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| موضوع: كتاب Pipe Welding Procedures الجمعة 03 مارس 2023, 10:22 pm | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Pipe Welding Procedures Second Edition by Hoobasar Rampaul
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents Forward iv Preface v 1. Introduction 1 2. Essentials of Shielded Metal-Arc Welding Technology 10 3. Heat Input and Distribution 14 4. Reperation of the Pipe Joint 21 5. Uphill Welding the Root Bead on Heavy-WallPipe (5GPosition) 31 6. Welding the Rood Bead by the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process 57 7. The Intermediate and Cover Passes 81 8. Welding Thin-Wall Pipe 100 9. Horizontal Pipe Welding (20) 136 10. Welding Complicated Pipe Joints 158 11. Introduction to Welding Metallurgy 170 12. Distortion in Pipe Welding 198 13. Pipe Welding Defects 207 14. Fitting-UP Pipe 222 15. Qualification of the Welding Procedure & the Welder 237 I6.General Welding Safety Index Alignment, perpendicular pipe 235. 236 vertical pipe, 234, 235 Alloying elemenls in steel, 185- J88 boron, 188 carbon, 186 chromium, 187 cobalt, 188 manganese. 186 molybdenum, 187 nickel, 187 silicon, 186, 187 titanium, 188 tungsten, 188 vanadium, 187 Aluminum as a deoxidizer in steel, 188 "Amperage," 10 Arc length, 12, 13 Arc strike cracking, 207, 208 Austenite, 180 Bainite, 180, 181 Base metal - Hiler metal combinations, 75-77 Bend tests, 240-242 Boron as an alloying element in steel. 188 Brittleness, (def.) 174 Carbon as an alloying element in steel, 186 Cementite, [77,178 Chromium as an alloying element in steel, 187 Cleaning the joint surfaces, 23 Coating, electrode. 12 Cobalt as an alloying element in steel. 188 Codes and standards, 8, 9 Complicated pipe joints, full lateral joint in,162-165 intennediate and cover passes in, 160, 161 rool beads in, 158-160 special precautions ill welding, 168 T-joint with intersection at side, 166, 167 T-joint with intersection on bottom, 166 T-joint with intersection On top, 165 welding, 158·169 V-joint, 167 Copper added to steel, 188 Cover passes, in horizontal pipe welding, 148, 149 in mUltilayer welding, 91-93 in Otin·wall pipe welding, 122-23 in welding complicated pipe joints, 160, 161 Cracking, arc strike, 207, 208 restraint, 52, 209·211 underbead 208, 209 Cryogenic services, 156, 157 Current flow. 10 Current setting in multilayer welding, 84-86 Defects in pipe welding, 207-221 Index Distortion in pipe welding, 198·206 preventing, 206 Distortion in welds, 193- J97 Downhill pipe welding, 3-7 of thin·wall pipe, 102·106 heavy wall and large diameter, 126·128 DUClility, (def.) 174 Electric arc welding, basic concepts of, 10, II Electrode coating, 12 Electrodes for GTAW process, 62,63 Electrodes for multilayer welding, low-hydrogen, 93, 94 Elements in steel, alloying, 185·188 Fatigue, 174 Faults and their prevention in welding, 211-216 Ferrite, 177 Fifth, sixth, and seventh passes pipe welding. 148, 149 Fittmgs, pipe, 224 Fitting-up pipe, 23, 24, 222-236 Fit-up, pipe-to-pipe. 224-226 poor, 45-49 Flanges to pipe, welding, 226-230 Flat welding the root bead, 4041 45-degree elbows to pipe, welding, 231-233 Full lateral joint in welding complicated pipe joints, 162-165 Gas cylinders, safe handling of, 233, 234 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 57-58 welding the root bead by, 57·80 Grain size, 182·184 Grain structure, 175-177 GTAW, equipment for, 59-63 shielding gas for, 59, 61 torch for, 62 welding machine for. 59 GTAW process, f;aution, 74, 80 cover passes, 132-135 depositing root bead, 128-129 downhill pipe welding, 126-128 electrodes for, 62, 63 features of, 57 filler passes, 129-132 Heavy-wall pipe welding. 