كتاب Technical Drawing 101 with AutoCAD 2017

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Technical Drawing 101 with AutoCAD 2017
A Multidisciplinary Guide to Drafting Theory and Practice
CABIN FLOOR PLAN x
Antonio Ramirez,
Ashleigh Fuller ,
Douglas Smith
Professor
Architectural and Engineering Computer Aided Design
Austin Community College
Antonio Ramirez
Professor Emeritus
Architectural and Engineering Computer Aided Design
Austin Community College
Ashleigh Fuller
Adjunct Professor, Architectural and Engineering Computer Aided Design
Manager, Computer Aided Design Training Center
Austin Community College

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
TECHNICAL DRAWING 2
OBJECTIVES 2
OVERVIEW 3
1.1 The Origins of Technical Drawing 4
1.2 The Role of Technical Drawing in the Design Process 4
1.3 Training for Careers in Technical Drawing 6
Career Paths in Technical Drawing 7
Qualities that Employers Look for in Drafters 11
Salary Information for Drafters, Architects, and Engineers 11
Job Prospects for Drafters 12
KEY WORDS 12
CHAPTER SUMMARY 12
REVIEW QUESTIONS 13
CHAPTER EXERCISES 14
CHAPTER TWO
MULTIVIEW DRAWING 16
OBJECTIVES 16
OVERVIEW 17
2.1 The Terminology of Multiview Drawing 18
2.2 Points, Planes, Coordinate Systems, Lines, and Angles 18
2.3 Terminology of Geometric Shapes 22
Circles 22
Polygons 23
Cylinders 24
2.4 Multiview Drawings 25
2.5 View Selection and Alignment of Multiview Drawings 26
2.6 Using Projection Planes to Visualize Multiviews 26
2.7 Projection Planes 28
Visualizing the Front View 28
vVI TECHNICAL DRAWING 101
Visualizing the Top View 29
Visualizing the Side View 30
2.8 Normal, Inclined, and Oblique Surfaces 30
Normal Surfaces 30
Inclined Surfaces 32
Oblique Surfaces 33
2.9 Linetypes and Lineweights in Multiview Drawings 40
2.10 Hidden Features and Centerlines in Multiview Drawings 41
2.11 Use Your Imagination! 42
2.12 Visualizing the Multiviews of Basic Geometric Shapes 46
2.13 Orthographic Projection 49
2.14 Drawing Objects to Scale 52
Full Scale 52
Half Scale 52
Quarter Scale 52
Double Scale 52
2.15 Drawing Architectural Plans to Scale 52
Quarter Inch Equals One Foot 52
Eighth Inch Equals One Foot 52
2.16 Drawing Sheet Sizes 53
2.17 Third-Angle Projection Versus First-Angle Projection 54
KEY WORDS 56
CHAPTER SUMMARY 56
REVIEW QUESTIONS 56
CHAPTER EXERCISES 58
CHAPTER THREE
TRADITIONAL DRAFTING TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 70
OBJECTIVES 70
OVERVIEW 71
3.1 Traditional Drafting Tools and Techniques 72
3.2 Technical Pencils and Pens 72
3.3 Beginning a Traditional Drafting Project 73TABLE OF CONTENTS V I I
3.4 Drafting Triangles 73
3.5 Drawing Lines with Triangles and Parallel Straightedges 74
3.6 Making Measurements with the Engineer’s, Architect’s, and Metric Scales 76
Reading the Engineer’s Scale 77
Reading the Metric Scale 77
Reading the Architect’s Scale 78
3.7 Converting Units of Measurement 79
3.8 Reading the Protractor 79
3.9 Circle Template 81
3.10 Isometric Ellipse Template 81
3.11 Adding Text to Drawings and Sketches 89
Developing a Technical Lettering Style 90
KEY WORDS 90
CHAPTER SUMMARY 90
REVIEW QUESTIONS 90
CHAPTER EXERCISE 91
CHAPTER PROJECTS 91
CHAPTER FOUR
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN BASICS 96
OBJECTIVES 96
OVERVIEW 97
4.1 Beginning an AutoCAD Drawing 98
