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 |  موضوع: كتاب Real-Time Digital Signal Processing from MATLAB to C with the TMS320C6x DSPs الأربعاء 03 نوفمبر 2021, 12:22 am | |
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أخواني في الله
أحضرت لكم كتاب
Real-Time Digital Signal Processing from MATLAB to C with the TMS320C6x DSPs
Thad B. Welch
Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
Cameron H.G. Wright
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
Michael G. Morrow
University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
List of Figures xix
List of Tables xxv
List of Program Listings xxvii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xxxv
Section I: Enduring Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction and Organization 3
1.1 Why Do You Need This Book? . 3
1.1.1 Other DSP Books 3
1.1.2 Demos and DSP Hardware . 4
1.1.3 Philosophy of This Book . 4
1.2 Real-Time DSP 5
1.3 How to Use This Book 5
1.3.1 Supported Boards 6
1.3.2 Host Computer to DSP Board Communication 9
1.3.3 Transition to Real-Time . 11
1.3.4 Chapter Coverage 12
1.3.5 Hardware and Software Installation 13
1.3.6 Reading Program Listings 14
1.4 Get Started 14
1.5 Problems . 14
2 Sampling and Reconstruction 17
2.1 Theory . 17
2.1.1 Choosing a Sampling Frequency 17
2.1.2 Input/Output Issues: Samples or Frames? . 17
2.1.3 The Talk-Through Concept . 18
2.2 winDSK Demonstration . 18
2.2.1 Starting winDSK . 18
2.2.2 Talk-Thru Application 18
2.3 Talk-Through Using Windows 21
2.4 Talk-Through Using MATLAB and Windows . 24
2.4.1 Talk-Through Using MATLAB Only 26
xixii CONTENTS
2.4.2 Talk-Through Using MATLAB and the DSK . 28
2.5 DSK Implementation in C 29
2.6 Follow-On Challenges 31
2.7 Problems . 31
3 FIR Digital Filters 33
3.1 Theory . 33
3.1.1 Traditional Notation . 33
3.1.2 FIR Filters Compared to IIR Filters 34
3.1.3 Calculating the Output of a Filter . 34
3.2 winDSK Demonstration . 36
3.2.1 Graphic Equalizer Application . 36
3.2.2 Notch Filter Application . 38
3.2.3 Audio Effects Application 39
3.3 MATLAB Implementation 41
3.3.1 Built-In Approach 41
3.3.2 Creating Your Own Filter Algorithm 45
3.4 DSK Implementation in C 46
3.4.1 Brute-Force FIR Filtering in C: Part 1 . 47
3.4.2 Brute-Force FIR Filtering in C: Part 2 . 49
3.4.3 Circular Buffered FIR Filtering . 51
3.5 Follow-On Challenges 54
3.6 Problems . 54
4 IIR Digital Filters 57
4.1 Theory . 57
4.2 winDSK Demonstration: Notch Filter Application 60
4.3 MATLAB Implementation 62
4.3.1 Filter Design and Analysis 62
4.3.2 IIR Filter Notation 72
4.3.3 Block Diagrams 73
4.3.4 Built-In Approach 80
4.3.5 Creating Your Own Filter Algorithm 80
4.4 DSK Implementation in C 82
4.4.1 Brute-Force IIR Filtering 82
4.4.2 More Efficient IIR Filtering . 83
4.5 Follow-On Challenges 84
4.6 Problems . 84
5 Periodic Signal Generation 85
5.1 Theory . 85
5.1.1 Periodic Signals in DSP . 85
5.1.2 Signal Generation 87
5.2 winDSK Demonstration . 94
5.2.1 Arbitrary Waveform . 94
5.2.2 DTMF . 95
5.3 MATLAB Implementation 96
5.3.1 Direct Digital Synthesizer Technique 96
5.3.2 Table Lookup Technique . 97
5.4 DSK Implementation in C 98
5.4.1 Direct Digital Synthesizer Technique 98CONTENTS xiii
5.4.2 Table Lookup Technique . 100
