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 |  موضوع: كتاب Handbook of Fillers - 2nd Edition الأحد 24 سبتمبر 2023, 3:06 am | |
| 
أخواني في الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Handbook of Fillers
2nd Edition
George Wypych
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Expectations from fillers 1
1.2 Typical filler properties 7
1.3 Definitions 8
1.4 Classification 11
1.5 Markets and trends 12
References 13
2 SOURCES OF FILLERS, THEIR CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND MORPHOLOGY 15
2.1 Particulate fillers 16
2.1.1 Aluminum flakes and powder 16
2.1.2 Aluminum borate whiskers 19
2.1.3 Aluminum oxide 20
2.1.4 Aluminum trihydroxide 22
2.1.5 Anthracite 25
2.1.6 Antimony of sodium 26
2.1.7 Antimony pentoxide 27
2.1.8 Antimony trioxide 29
2.1.9 Apatite 31
2.1.10 Ash, fly 32
2.1.11 Attapulgite 33
2.1.12 Barium metaborate 35
2.1.13 Barium sulfate 36
2.1.14 Barium & strontium sulfates 41
2.1.15 Barium titanate 42
2.1.16 Bentonite 43
2.1.17 Beryllium oxide 45
2.1.18 Boron nitride 46
2.1.19 Calcium carbonate 48
2.1.20 Calcium hydroxide 58
2.1.21 Calcium sulfate 60
2.1.22 Carbon black 62
2.1.23 Ceramic beads 72
Table of Contents iii
Table of Contents2.1.24 Clay 75
2.1.25 Copper 77
2.1.26 Cristobalite 78
2.1.27 Diatomaceous earth 80
2.1.28 Dolomite 84
2.1.29 Ferrites 85
2.1.30 Feldspar 86
2.1.31 Glass beads 87
2.1.32 Gold 91
2.1.33 Graphite 92
2.1.34 Hydrous calcium silicate 96
2.1.35 Iron oxide 97
2.1.36 Kaolin 99
2.1.37 Lithopone 104
2.1.38 Magnesium oxide 105
2.1.39 Magnesium hydroxide 106
2.1.40 Metal-containing conductive materials 107
2.1.41 Mica 112
2.1.42 Molybdenum 116
2.1.43 Molybdenum disulfide 117
2.1.44 Nickel 118
2.1.45 Perlite 120
2.1.46 Polymeric fillers 122
2.1.47 Pumice 127
2.1.48 Pyrophyllite 128
2.1.49 Rubber particles 129
2.1.50 Sepiolite 130
2.1.51 Silica 131
2.1.51.1 Fumed silica 132
2.1.51.2 Fused silica 138
2.1.51.3 Precipitated silica 139
2.1.51.4 Quartz (tripoli) 142
2.1.51.5 Sand 144
2.1.51.6 Silica gel 146
2.1.52 Silver powder and flakes 147
2.1.53 Slate flour 149
2.1.54 Talc 150
2.1.55 Titanium dioxide 154
2.1.56 Tungsten 164
2.1.57 Vermiculite 165
2.1.58 Wood flour and similar materials 166
2.1.59 Wollastonite 167
iv Table of Contents2.1.60 Zeolites 170
2.1.61 Zinc borate 171
2.1.62 Zinc oxide 172
2.1.63 Zinc stannate 175
2.1.64 Zinc sulfide 176
2.2 Fibers 178
2.2.1 Aramid fibers 178
2.2.2 Carbon fibers 180
2.2.3 Cellulose fibers 184
2.2.4 Glass fibers 187
2.2.5 Other fibers 188
References 189
3 TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, AND PROCESSING OF
FILLERS 203
3.1 Filler packaging 203
3.2 External transportation 205
3.3 Filler receiving 206
3.4 Storage 208
3.5 In-plant conveying 210
3.6 Semi-bulk unloading systems 215
3.7 Bag handling equipment 216
3.8 Blending 217
3.9 Feeding 218
3.10 Drying 220
3.11 Dispersion 222
References 227
4 QUALITY CONTROL OF FILLERS 231
4.1 Absorption coefficient 231
4.2 Acidity or alkalinity of water extract 231
4.3 Ash content 231
4.4 Brightness 232
4.5 Coarse particles 232
4.6 Color 232
4.7 CTAB surface area 232
4.8 DBP absorption number 233
4.9 Density 233
4.10 Electrical properties 233
4.11 Extractables 234
4.12 Fines content 234
Table of Contents v4.13 Heating loss 234
4.14 Heat stability 234
4.15 Hegman fineness 234
4.16 Hiding power 234
4.17 Iodine absorption number 235
4.18 Lightening power of white pigments 235
4.19 Loss on ignition 235
4.20 Mechanical and related properties 235
4.21 Oil absorption 235
4.22 Particle size 236
4.23 Pellet strength 236
4.24 pH 236
4.25 Resistance to light 236
4.26 Resistivity of aqueous extract 236
4.27 Sieve residue 237
4.28 Soluble matter 237
4.29 Specific surface area 237
4.30 Sulfur content 237
4.31 Tamped volume 237
4.32 Tinting strength 238
4.33 Volatile matter 238
4.34 Water content 238
4.35 Water-soluble sulfates, chlorides and nitrates 238
References 239
5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLERS AND FILLED
MATERIALS 241
5.1 Density 241
5.2 Particle size 245
5.3 Particle size distribution 246
5.4 Particle shape 251