4.2 Adding Toolbars to the Ribbon Interface 100
4.3 Creating, Opening, and Saving AutoCAD Drawing Files 102
Beginning a New Drawing from the Application Menu 103
Opening an Existing Drawing 103
Saving a Drawing 103
Performing a Save As 103
4.4 Locating Points on the Cartesian Coordinate System 106
The User Coordinate System (UCS) Icon 107
Absolute Coordinates 107
4.5 Drawing Lines Using Absolute Coordinates 107V I I I TECHNICAL DRAWING 101
4.6 Drawing Horizontal and Vertical Lines 109
Drawing Lines with Direct Entry 109
4.7 Drawing Lines with Relative Coordinates 110
4.8 Drawing Lines with Polar Coordinates 111
4.9 Setting the Environment for AutoCAD Drawings 114
Drawing Units 114
Drawing Limits 119
Layers 120
4.10 Zoom and Pan Commands 127
4.11 AutoCAD Commands 128
Draw Commands 129
Modify Commands 145
Placing and Editing Text 167
Controlling Text Style 170
4.12 Drafting Settings Dialog Box 172
Snap and Grid Tab 172
Polar Tracking Tab 175
Dynamic Input Tab 177
Object Snap Tab 179
4.13 Object Snap Tools 180
4.14 Properties Command 187
4.15 Inquiry Toolbar 189
4.16 Preparing to Plot 190
4.17 Plotting with AutoCAD 193
4.18 Creating a Page Setup for Plotting 195
KEY WORDS 198
CHAPTER SUMMARY 198
REVIEW QUESTIONS 198
CHAPTER EXERCISES 199
CHAPTER PROJECTS 207
OPTIONAL CHAPTER PROJECTS 221TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
CHAPTER FIVE
DIMENSIONING MECHANICAL DRAWINGS 226
OBJECTIVES 226
OVERVIEW 227
5.1 Dimensioning Fundamentals 228
Dimensioning Terminology 229
5.2 Dimension Standards for Mechanical Drawings 230
Recommended Size and Spacing of Dimension Features 231
Text Height and Style 232
Notating Holes and Arcs 233
Dimensioning Angles 234
Ordinate Dimensioning 234
Notes for Drilling and Machining Operations 235
5.3 Do’s and Don’ts of Mechanical Dimensioning (ASME Y14.5-2009) 236
5.4 Role of Drafters in the Preparation of Dimensioned Mechanical Drawings 237
5.5 Checking Dimensions on the Finished Drawing 238
5.6 Design Basics: How Designers Calculate Dimensions 238
5.7 Tolerances 239
Displaying Tolerances on Mechanical Drawings 239
Interpreting Tolerances on Technical Drawings 240
Tolerancing Terminology 243
Interpreting Design Sketch 1 243
Interpreting Design Sketch 2 244
Calculating the Fit between the Parts in Design Sketches 1 and 2 245
Reference Dimensions 246
Confirming the Tolerances of Manufactured Parts 246
Tolerance Costs 247
5.8 Dimensioning with AutoCAD 247
Linear Dimension Command 249
Aligned Dimension Command 250
Arc Length Command 250
Ordinate Dimension Command 251
Radius Dimension Command 251x TECHNICAL DRAWING 101
Jogged Dimension Command 252
Diameter Dimension Command 252
Angular Dimension Command 253
Quick Dimension Command 253
Baseline Dimension Command 254
Continue Dimension Command 254
Dimension Space Command 255
Dimension Break Command 256
Tolerance Command 256
Center Mark Command 257
Inspection Command 257
Jogged Linear Command 258
Dimension Edit Command 258
Dimension Text Edit Command 259
Dimension Update Command 260
Dimension Style Command 260
5.9 Defining Dimension Settings with the Dimension Style Manager 261
5.10 Overriding a Dimension Setting 270
Updating a Dimension 271
5.11 Adding a Leader to a Drawing 271
KEY WORDS 274
CHAPTER SUMMARY 274
REVIEW QUESTIONS 274
CHAPTER PROJECTS 275
OPTIONAL CHAPTER PROJECTS 279
CHAPTER SIX