5.4.3 Table Lookup Technique with Table Creation . 101
5.4.4 Digital Resonator Technique 102
5.5 Pseudonoise Sequences 104
5.5.1 Theory 105
5.5.2 winDSK Demonstration . 109
5.5.3 MATLAB Implementation 109
5.5.4 DSK Implementation in C 114
5.6 Follow-On Challenges 120
5.7 Problems . 120
6 Frame-Based DSP 123
6.1 Theory . 123
6.1.1 Drawbacks of Sample-Based DSP 123
6.1.2 What Is a Frame? 124
6.2 winDSK Demonstration . 125
6.3 MATLAB Implementation 126
6.4 DSK Implementation in C 127
6.4.1 Triple Buffering 128
6.4.2 A Frame-Based DSP Example . 129
6.4.3 Using Direct Memory Access 132
6.5 Summary of Frame-Based Processing 140
6.6 Follow-On Challenges 141
6.7 Problems . 141
7 Digital Filters Using Frames 143
7.1 Theory . 143
7.2 winDSK Demonstration . 143
7.3 MATLAB Implementation 143
7.4 DSK Implementation in C 143
7.4.1 Understanding the FIR Process for Frames 144
7.4.2 How to Avoid the “Edge” Problems 145
7.4.3 Explanation of the C Code . 145
7.5 Follow-On Challenges 147
7.6 Problems . 148
8 The Fast Fourier Transform 149
8.1 Theory . 149
8.1.1 Defining the FFT . 149
8.1.2 The Twiddle Factors . 149
8.1.3 The FFT Process . 150
8.1.4 Bit-Reversed Addressing . 153
8.1.5 Using the FFT for Filtering . 153
8.1.6 Avoiding Circular Convolution . 154
8.1.7 Real-Time Fast Convolution . 156
8.2 winDSK Demonstration . 159
8.3 MATLAB Implementation 159
8.4 Implementation in C . 159
8.5 Follow-On Challenges 162
8.6 Problems . 163xiv CONTENTS
9 Spectral Analysis and Windowing 165
9.1 Theory . 165
9.1.1 Power Spectrum of a Signal . 165
9.1.2 The Need for Windowing 167
9.1.3 Window Characteristics . 169
9.2 winDSK Demonstration . 172
9.3 MATLAB Implementation 174
9.4 DSK Implementation in C 176
9.5 Conclusion 176
9.6 Follow-On Challenges 176
9.7 Problems . 177
Section II: Projects 179
10 Project 1: Guitar Special Effects 181
10.1 Introduction to Projects . 181
10.2 Theory . 181
10.2.1 Background 181
10.2.2 How the Effects Work 182
10.3 winDSK Demonstration . 194
10.4 MATLAB Implementation 194
10.4.1 FIR Comb Filter . 194
10.4.2 IIR Comb Filter . 196
10.4.3 Notch Filter 197
10.4.4 Flanger 198
10.4.5 Tremelo 199
10.5 DSK Implementation in C 200
10.5.1 Real-Time Comb Filters . 200
10.5.2 Other Real-Time Special Effects 203
10.6 Follow-On Challenges 203
11 Project 2: Graphic Equalizer 205
11.1 Theory . 205
11.2 winDSK Demonstration . 206
11.2.1 Graphic Equalizer Application . 206
11.2.2 Effect of the Graphic Equalizer . 207
11.3 MATLAB Implementation 208
11.4 DSK Implementation in C 211
11.4.1 Applying Gain to Filter Bands . 211
11.4.2 GEL File Slider Control . 212
11.5 Follow-On Challenges 213
12 Project 3: Second-Order Sections 215
12.1 Theory . 215
12.2 winDSK Demonstration: Notch Filter Application 219
12.3 MATLAB Implementation 219
12.4 DSK Implementation in C 220
12.4.1 Example SOS Code . 221
12.5 Points to Ponder . 222
12.6 Follow-On Challenges 222CONTENTS xv
13 Project 4: Peak Program Meter 225
13.1 Theory . 225
13.2 winDSK Demonstration: commDSK 226
13.3 MATLAB Implementation 226
13.4 DSK Implementation in C 227
13.4.1 Example PPM Code . 227
13.4.2 DSK LED Control 229
13.4.3 Another PPM Code Version . 229
13.5 Follow-On Challenges 230
14 Project 5: Adaptive Filters 231
14.1 Theory . 231
14.1.1 A Problem Solved by Adaptive Filters . 231