5.5 Particle surface morphology and roughness 251
5.6 Specific surface area 253
5.7 Porosity 254
5.8 Particle-particle interaction and spacing 255
5.9 Agglomerates 257
5.10 Aggregates and structure 259
5.11 Flocculation and sedimentation 261
5.12 Aspect ratio 263
5.13 Packing volume 264
5.14 pH 269
5.15 ζ-potential 270
vi Table of Contents5.16 Surface energy 271
5.17 Moisture 275
5.18 Absorption of liquids and swelling 278
5.19 Permeability and barrier properties 280
5.20 Oil absorption 280
5.21 Hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties 281
5.22 Optical properties 284
5.23 Refractive index 285
5.24 Friction properties 286
5.25 Hardness 287
5.26 Intumescent properties 288
5.27 Thermal conductivity 289
5.28 Thermal expansion coefficient 290
5.29 Melting temperature 291
5.30 Electrical properties 291
5.31 Magnetic properties 295
References 297
6 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLERS AND
FILLED MATERIALS 305
6.1 Reactivity 305
6.2 Chemical groups on the filler surface 308
6.3 Filler surface modification 312
6.4 Effect of filler modification on material properties 324
6.5 Resistance to various chemical materials 330
6.6 Cure in filler’s presence 331
6.7 Polymerization in filler’s presence 336
6.8 Grafting 337
6.9 Crosslink density 338
6.10 Reaction kinetics 339
6.11 Molecular mobility 341
References 343
7 ORGANIZATION OF INTERFACE AND MATRIX
CONTAINING FILLERS 347
7.1 Particle distribution in matrix 347
7.2 Orientation of filler particle in a matrix 351
7.3 Voids 356
7.4 Matrix-filler interaction 358
7.5 Chemical interactions 359
7.6 Other interactions 363
7.7 Interphase organization 367
Table of Contents vii7.8 Interfacial adhesion 369
7.9 Interphase thickness 370
7.10 Filler-chain links 372
7.11 Chain dynamics 373
7.12 Bound rubber 374
7.13 Debonding 380
7.14 Mechanisms of reinforcement 384
7.15 Benefits of organization on molecular level 389
References 392
8 THE EFFECT OF FILLERS ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF FILLED MATERIALS 395
8.1 Tensile strength and elongation 395
8.2 Tensile yield stress 402
8.3 Elastic 407
8.4 Flexural strength and modulus 410
8.5 Impact resistance 412
8.6 Hardness 414
8.7 Tear strength 417
8.8 Compressive strength 418
8.9 Fracture resistance 419
8.10 Wear 426
8.11 Friction 429
8.12 Abrasion 430
8.13 Scratch resistance 432
8.14 Fatigue 433
8.15 Failure 440
8.16 Adhesion 442
8.17 Thermal deformation 444
8.18 Shrinkage 444
8.19 Warpage 448
8.20 Compression set 449
8.21 Load transfer 451
8.22 Residual stress 453
8.23 Creep 454
References 455
9 THE EFFECT OF FILLERS ON RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF FILLED MATERIALS 461
9.1 Viscosity 461
9.2 Flow 465
9.3 Flow induced filler orientation 468
viii Table of Contents9.4 Torque 470
9.5 Viscoelasticity 471
9.6 Dynamic mechanical behavior 472
9.7 Complex viscosity 474
9.8 Shear viscosity 478
9.9 Elongational viscosity 478
9.10 Melt rheology 481
9.11 Yield value 481
References 483
10 MORPHOLOGY OF FILLED SYSTEMS 485
10.1 Crystallinity 485
10.2 Crystallization behavior 487
10.3 Nucleation 490
10.4 Crystal size 492
10.5 Spherulites 493
10.6 Transcrystallinity 495
10.7 Orientation 497
References 498
11 EFFECT OF FILLERS ON DEGRADATIVE PROCESSES 501
11.1 Irradiation 501
11.2 UV radiation 505
11.3 Temperature 510
11.4 Liquids and vapors 512
11.5 Stabilization 516
11.6 Degradable materials 517
References 518
12 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FILLERS 521
12.1 Definitions 521
12.2 Limiting oxygen index 522
12.3 Ignition and flame spread rate 523
12.4 Heat transmission rate 527
12.5 Decomposition and combustion 527
12.6 Emission of gaseous components and heavy metals 530
12.7 Smoke 531
12.8 Char 531
12.9 Recycling 531
References 536
Table of Contents ix13 INFLUENCE OF FILLERS ON PERFORMANCE OF
OTHER ADDITIVES AND VICE VERSA 539
13.1 Adhesion promoters 539
13.2 Antistatics 541
13.3 Blowing agents 541
13.4 Catalysts 543
13.5 Compatibilizers 544
13.6 Coupling agents 545
13.7 Dispersing agents and surface active agents 547
13.8 Flame retardants 549
13.9 Impact modifiers 551
