كتاب Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition - Rana, Shah

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Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition
B. C. Rana, M. B. Shah

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Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Authors
Dedication
Abbreviations, Symbols and Notations
Preface
The Development of This Book
Chapter 1. Basics of Engineering Drawing
Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Drawing Instruments
1.2.1 Drawing Board
1.2.2 Minidrafter
1.2.3 Precision Instrument Box
1.2.4 Set Squares
1.2.5 Engineers’ Scales
1.2.6 Protractor
1.2.7 Irregular or French Curves
1.2.8 Spring Clips
1.2.9 Drawing Papers
1.2.10 Pencils
1.2.11 Erasers
1.2.12 Erasing Shields
1.2.13 Templates
1.2.14 Dusters
1.2.15 Flexible Curves
1.2.16 Tracing Paper
1.2.17 T-Square
1.3 Title Block
1.4 Points to Remember
Exercises
Review Questions
Chapter 2. Symbolic Lines and Lettering
Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Symbolic Lines
2.3 Lettering
2.4 General Rules for Lettering
Exercises
Review Questions
Chapter 3. Geometrical Constructions, Loci and Engineering Plane Curves
Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods of Construction
3.3 Loci of Points
3.4 Engineering Curves
3.4.1 Conics
3.4.2 Cycloidal Curves
3.4.3 Involutes
3.4.4 Spirals
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 4. Scales
Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Representative Fraction
4.3 Construction of Scales
4.4 Types of Scales
4.4.1 Plain Scales
4.4.2 Diagonal Scales
4.4.3 Vernier Scales
4.4.4 Comparative Scales
4.4.5 Scale of Chords
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 5. Projections of Points and Lines
Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Orthographic Projections
5.3 First-Angle Projections
5.4 Second-, Third- and Fourth-Angle Projections
5.5 Projections of Lines
5.6 Angles Between Lines and Reference Planes
5.7 Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined to the Other Reference Plane
5.8 Projections of Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes
5.9 Problems Related to Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes
5.9.1 To Find the True Length of a Line
5.9.2 To Find the Angle of Inclination
5.10 Traces of a Line
5.11 Procedure for Locating the HT and the VT
5.12 Procedure When the HT and/or the VT is Given
5.13 Side Views
5.14 Shortest Distance Between a Given Line AB and Ground Line XY
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 6. Projections on Auxiliary Reference Planes
Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Auxiliary Plane Method
6.2.1 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP)
6.2.2 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP)
6.3 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Front View (AFV)
6.4 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Top View (ATV)
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 7. Projections of Planes
Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Positions of Planes
7.2.1 Planes Parallel to the VP
7.2.2 Planes Parallel to the HP
7.2.3 Planes Perpendicular to the VP and Inclined to the HP
7.2.4 Planes Perpendicular to the HP and Inclined to the VP
7.2.5 Planes Inclined to Both the Reference Planes
7.3 Positions When the Shape and Size in the Front View and/or Top View are Given
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 8. Projections of Solids
Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Solids
8.2.1 Prisms and Pyramids
8.2.2 Cylinders and Cones
8.2.3 Frustums
8.3 Orthographic Projections of Solids
8.3.1 Projections of Solids with the Axis Perpendicular to one of the Reference Planes and Parallel to the Other Two
8.3.2 Projections of Solids with the Axis Parallel to One of the Reference Planes and Inclined to the Other
8.4 Additional Points for Two-Step Problems
8.4.1 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the VP and Inclined at θ to the HP
8.4.2 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the HP and Inclined at φ to the VP
8.5 Deciding the Position of the Axis
8.6 Visibility of Surfaces
8.7 Projections of Solids with the Axis Inclined to Both the HP and the VP
8.8 Projections of Spheres
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 9. Sections of Solids
Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cutting Planes
9.3 Sections and Sectional Views
9.4 Drawing Sectional Views
9.5 Locating the CP Position When the True Shape of a Section is Known
9.5.1 Hints to Remember
9.5.2 The Procedure for Locating the Cutting Plane
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 10. Intersection of Surfaces
Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Determination of the Curve of Intersection
10.3 The Line Method
10.4 Procedure for the Line Method
10.5 Deciding the Visibility of the Curve of Intersection
10.5.1 Determining Cut-Off Portions of Lines on the Penetrated Solid
10.5.2 Visibility When the Solid Has a Hole
10.6 The Cutting Plane Method
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 11. Development of Surfaces
Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Understanding the Development of Surfaces
11.3 Methods for Development
