 5, 19,72,77,93 Arrhenius activation energy 169 equation 171 plot 180 ASA61 AIR 78,186 autoillotive 29, 43, 72, 161, 185, 241 autolnotive coatings 293 B bags 211 basecoats 293 benchtop instrulnents 10 bioburden 178 biocides 5 blends 212 blistering 151 bond breaking energy 62 cleavage 70 bottles 211 Brabender 212 branching 81 brittle layer 178 brittleness 63 buildings 15, 70, 133 C calciuln stearate 84 carbon black 127 carbon fiber 99 carbon-arc 7, 16 carbonyl groups 78, 228, 261, 301 catastrophic failure 307 chain cleavage 78, 215 scission 141, 170, 301 chenlical resistance 237 chelni-crystallization 141, 149 chemiluminescence 170 chromophores 97, 228 ClRA8 clearcoat 185, 296 clilnates 17, 261 coatings 186 coextrusion 93, 271 color 61, 96, 134 Index316 compatibilization 212 cOlnpressive stress 155 COlnpton secondary electrons 178 condensation 5 conductive cooling 137 construction 161 Inaterials 1 consumer goods 161 containers 211 corrosion 151 CPE 61 CPVC 61 crack depth 182 cracking 151 cracks 102 crosslinking 301 crosslinks 267 crystalline regions 199 crystallinity 141, 197, 214 change 142 crystallite size 197 crystallites 170 crystallization temperature 213 D dark colors 138 daylight irradiance 4 debonding 102 degradation mechanism 10 - 11 rate 1 telnperature 214 degrading parameters 11 delalnination 151, 307 design life 2 diffraction 197 diffusion 229, 253 DIN 113 discoloration 162 disposal 2 DSC 169, 177 durability 169 durability testing 2 E early degradation 218 elongation 70, 230, 233 elnbrittlelnent 173, 233 end-groups 77 EPDM 170 epoxy resin 99 EPR 170,178 equatorial tracking 24 equipment 7, 50, 105 ESR 186,307 ethylene-propylene CopolYlner 262 F factors of aging 69 failure 1, 2, 178, 188, 295 criteria 137 fiber 233 fiber-reinforced plastics 99 fibrils 173, 182 films 180, 218, 225 filter system 34 flaking 151 flame retardants 71, 238 Florida 5, 18 - 19, 72, 93, 236, 273, 308 fluorescent lamps 7, 16 Fresnel-reflecting mirrors 16 FTIR83, 186,212,229,286 fuel combustion products 162 G gas fading 162, 248 Gaussian distribution 199 GC 282 glass fiber 103, 195 glass transition 183 gloss 306 GPe 78,94,212,263 IndexIndex greenhouses 225, 271 H HALS 161, 164, 185,225,233 deactivation 222 haze 96,307 heat buildup 133 deflection telnperature 136 HIPS 61 HMDI297 hot water 99 HPLC 177 hUlnidity 309 hydrolysis 5, 61 hydroperoxide titration 186 hydroperoxides 170,227,268, 300 I imnlersion 155 tests 99 il11pact strength 61, 233 inductive coupled plasllla 84 infrared energy 4 heating 121 initiation 227 injection molding 141 installation 2 interface 103, 170 international organizations 15 IPDI297 IR 107 reflective piglnents 134 irradiance 3 - 4, 47, 95 irradiation 105 ISO 113 isocyanurate 297 L latitude 22 layer rellloval procedure 141 lead stabilizer 277 life prediction 15 light penetration 203 lightfastness 29 long-tenn data 10 Lorentz 199 low-volatility 272 M macroradicals 301 maintenance 2 marine coatings 151 Inaterial degradation paralneters 2 mathematical weighing process 135 Inatrix 102 Ineasureillent geometry 135 Inechanical stress 83 melaluine 304 Inelting telnperature 213 nletallocene 69 methane cOlnbustion 162 luethods of measureillent 12 microcracking 