14.1.2 The LMS Adpative Filter 233
14.2 winDSK8 Demonstration 234
14.3 MATLAB Implementation 234
14.4 DSK Implementation in C 237
14.5 Follow-On Challenges 238
15 Project 6: AM Transmitters 241
15.1 Theory . 241
15.2 winDSK Demonstration . 244
15.3 MATLAB Implementation 244
15.4 DSK Implementation in C 246
15.5 Follow-On Challenges 248
16 Project 7: AM Receivers 249
16.1 Theory . 249
16.1.1 Envelope Detector 250
16.1.2 The Hilbert-Based AM Receiver 256
16.2 winDSK Demonstration . 259
16.3 MATLAB Implementation 260
16.4 DSK Implementation in C 261
16.5 Follow-On Challenges 263
17 Project 8: Phase-Locked Loop 265
17.1 Theory . 265
17.2 winDSK Demonstration . 266
17.3 MATLAB Implementation 266
17.3.1 PLL Simulation 266
17.3.2 A Few Updates to the MATLAB Implementation . 272
17.4 DSK Implementation in C 275
17.4.1 Components of the PLL . 275
17.4.2 System Testing 278
17.5 Follow-On Challenges 278
18 Project 9: BPSK Digital Transmitters 281
18.1 Theory . 281
18.1.1 Random Data and Symbol Generation . 281
18.1.2 BPSK Using Antipodal Rectangularly Shaped Bits 283
18.1.3 BPSK Using Impulse Modulated Raised-Cosine Shaped Bits 283xvi CONTENTS
18.2 winDSK Demonstration . 284
18.2.1 commDSK: Unfiltered BPSK 285
18.2.2 commDSK: Raised-Cosine Filtered BPSK . 286
18.3 MATLAB Implementation 289
18.3.1 Rectangular Shaped BPSK Signal Generator . 290
18.3.2 Impulse Modulated Raised-Cosine BPSK Signal Generator . 291
18.4 DSK Implementation in C 295
18.4.1 A Rectangular Pulse Shaped BPSK Transmitter . 295
18.4.2 A Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaped BPSK Transmitter 296
18.4.3 Summary of Real-Time Code 298
18.5 Follow-On Challenges 298
19 Project 10: BPSK Digital Receivers 301
19.1 Theory . 301
19.1.1 The Output of the Matched Filter . 303
19.1.2 The Eye-Pattern . 304
19.1.3 Maximum Likelihood Timing Recovery 305
19.2 winDSK Demonstration . 307
19.3 MATLAB Implementation 308
19.4 DSK Implementation in C 311
19.4.1 Components of the Digital Receiver 311
19.4.2 System Testing 316
19.5 Follow-On Challenges 318
20 Project 11: MPSK and QAM Digital Transmitters 319
20.1 Theory . 319
20.1.1 I- and Q-Based Transmitters 319
20.1.2 A Few Constellation Diagrams . 321
20.2 winDSK Demonstration . 324
20.2.1 commDSK: Root-Raised-Cosine Filtered QPSK 325
20.3 MATLAB Implementation 328
20.3.1 Impulse Modulated Root-Raised-Cosine QPSK Signal Generator 328
20.4 DSK Implementation in C 332
20.4.1 A Root-Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaped QPSK Transmitter . 332
20.4.2 A More Efficient RRC Pulse Shaped QPSK Transmitter . 334
20.4.3 Summary of Real-Time Code 337
20.5 Higher-Order Modulation Schemes . 337
20.6 Follow-On Challenges 338
21 Project 12: QPSK Digital Receivers 339
21.1 Theory . 339
21.2 winDSK8 Demonstration 343
21.3 MATLAB Implementation 343
21.3.1 Through the AGC 343
21.3.2 A Complete QPSK Receiver . 346
21.4 DSK Implementation in C 351
21.4.1 Through the AGC 352
21.4.2 A Complete QPSK Receiver . 356
21.4.3 System Testing 362
21.5 Follow-On Challenges 364CONTENTS xvii
Section III: Appendices 365
A Code Composer Studio: An Overview 367
A.1 Introduction 367
A.2 Starting Code Composer Studio . 367
A.3 Conclusion 368
B DSP/BIOS 371
B.1 Introduction 371