13.10 UV stabilizers 552
13.11 Other additives 554
References 555
14 TESTING METHODS IN FILLED SYSTEMS 559
14.1 Physical methods 559
14.1.1 Atomic force microscopy 559
14.1.2 Autoignition test 560
14.1.3 Bound rubber 560
14.1.4 Char formation 561
14.1.5 Cone calorimetry 562
14.1.6 Contact angle 563
14.1.7 Dispersing agent requirement 565
14.1.8 Dispersion tests 566
14.1.9 Dripping test 567
14.1.10 Dynamic mechanical analysis 568
14.1.11 Electrical constants determination 568
14.1.12 Electron microscopy 571
14.1.13 Fiber orientation 572
14.1.14 Flame propagation test 572
14.1.15 Glow wire test 574
14.1.16 Image analysis 574
14.1.17 Limiting oxygen index 577
14.1.18 Magnetic properties 578
14.1.19 Optical microscopy 579
14.1.20 Particle size analysis 580
14.1.21 Radiant panel test 580
14.1.22 Rate of combustion 580
14.1.23 Scanning acoustic microscopy 581
14.1.24 Smoke chamber 581
14.1.25 Sonic methods 582
x Table of Contents14.1.26 Specific surface area 584
14.1.27 Thermal analysis 585
14.2 Chemical and instrumental analysis 586
14.2.1 Electron spin resonance 586
14.2.2 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis 587
14.2.3 Inverse gas chromatography 588
14.2.4 Gas chromatography 592
14.2.5 Gel content 592
14.2.6 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 593
14.2.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 594
14.2.8 UV and visible spectrophotometry 597
14.2.9 X-ray analysis 598
14.2.10 X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy 598
References 599
15 FILLERS IN COMMERCIAL POLYMERS 605
15.1 Acrylics 606
15.2 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer 608
15.3 Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate 610
15.4 Aliphatic polyketone 611
15.5 Alkyd resins 612
15.6 Elastomers 613
15.7 Epoxy resins 614
15.8 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers 619
15.9 Ethylene ethyl acetate copolymer 620
15.10 Ethylene propylene copolymers 621
15.11 Ionomers 622
15.12 Liquid crystalline polymers 623
15.13 Perfluoroalkoxy resin 624
15.14 Phenolic resins 625
15.15 Poly(acrylic acid) 628
15.16 Polyamides 629
15.17 Polyamide imide 633
15.18 Polyamines 634
15.19 Polyaniline 635
15.20 Polyarylether ketone 636
15.21 Poly(butylene terephthalate) 638
15.22 Polycarbonate 639
15.23 Polyetheretherketone 642
15.24 Polyetherimide 644
15.25 Polyether sulfone 645
15.26 Polyethylene 646
Table of Contents xi15.27 Polyethylene, chlorinated 651
15.28 Polyethylene, chlorosulfonated 652
15.29 Poly(ethylene oxide) 653
15.30 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 655
15.31 Polyimide 656
15.32 Polymethylmethacrylate 658
15.33 Polyoxymethylene 660
15.34 Poly(phenylene ether) 661
15.35 Poly(phenylene sulfide) 662
15.36 Polypropylene 663
15.37 Polypyrrole 668
15.38 Polystyrene & high impact 669
15.39 Polysulfides 672
15.40 Polysulfone 673
15.41 Polytetrafluoroethylene 674
15.42 Polyurethanes 676
15.43 Poly(vinyl acetate) 679
15.44 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 680
15.45 Poly(vinyl butyral) 681
15.46 Poly(vinyl chloride) 682
15.47 Rubbers 684
15.47.1 Natural rubber 685
15.47.2 Nitrile rubber 687
15.47.3 Polybutadiene rubber 690
15.47.4 Polybutyl rubber 691
15.47.5 Polychloroprene 692
15.47.6 Polyisobutylene 694
15.47.7 Polyisoprene 695
15.47.8 Styrene-butadiene rubber 696
15.48 Silicones 698
15.49 Styrene acrylonitrile copolymer 700
15.50 Tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene 701
15.51 Unsaturated polyesters 702
15.52 Vinylidene-fluoride terpolymers 704
References 705
16 FILLER IN MATERIALS COMBINATIONS 717
16.1 Blends, alloys and interpenetrating networks 717
16.2 Composites 726
16.3 Nanocomposites 730
16.4 Laminates 736
References 737
xii Table of Contents17 FORMULATION WITH FILLERS 741
References 746
18 FILLERS IN DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS 749
18.1 Blow molding 749
18.2 Calendering and hot-melt coating 751
18.3 Compression molding 752
18.4 Dip coating 754
18.5 Dispersion 755
18.6 Extrusion 757
18.7 Foaming 760
18.8 Injection molding 761
18.9 Knife coating 763
18.10 Mixing 764
