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| موضوع: كتاب The Petroleum Shipping Industry - Volume II الثلاثاء 1 مارس 2022 - 13:05 | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب The Petroleum Shipping Industry - Volume II Operations and Practices Michael D. Tusiani
و المحتوى كما يلي :
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi 1. SHIPBROKERAGE 1 Offer and counter-offer 9 Transparency and opaqueness 11 Organization of shipbrokers 12 Research and consulting services 13 Ship and cargo brokerage 14 2. S&P AND PROJECT BROKERAGE 17 S&P of newbuildings 17 S&P for existing vessels 22 Standard forms 24 Project brokerage 27 3. SINGLE VOYAGE CHARTERS 35 Standard form contracts 37 Preamble and Part I of ASBATANKVOY Charter 38 Safe port 39 Calculating freight 40 Cargo retention clauses 43 Commission and legal jurisdiction 44 Laytime and demurrage 45 Owner warranties 47 Bill of lading 47 Letter of indemnity 48 Failure to provide bill of lading 48 Clause paramount in the bill of lading 49 Due diligence 50 Freight and deadfreight 50 Naming of ports 51 Cargo transfer 51 General exceptions clause 52 vii C O N T E N T SGeneral average 52 Both to blame 54 War risk 54 Deviation and salvage 55 Arbitration 57 Other matters 59 Sampling of charterers’ clauses 60 The charterers’ questionnaire 67 Charterers’ terminal regulations 68 Life is not simple 69 Voyage charter variants 69 4. TIMECHARTERS 73 Description and condition of vessel 73 Shipboard personnel 74 Duty to maintain 75 Period trading and laydays 75 Owner and charter to provide 76 Hire and payment of hire 76 Charterer’s use of vessel 77 Bills of lading 78 Final voyage 78 Loss of vessel and off-hire 78 Periodic drydocking and vessel inspection 79 Vessel performance 80 Salvage and liens 80 Injurious cargoes and export restrictions 80 Lay-up 80 Requisition and outbreak of war 81 Clauses similar to the voyage charter party 81 Charterer’s clauses 81 Trip timecharters and bareboat charters 83 viii5. SHIP OPERATION AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATION 87 First-class operators 88 Less-than-first-class operators 90 Beginnings of international regulation 92 International Maritime Organization 93 Load lines convention 96 International rules of the road 97 IMO and advances in technology 98 Standards of training, certification, and watchkeeping 100 International Safety Management Code 104 Search and rescue 107 6. OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 111 Segregated ballast tanks 112 Crude oil washing and inert gas systems 115 Load-on-top procedures 118 Ship operator initiatives to ensure quality 120 ISO codes 120 International Ship Managers Association 122 The burden of record keeping 124 Single-tier market and quality management 127 7. INITIATIVES BY CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES, OWNERS, AND OIL COMPANIES 131 International Association of Classification Societies 134 Enhanced survey program 136 International Chamber of Shipping 138 International Shipping Federation 139 Oil Companies International Marine Forum 141 ixx 8. FLAG AND PORT STATE CONTROL 145 Port state control 