11.4 Methods for Development of Cut Surfaces
11.4.1 The Line Method
11.4.2 The Cutting Plane Method
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Hints for Solving Exercises
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 12. Multiview Orthographic Projections
Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Multiview Orthographic Projections
12.3 Objects Bounded by Plane Surfaces
12.4 Reading an Isometric or Oblique Parallel Projection
12.4.1 Rules for Reading the Position of Each Line or Surface of an Object in a Pictorial View
12.4.2 Misleading Conditions in Pictorial Views
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 13. Sectional Views
Objectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Projections of Sectional Views
13.3 Hatching Lines
13.4 Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts
13.5 Types of Sectional Views
13.5.1 Full-Sectional View
13.5.2 Half-Sectional View
13.5.3 Offset Sections
13.5.4 Revolved Sections
13.5.5 Removed Sections
13.5.6 Partial Section or Broken Section
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 14. Dimensioning
Objectives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dimensioning
14.2.1 Dimension Lines
14.2.2 Extension or Projection Lines
14.2.3 Leaders
14.3 Dimensioning Systems
14.4 Dimensioning Principles
14.5 Dimensioning Pictorial Views
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 15. Auxiliary Views
Objectives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Front Auxiliary View
15.3 The Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation
15.4 The Side Auxiliary View
15.5 Partial Views
15.6 Drawing the Apparent Shapes of Surfaces
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 16. Reading Orthographic Projections
Objectives
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Reading Orthographic Projections
16.3 Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualizing the Bounding Surfaces
16.4 Recognizing the Projections of the Same Plane Surface
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 17. Isometric Projections
Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Pictorial Projections
17.3 Isometric Projections
17.3.1 The Isometric Scale
17.3.2 Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects
17.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Isometric Projections of an Object
17.3.4 The Isometric Projection of a Sphere
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 18. Oblique Parallel Projections and Perspective Projections
Objectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Oblique Parallel Projections
18.3 The Oblique Parallel Projections of a Cube
18.4 Perspective Projections
18.4.1 Terminology
18.4.2 Theory of Perspective Projections
18.4.3 The Visual Ray Method
18.4.4 The Vanishing Point Method
18.4.5 Important Points About Perspective Projections
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 19. Threaded Fasteners
Objectives
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Screw Threads
19.2.1 The Terminology for Threads
19.2.2 The Forms of Screw Threads
19.3 Representation of Threads
19.4 Bolts, Nuts and Washers
19.5 Hexagonal Nuts
19.5.1 Orthographic Projections of a Hexagonal Nut
19.5.2 Symbolic Views of a Hexagonal Nut
19.6 Projections of a Hexagonal-Headed Bolt
19.7 Washers
19.8 Square Nuts
19.9 Types of Nuts
19.10 Types of Bolt Heads
19.11 Set Screws
19.12 Foundation Bolts
19.13 Tap Bolts
19.14 Stud Bolts
19.15 Locking Arrangements for Nuts
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 20. Riveted and Welded Joints
Objectives
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Types of Rivet Heads
20.3 Riveted Joints
20.3.1 Lap Joints
20.3.2 Butt Joints
20.4 Welding
20.5 Types of Welded Joints
20.5.1 Types of Welds
20.5.2 Welding Drawing
20.5.3 Representation of Welded Joints
20.5.4 Indication for Plate Preparation
20.5.5 Dimensioning Welds
20.5.6 Supplementary Symbols
20.5.7 Indicating the Welding Process
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercises
Chapter 21. Computer-Aided Drafting
Objectives
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Using AutoCAD
21.2.1 A Mouse
21.2.2 A Keyboard
21.2 AutoCAD Command Access
21.3 Menus and Toolbars
21.4 Toolbars
21.4.1 Opening a File
21.4.2 Saving a File
21.5 Execution of Commands
21.5.1 The Donut and Spline Commands
21.5.2 The Line Command
21.5.3 The Coordinate Systems Command
21.5.4 The Polygon Command
21.5.5 The Circle Command
21.5.6 The Arc Command
21.5.7 The Ellipse Command
21.5.8 The Hatch Command
21.5.9 The Zoom Command
21.5.10 The Regen Command
21.5.11 The UCS Command
21.5.12 The Units Command
21.5.13 Drawing Limits
21.5.14 The Grid Command
21.5.15 The Offset Command
21.5.16 The Change Command
21.5.17 The Chprop Command
21.5.18 The Erase Command
21.5.19 The Trim Command
21.5.20 The Array Command
21.5.21 The Mirror Command
21.5.22 The Copy Command
21.5.23 The Move Command
21.5.24 The Chamfer Command
21.5.25 The Fillet Command
21.5.26 The Pedit Command
21.5.27 The Dimension Command
21.5.28 The Extend Command
21.5.29 The Lengthen Command
21.6 Three-Dimensional Modelling
21.6.1 The Wire Frame Model
21.6.2 The Surface Model
21.6.3 The Solid Model
Exercises
Critical Thinking Exercise
Acknowledgements

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