18.11 Pultrusion 769
18.12 Reaction injection molding 769
18.13 Rotational molding 771
18.14 Sheet molding 772
18.15 Thermoforming 773
18.16 Welding and machining 773
References 774
19 FILLERS IN DIFFERENT PRODUCTS 779
19.1 Adhesives 779
19.2 Agriculture 782
19.3 Aerospace 782
19.4 Appliances 783
19.5 Automotive materials 784
19.6 Bottles and containers 785
19.7 Building components 786
19.8 Business machines 786
19.9 Cables and wires 787
19.10 Coated fabrics 788
19.11 Coatings and paints 788
19.12 Cosmetics and pharmaceutical products 793
19.13 Dental restorative composites 795
19.14 Electrical and electronic materials 796
19.15 Electromagnetic interference shielding 797
19.16 Fibers 799
19.17 Film 799
19.18 Foam 802
19.19 Food and feed 802
Table of Contents xiii19.20 Friction materials 803
19.21 Geosynthetics 803
19.22 Hoses and pipes 803
19.23 Magnetic devices 804
19.24 Medical applications 804
19.25 Membranes 807
19.26 Noise damping 807
19.27 Optical devices 807
19.28 Paper 809
19.29 Radiation shields 812
19.30 Rail transportation 813
19.31 Roofing 814
19.32 Telecommunication 814
19.33 Tires 815
19.34 Sealants 817
19.35 Siding 818
19.36 Sports equipment 819
19.37 Waterproofing 819
19.38 Windows 820
References 821
20 HAZARDS IN FILLER USE 825
References 831
INDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS 833
DIRECTORY OF FILLER MANUFACTURERS AND
DISTRIBUTORS 837
DIRECTORY OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS 877
INDEX 881
xiv Table of ContentsINDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAS acrylonitrile, acrylate (ester), styrene copolymer
ABA acrylonitrile, butadiene, acrylate
ABR acrylate, butadiene rubber
ABS acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene copolymer
ACRYLICS copolymer of methacrylic and acrylic monomers
ACS acrylonitrile, chlorinated polyethylene, styrene terpolymer
AMA acrylate, maleic anhydride terpolymer
AMMA acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate
APO amorphous polyolefin
APES γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
APTS 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
AS acrylonitrile, styrene copolymer
ASA acrylonitrile, styrene acrylate
BMC bulk molding compound
BMI bismaleimide
CA cellulose acetate
CAB cellulose acetate butyrate
CAP cellulose acetate propionate
CN cellulose nitrate (celluloid)
COC cycloolefin copolymer
COP copolyester thermoplastic elastomer
CPE chlorinated polyethylene
CPVC chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
CR chloroprene, chlorinated rubber
CSM chlorosulfonated polyethylene
CTA cellulose triacetate
CTFE chlorotrifluoroethylene
DAP diallyl phthalate (thermoset)
EAA ethylene acrylic acid copolymer
EC ethyl cellulose
ECTFE ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene
EEA ethylene, ethyl acetate copolymer
EMAC ethylene, methyl acrylate copolymer
EnBA ethylene, n-butyl acetate
EP epoxy
EPDM ethylene, propylene diene monomer rubber
EPM ethylene, propylene copolymer rubber
EPR ethylene, propylene rubber
EPS expandable polystyrene
ES epoxy silane
ETFE ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
EVA ethylene, vinyl acetate
E/VAC ethylene, vinyl acetate copolymer
EVOH ethylene, vinyl alcohol
Index of Abbreviations 833FEP fluorinated ethylene propylene
FRP fiber reinforced plastic
HDPE high density polyethylene
HIPS high impact polystyrene
HMC high strength molding compound
HMWHDPE high molecular weight high density polyethylene
I ionomer
IIR isobutene, isoprene rubber or butyl rubber
IPN interpenetrating polymer network
LCP liquid crystal polymer
LDPE low density polyethylene
LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
LPE linear polyethylene
MA maleic anhydride
MABS methyl methacrylate, ABS copolymer
MAS methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, styrene copolymer
MBS methyl methacrylate, butadiene, styrene copolymer
MDPE medium density polyethylene
MF melamine formaldehyde
MP melamine phenolic
NBR nitrile, butadiene rubber
NR natural rubber
OMCTS octamethylcycloethoxysiloxane
OSA olefin modified styrene acrylonitrile