154 Charterers ultimately responsibility for quality 156 The green tanker 157 Will regulations improve safety at sea? 158 9. VOYAGE COSTS: PORT CHARGES 163 Port charges and canal dues 164 Port agents 167 10. VOYAGE COSTS: BUNKERS 175 Bunker market 181 Bunker decisions 182 Bunker quality 186 Monitoring bunker quality 187 Environmental considerations 189 11. OPERATING COSTS: MANNING, SUPPLIES, AND MAINTENANCE 193 Manning 194 Stores and equipment 200 Maintenance and repair (M&R) 204 12. OPERATING COSTS: MARINE INSURANCE 209 Protection and Indemnity (P&I) insurance 219 13. OPERATING COSTS: THE SHORE-BASED ORGANIZATION 223 Operations 224 Engineering 225 Legal 227 Financial 228 Commercial 229xi Planning 229 Organization of shoreside activities 230 14. OWNER’S INVESTMENT ANALYSIS OF A VESSEL 237 Capital structure 238 Other people’s money 241 Investment Analysis 244 Investment analysis for leveraged investments 251 15. BANKER’S CREDIT ANALYSIS OF A VESSEL 257 Credit evaluation 260 Loan conditions 263 Legal jurisdiction 266 Between a loan proposal and loan enactment 268 Loan covenants 269 Swaps and paper ship derivatives 270 16. MEZZANINE, LEASE, AND EQUITY FINANCING 277 Lease financing 278 Securitization of shipping loans 280 Loan syndication 284 General corporate credits 285 Publicly traded shipping companies 287 Return to equity financing 290 Nordic American tanker shipping deal 291 Advantages to British Petroleum 292 Advantages for the shareholders 293 Could this be a win-win transaction? 293 INDEX A AFRA 37 AMVER 107-109 ARPA 98, 157 ASBA 37-38, 73 ASBATANKVOY 38-60 AWES Form 17-18 Achille Lauro 107-108 Act of God/force majeure 27, 49, 52, 84 American Tanker Rate Schedule 37 Amoco Cadiz 56, 154 Andria Dorea 216 arbitration 44, 56-59, 81 ,83, 227 arrest 267 arrival at port 5, 45-46, 62, 169-170 automation 195-196 B BIFFEX/BFI 271-272 BIMCO 24-25, 37-38, 46, 73, 189 ballast water 64, 112-113, 116-119 Baltic Exchange 6-7 banks/bankers 84, 241-243, 251-252, 257-274, 280-287 bareboat charters 35-36, 84-85, 229, 278-279 berth time 61 bill of lading 43-44, 47-50, 65, 78, 82, 170-171 Bona Shipholding 290-294 Both to Blame clause 54, 81 British Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers 6 British Institute Warranty Limits 75-76 British Petroleum 291-294 297 I N D E Xbrokers, see shipbrokerage Brussels Conferences 92-93 bunkers 38, 62, 74, 78, 164, 175-190, 203 C CAAM 154-155 CAP 157, 225-227 CMI 92-93, 95 COLREG 97-98 COW 42, 64, 74, 82, 111, 115-118 canal transits/dues 74, 164, 172 cancelling date 10, 39 cargo brokerage 14-15 cargo handling 51-52, 61, 65, 68-69, 74, 82, 88, 112, 115-119, 133, 163-164, 195 cargo heating 62-63, 82 cargo measurement/losses 40-44 cargo retention 43-44, 82 cargo transfer 51-52 Carriage of Goods at Sea 49-50, 95 charter party 10, 35, 37, 64, 75, 77, 83-85 charterers/chartering managers 3, 8-11, 35-36, 38, 43, 46, 51, 54, 59-68, 73-85, 90-91, 127-128, 156-157, 171, 180-181, 229, 259-260, 263, 272-274, 292-293 China 20, 81, 196-197, 209-210 Churchill, W. 176 classification society 19, 26, 73, 122, 131-138, 142-143, 153, 157, 168, 205, 218, 226-227 Coast Guard 60, 