126-135 making a tie-in in, 74, 75 preparation of the weld joint in, 65 procedure for welding the root bead in, 65-70 pulse current, 72-74 rool bead, 72·80 second pass in, 72 shielding the weld metal in, 63·65 stop and restart in, 70, 71 247Index Handling of gas cylinders, safe, 244 Hardenability, 173 Hardness. (def.) 114 Heat distribution, 14, 15·20 Heat input, 14, 15 Heat withdrawal from weld zone, I5 High temperature services, alloy steel in, I54-156 Horizontal pipe welding, 8, 136-157 coverp~esin, 148. 149 fi fih, sixth, and seventh passes in, 148, 149 making a tie-in in, 14 I of the root bead, 137-14Q ofthin·wall pipe, 104 poor fit·up in, 141·143 second pass in, 144·146 stop and restart in, 140 third and fourth passes in, 146-148 using low·hydrogen electrodes, 143 Hot pass in thin-wall pipe welding, 115-119 1nelusions of slag, 212·214 Incomplete penetration, 216 inspecting the weld in uphill welding the rootbead, 44-52 intermediate and cover passes, in welding complicated pipe joints, 160, 161 on heavy-wall pipe, 81·99 intermediate passes, in multilayer welding, 86-89 in thin-wall pipe welding, 119·122 iron-carbon diagram, 181,182 Keyhole, 27, 28 in uphill welding the root bead, 33, 34 Lack of fusion, 216 Large diameter pipe welding, 126-135 depositing root bead, 128-129 downhill pipe welding, 126-128 Lead added to steel, 188 Low temperature serv ice, 156, I57 Malleability, 174 Manganese as an alloying element in steel, 186 Martensite, 179 Metallurgy, welding, 170-197 Metals, properties of. I 70-174 size changes in, 184, 185 Metal transfer, 11, 12 Molybdenum as an allOying element steel, 187 Multilayer welding, 81·82 current setting in, 84-85 intermediate passes in, 86-89 low-hydrogen eleclfodes for, 93, 94 stop and restart in, 89-91 the cover pass in, 91-93 tie-in in, 91 Multiple layers, 81-82 Nickel as an alloying element in steel, 187 9O-degree elbows to pipe, welding, 230, 231 OXYllC\:tyJene welding, safety regulations for, 245,246 Pearlite, 178 Perfect weld requirements, 239, 240 Phosphorus in steel, 188 Pipe fittings, 224 Pipeline welding, outdoor, 104, 105 Pipe parts to pipe, welding, 226-236 Pipe-IO-pipe fit-up, 224·226 Poor fit·up, in horizontal pipe welding, 141·143 in thin-wall pipe welding, 124 narrow root opening, 48, 49 root face 100 thin, 49 root face too wide, 49 wide and narrow rool openings, 48, 49 wide root openingI 4548 Porosity, 215, 216 Positions for pipe welding, basic, 1,2 Precautions in welding complicated pipe joints, 168 Preparation of the pipe joint, 21-30 Preparation of the rool bead in multilayer welding, 82-84 Preparation oflhe weldjoinl in GTAW pro-cess, 65 Preparing pipe edges, 21·23 Preventing distorticm in pipe welding, 206 Prevention of welding faults, 211·216 Procedures, bask pipe welding, 3-8 for fitting-up pipe, 222 qualifYing, 237 Properties ofmetals, 170-1 74 Pulse current, root bead, 72-74 Qualification of the welding procedure and the welder, 237·242 Relieving of stresses, 188, 189 Requirements for a perfect weld, 239, 240 Residual stresses and distortion in welds, 193-197 Restart in uphill welding the rool bead, 37, 38 Restraint cracking, 52, 209-211 Rool bead, flat welding the, 40-41 in complicated pipe joints, 158·160 in uphill welding on heavy-wall pipe, 31-34 vertical uphill