P phenolic
PA polyamide (nylon)
PAA polyacrylic acid
PAI polyamide-imide
PAEK polyaryletherketone
PAK polyester alkyd
PAL polyanaline
PAN polyacrylonitrile
PANI polyaniline
PAr polyarylate
PARA polyaryl amide
PARS polyaryloxysiloxane
PAS polyarylsulfone
PB polybutylene
PBAN polybutadiene acrylonitrile
PBD polybutadiene
PBG polybutyleneglycol
PBI polybenzimidazole
PBN polybutylene naphthalate
PBS polybutadiene styrene
834 Index of AbbreviationsPBT polybutylene terephthalate
PC polycarbonate
PC/ABS polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend
PCL polycaprolactone
PCT polycyclohexylene terephthalate
PCTFE polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene
PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
PE polyethylene
PEA polyethylacrylate
PEBA polyether block amide or polyester block amide
PEC polyestercarbonate
PEEK polyetheretherketone
PEG polyethyleneglycol
PEI polyetherimide
PEK polyetherketone
PEKK polyetherketoneketone
PEN polyethylene napthalene
PEO polyethylene oxide
PES polyethersulfone
PET polyethylene terephthalate
PET-G glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate
PFA perfluoroalkoxy
PI polyimide
PI polyisoprene
PIB polyisobutylene
PIR polyisocyanurate
PMAN polymethactylonitrile
PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
PMP polymethylpentene
PO polyolefin
POM polyoxymethylene
PP polypropylene
PPA polyphthalamide
PPC chlorinated polypropylene
PPC polyphthalate carbonate
PPE polyphenylene ether
PPI polymeric polyisocyanate
PPO polyphenylene oxide
PPOX polypropylene oxide
PPS polyphenylene sulfide
PPSU polyphenylene sulfone
PPT polypropylene terephthalate
PS polystyrene
PSF polysulfone, also PSO, PSU, PSUL
PSO, PSU polysulfone
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
PTMT polytetramethylene terephthalate
PU, PUR polyurethane
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
PVAc polyvinyl acetate
PVB polyvinyl butyryl
Index of Abbreviations 835PVC polyvinyl chloride
PVCA polyvinyl chloride acetate
PVDA polyvinylidene acetate
PVDC polyvinylidene chloride
PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
PVF polyvinyl fluoride
PVK polyvinyl carbazole
PVOH polyvinyl alcohol
PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
SAN styrene, acrylonitrile
SB styrene, butadiene
SBR styrene, butadiene rubber
SBS styrene, butadiene, styrene block copolymer
SEBS styrene, ethylene, butylene, styrene block copolymer
SI silicone
SIS styrene, isoprene, styrene block copolymer
SMA styrene, maleic anhydride copolymer
SMC sheet molding compound
SMMA styrene, methyl methacrylate
SVA styrene, vinyl, acrylonitrile
TEO thermoplastic elastic olefin
TESPT bis-triethoxysilylpropyl-tetrasulfone
TOAB tetraoctylammonium bromide
TPE thermoplastic elastomer
TPO thermoplastic elastomer-olefinic
TPE-S thermoplastic elastomer-styrenic
TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
UF urea formaldehyde
UHDPE ultrahigh density polyethylene
ULDPE ultra low density polyethylene
UP, UPE unsaturated polyester (thermoset)
VA vinyl acetate
VAE vinyl acetate, ethylene
VLDPE very low density polyethylene
836 Index of AbbreviationsA
acid-base interaction 274, 365-6, 502-3
acid rain 40
acrylamide grafting 307, 314-8
adhesion 403, 442-4
adhesive 779-82
aero-mechanical conveyors 212, 214
aerospace 782-3
agglomerates 257-9
aggregates 259-61
agriculture 782
aluminum
borate 19
flakes and powder 16
oxide 20
trihydroxide 22
annealing 263, 268
anthracite 25
antistatic compounds 94
antimony
pentoxide 27
trioxide 29
apatite 31
appliances 783
aragonite 52-3
aramid fibers 178
hygroscopic behavior 179
surface modification 178
attapulgite 33
automotive materials 784-5
B
bags 263
air evacuation 205
unloading systems 215-6
bagging 204
ball clay 75
Banbury mixer 227
barium
metaborate 35
and strontium sulfate 41
sulfate 36
titanate 42
barrier properties 280
bed activator 209
bentonite 43, 75
beryllium oxide 45
BET 34, 70, 237, 253-4, 391
blanc fixe 37-38
blending of fillers 216-7
blends, alloys, IPN 717-726
blower 210
boron nitride 46
bottles and containers 785-6