93, 107-109, 146 collateral support 242-243, 251, 258, 263-266 commissions 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 44, 76, 83 communications/computer technology 3-5, 7, 56, 66, 98-100, 107-109, 133, 136, 154, 157, 196, 202-203, 204-206, 233 Concordia Maritime 159-160, 286-287 THE PETROLEUM SHIPPING INDUSTRY • VOLUME II 298conditions precedent 268-270 consecutive voyage charters 36, 69, 229 construction loan 20, 268 constructive total loss 78, 216 consulting 13-14 contract cancellation/termination 21-22, 27, 75,7 7-79, 81, 215 contracts of affreightment 36, 69-70, 229 corporate veil 264-265 cost control 90-91, 93, 127-128, 158, 188, 225 credit enhancement 281-285 creditworthiness 242, 257-266 customs 46, 67, 69, 79, 89, 168-170 D deadfreight 50 debt 237-243, 251-254, 257-274, 277-288, 291, 294 deductibles 213, 215, 220 demurrage 5, 10, 45-46, 60-61, 63, 84 Denholm 126 design liability 18, 22 deviation 55, 79 disponent owner 35, 59, 84 double hull 112-115, 119 drugs and alcohol 63 dry cargo vessels 2, 6, 137 dry cargoes 2, 6, 37, 45, 83-84, 273 drydocking 23, 26, 75-76, 79, 83-84, 205-206, 246 due diligence 50, 52, 75-76 E ECDIS 157 enhanced surveys 136-138, 226 environment 118-119, 157-159, 164, 177, 189-190 equity financing 238-241, 287-294 INDEX 299errors and omissions 214 exclusivity 9 Exxon 146-147 Exxon Valdez 114 F FACS 147-148 FONASBA 38, 46 financial institutions 20-22 financial management 228, 245 firm offer 10-11 first class operations 15, 88-92, 106, 126-128, 149, 155, 158-160, 203-204, 224 flag of convenience 145-153, 193,197, 199, 223-224, 233-235, 265, 278 flag state/flag state control 19, 25, 55, 69, 74-75, 79, 82, 101, 103-105, 134, 137, 142-143, 145-152, 196-197, 205, 218, 223-224 France 7, 58, 151, 154 free market 12, 15, 143, 198-199, 239-240 freight/freight rate 10, 40, 50, 178-181, 238-241 fuel consumption 19, 158, 175-181 fuel efficiency 158, 175-181 G GMDSS 108-109 GPSS 108-109, 157 general average 44, 52-53, 83 general corporate credits 285-287 general exceptions clause 52, 81 Germany 7, 58-59, 151, 217, 234 government aid 20-21 Greece 146, 151, 196-197 green tanker 157-158 gross tonnage 97, 135, 164, 219 Gulf Agency Co. 169-170 THE PETROLEUM SHIPPING INDUSTRY • VOLUME II 300H Hague/Hague Visby Rules 49-50, 54, 95 Hague Memorandum 154 health authorities 46, 67, 69, 79, 89,168-171 Hong Kong 7, 289 hotel load 177 hull coatings 177 hull insurance 84, 193, 209-219, 224-225, 234-235, 246, 264 hull war risk 217-218 hurdle rate 248-249 I IACS 134-138, 226 IAPH 166 ICS 138-139 ILO 100, 139-141, 154 ILU 212-214 IMO 24, 82, 93-100, 103-104, 106, 112, 114, 118, 120, 125, 133, 136, 141, 154-155, 189, 226 IPIECA 190 IPO 289-290 ISF 139-140 ISM 104-106, 125-126, 134-139, 199, 233 ISMA 120, 122-125 IS0 120-122 ITC 214-217 ITF 83, 140-141, 149-150 ice free 59, 76, 88 independent brokers 12-13 independent tanker owners 87 inert gas 42, 64, 74, 82, 111, 115-116 information technology 14 Inchcape Shipping Services 168-169 Inchmaree 214 INDEX 301inflation 245-246 Inmarsat 98-100, 109, 196 Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers 38 international conventions 