307 Inicrocracks 233, 274 migration 72 milling 262 111iniblinds 277 Mn 79 l110de of failure 306 lTIodulus 141 lTIoisture 5 monoclinic fonl1 207 Mz/Mn81 N nanoconlposites 196 NMR 186,212 Norrish 206 NOx 162 317318 o OIT 69, 169, 177 optical properties 134 outdoor exposure 15 oxidation 78 oxygen 261 diffusion 182 p paint 185 parafocus 199 PAS 186 performance criteria 10 - 11 pesticides 225 pH 177 phenolic antioxidants 161 photohydrolysis 97 photoinitiators 300 photons 178 photo-oxidation 141 pigtnents 127, 134,237, 265 pKa-value 217 plasticizers 5, 286 plastics 1 PMMA61 polarization 199 polishing 200 pollutants 5 polyacrylate 297 polyalnide 5, 61 polybutyleneterephthalate 172, 195 polycarbonate 3, 5, 271 polyester 5, 170, 297 polyethers 61 polyethylene 61, 170, 178, 211, 218, 225, 261, 286 polyethyleneterephthalate 77, 93 polyol297 polyolefins 211, 21 7 polyoxymethylene 99, 129 polyphenylene sulfide 282 Index polyphenyleneether 99 polyphenylenesulfide 99 polypropylene 61, 71, 144, 170, 177, 211, 233, 261 polystyrene 56, 61 polyurethane 39, 296 polyvinylchloride 61, 83, 107, 277, 286 post application 2 post-irradiation 169 failure 184 powder coating 296 prediction tnethods 174 preliminary studies 10, 13 product temperature 4 propagation 182 pUlnps 99 Q quenchers 70 QUV 84, 262, 277 R radiant energy 133 radiation 7, 177 global 107 simulation 46 radical trapping 71 radicals 77, 170, 181, 231, 268 Ralnan 186 reaction kinetics 108 reactive chetnicals 218 recycling 211 reference Inaterial 35 reflectance 135 relaxation 141 relief melnbrane 283 renewable resources 2 replacen1ent 2 residual stress 141,147 - 148, 151 rigid vinyl 136 routine testing 11Index S salt formation 218 scattering 199 scission 263 secondary crystallization 141 SEM 99, 173, 182,284 sensors 99 shelf-life 169 shrinkage 151 siding 83 skylights 271 slnog 162 solar absorptance 136 solar cut-on 3 - 4 solar spectfUln 133 - 134 solidification 141 solubility 253 spectral irradiance 106 spectfUln 8 spinning stability 221 stabilization 70 stabilizers 233, 267 package 225 standard reference Inaterial43 standards 49 sterilization 177 strain 143 stress 6, 143 build up 154 distribution 141 intensity 183 surface crazing 233 swelling 141 switch 282 T temperature 4, 8,49,72, 105, 124, 169, 171,309 gradient 141 tensile 233 strength 12,73, 99, 230, 233 terrestrial body 106 test fixtures 21 testing conditions 69 textiles 1 T g 109 TGA 213 thennal conductivity 48 thennolneters 112 thickness 156 through-translnission 121 tie molecules 170 tilt angles 21 titning 24 titaniuln dioxide 84 toys 161 TPO 241 transit shelters 271 translucent polymers 124 transmittance 135, 222 transparent polYlners 124 U unsaturations 215, 228 urethane 302 UV absorbers 70, 77, 164, 185, 233 cycling 265 radiation 3 spectra 228 spectroscopy 186 stabilizers 5 V valves 99 viscosity 275 volatility 253 W walkways 271 warping 146 water uptake 155 waterborne 296 319320 wavelength 3, 135 Weather-Ometer 9, 72, 94, 242 Wien's Law 127 welding 127 window profile 83 X xenon-arc 7, 16, 43 Xenotest 30, 228 X-ray 197 y yellowness index 273 yield point 216 Young's modulus 146, 151 Z zinc stearate 84
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