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 |  موضوع: كتاب Copper Tube Handbook الإثنين 22 مايو 2023, 2:45 am | |
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Copper Tube Handbook
Industry Standard Guide for the Design and Installation of Copper Piping Systems
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 7
UNDERSTANDING COPPER TUBE
1. STANDARD TUBES 9
Types of Copper Tube 9
Tube Properties 9
Identification of Copper Tube 9
Introduction To Copper Tube, Piping and Fittings 10
2. SELECTING THE RIGHT TUBE FOR THE JOB 11
Advantages of Copper Tube 11
Minimum Recommendations for Various Applications 11
3. DESIGN AND INSTALLATION DATA 13
Pressure System Sizing 13
Pressure Ratings and Burst Strength 15
Drainage Plumbing Systems 17
Copper Tube for Heating Systems 19
Ground Source Heat Pumps 20
Nonflammable Medical Gas Piping Systems 20
Medical Gas Copper Installation 21
Snow Melting Systems 22
Irrigation and Agricultural Sprinkler Systems 22
Solar Energy Systems 22
Copper-Iron Alloy Tube and Fittings for High Pressure HVAC/R Applications 23
General Considerations 25
WORKING WITH COPPER TUBE
4. BENDING 30
Bending Copper Tube 30
TABLE 4.1. Bending Guide for Copper Tube 30
5. JOINING METHODS 32
Solder or Brazed Joints 32
No-flame Joints 32
Additional Joining Methods 32
6. FITTINGS, SOLDERS, FLUXES 33
Fittings 33
Solders 33
Fluxes 34
7. SOLDERED JOINTS 35
Measuring and Cutting 35
Reaming 36
Cleaning 36
Applying Flux 37
Assembly and Support 38
Heating 38
Applying Solder 39
Cooling and Cleaning 40
Testing 40
Soldering Preparation 41
Soldering and Brazing Copper Alloy Flanges 41
Fluxing & Soldering Techniques 41
Soldering of No-Lead Copper Alloy Fittings, Valves & Components 41
8. BRAZED JOINTS 42
Brazing Filler Metals 42
Fluxes 42
Assembly 43
Applying Heat and Brazing 43
Horizontal and Vertical Joints 43
Removing Residue 44
General Hints and Suggestions 44
Brazing Copper Tube 44
Testing 44
Purging 44
How to Braze Threaded Copper Adapters 44
9. FLARED JOINTS 45
How-To: Use Flare Joints for Copper 46
10. ROLL GROOVE JOINTS 47
Preliminary Requirements 47
Installation Steps 47
Testing 49
11. PRESS-CONNECT JOINTS 50
Preliminary Requirements 50
Installation Steps 51
Press-Connect Joints for HVACR Applications 53
Testing 54
12. PUSH-CONNECT JOINTS 55
Preliminary Requirements 55
Installation Steps 56
Testing 58
13. MECHANICALLY FORMED EXTRUDED OUTLETS 59
Preliminary Requirements 59
Installation Steps 60
Testing 63
Solderless Fittings 63
TECHNICAL DATA
14. TABLES AND FIGURES 65
TABLE 14.1. Copper Tube: Types, Standards, Applications, Tempers, Lengths 65
TABLE 14.2A. Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: Type K 66
TABLE 14.2B. Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: Type L 67
TABLE 14.2C. Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: Type M 68
TABLE 14.2D. Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: DWV 69
TABLE 14.2E. Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: ACR 70
TABLE 14.2F. Dimensons and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: Medical Gas, K and L 71
TABLE 14.3A. Calculated Rated Internal Working Pressures for Copper Tube: Type K 72
TABLE 14.3B. Calculated Rated Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube: Type L 73
TABLE 14.3C. Calculated Rated Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube: Type M 74
TABLE 14.3D. Calculated Rated Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube: DWV 75
TABLE 14.3E. Calculated Rated Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube: ACR 76
TABLE 14.4A. Pressure-Temperature Ratings of Soldered and Brazed Joints 77
TABLE 14.4B. Pressure-Temperature Ratings of No-flame Joints 78
TABLE 14.5. Actual Burst Pressures Types K, L and M Copper Water Tube 79
TABLE 14.6. Pressure Loss of Water Due to Friction in Types K, L and M Copper Tube 80
TABLE 14.6. Pressure Loss of Water Due to Friction in Types K, L and M Copper Tube 81
TABLE 14.7. Pressure Loss in Fittings and Valves Expressed as Equivalent Length of Tube 82
TABLE 14.7A. Pressure Loss in HVACR Elbows Expressed as Equivalent Length of Tube 83
TABLE 14.8. Radii of Coiled Expansion Loops and Developed Lengths of Expansion Offsets 84
TABLE 14.9. Dimensions of Solder Joint Ends for Wrought Pressure Fittings 85
TABLE 14.10. Solder Requirements for Solder Joint Pressure Fittings 86
TABLE 14.11. Typical Brazing Filler Metal Consumption 87
TABLE 14.12. Filler Metals for Brazing 88
FIGURE 14.1. Collapse Pressure of Copper Tube, Types K, L and M 89
FIGURE 14.2. Expansion vs. Temperature Change for Copper Tube 90
FIGURE 14.3 Coiled Expansion Loops and Expansion Offsets 91
FIGURE 14.4. Selected Pressure Fittings 92
FIGURE 14.5. Dimensions of Solder Joint Fitting Ends 93
FIGURE 14.6. Melting Temperature Ranges for Copper and Copper Alloys, Brazing Filler Metals, Brazing Flux and Solders 94
FIGURE 14.7. Brazing Flux Recommendations 95
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