19, 64, 69, 82, 92-96, 205 International Ice Patrol 93, 109 international registry 153 Intertanko 38, 118, 142, 166, 188 investment analysis 244-254 J Japan 7, 58, 128, 151, 154, 190, 196, 280, 289 Jason/New Jason clause 53, 81 Jones Act 37 K K/S companies 279-280 Korea 20, 197, 199-200 Kuwait Petroleum 225-226 L LIBOR 252, 259, 270 LNG projects 27-28 LOOP 82, 172, 179 language 75, 82, 101-102, 149, 151, 197 lay-up 80-81, 177 laydays 5, 10, 39 laytime 39, 45-46, 60, 63 lease financing 254, 278-280 letter of indemnity 48-49, 78, 82 leveraged investments 251-254, 277-280 Liberia 25, 126, 147, 151, 234 liens 59, 80, 266-267 THE PETROLEUM SHIPPING INDUSTRY • VOLUME II 302lighterage 60-61 limit of liability 49-50, 59, 105-106, 148, 264-266 liquid gas carriers 2, 7, 28, 205, 279 Lloyd, Council of 56 Lloyd, E. 131-132 Lloydís of London 210-218 Lloydís Salvage Form 55-56 load on top 66, 111, 118-119 loadlines 38, 42, 96-97 loan conditions/covenants 268-270 loan syndication 284-285 loss of hire 220,264 Ludwig D. 242 M MARPOL 73-78, 111-112, 118, 133, 136, 153-154 MEPC 94-95, 155, 189, 226 MII 264 MOA 23, 25-27 MRCC 108-109 MSC 94-96, 226 maintenance and repair 82, 89, 193, 203-206, 224-227, 234-235, 245-246 manning 74-75, 82, 88-89, 100-106, 123, 139-141, 147-150, 193-200, 224, 233-234 Marine Policy Form 214-215 maritime law 19, 23-25, 28, 44, 46, 52-54, 56-59, 77, 81, 83, 146, 150, 188-189, 213, 227, 241-242, 263-267 market psychology 5, 9-10, 243 measurement errors 40-42 mezzanine financing 277-278 mid-deck design 112-115 mooring 63, 74 mortgage 24,218,241-242,257-274,280-285 INDEX 303N Naess E. 126, 146-147 Names 210-213 national flag 145-146, 149-151, 193, 197, 199, 233-235, 278 navigation 65, 82, 88, 98-100, 103, 108-109, 133, 157, 165-166, 195-196 negotiations 1, 4-5, 10-11, 18-19, 23, 29-33, 37, 85, 227, 238 net tonnage 97 Netherlands 81, 280 newbuildings 17-22, 19-22, 225 Norbulk 126-127 Nordic American Tanker 291-294 Norsk Hydro 156-157 Norway 7, 108, 146, 150-151, 189, 197, 279-280, 289 Norwegian Shipbrokers Association 25 O OCIMF 64, 82, 141-143, 156-157, 189 OPM see debt off-hire 75, 77, 81 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 60-61, 81-82, 112, 115 oil spill prevention 111-119 Onassis 240, 242-243 opaqueness 11-12 operating costs 36, 163, 183, 193-220, 223-235, 245 operations 5, 49, 88-92, 120, 124-127 organization 12-13, 230-233 owner 35-36, 38, 43, 46, 50-51, 54, 59-68, 73-85, 87-92, 127-128, 171, 180-182, 218, 223-235, 237-241, 250-251, 260, 263-265, 270-274, 287-294 owner’s option 38-39 P P&I Club 44, 48, 50, 60, 81-82, 168, 198-199, 209, 219-220, 264 Panama 146-147, 151, 172, 182, 234 THE PETROLEUM SHIPPING INDUSTRY • VOLUME II 304Panama Canal 74, 165, 172 paramount clause 49-50, 81, 216, 218-219 Paris Memorandum 154-156 performance guarantees 19, 22 Philips Petroleum 156-157 pilotage 164-167, 171 Plimsoll S. 92 plimsoll marks 96-97 pollution avoidance 59-60, 133 port agents 62, 83, 167-172, 224 port authorities 46, 68-69, 89, 168-170 port charges 166-167 port state control 103, 137-138, 142-143, 153-156, 205, 224 power of attorney 24, 26 predelivery costs 