B.1.1 DSP/BIOS Major Features . 371
B.1.2 DSP/BIOS Threads . 371
B.2 DSP/BIOS Sample Projects . 372
C Numeric Representations 373
C.1 Endianness 373
C.2 Integer Representations . 374
C.3 Integer Division and Rounding . 375
C.4 Floating-Point Representations . 376
C.5 Fixed-Point Representations . 379
C.6 Summary of Numeric Representations . 380
D TMS320C6x Architecture 383
D.1 Computer Architecture Basics 383
D.1.1 Instruction Set Architecture . 384
D.1.2 Register Architectures 384
D.1.3 Memory Architectures 385
D.1.4 Fetch-Execute Model . 386
D.1.5 Pipelining . 386
D.1.6 Single- versus Multiple-Issue 389
D.1.7 Scheduling 389
D.2 TMS320C671x Architecture . 390
D.2.1 Memory System . 392
D.2.2 Pipeline and Scheduling . 393
D.2.3 Peripherals 394
D.2.4 Host Port Interface 394
D.3 TMS320C674x Architecture . 394
E Related Tools for DSKs 397
E.1 Introduction 397
E.2 Windows Control Applications . 397
E.2.1 Sample Windows Control Application . 398
E.3 MATLAB Exports 398
E.3.1 Exporting Direct-Form II Implementations 398
E.3.2 Exporting Second-Order Section Implementations 399
E.4 MATLAB Real-Time Interface . 400
F Using the Code Generator with MATLAB 401
F.1 Introduction 401
F.2 An FIR Filter Example . 401
F.2.1 Before Using the MATLAB Coder . 401
F.2.2 Using the MATLAB Coder . 403
F.2.3 Transferring to a CCS Project . 408xviii CONTENTS
F.2.4 Observations . 409
F.3 Conclusion 409
G Battery Power for the DSP Boards 411
G.1 Introduction 411
G.2 Method 411
G.3 Testing 413
G.3.1 Initial testing . 413
G.3.2 Final testing . 413
G.4 Conclusion 413
H Programming Perils and Pitfalls 415
H.1 Debug versus Release Builds . 415
H.2 The Volatile Keyword 415
H.3 Function Prototypes and Return Types 416
H.4 Arithmetic Issues . 417
H.5 Controlling the Location of Variables in Memory . 418
H.6 Real-Time Schedule Failures . 419
H.7 Variable Initialization 420
H.8 Integer Data Sizes 421
I Comparison of DSP Boards 423
I.1 Introduction 423
I.2 Three Boards . 423
I.3 Conclusion 426
J Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols 427
References 433
Index 44
Index
accurate unit circle, 68
adaptive filter, 231
adaptive noise cancellation, 231
ADC, 7
additive white Gaussian noise, 339
aliasing, 17, 21
allpass filter, 183, 187
analog filter, 57
arbitrary waveform, 94
arbitrary waveform generator, 94
ARM926EJ-S, 384, 394
ARM9x RISC processor, 6
ASIC, 5
Audacity digital audio editor, 22
audio cable, 20
audio file formats
*.m4a, 21
*.mp3, 21
*.wav, 21
*.wma, 21
audio files, 21
audioinfo command, 25
audioread command, 24
audiorecorder.m, 26
automatic gain control, 339
AWGN, 339
baseline drift, 217
bilinear transformation method, 59
biquadratic sections, 73
biquads, 73
bit-reversed addressing, 153
block, 124
block diagram, 73
BPSK, 281, 301
butterfly diagrams, 151
C6713 DSK, 6, 397
C6748 DSP, 6
cache, 392
cache memories, 385
caller ID, 85
CCS, 6, see Code Composer Studio
CCS tutorial, 367
CD player, 18, 125
central processing unit, 383
chorus, 39, 181, 190
circular buffering, 52
circular convolution, 154
circular correlation, 108
circular memory, 52
CISC, see complex instruction set computer
clipped, 20
Code Composer Studio, 5, 367, 415
debug build, 415
pragma, 419
release build, 415, 416
variable locations, 418