bound rubber 374-80
brakes 431
brass powder 77
bronze powder 77
building components 786
bulk containers 205
emptying 212-3, 214-5
business machines 786-7
C
cable and wire 787-8
calcination 54
calcite 52-53
Index 881
Indexcalcium
carbonate 48
precipitated 56
hydroxide 58
sulfate 59
carbon black 62-71
classification 66-67
formation 63
methods of production 64-5
morphology 68-9
particles size 98
properties 65
structure 63, 69-70
carbon fibers 180-3
carbonization methods 181
hollow carbon fibrils 182
morphology 181
nickel coated 109
raw materials for production 181-2
cellulose fibers 184-6
morphology 185
ceramic beads 72-4
chain dynamics 373
chalk 54-5
China clay 75, 100-1
chemical reactivity 4
cleavage 252
coated fabrics 788
coatings and paints 788-93
50-2
composites 726-30
conductive compounds 94
conveying distance 209
copper powder 77
cosmetics 793-5
covalent forces 365
cracking 437, 721
cristobalite 78
critical volume fraction 267
crosslink density 338-9
cure 331-6
depth 33
shrinkage 332
crystal structure 252
D
debonding 380-4
degradable materials 517-8
degradation 501-20
irradiation 501-5
liquids and vapors 513-6
temperature 510-3
UV 505-10
dendrite 77, 119
dental composites 795-6
diatomaceous earth 80
production process 82
diatomite 80-2
dispersion 222-9, 755-7
high speed disperser 225-7
dispersive component 272-3
distance between aggregates 388
dolomite 54, 84
drying 220-2
durability 5
E
effect on additives 539-58
adhesion promoters 539-41
antistatics 541
blowing agents 541-2
catalysts 543-4
compatibilizers 544-5
coupling agents 545-6
dispersing agents 547-9
flame retardants 549-51
impact modifiers 551-2
UV stabilizers 552-5
effective volume fraction 266
electrical and electronic materials 796-7
electrical properties 4, 46
elongated particles 56-57
882 IndexEMI shielding 18, 109, 797-9
environmental impact 5, 521-38
autoignition 524
char 531
decomposition and combustion
527-30
definitions 521
emissions 530-1
flame spread rate 523-7
heat transmission rate 526-7
ignition 523-7
limiting oxygen index 522-3
smoke 531
equations
Avrami 487
compressive strength 418
Einstein 396, 410, 425
energy dissipation 434
Fedor 467
friction coefficient 429
Guth, Gold 361, 407
Kelly, Tyson 397, 400
, Hoffman 490
Mooney, Rivlin 436
, Narkis 396
, Leinder 396
rotary motion 468
tearing energy 417
wear volume 427
yield stress 402
F
failure 440-1
fatty acids 56
feeding 218-9
feed arrangement 353
feldspar 86, 100
ferrites 85
fibers 27, 799
composite failure 438
orientation 351
fillers
absorption coefficient 231
absorption of liquids 278-9
acidity 231
aspect ratio 7, 263
ash content 231
association 7
brightness 232
chemical
composition 7
functionality 308-11
properties 305-43
classification 11-12
conductive 107-11
cost reduction 1
color 3, 232
CTAB surface area 232
DBP absorption 233
definition 8-11
density 2, 10, 233, 241-5, 267
electrical properties 233, 291-5
expansion 123-5
expectations 1
extractables 234
fines 234
hardness 287
heating loss 234
heat stability 234
Hegman fineness 234
hiding power 234, 250, 284
hydrophobicity 283
intumescent properties 288-8
iodine absorption number 235
loss on ignition 235
magnetic properties 295-7
markets 12-13
melting temperature 274
modification 310-26
moisture 8, 33, 275-8, 311
morphology 16-189, 251-3
oil absorption 8, 235, 280-1
opacity 250
Index 883optical properties 3, 284
orientation function 355
packaging 203
packing volume 264-9
particle shape 7, 24, 251
particle size 7, 236, 245-6, 414, 416
distribution 246-50
pellet strength 236
pH 7, 76, 236, 269
polymeric 122-6
precipitated 23
quality control 231
reactivity 305
refractive index 7, 40, 285-6
resistance to light 236
resistivity of extract 236
sieve residue 237
soluble matter 237
sources 15
specific surface area 237
storage 203, 208-210
sulfur content 237
surface
coating 39
groups 309
roughness 251
swelling 278-9
tamped volume 237
thermal
conductivity 289-90
expansion coefficient 290-1
properties 8
tinting strength 238
transportation 203, 205-8
trends 12-13
unloading 206-8
volatile matter 238
water
content 238
release 23
soluble content 238