21, 245 predelivery payments 20 private fixtures 11-12, 15 project brokerage 1, 27-33 Q quality assurance 120-128, 186-189 questionnaire 66-67, 156-157 R received payment 77 reception facilities 118-119 record keeping 121, 123-125, 156-157 redelivery 78, 84-85 reinsurance 212-213 relets/sublets 6, 36, 59 repair yards 168, 205-206, 224-225 research 13-14, 136 return on investment 87, 245-254 Reuters 3-5 INDEX 305risk management 183-186, 228-230, 261-262, 270-274 rules of the road 97-98 Russia 20, 81, 109, 145, 150-151, 154, 196-197 S S&P 1, 17-19, 238 S&P brokerage 1, 17-19 SAJ Form 17-18 SIRE 142-143, 157 SMS 105-106 SOLAS 92-93, 95-98, 104, 125, 133, 136, 153-154 STCW Convention 75, 100-104, 139, 141, 153, 199 safe port 39-40, 76 Saleform 23-27 salvage 55-57, 80 Salvage Association 56 sea trials 22 search and rescue 107-109 second registry 150-153 securitization 280-285 segregated ballast tanks 111-119 Shell Oil 73, 81 Shelltime 4, 73-85 ship to ship transfer 61-62, 76, 82 shoreside staff 88-91, 104-106, 123-124, 193, 223-235 shipbrokerage 1-34, 64, 229, 237-238 shipmanagement 125-126 Singapore 7, 97-98, 138, 151, 182, 185, 188-189, 289 single voyage charters 2, 35-70 Spain 7, 151, 197 speed clause 66, 180 spot market 9-10, 179, 229, 239-240, 260 standard forms 24-25, 37, 46, 55, 60, 81, 227, 282, 284 Statoil 7, 156-157, 225 THE PETROLEUM SHIPPING INDUSTRY • VOLUME II 306stores/supplies 168, 193, 200-203, 224, 234 strategic planning 229-230 strikes and war exclusion 216-217 subsidies 20-21 sue and labor 215-216 Suez Canal 74, 172, 182 surveying/survey reports 23-24, 43, 63, 79-80, 133-138, 155, 193, 205-206, 225-227, 234 T TOVALOP 44, 81 Taiwan 7, 20 Tanker Broker Panel 37-38, 273 tankers 2, 7, 35, 96-97, 116-117, 128, 136, 145, 151-153, 175-181, 193-195, 218, 240, 273 taxes 37, 145-148, 150, 278-279 tendering notice of readiness 39, 45-46, 60-61 terminals 39, 67-69, 169-171 time bar 65 timecharters 2, 35-36, 73-85, 181, 229 Titanic 93, 216 Torrey Canyon 94, 141 transparency 11-12, 137, 142-143 trip timecharters 83-84 two-tier market 127-128 U ullage 41-42 United Kingdom 6-7, 37-38, 57-59, 66, 81, 96, 101, 108, 126, 135, 146, 156, 197-199, 210-213, 217, 219, 242, 266, 279-280, 289 United Nations 93-94, 126, 148, 153 United States 7, 20, 37, 53-55, 57-59, 81, 99, 107, 109, 112, 115, 121, 145-148, 154, 190, 196, 199, 217, 266, 278-280, 289 MEZZANINE, LEASE, AND EQUITY FINANCING 307V VTIS/VTS 98, 166 Vela 225 vessel acquisition 17-24, 89, 225 vessel costs 36, 76, 158 vessel design 18, 111-113, 132-133, 157-158 vessel hire 76-79, 163, 178-180, 193 vessel safety 68-69, 87-90, 92-93, 97-100, 104-109, 115-117, 133-134, 139, 148, 155, 158-160, 195-196, 218 vessel surplus 163 voyage costs 36, 76, 163-172, 175-190 voyage surplus 163, 178-179, 182-183, 193 W war risk 54-55, 75-76, 81, 217-218 warranties 22, 47, 61, 73-74, 80, 82 weather 38-40, 52, 65, 98-100 Wilson, W. 95 win-win 32-33, 293-294 witnesses 4 Worldscale 37, 40, 45, 178-180, 273 X - Y - Z yard contracts 18-22 yard financing 20-21, 84, 229, 251-252 York-Antwerp Rules 53 zero-sum 32-33
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