codec, 9
coefficient quantization, 215
comb filter, 183, 184, 186
commercial AM, 241
compiler intrinsic function, 132
compiler pragma, 130
complex instruction set computer, 384
complex numbers, 159
complex oscillator, 266
compression/expansion, 181
computer architecture, 383
convolution, 167
convolution integral, 35
convolution sum, 35
CPLD, 5
CPU, see central processing unit
DAC, 9
DDS, 87
decimation-in-frequency, 151
decimation-in-time, 151
delay, 184
delay blocks, 35
derivative operation, 306
DFT, 149
difference equation, 72
441442 INDEX
digital resonator, 87, 92
direct digital synthesizer, 87, 302
direct form I, 73
direct form II, 73
direct form II transpose, 73
direct memory access, 132, 144, 392, 394
discrete Fourier transform, 149
distorted, 20
DMA, see direct memory access
DSP, 5
DSP Board Configuration panel, 13
DSP books, 3
DSP/BIOS
HWI, 371
IDL, 372
PRD, 372
SWI, 372
TSK, 372
DTFT, 34
DTMF, 85, 95
DVD player, 125
dwell time, 227
ECG, 216, 232
echo, 181
edge effects, 144, 145
EDMA, see direct memory access
EDMA event, 133, 134
effects box, 182
efficient real-time programming, 46
electric guitars, 181
electrocardiogram, 216, 232
endianness, 373
envelope detector, 250
envelope recovery, 254
equalization, 181
equalizer, 36, 205
equivalent filter, 206
error vector magnitude, 289, 328
Euler’s formula, 160
eye-pattern, 289, 304, 340
fast convolution, 153, 154
fast Fourier transform, 149, 165
FFT, 149, 165
Fibonacci implementation, 106
filter coefficients, 35
Filter Design and Analysis Tool, 70
filter order, 46
finite state machine, 105
FIR filter, 34
flanger, 181
flanging, 39, 189
floating-point, 376
Fourier transform, 33, 149
FPGA, 5
frame, 124, 143
frame size, 124, 130, 134
frame-based DSP, 124, 143
frame-based processing, 17
frequency resolution, 166
frequency translation, 181
fuzz, 181, 193
fuzzy, 20
Galois implementation, 106
general extension language, 203, 212
GPU, 11
group delay, 70
hard real-time, 5
Harvard architecture, 385
HDTV, 125
Hilbert transform, 257
Hilbert-based AM receiver, 256
histogram, 317
Host Interface Configuration panel, 13
Host Port Interface, 9, 394, 397
HostInterfaceData, 397
HPI, see Host Port Interface
I-eye-pattern, 328
IEEE 754, 376
IIR filter, 57
impulse invariance method, 59
impulse modulation, 339
impulse modulator, 87, 283, 319
impulse response, 34
input circuitry, 30
integer representations, 374
interrupt service routines, 46
intersymbol interference, 284
Invert Spectrum, 20
JTAG, 6, 9
JTAG emulator, 7
LabVIEW, 12, 27
LCDK, 6
LED indication/warning, 227
LFSR, 105
line wrap, 14
linear convolution, 154INDEX 443
Linear Feedback Shift Register, 105
linear memory, 52
linear pulse code modulation, 23
local oscillator, 266
LPCM, 23
m-sequence, 105
main lobe width, 169
marginally stable system, 93
matched filter, 303
matched filters, 339
MATLAB, 3
maximal length sequence, 105
maximum likelihood, 301, 340
menu boxes, 203, 212
microphones, 181
Microsoft Windows, 9
mini-plug, 20
modular shift register generator, 106
moving average, 42
MP3 player, 18
MSRG, 106
multi-core processor, 6
noise gating, 181
nonparametric methods, 165
normalized radian frequency, 65
notch filter, 60, 184, 188
nuclear submarines, 126, 172
numeric precision, 216