film 799-802
fire retardancy 29
flatting mechanism 141
flocculation 39, 257, 261-3
fly ash 32
foam 802
food and feed 802-3
formulation with fillers 741-7
fracture 169
friction
materials 803
properties 286
Fuller’s earth
fungicide 35
G
gas atomization 77
geosynthetics 803
glass beads 87-90
morphology 90
glass fibers 187-8
gold powder and flakes 91
grafting 307, 337-8
graphite 92-4
H
Hamaker coefficient 365
hardness 93, 152, 287
Harkins spreading coefficient 271
health & safety 6, 825-31
hectorite 75
Hencky strain 351, 468
heteroflocculation 261
hoses and pipes 803-4
hydrous calcium silicate 96
production process 96
hydrophobic
properties 152, 281-3
884 IndexI
illite 75
impact strength 93, 169
in-plant conveying 210-4
interaction 305, 358-9
ionic 361
segmental 360
with chain 372
interface 347
interfacial adhesion 369-70
interphase 367-9
thickness 370-2
iron oxide 97-8
K
kaolin 99-103
calcinated 102
structured 103
thermo-optic 103
kneading mixers 227
L
laminates 736-7
leafing 17
limestone 48, 54
lithopone 50
load transfer 451-2
M
magnesium
hydroxide 106
oxide 105
magnetic
devices 804
properties 4
magnetizable materials 85
marble 54
material properties 395-460
abrasion 30-2
compression set 449-51
compressive strength 418-9
creep 454-5
elastic modulus 407-10
elongation 395-401
fatigue 433-40
flexural strength 410-2
fracture resistance 419-26
coalescence 422
filler/matrix interaction 424
holes 425
impact fracture 424
ligaments 421
shear bands 422
splitting and tearing 421-2
void formation 421-2
friction 429-30
hardness 414-7
impact resistance 412-4
influence of surface treatment 326-30
scratch resistance 432-3
shrinkage 444-8
tear strength 417-8
tensile strength 354, 395-401
tensile yield stress 402-7
thermal deformation 444
warpage 448-9
wear 426-8
maximum packing volume 265-6
mechanical conveyors 211
mechanical properties 4, 235
medical applications 804-6
membranes 807
mica 109, 112-5
color 114
muscovite 113
phlogopite 113
Mie scattering theory 249
milling 54
ball mill 222-3
roll mill 224-5
Index 885sand mill 223-4
mixing 88, 217, 764-9
molecular
mobility 341-3
sieves 170
molybdenum
powder 116
disulfide 117
montmorillonite 43, 75, 261
morphology 5, 485-99
core-shell 719
crystal size 492-3
crystallinity 485-7
crystallization behavior 487-90
orientation 497-8
spherulites 493-5
transcrystallinity 495-7
N
nanocomposites 433, 730-6
nickel powder and flakes 118-9
noise damping 807
nucleation 94, 153, 490-2
O
oil absorption 280-1
optical devices 807-9
orientation
angle 353
flow induced 468-70
P
paints 104, 507, 788-93
paper 809-12
particle
cracking 384
distribution 347-50
orientation 351-6
particle-particle interaction 255-7
PE powder 126
permeability 4, 280
gas 152
perlite 120-1
pH adjustment 28
pharmaceutical products 793-5
photochemical activity 172, 508
pneumatic conveying 211
filters 211
system elements 212
polymerization in filler presence 336-7
polymers 605-716
acrylics 606-7
ABS 608-9
ASA 610
aliphatic polyketone 611
alkyd resins 612
elastomers 613
epoxy resins 614
ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers
619
ethylene ethyl acetate copolymer 620
ethylene propylene copolymers 621
ionomers 622
liquid crystalline polymers 623
perfluoroalkoxy resin 624
phenolic resins 625
poly(acrylic acid) 628
polyamides 629
polyamide imide 633
polyamines 634
polyaniline 635
ketone 636
poly(butylene terephthalate) 638
polycarbonate 639
polyetheretherketone 642
polyetherimide 644
polyether sulfone 645
polyethylene 646
polyethylene, chlorinated 651
polyethylene, chlorosulfonated 652
poly(ethylene oxide) 653
886 Indexpoly(ethylene terephthalate) 655
polyimide 656
polymethylmethacrylate 658
polyoxymethylene 660
poly(phenylene ether) 661
poly(phenylene sulfide) 662
polypropylene 663
polypyrrole 668
polystyrene & high impact 669
polysulfides 672
polysulfone 673
polytetrafluoroethylene 3, 286, 674
polyurethanes 676
poly(vinyl acetate) 679
poly(vinyl alcohol) 680
poly(vinyl butyral) 681
poly(vinyl chloride) 682
silicones 698
styrene acrylonitrile copolymer 700
tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene 701