DIMENSIONING ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 284
OBJECTIVES 284
OVERVIEW 285
6.1 Dimensioning Architectural Drawings 286
6.2 Determining Dimensions on Architectural Drawings 286
6.3 Architectural Drafting Conventions 287TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
6.4 Alignment of Dimension Text 288
6.5 Architectural Dimensioning Guidelines 288
6.6 Architectural Dimension Spacing 289
6.7 Adding a Leader to a Drawing 289
KEY WORDS 290
CHAPTER SUMMARY 290
REVIEW QUESTIONS 290
CHAPTER PROJECT 291
CHAPTER SEVEN
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 296
OBJECTIVES 296
OVERVIEW 297
7.1 Orientation of Lines in Isometric Drawings 298
7.2 Orientation of Ellipses in Isometric Drawings 298
7.3 Creating Isometric Drawings with AutoCAD 301
KEY WORDS 307
CHAPTER SUMMARY 307
REVIEW QUESTIONS 307
CHAPTER PROJECTS 309
OPTIONAL CHAPTER PROJECTS 315
CHAPTER EIGHT
SECTIONS 316
OBJECTIVES 316
OVERVIEW 317
8.1 Sections in Mechanical Drawings 318
8.2 Sections in Architectural Drawings 319
8.3 Types of Sections 320
Full Sections 320
Half Sections 321
Broken-Out Sections 323
Revolved Sections 324XII TECHNICAL DRAWING 101
Removed Sections 324
Offset Sections 325
KEY WORDS 330
CHAPTER SUMMARY 330
REVIEW QUESTIONS 330
CHAPTER PROJECTS 331
CHAPTER NINE
AUXILIARY VIEWS 340
OBJECTIVES 340
OVERVIEW 341
9.1 Visualizing an Auxiliary View 342
9.2 Constructing an Auxiliary View with the Offset Command 350
KEY WORDS 355
CHAPTER SUMMARY 355
REVIEW QUESTIONS 356
CHAPTER PROJECTS 357
CHAPTER TEN
BLOCKS 358
OBJECTIVES 358
OVERVIEW 359
10.1 Considerations for Creating Blocks 360
KEY WORDS 365
CHAPTER SUMMARY 365
REVIEW QUESTIONS 365
CHAPTER PROJECT 366
OPTIONAL CHAPTER PROJECT 370
CHAPTER ELEVEN
MECHANICAL WORKING DRAWINGS 374
OBJECTIVES 374
OVERVIEW 375TABLE OF CONTENTS X I I I
11.1 Preparing Mechanical Working Drawings 376
Assembly Drawings 376
Detail Drawings 380
KEY WORDS 382
CHAPTER SUMMARY 382
REVIEW QUESTIONS 382
CHAPTER PROJECTS 383
OPTIONAL CHAPTER PROJECT 392
CHAPTER TWELVE
ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS 396
OBJECTIVES 396
OVERVIEW 397
12.1 Floor Plans 398
12.2 Electrical Plans 399
12.3 Elevations 400
Creating Elevations Using Multiview Drawing Techniques 400
Architectural Wall Sections 401
Roof Profiles on Architectural Elevations 401
Using the Floor Plan to Locate Features on Elevations 402
KEY WORDS 403
CHAPTER SUMMARY 403
REVIEW QUESTIONS 403
CHAPTER PROJECTS 404
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
3D MODELING BASICS 430
OBJECTIVES 430
OVERVIEW 431
13.1 2D versus 3D 432
13.2 Changing the Point of View of an AutoCAD Drawing 432
13.3 AutoCAD’s 3D Modeling Environment 433
13.4 3D Modeling Tools 435XIV TECHNICAL DRAWING 101
Extruding 2D Entities to Create 3D Solid Objects 436
Unioning 3D Objects 437
Subtracting 3D Objects 437
Using the Subtract Command 437
13.5 Rotating 3D Objects 438
13.6 Viewing 3D Objects 438
Using the Free Orbit Tool 438
13.7 Representing 3D Objects as Shaded or Wireframe Models
KEY WORDS 439
CHAPTER SUMMARY 439
REVIEW QUESTIONS 439
CHAPTER PROJECTS 440
APPENDIX A ANSI/ASME STANDARDS 455
APPENDIX B ISO STANDARDS 457
APPENDIX C UNITED STATES NATIONAL CAD STANDARD 459
APPENDIX D GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING BASICS 461
GLOSSARY 465
INDEX 471

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