numeric representation
2’s-complement, 374
dynamic range, 380
fixed-point, 379
floating-point, 376
numeric precision, 380
numeric range, 380
sign-magnitude, 374
signed integer, 374
unsigned integer, 374
numerically controlled oscillator, 302
OMAP-L138, 394
OMAP-L138 DSK, 397
OMAP-L138 LCDK, 6
optimization method, 60
oscilloscope function, 125
overlap-add, 156
overlap-save, 158
parallel form, 75, 76
parametric methods, 165
peak program meter, 225
periodic signal generation, 85
phase accumulator, 88
phase cancellation, 184
phase increment, 88
phase-locked loop, 265
phasing, 181, 190
ping pong buffers, 128
pipeline, 386
PN, 85, 104
PN code, 104
PN sequence, 104
poles, 60
power spectrum, 165
pragma DATA SECTION, 130
precision, 216
PSD, 108
pseudonoise, 85, 104
pseudonoise sequence, 104
PSK
8-PSK, 319
16-PSK, 319
32-PSK, 319
Q of a filter, 38, 60
Q-eye-pattern, 328
Q-number notation, 379
QAM, 319
16-QAM, 319
QPSK, 319, 339
quadrature amplitude modulation, 266, 324
quantization, 20
raised cosine filter, 298
random number generator, 282
real-time, 3
reciprocal spreading property, 167
rect function, 167
rectangular window, 167
reduced instruction set computer, 384
regeneration, 183
reverb, 181, 191
ring modulation, 181, 192
RISC, 6, see reduced instruction set computer
root-raised-cosine, 301, 339
root-raised-cosine filter, 319, 334
sample frequency, 17
sample-based DSP, 123
sample-by-sample processing, 17444 INDEX
sampling, 17
scheduling, 389
dynamic, 390
static, 390
second-order section, 215
second-order sections, 73
shift register, 105
shift register generator, 105
shift registers, 35
sidelobe level, 169
Signal Processing Toolbox, 62
simple shift register generator, 106
Simulink, 12, 27, 126
sinc function, 167
sliders, 203, 212
smoothing window, 167
SoC, 7
soft real-time, 5
sonar, 126, 172
Sophocles, 14
SOS, 73, 215
sound command, 24
sound files, 21
special effects, 182
spectral analysis, 165
spectral inversion, 20
spectrum analyzer, 165
spint, see compiler intrinsic function
SRG, 105
SSRG, 106
stability, 60
subharmonic generation, 181
symbol synchronization, 340
symbol timing, 301
symmetric FIR filter, 184
system-on-chip, 7
table lookup, 97
talk-through, 18
theremin, 172
timing error detector, 303
timing recovery, 305, 340
TLV320AIC23, 9
TLV320AIC3106, 9
TMS320C6713, 394
TMS320C6748, 394
TMS320C67xx, 390
TMS320C6x, 383
trajectory/constellation diagram, 289, 328
tremelo, 181, 192
triple buffering, 128
truncation, 20
twiddle factors, 149
unstable filter, 77, 215
update rate, 124
vector signal analyzer, 289, 325
very-long instruction word, 390, 393
VLIW, 6, see very-long instruction word
voltage-controlled oscillator, 266
volume unit, 225
Von Neumann architecture, 385
wandering baseline, 216
waterfall spectral display, 126, 172
wav-files, 21
Welch periodogram, 167
Wiener-Khintchine theorem, 108
window characteristics, 169
windows, 169
Bartlett, 169
Blackman, 169
Blackman-Harris, 169
Chebyshev, 169
Dolph, 169
Dolph-Chebyshev, 169
Hamming, 169
Hanning, 169
Kaiser, 169
rectangular, 169
triangular, 169
von Hann, 169
Windows applications, 397
winDSK main user interface, 18
winDSK8, 13
XDS-100v2, 7
zero padding, 154
Zoom OMAP-L138 Experimenter Kit, 6
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