welding of the, 38·39 Root bead, GTAW process, 72·80 pulse current, 72-74 Root bead in multilayer welding, prepara-tion of the, 82·84 Root bead in uphill welding, starting the. 34-36 Root bead welding, summary of, 52-56 thin-wall pipe, 103·108 with low-hydrogen electrodes, 49-52 248Index Safe handling of gas cylinders, 244 Safety, general welding, 243-246 Safely regulations for oxyacetylene welding, 245,246 Second half of the pipe joint, welding the, 41 Second pass in horizontal pipe welding, 144-146 Shear stress, 172 Shielded metal·arc welding. 10-13 electrode, 94-99 Shielding gas for GTAW process, 59, 61 Shielding the weld metal in GTAW process, 63-65 Silicon as an alloying element in steel, 186, 187 Size changes in metals, 184, 185 Slag inclusions, 212-214 Spheroidite, 180 Standards and codes, 8, 9 Standard symbols designating welding posi-lions, 2 Starting the root bead in uphill welding,34·36 Steel, structural characteristics ot: 177-181 Stop and restart, in GTAW process, 70, 71 in hori7,Ontai pipe welding, 128, 129 in multilayer welding, 89-91 in thin-wall pipe welding, 114·115 in uphill welding the root bead, 37, 38 Stopping the weld, 28-30 Strain, (def.) 172 Strength, 172, 173 ultimate tensile, 173 yield, (def.) 173 Stress, (def) 17I, 172 shear, 172 torsional, 172 Stresses and distortions in welds, residual, 193-197 Stress relieving, 188, 189 Structural characteristics of steel, 177-181 Structure of the weld, 189-193 Structure sleel 78, 79 Sulfur added to steel, 188 Symbols designating welding positions, 2 Tack welding, 25-27 thin-wall pipe, 106-110 Tees to pipe, welding, 234 Tensile strength, ultimate, 173 Tests, bend, 229-231 Thin-wall pipe welding, 100-135 cover pass in, 122·123 downhill, 102·106 horizontal, 104 pass in, 115, II 6 joint tor, 105,106 Thin-wall pipe welding, intermediate passes in, 119-122 poor fit·up in, 124 preparation for the hot pass in, 115, 116 preparation of the pipe joint for, 105, 106 stop and restart in, 1114, 115 tack welding, 106-110 tie-ins in, 115 uphill, 100, !OI welding the root bead in, 110·114 with pipe axis at 45-degree POSilion,124-125 Third and fourth passes in horizontal pipewelding, 146-148 Tie-in, in GTAW process, 72 in horizontal pipe welding, 141 in multilayer welding, 91 in thin-wall pipe welding, 115 procedure, 41-44 TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding, 57-58 Titanium as an alloying elemen! in sleel, 188 T-joint, in welding complicated pipe joinIs, 164-167 with intersection at side in welding com-plicated pipejoinls, 166,167 wilh intersection on top in welding com-plicated pipejoints, 165 Tools required for fitting-up pipe, 209-2 II Torch for GTAW process, 62 Torsional stress, 172 Toughness, (def.) 174 Tungsten as an alloying element in steel, 188 Ultimate tensile strength, 173 Underbead cracking, 208, 209 Undercutting, 211,212 Uphill pipe welding, 7, 8 wilh pipes in an angular (6G) position, 161,162 Uphill welding the root bead, 36-38 keyhole in, 34 on heavy-wall pipe (50 position), 31-48 vertical, 38-39 UphHl welding thin-wall pipe, 100, 101 Vanadium as an alloying element in steel, 187 Venical uphill Welding of the root bead, 38·39 Voltage, 10 "Weaving," 20 Weld-affected zone, 190-193 Weld repair, 217-221 "Whipping." 20, 28 "Whipping and pllllSe," 39 Widmanstatten structure, 179 Withdrawing heat from weld zOne, 15 Yield strength, (def.) 173 V-joint in welding complicated pipe joints #ماتلاب,#متلاب,#Matlab,
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