unsaturated polyesters 702
vinylidene-fluoride terpolymers 704
pores 146
volume 255
porosity 254
potential energy curve 256
precipitation 54
press mixer 228
processing methods 749-78
blow molding 749-51
calendering 751-2
compression molding 752-4
dip coating 754-5
extrusion 757-60
foaming 760-1
injection molding 761-3
knife coating 763-4
mixing 764-9
pultrusion 769
reaction injection molding 769-71
rotational molding 771-2
sheet molding 772-3
thermoforming 773
welding and machining 773-4
product shape 4
PTFE powder 125-6
pumice 127
pumping 88
pyrophyllite 128
Q
quartz 78-9, 142-3
R
radiation shields 812-3
rail car transportation 206, 813-4
reaction kinetics 339-41
recycling 531-6
reinforcement
chain slippage mechanism 386
mechanism 384
resistivity 256
rheology 4, 56, 83, 461-84
complex viscosity 474-8
dynamic mechanical behavior 472-4
elongational viscosity 478-81
flow 465-7
melt 481
shear viscosity 478
torque 470-1
viscoelasticity 471-2
viscosity 461-5
yield value 481-3
road vehicle transportation 205
roofing 814
rubber 684-96
natural rubber 685
nitrile rubber 687
particles 129
polybutadiene rubber 690
polybutyl 691
Index 887polychloroprene 692
polyisobutylene 694
polyisoprene 695
styrene-butadiene rubber 696
S
sealants 817-8
sedimentation 261-3, 391
self-lubrication 93
sepiolite 130
siding 818-9
silanes 306, 545-6
choice 324
configuration 323
effect on material properties 325-6
monolayer thickness 306
retention 322
treatment 318-21
silica 131
fumed 132-7
chemical groups 134-5
crystalline structure 134
hydrogen bonding 135
mixing 137
morphology 136
production 133-4
fused 138
gel 146
pore radius 146
precipitated 139-141
flatting 141
production 140
structure 140
sand 144-5
iron content 145
morphology 145
silicone resin 111
silo 208-210
flow measurement 209
surface coating 208
silver
coating 108
powder and flakes 147-8
slate flour 149
slurry 54
smectite 75
sodium antimonate 26
source of chlorine 26, 30
spacing 255
sports equipment 819
spray drying 44
stabilization 516-7, 552-5
stress
distribution 89
fields 381, 451
intensity factor 435
residual 453-4
structure 25961
surface
energy 271-3
properties 3
tension 271
treatment 89
T
talc 150-3
molecular structure 152
tremolite 152
Terra Alba 60-1
testing methods 559-604
atomic force microscopy 253, 259-60
autoignition test 560
bound rubber 560-1
char formation 561-2
cone calorimetry 562-3
contact angle 563-5
dispersing agent requirement 565-6
dispersion test 566-7
dripping test 567-8
dynamic mechanical analysis 568
electric constants determination
568-71
888 Indexelectron microscopy 571-2
electron spin resonance 586-7
ESCA 587-8
fiber orientation 572
flame propagation 572-4
gas chromatography 592
gel content 592
glow wire test 574
IR and Raman 593-4
image analysis 574-7
inverse gas chromatography 588-92
limiting oxygen index 577
magnetic properties 578
NMR 594-7
optical microscopy 579
particle size analysis 589
radiant panel test 580
rate of combustion 580
scanning acoustic microscopy 581
smoke chamber 581-2
sonic methods 582-4
specific surface area 584-5
thermal analysis 585-6
UV/visible spectrophotometry 597-8
XPS 598-9
x-ray analysis 598
thermal
conductivity 46, 94
properties 4
tint strength 30
tires 815-7
titanium dioxide 154
anatase 156, 159, 162
brookite 158
coating 159-160, 163
manufacturers 156
particle size 157, 161
production process 160
refractive index 156
rutile 156, 158, 162-3
use 156
travertine 54
tremolite 152
tripoli 142-3
tungsten powder 164
U
UV absorption 157, 161
van der Waals forces 363-5
vaterite 54
vegetable fibers 188-9
vermiculite 75, 165
viscosity regulation 44
voids 252, 356-8
volcanic ash 43
W
water atomization 77
waterproofing 819
wear factor 286
windows 820
wollastonite 167-9
morphology 168
wood flour 166
work of adhesion 271-2
X
x-ray absorption 40
Y
Young’s modulus 93
Z
zeolites 170
zeta potential 270
zinc borate 171
zinc oxide 172
American process 172
French process 172
Index 889physical vapor synthesis 172
zinc stannate 175
zinc sulfide 176
morphology 177
refractive index 176
890 Index
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